WO2018105558A1 - 固体撮像素子 - Google Patents
固体撮像素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018105558A1 WO2018105558A1 PCT/JP2017/043487 JP2017043487W WO2018105558A1 WO 2018105558 A1 WO2018105558 A1 WO 2018105558A1 JP 2017043487 W JP2017043487 W JP 2017043487W WO 2018105558 A1 WO2018105558 A1 WO 2018105558A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/806—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the image sensors
- H10F39/8067—Reflectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
- G02B5/10—Mirrors with curved faces
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
- H04N23/12—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths with one sensor only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/199—Back-illuminated image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/806—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the image sensors
- H10F39/8063—Microlenses
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/807—Pixel isolation structures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid-state imaging device.
- the solid-state imaging device is a device in which CMOS or CCD type photoelectric conversion elements that generate charges by absorbing light in a semiconductor layer are two-dimensionally arranged, and the generated charges are transferred to the outside as electrical signals.
- CMOS or CCD type photoelectric conversion elements that generate charges by absorbing light in a semiconductor layer are two-dimensionally arranged, and the generated charges are transferred to the outside as electrical signals.
- Such a solid-state imaging device is widely used for television cameras, digital still cameras, and the like.
- the photoelectric conversion element on the solid-state imaging element is formed of a silicon photodiode having a pn junction. When light is applied to a pn junction to which a reverse voltage is applied, electrons generated in the depletion layer drift in the depletion layer and reach the n-type region.
- imaging data can be obtained by reading out electrons accumulated in the n-type region of the photodiode of each pixel as signal charges.
- Patent Document 1 is a back-illuminated solid-state imaging in which a metal reflection surface is formed on the back surface of a photoelectric conversion element in order to reuse light in a long wavelength region that has been transmitted through the photoelectric conversion element. It is an element.
- Patent Document 2 has a structure in which red light that has passed through the semiconductor substrate can be efficiently re-incident on the photoelectric conversion element by forming a concave reflecting mirror on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate.
- Patent Document 1 since the formed metal reflecting mirror is a flat surface, the angle of light reflected by the metal reflecting mirror cannot be controlled, and there is a problem that light cannot be efficiently incident on the photoelectric conversion element. Further, in Patent Document 2, since functional elements need to be formed on both front and back surfaces of a substrate, when forming a back surface element after forming a front surface element or when packaging after forming an element on both surfaces, There is a problem that it becomes difficult to handle the substrate, for example, it becomes impossible to place the substrate directly on the substrate.
- the present invention is proposed in order to solve the above problems, and can efficiently reflect red light transmitted through the photoelectric conversion element toward the photoelectric conversion element, and has excellent red light sensitivity. And it aims at providing the solid-state image sensor which the board
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements are two-dimensionally arranged in a semiconductor layer, and the semiconductor layer side is disposed on the surface side opposite to the light incident side of the semiconductor layer.
- a support substrate having an interlayer insulating layer and a plurality of light reflecting structures formed on a surface is provided, and the light reflecting structure covers a light transmitting layer and a surface of the light transmitting layer opposite to the semiconductor layer.
- the light reflection structure is formed at a position facing each of the photoelectric conversion elements, and the reflection metal has a surface on the photoelectric conversion element side that is concave on the photoelectric conversion element side. It is a curved surface, and the gist is that the interlayer insulating layer is located between the adjacent light reflecting structures.
- red light that has not been absorbed by the photoelectric conversion element and has passed through the semiconductor layer out of light incident on the photoelectric conversion element is provided on the back side of the photoelectric conversion element. It is reflected by the reflecting structure and re-enters the photoelectric conversion element efficiently. Therefore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, red light sensitivity is excellent. Further, since the semiconductor layer is supported by the support substrate and the light reflecting structure is located between the semiconductor layer and the support substrate, it is not necessary to form a functional element for reflecting incident light on the back surface of the support substrate. Therefore, the substrate can be directly placed on the stage during the manufacturing process, and the substrate handling at the time of element formation becomes easy.
- the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment includes a semiconductor layer 20 in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 21 are arranged in a two-dimensional manner, and the light incident side of the semiconductor layer 20 (upward in FIG. 1). In addition, the color filter 24 and the micro lens 25 are formed in this order. Within the semiconductor layer 20, the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 21 are separated in pixel units by an element separation wall 26.
- the support substrate 10 is provided on the back surface side (the surface side opposite to the light incident side) of the semiconductor layer 20, and the semiconductor layer 20 is supported by the support substrate 10.
- An interlayer insulating layer 22 and a plurality of light reflecting structures 14 are formed on the surface (surface on the semiconductor layer 20 side) side of the support substrate 10.
- a planarizing layer 13 is formed on the surface of the support substrate 10, and a film-like reflective metal 12 is formed so as to cover the surface of the planarizing layer 13.
- a light transmission layer 11 and an interlayer insulating layer 22 are provided on the reflective metal 12.
- the reflective metal 12 does not have to be in the form of a film, and it is sufficient that the surface facing the photoelectric conversion element 21 has a concave curved shape on the photoelectric conversion element 21 side.
- the light transmission layer 11 is provided at a position vertically opposite to each photoelectric conversion element 21, that is, on the back side of each photoelectric conversion element 21.
- the light transmission layer 11 has a flat surface on the semiconductor layer 20 side, and a surface on the support substrate 10 side formed in a hemispherical shape that protrudes toward the support substrate 10 side.
- a portion of the reflective metal 12 that faces the convex hemispherical surface of the light transmitting layer 11 has a hemispherical shape along the hemispherical surface (spherical surface) of the light transmitting layer 11.
- the hemispherical reflective metal 12 and the light transmission layer 11 constitute a hemispherical light reflecting structure 14.
- the light reflecting structure 14 is arranged with the spherical surface in the hemispherical shape facing the back surface side (support substrate 10 side) and the plane facing the semiconductor layer 20 side (that is, the light incident side).
- the shape of the reflective metal 12 facing the convex hemispherical surface of the light transmission layer 11 may be concave to the photoelectric conversion element 21, that is, a curved surface convex to the support substrate 10 side. It is not limited, You may be comprised from some oval shapes etc.
- the interlayer insulating layer 22 is disposed on the back side of each element isolation wall 26, that is, between the adjacent light reflecting structures 14, and wirings 23 are disposed in the interlayer insulating layer 22.
- red light that is transmitted through the semiconductor layer 20 without being absorbed by the photoelectric conversion device 21 among light incident on the photoelectric conversion device 21 is provided on the back side of the photoelectric conversion device 21.
- the light is reflected by the light reflecting structure 14 toward the photoelectric conversion element 21.
- the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment has excellent red light sensitivity.
- the light reflecting structure 14 has a concave curved surface on the photoelectric conversion element 21 side such as a hemispherical shape, the light reflected by the spherical surface (the hemispherical reflecting metal 12) of the light reflecting structure 14 is incident on the light. The light is efficiently reflected toward the photoelectric conversion element 21 of the pixel. Therefore, color mixing due to incidence on the photoelectric conversion element 21 of an adjacent pixel hardly occurs.
- a solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment since the light reflecting structure 14 is located between the semiconductor layer 20 and the support substrate 10, a functional element that particularly reflects incident light is formed on the back surface of the support substrate 10. There is no need. For this reason, it is possible to place the support substrate 10 directly on the stage during the manufacturing process, and it is easy to handle the support substrate 10 when forming the solid-state imaging device.
- Such a solid-state image sensor of this embodiment is a back-illuminated solid-state image sensor, and can be used as a solid-state image sensor such as a CMOS image sensor or a CCD image sensor.
- the photoelectric conversion element 21 is formed inside the semiconductor substrate 30 by a known method.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 is a p-type or n-type silicon substrate for forming the semiconductor layer 20 by thinly processing a semiconductor portion after being bonded to the support substrate 10 in a later step.
- the upper side in FIG. 2 is the back side of the photoelectric conversion element 21.
- the photoelectric conversion element 21 As the photoelectric conversion element 21, a photogate or a photodiode is used. However, it is desirable to use a buried photodiode because of a high charge transfer rate.
- the photoelectric conversion element 21 is formed, and at the same time, an element necessary for driving the solid-state imaging element is formed in the pixel. For example, in the case of a CCD image sensor, a vertical transfer CCD is formed together with the photoelectric conversion element 21.
- elements such as a floating diffusion layer amplifier and a charge transfer transistor are formed together with the photoelectric conversion element 21.
- a wiring 23 for transferring a signal charge or a signal voltage or driving a transistor is formed. Further, depending on the structure of the solid-state imaging device, a plurality of wirings 23 are required, and therefore an interlayer insulating layer 22 is formed between the wirings 23 (see FIG. 3).
- the interlayer insulating layer 22 As the material of the interlayer insulating layer 22, a transparent low dielectric constant material such as undoped silicon oxide is used.
- the interlayer insulating layer 22 is formed by a method such as atmospheric pressure CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) or PE-CVD (Plasma Enhanced CVD), but the present embodiment is not limited thereto.
- the patterned photoresist 15 includes a hemispherical pattern 15 a located on the photoelectric conversion element 21 and a rectangular pattern 15 b located on the wiring 23.
- the rectangular pattern 15b is formed in a cross-beam shape so as to surround the two-dimensionally arranged hemispherical pattern 15a.
- the heights of the hemispherical pattern 15a and the rectangular pattern 15b are not the same, and the height is set according to the structure of the light reflecting structure 14 to be formed.
- the film thickness of the interlayer insulating layer 22 is H and the width of the photoelectric conversion element 21 is W, for example, when it is desired to form a hemispherical shape having the same diameter as the width W of the photoelectric conversion element 21 as the light reflecting structure 14, It is necessary to set the height ratio between 15a and the rectangular pattern 15b to (W / 2): H.
- W / 2 In order to transfer the shape of the hemispherical pattern 15a to the interlayer insulating layer 22 in the subsequent dry etching process, W / 2 needs to be H or less.
- the light reflecting structure 14 is preferably a hemispherical shape that collects the reflected incident light at the center of the pixel.
- the reflected light is not necessarily collected at the center of the pixel.
- the material of the photoresist 15 is applied to the surface of the interlayer insulating layer 22, and patterning is performed so that the photoresist 15 remains in a cylindrical shape for each pixel.
- a thermal reflow process is performed on the patterned photoresist to process the photoresist 15 into a hemispherical shape, thereby forming a hemispherical pattern 15a.
- a photoresist is applied again to form a rectangular pattern 15b surrounding the hemispherical pattern 15a, whereby the pattern of the photoresist 15 shown in FIG. 4 can be formed.
- the pattern of the photoresist 15 can be formed by a single patterning, but the method of the present embodiment is not limited thereto.
- the shape of the hemispherical pattern 15a is transferred to the interlayer insulating layer 22 as shown in FIG. Is formed.
- the rectangular pattern 15b serves as a mask during dry etching, the interlayer insulating layer 22 located below the rectangular pattern 15b and the wiring 23 therein are protected without being etched even after the dry etching process.
- the reflective metal 12 is formed on the surface of the light transmission layer 11 and the surface of the interlayer insulating layer 22 remaining without being dry etched.
- the reflective metal 12 a metal thin film made of a material having a high reflectance such as a metal material or an alloy using the metal material is used.
- the metal material include aluminum, silver, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, and titanium.
- the material of the reflective metal 12 is exposed to a high temperature in a subsequent manufacturing process, it is desirable that the material is not melted by a heat treatment of at least 500 ° C. to 600 ° C.
- means such as vapor deposition and sputtering are used.
- a planarization layer 13 is formed on the reflective metal 12 to planarize the surface irregularities generated by processing the interlayer insulating layer 22 and the light reflection structure 14.
- the material of the planarizing layer 13 does not need to be transparent, but a material such as silicon nitride or undoped silicon oxide that is resistant to a high temperature environment used in a semiconductor process is preferable. If the unevenness due to the formation of the planarizing layer 13 is insufficiently planarized, the substrate surface may be further planarized by a polishing means such as CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing).
- CMP Chemical Mechanical Polishing
- the semiconductor substrate 30 and the support substrate 10 are bonded using the side on which the light reflecting structure 14 is formed as a bonding surface.
- a quartz substrate or a p-type or n-type silicon substrate is used as a material of the support substrate 10.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 and the support substrate 10 are bonded together so that they are firmly bonded. It is possible to make it.
- the method for bonding the semiconductor substrate 30 and the support substrate 10 is not limited to the above method.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 is processed to form the semiconductor layer 20.
- the semiconductor layer 20 can be formed on the support substrate 10 by reducing the thickness of the semiconductor substrate 30 as shown in FIG. 10.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram in which the light incident side is arranged on the upper side.
- the substrate is physically thinned using a grinder, and then a polishing process is performed by a method such as CMP to smooth the surface.
- the semiconductor layer 30 can be formed by thinning the semiconductor substrate 30 to a target film thickness by chemically etching the substrate by wet etching or dry etching.
- the form of the present invention is not limited to these.
- the depletion layer for accumulating electrons is located below the photoelectric conversion element 21 shown in FIG. 10 (the back side), when the film thickness of the semiconductor layer 20 is increased, electrons are located above the photoelectric conversion element 21. The distance to reach the depletion layer will be longer. In that case, before electrons reach the depletion layer of the generated pixel, they may disappear due to recombination or flow into adjacent pixels, which may cause a decrease in efficiency or color mixing.
- light in the short wavelength region (wavelength of 360 nm or more and 450 nm or less) is mainly photoelectrically converted at the upper portion (light incident side portion) of the photoelectric conversion element 21. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of light will fall.
- the conversion efficiency of the short wavelength light is increased by reducing the film thickness of the semiconductor layer 20, but the long wavelength light is not sufficiently photoelectrically converted inside the photoelectric conversion element 21, and below the photoelectric conversion element 21. Go through.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer 20 is 2 ⁇ m or more in the structure of the present embodiment.
- the film thickness of the semiconductor layer 20 is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- an element isolation wall 26 is formed between the photoelectric conversion elements 21.
- the element separation wall 26 is not necessarily required for element driving, but incident light to the photoelectric conversion element 21 is incident on an adjacent pixel or electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion element 21 flow into the adjacent pixel. There is an effect of suppressing the color mixture that occurs.
- polycrystalline silicon or silicon oxide as the material of the element isolation wall 26, it is possible to suppress the inflow of both incident light and generated electrons to adjacent pixels.
- the element isolation wall 26 is formed by forming a high aspect ratio groove in the semiconductor layer 20 using a DTI (Deep Trench Isolation) technique and embedding the material of the element isolation wall 26 in the groove.
- the inactivation process is performed by forming a high concentration p + layer on the surface of the semiconductor layer 20.
- the color filter 24 is formed on the semiconductor layer 20.
- the color filter 24 may be formed after an organic film having planarity is formed on the semiconductor layer 20 and the surface is smoothed before the color filter 24 is formed.
- the color filter 24 can form a pattern by photolithography using a photosensitive resin in which a pigment is dispersed. Further, a non-photosensitive resin in which a pigment is dispersed is applied on the semiconductor layer 20 or a planarizing film formed thereon, and a photoresist is applied on the non-photosensitive resin, and photolithography is performed.
- the pattern processing of the color filter 24 can also be performed by performing dry etching after forming the pattern by the above.
- the color arrangement of the color filter 24 may be a three-color Bayer Array of red (R), green (G), and blue (B), other arrangements using RGB, and other colors other than RGB.
- a color filter arrangement in which filters (for example, white, cyan, yellow, magenta, etc.) are arranged may be used, but the present embodiment is not limited to these.
- the microlens 25 is formed on the color filter 24, so that the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is obtained.
- a microlens 25 can be formed by applying a photosensitive resin on the color filter 24 and forming a lens-to-lens gap of each pixel by photolithography, followed by heat flow to form a lens shape.
- a resin is applied on the color filter 24, a photosensitive resin is applied thereon, and formed into a lens shape by photolithography and heat flow. Then, dry etching is performed using the lens-shaped photosensitive resin film as a sacrificial film.
- the microlens 25 can also be formed by a method in which the resin formed on the color filter 24 is processed into a lens shape.
- a pattern of the photoresist 15 was formed on the interlayer insulating layer 22.
- a photosensitive resist was applied by a spin coater, and exposure and development were performed to form a cylindrical pattern.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 was heated with a hot plate at 230 ° C., and the patterned photosensitive resist was thermally reflowed to form a hemispherical pattern 15a.
- a photosensitive resist was applied again by a spin coater, and exposure and development were performed to form a rectangular pattern 15b surrounding the hemispherical pattern 15a in a cross-beam shape, and a pattern of the photoresist 15 was formed.
- the width of the photoelectric conversion element 21 and the film thickness of the interlayer insulating layer 22 are both 3 ⁇ m, and the dry etching selectivity between the photoresist 15 and the interlayer insulating layer 22 is approximately 1: 1. Since dry etching conditions were applied, the film thickness at the time of applying the photosensitive resist was adjusted so that the film thickness of the hemispherical pattern 15a after pattern completion was 1.5 ⁇ m and the film thickness of the rectangular pattern 15b was 3 ⁇ m.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 was dry-etched using a mixed gas of methane (CF 4 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) to process the interlayer insulating layer 22, thereby forming the light transmission layer 11.
- the hemispherical patterned photoresist 15 is etched during the dry etching process and disappears in the middle of the process.
- the light transmission layer 11 is processed into a hemispherical shape. I was able to.
- the pattern of the rectangular photoresist 15 on the interlayer insulating layer 22 in the portion where the wiring 23 is formed is also etched during the dry etching process and disappears in the middle of the process, but when the light transmission layer 11 is formed. In this case, the etching is completed, and the underlying interlayer insulating layer 22 and the wiring 23 are protected without being etched. Thereafter, an aluminum thin film was formed by sputtering on the surface of the light transmission layer 11 and the interlayer insulating layer 22 remaining without being dry etched, thereby forming the reflective metal 12. Thereafter, an undoped silicon oxide film was formed by atmospheric pressure CVD, and after the film formation, the surface was polished by CMP to smooth the surface, thereby forming the planarization layer 13. Through the above steps, the light reflecting structure 14 was formed on the semiconductor substrate 30.
- Formation of the semiconductor layer 20 on the support substrate 10 The surface of the silicon substrate to be the support substrate 10 was subjected to ozone treatment to activate the surface, and was attached to the surface of the semiconductor substrate 30 on which the planarization layer 13 was formed. After bonding the support substrate 10 and the semiconductor substrate 30, the semiconductor substrate 30 was shaved using a grinder, the surface of the semiconductor thin film was polished by CMP, and the surface was smoothed. Thereafter, wet etching treatment was performed using a mixed solution of potassium hydroxide and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), and the semiconductor layer 30 was thinned to form the semiconductor layer 20. After forming the solid-state imaging device, the cross section of the solid-state imaging device was observed with a scanning electron microscope S4800 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation. As a result, the film thickness of the semiconductor layer 20 was 2.5 ⁇ m.
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- Inactivation treatment was performed by doping the surface of the semiconductor layer 20 with a p + layer having a maximum carrier concentration of 1e 19 / cm 3 . After the surface inactivation treatment, a groove having a width of 200 nm and a depth of 2 ⁇ m is formed at the boundary of each pixel in the semiconductor layer 20 by dry etching, and undoped silicon oxide is embedded in the groove by atmospheric pressure CVD. Further, by polishing the surface of the semiconductor thin film by CMP and smoothing the surface, the element isolation wall 26 was formed in the semiconductor layer 20.
- the color filter 24 was formed on the semiconductor layer 20 by using three types of photosensitive resins containing green, blue, and red pigments, respectively, so as to form a Bayer array.
- the photosensitive resin containing the pigment was applied by spin coating, and then exposed and developed to form a pattern for each color.
- a non-photosensitive resin was applied on the color filter 24 and baked to form a planarization film.
- a positive photosensitive resin is applied onto the planarizing film by a spin coating method, and after photolithography is performed to form a gap between the lenses of each pixel, the photosensitive resin is reflowed by heat treatment.
- a lens shape was formed, and a microlens 25 was formed.
- the lens shape of the microlens 25 is designed so as to be condensed near the center of the photoelectric conversion element 21 when light in the visible light region is incident.
- post-processing such as formation of a protective film, dicing of the support substrate, and wiring bonding was performed to complete the solid-state imaging device.
- the behavior of light incident on the solid-state imaging device manufactured according to the structure of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
- the light incident perpendicularly toward the solid-state image sensor is refracted in the microlens 25 and collected toward the center of the photoelectric conversion element 21.
- Light having a short wavelength is photoelectrically converted on the surface or inside of the photoelectric conversion element 21 to form electron-hole pairs, but most of the red light passes through the semiconductor layer 20 without being photoelectrically converted, and the light reflecting structure 14 Reflected by the reflective metal 12.
- the quantum efficiency of the solid-state image sensor prepared according to the example was measured.
- the quantum efficiency QE of the solid-state imaging device can be expressed by the following equation, where Np is the number of incident photons per unit time and Ne is the number of signal electrons generated at that pixel.
- QE Ne / Np
- the sensor output DN Digit Number
- the number of signal electrons Ne was calculated using the following equation.
- Ne DN x C
- C represents a conversion coefficient (Electron Number / Digit Number).
- the number of incident photons Np per unit time is determined by first irradiating a commercially available photodiode with known spectral sensitivity with incident light and measuring the photocurrent at each wavelength. After obtaining W (W / cm 2 ), it was calculated using the following equation.
- Np W ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ t / (h ⁇ c)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the incident light (m)
- t is the irradiation time of the incident light (sec)
- h is Planck's constant (6.6 ⁇ 10 - 34 J ⁇ sec)
- c indicate the speed of light in vacuum (3.0 ⁇ 10 10 m / sec).
- the quantum efficiency of the solid-state imaging device prepared in this example was measured by the above method, the quantum efficiency with respect to incident light in the red region (600 to 650 nm) was 61.9%.
- a solid-state imaging device having the same structure as that of the present embodiment is created except that the light reflection structure 14 is not provided below the semiconductor layer 20, and the measurement conditions are the same as those of the solid-state imaging device of this embodiment.
- the quantum efficiency with respect to incident light in the red region (600 to 650 nm) was 50.9%, and the sensitivity was lower than that of the example.
- the solid-state imaging device having the structure of this example has good sensitivity to red light.
- the scope of the present invention is not limited to the illustrated and described exemplary embodiments, but also includes all embodiments that provide equivalent effects to those intended by the present invention. Further, the scope of the invention is not limited to the combinations of features of the invention defined by the claims, but can be defined by any desired combination of specific features among all the disclosed features.
- the entire contents of Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-235840 (filed on Dec. 5, 2016), from which this application claims priority, form part of this disclosure by reference.
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Abstract
Description
固体撮像素子上の光電変換素子は、pn接合によるシリコンフォトダイオードで形成されることが一般的である。逆方向電圧を加えたpn接合に光が照射されると、空乏層内で発生した電子は、空乏層中でドリフトし、n型領域に達する。固体撮像素子では、各画素のフォトダイオードのn型領域で蓄積された電子を信号電荷として読み出すことで、撮像データを得ることができる。
特許文献1に開示されている従来技術は、光電変換素子を透過した長波長領域の光を再利用するために、光電変換素子の裏面に金属反射面が形成されている裏面照射型の固体撮像素子である。
本発明は、上記問題を解決するために提案されるものであり、光電変換素子を透過した赤色光を効率よく光電変換素子に向けて反射することができて優れた赤色光感度を有し、かつ、素子形成時の基板ハンドリングが容易である固体撮像素子を提供することを目的とする。
また、半導体層が支持基板に支持され、光反射構造は半導体層と支持基板の間に位置することから、支持基板の裏面に入射光を反射するための機能性素子を形成する必要がない。そのため、製造工程中にステージ上に基板を直接置くことが可能であり、素子形成時の基板ハンドリングが容易となる。
ここで、図面は模式的なものであり、厚さと平面寸法との関係、各層の厚さの比率等は現実のものとは異なる。また、以下に示す実施形態は、本発明の技術的思想を具体化するための構成を例示するものであって、本発明の技術的思想は、構成部品の材質、形状、構造等が下記のものに特定するものでない。本発明の技術的思想は、特許請求の範囲に記載された請求項が規定する技術的範囲内において、種々の変更を加えることができる。
本実施形態の固体撮像素子は、図1に示すように、複数の光電変換素子21が二次元状に配列された半導体層20を備え、半導体層20の光入射側(図1においては上方)に、カラーフィルタ24及びマイクロレンズ25がこの順に形成されている。半導体層20内において、複数の光電変換素子21は、素子分離壁26で画素単位に分離されている。
また、本実施形態の固体撮像素子は、半導体層20の裏面側(光入射側とは反対の面側)に支持基板10が設けられ、半導体層20は支持基板10に支持されている。その支持基板10の表面(半導体層20側の面)側に、層間絶縁層22と複数の光反射構造14とが形成されている。
光透過層11は、各光電変換素子21それぞれと上下に対向する位置、つまり各光電変換素子21の裏面側に設けられている。光透過層11は、半導体層20側の面が平面になっていると共に、支持基板10側の面が、支持基板10側に凸の半球形状に形成されている。
光透過層11における凸の半球形状の面と対向する反射金属12の形状は、光電変換素子21に凹、すなわち支持基板10側に凸の曲面形状となっていれば良く、球の一部に限定されず、楕円形状等の一部などから構成されていても良い。
層間絶縁層22は、各素子分離壁26の裏面側、すなわち隣り合う光反射構造14の間に配置され、その層間絶縁層22内に対し配線23が配置されている。
本実施形態の固体撮像素子は、光電変換素子21に入射した光のうち光電変換素子21で吸収されずに透過し半導体層20を通過した赤色光が、光電変換素子21の裏面側に設けられた光反射構造14で反射して光電変換素子21に向かう。この結果、半導体層20を通過した赤色光が、光電変換素子21に効率よく再入射されるため、本実施形態の固体撮像素子は、優れた赤色光感度を有している。
また、光反射構造14は、半球形状などの光電変換素子21側に凹の曲面形状を有するため、光反射構造14の球面(半球形状の反射金属12)で反射した光は、その光が入射した画素の光電変換素子21に向かって効率よく反射される。そのため、隣接する画素の光電変換素子21に入射することによる混色が生じにくい。
このような本実施形態の固体撮像素子は、裏面照射型固体撮像素子であり、CMOSイメージセンサ、CCDイメージセンサなどの固体撮像素子として利用可能である。
次に、図1に示した本実施形態の固体撮像素子の製造方法について、図2~図12を参照して説明する。ただし、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
まず、図2に示すように、半導体基板30の内部に対して、公知の方法によって光電変換素子21を形成する。半導体基板30は、後の工程で支持基板10と貼り合わせた後に、半導体部分を薄く加工することで半導体層20にするためのp型又はn型のシリコン基板である。なお、図2における上側が光電変換素子21の裏面側となる。
光電変換素子21及びその他の素子を形成した後、信号電荷や信号電圧を転送するための、又はトランジスタを駆動するための配線23を形成する。また、固体撮像素子の構造によっては複数の配線23が必要になるため、各配線23間に層間絶縁層22を形成する(図3を参照)。
配線23の材料には、金属材料又はそれを用いた合金等を用いることができる。金属材料としては、アルミニウム、銅、クロム等が例示できる。そして、使用する材料に適した製造プロセスを用いて、配線23による配線パターンを形成することで、半導体基板30の上に、図3に示すような層間絶縁層22並びに配線23を形成することができる。
図4に示すように、半球形状パターン15aと矩形状パターン15bの高さは同一ではなく、高さは、形成したい光反射構造14の構造に従って設定する。層間絶縁層22の膜厚をH、光電変換素子21の幅をWとすると、例えば、光反射構造14として光電変換素子21の幅Wと同じ直径の半球形状を形成したい場合は、半球形状パターン15aと矩形状パターン15bの高さ比を、(W/2):Hに設定する必要がある。
光反射構造14は、反射した入射光を画素の中心部に集光させる半球形状であることが望ましいが、赤色光の感度を改善するには、必ずしも反射光は画素の中心部に集光する必要はなく、光電変換素子21に再入射されればよい。よって、本発明においては、半球形状パターン15aの形状を、真球の一部を構成する曲面形状となるように厳密に設計する必要はない。
また、ナノインプリントリソグラフィー又は網点マスクを用いることで、一回のパターニングでフォトレジスト15のパターンを形成することも可能であるが、本実施形態の方法は、それらに限定されるものではない。
次に、図7に示すように、光透過層11の表面と、ドライエッチングされずに残った層間絶縁層22の表面とに反射金属12を形成する。反射金属12には、金属材料又は金属材料を用いた合金等、高い反射率を有する材料からなる金属薄膜を用いる。金属材料としては、アルミニウム、銀、クロム、タンタル、タングステン、チタンが例示できる。また、反射金属12の材料は、後の製造工程で高温に曝されるため、少なくとも500℃以上600℃以下の熱処理によって溶融しない材料であることが望ましい。反射金属12の成膜には蒸着、スパッタ等の手段を用いる。
平坦化層13の成膜による凹凸の平坦化が不十分な場合は、CMP(Chemical Mechanical Polishing)等の研磨手段により、基板表面をより平坦化してもよい。以上の工程により、半導体基板30上に光反射構造14を形成することができる。
半導体基板30を薄膜化させるためには、まずグラインダを用いて物理的に基板を薄くした上で、CMP等の方法により研磨処理を行い、表面を平滑化する。その後、ウェットエッチング又はドライエッチングにより化学的に基板をエッチングすることで、狙いの膜厚まで半導体基板30を薄膜化して半導体層20を形成することができる。ただし、本発明の形態は、これらに限定されるものではない。
また、薄膜化後の半導体層20の表面には多数の欠陥準位が存在し、そのまま撮像素子を形成した場合には、欠陥準位により発生電子がトラップされる、又は、暗時ノイズが増大するなど、著しく素子の性能が低下する。そのため、半導体層20の表面を不活性化処理する必要がある。不活性化処理は、半導体層20の表面に高濃度のp+層を形成することで実施する。
また、半導体層20の上、又は、その上に形成した平坦化膜上に、顔料を分散させた非感光性樹脂を塗布し、さらにこの非感光性樹脂上にフォトレジストを塗布し、フォトリソグラフィによりパターン形成した上でドライエッチングを行うことで、カラーフィルタ24のパターン加工を行うことも可能である。
カラーフィルタ24の形成後、カラーフィルタ24の上にマイクロレンズ25を形成することで、図1に示す本実施形態の固体撮像素子となる。カラーフィルタ24の上に感光性樹脂を塗布し、フォトリソグラフィにより各画素のレンズ間ギャップを形成した後に、熱フローさせることでレンズ形状に形成して、マイクロレンズ25とすることができる。
又は、カラーフィルタ24の上に樹脂を塗布し、その上に感光性樹脂を塗布して、フォトリソグラフィ、熱フローによりレンズ形状に形成した後に、レンズ形状の感光性樹脂膜を犠牲膜としてドライエッチングを行い、カラーフィルタ24の上に形成した樹脂をレンズ形状に加工する方法によっても、マイクロレンズ25を形成することができる。
(支持基板10上への光電変換素子21の形成)
CMOS製造プロセスにより、半導体基板30の中に光電変換素子21となる埋め込み型フォトダイオードを形成した。また、CMOSイメージセンサを駆動するための機能性素子である、浮遊拡散層アンプ、電荷転送用トランジスタ選択用トランジスタ、リセットトランジスタ、及びソースフォロワアンプを、光電変換素子21と同時に画素内に形成した。
光電変換素子21及びその他の素子を形成した後に、配線23を形成した。また、各配線23間に層間絶縁層22を形成した。層間絶縁層22は、非ドープ型酸化シリコンを常圧CVDで成膜することにより形成した。また、配線23は、アルミニウム薄膜をスパッタで成膜した後に、フォトリソグラフィにより配線パターン加工を行うことにより形成した。
次に、光反射構造14を形成するため、層間絶縁層22上にフォトレジスト15のパターンを形成した。最初に感光性レジストをスピンコータで塗布し、露光、現像を行うことで、円柱形状のパターンを形成した。半導体基板30を230℃のホットプレートで加熱し、パターニングした感光性レジストを熱リフローさせることで、半球形状パターン15aを形成した。その後、再び感光性レジストをスピンコータで塗布し、露光、現像を行って、半球形状パターン15aを井桁形状に囲う矩形状パターン15bを形成して、フォトレジスト15のパターンを形成した。
本実施例においては、光電変換素子21の幅、層間絶縁層22の膜厚が共に3μmであり、かつ、フォトレジスト15と層間絶縁層22のドライエッチング選択比がほぼ1:1となるようなドライエッチング条件を適用したため、パターン完成後の半球形状パターン15aの膜厚が1.5μm、矩形状パターン15bの膜厚が3μmとなるように感光性レジスト塗布時の膜厚を調整した。
その後、光透過層11、及びドライエッチングされずに残った層間絶縁層22の表面に、スパッタリングによりアルミニウム薄膜を成膜することで、反射金属12を形成した。その後、常圧CVDによって非ドープ型酸化シリコンを成膜し、成膜後に表面をCMPによって研磨して表面を平滑化させることで、平坦化層13を形成した。以上の工程により、半導体基板30上に光反射構造14を形成した。
支持基板10となるシリコン基板の表面にオゾン処理を施して表面を活性化させ、半導体基板30の平坦化層13を形成した側の面に貼り付けた。支持基板10と半導体基板30を貼り合わせた後に、グラインダを用いて半導体基板30を削り、CMPによって半導体薄膜表面を研磨し、表面を平滑化した。
その後、水酸化カリウムと水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム(TMAH)の混合溶液を用いてウェットエッチング処理をして、半導体基板30を薄膜化することで半導体層20を形成した。固体撮像素子を形成した後、株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製の走査電子顕微鏡S4800により固体撮像素子の断面を観察したところ、半導体層20の膜厚は2.5μmであった。
半導体層20の表面に最大キャリア濃度1e19/cm3のp+層をドーピングすることで、不活性化処理を行った。表面の不活性化処理の後に、ドライエッチングにより半導体層20内の各画素の境界部分に幅200nm、深さ2μmの溝を形成し、この溝内に常圧CVDによって非ドープ型酸化シリコンを埋め込み、さらにCMPによって半導体薄膜表面を研磨し表面を平滑化することで、半導体層20内に素子分離壁26を形成した。
次に、半導体層20上に、それぞれ緑色、青色、赤色の顔料を含有する3種類の感光性樹脂を用いて、ベイヤー配列となるようにカラーフィルタ24を形成した。顔料を含有する感光性樹脂はスピンコート法で塗布した後、露光、現像することで色毎にパターンを形成した。
マイクロレンズ25を形成した後に、保護膜の成膜、支持基板のダイシング、配線ボンディング等の後処理を行うことで、固体撮像素子が完成した。
また、マイクロレンズ25の頂点から垂直に入射した光だけでなく、光電変換素子21に集光後、光反射構造14に斜めに入射した光も、光透過層11及びそれを覆う反射金属12が半球形状で形成されているため、光電変換素子21の中心に向かって効率よく反射して再入射する。
QE = Ne / Np
信号電子数Neを求めるため、固体撮像素子を専用の駆動回路基板に接続し、波長可変光源からの入射光を照射することで、波長毎にセンサー出力DN(Digit Number)を測定した後、以下の式を用いて信号電子数Neを計算した。
Ne = DN × C
ここで、上記式においてCは変換係数(Electron Number / Digit Number)を示している。
Np = W× s × λ × t /(h × c)
上記式においてsは固体撮像素子の一画素の面積(cm2)、λは入射光の波長(m)、tは入射光の照射時間(sec)、hはプランク定数(6.6×10-34J・sec)、cは真空中の光速(3.0×1010 m/sec)を示している。
比較のため、半導体層20の下部に光反射構造14を有さない点を除けば、本実施例と同じ構造である固体撮像素子を作成し、本実施例の固体撮像素子と同じ測定条件で量子効率を測定したところ、赤色領域(600~650nm)の入射光に対する量子効率は50.9%であり、実施例と比べ感度が低下していた。
感度低下は、比較のために作成した固体撮像素子は半導体層20の下部に光反射構造14を有していないため、半導体層20で光電変換されなかった赤色光が配線層を通って、支持基板側10に抜けてしまうことで生じたものと思われる。
本発明の範囲は、図示され記載された例示的な実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明が目的とするものと均等な効果をもたらす全ての実施形態をも含む。さらに、本発明の範囲は、請求項により画される発明の特徴の組み合わせに限定されるものではなく、全ての開示されたそれぞれの特徴のうち特定の特徴のあらゆる所望する組み合わせによって画されうる。
また、本願が優先権を主張する、日本国特許出願2016-235840号(2016年12月5日出願)の全内容は、参照により本開示の一部をなす。
11 光透過層
12 反射金属
13 平坦化層
14 光反射構造
15 フォトレジスト
15a 半球形状パターン
15b 矩形状パターン
20 半導体層
21 光電変換素子
22 層間絶縁層
23 配線
24 カラーフィルタ
25 マイクロレンズ
26 素子分離壁
30 半導体基板
Claims (3)
- 半導体層内に複数の光電変換素子が二次元状に配列され、
前記半導体層の光入射側とは反対側の面側に、前記半導体層側の面に対し層間絶縁層と複数の光反射構造とが形成された支持基板が設けられ、
前記光反射構造は、光透過層と、該光透過層の前記半導体層とは反対側の表面を覆う反射金属とを有し、かつ、前記光反射構造は、前記各光電変換素子とそれぞれ対向する位置に形成され、
前記反射金属は、前記光電変換素子側の面が前記光電変換素子側に凹の曲面形状となっており、
前記層間絶縁層は、隣り合う前記光反射構造の間に位置していることを特徴とする固体撮像素子。 - 前記光反射構造は、前記半導体層側に平面を有するように配置された半球形状であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記支持基板の材質は石英又はシリコンであることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の固体撮像素子。
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| CN (1) | CN109983580A (ja) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113224088A (zh) * | 2020-02-06 | 2021-08-06 | 爱思开海力士有限公司 | 图像传感器 |
| JPWO2021176839A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-06 | 2021-09-10 |
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| US10714520B1 (en) * | 2017-08-04 | 2020-07-14 | Facebook Technologies, Llc | Manufacturing an on-chip microlens array |
| KR102343456B1 (ko) * | 2018-11-23 | 2021-12-27 | 선전 구딕스 테크놀로지 컴퍼니, 리미티드 | 이미지 센서 및 이의 제조방법 |
| KR102749135B1 (ko) * | 2019-03-06 | 2025-01-03 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이미지 센서 및 이미징 장치 |
| KR20210023459A (ko) * | 2019-08-23 | 2021-03-04 | 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사 | 이미지 센싱 장치 |
| CN112002717B (zh) * | 2020-07-31 | 2023-10-27 | 奥比中光科技集团股份有限公司 | 一种图像传感器像素阵列结构及制作方法 |
| CN114093900A (zh) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-02-25 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 固体摄像元件及固体摄像元件制造方法 |
| KR102868877B1 (ko) | 2020-12-14 | 2025-10-10 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이미지 센서 |
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| JPWO2021176839A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-06 | 2021-09-10 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN109983580A (zh) | 2019-07-05 |
| US20190312075A1 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
| EP3550606A1 (en) | 2019-10-09 |
| TWI744438B (zh) | 2021-11-01 |
| JP7110987B2 (ja) | 2022-08-02 |
| KR20190089904A (ko) | 2019-07-31 |
| KR102489325B1 (ko) | 2023-01-18 |
| JPWO2018105558A1 (ja) | 2019-10-24 |
| US10910425B2 (en) | 2021-02-02 |
| TW201828462A (zh) | 2018-08-01 |
| EP3550606B1 (en) | 2022-08-03 |
| EP3550606A4 (en) | 2019-11-13 |
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