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WO2018185099A1 - Procédé de forage adapté à des puits permettant l'injection ou la production d'un réservoir de gaz ou d'huile - Google Patents

Procédé de forage adapté à des puits permettant l'injection ou la production d'un réservoir de gaz ou d'huile Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018185099A1
WO2018185099A1 PCT/EP2018/058487 EP2018058487W WO2018185099A1 WO 2018185099 A1 WO2018185099 A1 WO 2018185099A1 EP 2018058487 W EP2018058487 W EP 2018058487W WO 2018185099 A1 WO2018185099 A1 WO 2018185099A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
drilling
well
rock
section
damage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2018/058487
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English (en)
Inventor
Jose ALVARELLOS IGLESIAS
José María SEGURA SERRA
Enric IBAÑEZ MARTINEZ
Lakshmikantha Mookanahallipatna Ramasesha
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Repsol SA
Original Assignee
Repsol SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Repsol SA filed Critical Repsol SA
Publication of WO2018185099A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018185099A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • G06F30/28—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using fluid dynamics, e.g. using Navier-Stokes equations or computational fluid dynamics [CFD]
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V20/00—Geomodelling in general

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a drilling method suitable for wells for the injection and production of a gas or oil reservoir.
  • Other uses can be found in mining and civil engineering work.
  • This method is characterized by the use of the estimation of damage in a plurality of sections along the well to establish the optimal parameters assuring the discharge of caving material without ever reaching the maximum discharge capacity.
  • the drilling parameters are determined through an estimation of damage using a set of analytical steps in which not only is the caving angle taken into account, but also the area of damage in each of the sections of the well .
  • This analytical method also allows assessing both the width and depth of damage in the wall of the well.
  • Drilling a well for operating gas or oil reservoirs is a very costly project economic wise and the operating conditions for drilling depend on many variables with respect to which there is not always enough data, giving rise to very high values of uncertainty.
  • Drilling generates an empty tubular space obtained after removing rock that occupied that space. Taking the stress state before drilling and the in situ stress as a reference, drilling operations modify the stress state based primarily on two reasons: rock removal eliminates the structural element compensating for the stress state of the free surface of the generated well; and during drilling, the drilling fluid forms a column that exerts pressure on the wall of the well depending primarily on the height to the surface and on the density of said drilling fluid, without taking into account dynamic effects .
  • one of the parameters to be modified which are used in the drilling operation is the change in density of the drilling fluid in order to change the pressure that is exerted on the wall of the well.
  • drilling fluid When the drilling operation uses a drilling fluid, said drilling fluid is usually injected through an inner conduit of the drilling tool.
  • the drilling tool breaks up the rock at the bottom of the borehole generating material having a diverse grain-size distribution that must be removed.
  • the drilling fluid flow injected at the end of the drilling tool entrains this material obtained by drilling rock, flowing upward primarily through the annular space demarcated between the drilling tool and the already generated wall of the well, until reaching the surface where this material is discharged.
  • the drilling fluid rising up through the annular space exerts pressure against the generated wall of the well.
  • the pressure depends on the weight of the drilling fluid column existing up to the upper surface and also on the speed of the upward flow.
  • the weight of the column is therefore a first estimation of the pressure exerted on the free surface of the wall of the well.
  • a second estimation takes into account the dynamic stresses of the drilling fluid column according to flow conditions .
  • This pressure may be excessive, exceeding the maximum acceptable stress of the rock generating fractures, for example. Likewise, this pressure may be insufficient and may not compensate for the resistance forces of the removed material to give rise to the well. In this case, the stresses of the rock can exceed the acceptable or yielding stress of the rock, causing the material of the wall to break and cave into the well where drilling is being performed.
  • the drilling fluid must be capable of discharging the material generated by the drilling tool plus the caving material.
  • the amount of the caving material primarily depends on the volume of rock material that has sustained damage.
  • Caving occurs in almost all wells. When establishing the design of the drilling conditions, it is important to quantify the caving in order to assess whether there are drilling parameters that render drilling feasible even if this caving occurs .
  • the pressure calculated for the drilling fluid may also exceed the pressure established as the upper limit, i.e., the pressure above which a crack is generated.
  • one alternative is to search for another well location.
  • Another alternative is to modify the well path and geometry, reservoirs being able to be ruled out due to the high risk suggested by numerical simulation models. Since the first location is usually determined by optimization techniques, the change of well location reduces the optimal character of the initial operating plan, or the change may even require drilling two or more wells in place of the former, significantly increasing costs and reducing production capacity .
  • the present invention establishes a drilling method optimizing the drilling conditions for each coordinate of the well path. This optimization is based on an estimation of damage for a plurality of sections distributed along the well path.
  • the method of estimating the region of damage not only allows calculating with greater precision the optimal drilling parameters taking into account the caving material, but also in those cases where the angle of damage is small but the depth of damage is very large, giving rise to significant caving volumes, the method may consider drilling to be unviable when, by applying techniques based on the state of the art, it would have been accepted, leading to attempts to perform drilling that end in failure and with the loss of resources that this entails.
  • the parameters obtained according to the invention also allow establishing more favorable drilling conditions, maintaining safety levels that are even higher than those determined in the state of the art.
  • the determination of the region of damage allows assessing said region before drilling is performed.
  • the present invention relates to a drilling method suitable for wells using a drilling bit for drilling a well of a well- drilling diameter D at a drilling speed (v) and, injecting a drilling fluid with a density (y) and flow rate ( Q) during the drilling process, for the injection or production of a gas or oil reservoir.
  • the method comprises the steps of:
  • the domain is a pre-specified region comprising the path of the well to be drilled.
  • these reservoirs are formed primarily by porous rocks that store gas or oil trapped in the pores .
  • the domain can contain the reservoir and be more extensive to the point of including the portion of rock reaching the surface of the earth. It can also be smaller than the reservoir, containing only a part of said reservoir, although it must indeed contain the path to be drilled.
  • the fluid can be water, for example.
  • the mechanical behavior of the rock depends both on the mechanical properties of the rock and on the influence of the fluid trapped in the pores of the rock due to the pressure at which said fluid is found. Particularly, at least the mechanical properties of the rock, the properties of the fluid trapped in the rock and also the drilling fluid which is in contact with the generated surface of the well are relevant .
  • steps a) and b) are carried out by means of a computational system.
  • the geomechanical and fluid flow models allow reproducing the behaviour of the rock in the drilling conditions for determining the stresses causing damage under the simplifying hypotheses of the models used.
  • the boreholes do not necessarily have to be vertical and straight.
  • the search for hydrocarbon sources may require tracing paths that navigate through very hard rocks, regions with rather unstable sand, or horizontal paths in the final segments making easy subsequent harnessing of those resources .
  • the path and a discretization along the path are determined in such models.
  • a specific way of defining the path is by means of a piecewise or non-piecewise parametric curve.
  • the points t i are specific points of the curve where damage in the rock causing caving will be assessed and thereby estimating at those points the volume of caved rock which increases the drilling fluid discharge requirements.
  • the damage for different conditions of the pressure fluid is analyzed in this section, which allows generating a discrete function which in turn allows determining under which conditions drilling can be performed.
  • Damage is calculated with the resistance capacity of the rock and the forces acting thereon once a failure criterion of the rock has been established.
  • a damaged area identified as region within
  • section S i is established with the failure criterion.
  • the damage is determined by hypothetically assuming that the damaged area is in an elliptical sector and is evaluated by establishing an analytical method that will be described below for determining the dimensions of the ellipse that penetrates the rock.
  • V detachment volume
  • v. a combination of drilling speed (v) , density (7) of the injected drilling fluid and flow rate (Q) thereof, such that it establishes a volume of material to be
  • the value of the area A ⁇ R ⁇ of said region R of damage is interpreted as the additional volume per unit of length that must be displaced or cleared during drilling. Obtaining different regions of damage for each of the discretization points allows determining a caving volume according to each point of the path. This variable function gives rise to a different clearing volume which can affect the drilling speed or the pressure within the system (pressure of the fluid in the annular) . This variable (caving volume) can then be used for adjusting the drilling speed, weight of the flows and/or pressure of the drilling fluid, being adjusted to the optimal conditions at all times.
  • the caving volume is established where the dependence has been obtained in a set of discrete samples.
  • drilling speed ( ⁇ ), density (y) of the injected drilling fluid and flow rate (Q) thereof can be established at each discretization point of the path such that it establishes a volume of material to be discharged, material being cut by the bit plus the caving material
  • the drilling system knows how much material can be removed by the drilling system depending on the density (7) of the injected drilling fluid and the flow rate (Q) . According to the invention, the skilled person can determine the drilling speed (v), the density (7) of the injected drilling fluid and flow rate (Q) for each coordinate of the well path as for each density (7) he knows the volume of the caving material
  • caving volume can be determined at points not within the discretization, for example, by interpolating the (scalar) values obtained at adjacent points.
  • the material being cut by the bit is determined by the drilling speed (v) and the section of well being drilled.
  • the drilling parameters used along the pre-established path are obtained with these values.
  • Figure 1 shows a diagram for making a well in an oil reservoir, defined by a well path, where a section S on which the region of damage is determined is established at a given point of the path.
  • Figure 2 shows a diagram for making a well in a sectional view, as well as a pair of ellipses with different eccentricity used in the calculation steps according to an example of the invention .
  • Figure 3 shows a graph of stresses on the periphery of a family of ellipses.
  • the family of ellipses is represented by means of a plurality of curves identified with an arrow in which the direction in which the eccentricity increases is shown.
  • the abscissas show the angle in the section taking the point of minimum stress as a reference.
  • Figure 4 shows an image of a vertical segment of the well in which the width of the damage has been measured according to the vertical height. Regions with damage are darker.
  • Figure 5 shows two graphs related to one another.
  • the graph on the left shows a drawing with the factor of safety F according to the eccentricity e with a value of one to consider the factor of equilibrium between the external forces and resistance forces.
  • the graph on the right shows the ellipse with said eccentricity determining the transverse area of the damage.
  • Figure 6 partially reproduces Figure 1 as an embodiment where the determination of damage is carried out in a discrete set of the well path for subsequently evaluating the caving volume, and therefore for performing drilling according to the parameters estimated according to an embodiment.
  • the present invention relates to a drilling method suitable for wells for the injection or production of a gas or oil reservoir.
  • a preferred example proposes a method which allows estimating the region of damage due to caving in the wall of a well during the drilling operation for the injection or production of a gas or oil reservoir.
  • Figure 1 schematically shows the section of a reservoir with oil reserves, where the upper line represents the surface of the reservoir and the volume of the reservoir identified by the lower line (Rs), a well (P) being demarcated therein.
  • the well (P) is a well having a circular section S extending along a path depicted by a curve.
  • the curve is shown in Figure 1 beginning at the surface, descending in an almost vertical path, and after increasing its inclination ending in an almost horizontal segment.
  • the drilling parameters which allow drilling in optimal conditions are to be determined along this path.
  • a geomechanical model of the reservoir incorporating at least rock data and the mechanical properties of said rock under the conditions determining a pre-specified in situ stress field is generated in a computational system.
  • the stresses in the rock are not determined only by the in situ stresses and the properties at each point of the domain of the geomechanical model, but they also depend on the dynamic pressure and fluid conditions of the fluids stored in the rock. These variables are established by generating a fluid flow model of the same reservoir in the computational system.
  • a preferred way of reservoir modeling includes a geomechanical model and a fluid flow model coupled to one another where changes in the pressure field in the fluid flow model are taken into account in the geomechanical model and deformations and changes in porosity and permeability properties are taken into account in the fluid flow model.
  • drilling diameter In addition to the path, other parameters, such as the drilling diameter, are also determined.
  • a discretization t i l. . N of the coordinate ( t ) along the well path is established.
  • the coordinate t is a coordinate parametrizing the course of the well path.
  • the values of pore pressure p p , vertical height Z i , maximum stress ⁇ max , minimum stress ⁇ min and the mechanical properties of the rock in the section based on the geomechanical model are determined at each of the discretization points.
  • rock failure criterion and the value of the area A ⁇ R ⁇ of said region R are determined.
  • the region of damage is calculated by proposing a configuration of the damage in the section according to an elliptical shape which is determined as described below.
  • Figure 1 shows a path where the region of damage in a section S located at a height z is to be calculated. At this height z, the tangent n to the path coincides with the normal to the transverse plane of section where the region of damage is to be determined. The subscript "i" has been eliminated given that a specific point is considered.
  • the path is contained in a
  • Figure 2 schematically shows a circumference in a thick line representing the theoretical wall of the well in the plane of section S .
  • the stress state in the rock along the curve defined by the circumference corresponding to the wall of the well is determined based on the geomechanical model.
  • the value of the equivalent stress is calculated based on the stress state determining, from this calculation, the arc of a curve where said equivalent stress is greater than the acceptable stress of the rock.
  • This arc is centered in ⁇ /2 due to the way of constructing the axes of reference and the width thereof is the caving angle
  • Figure 2 shows both axes which are axes that will correspond to the major and minor sides of a family of ellipses.
  • This family of ellipses is parameterized by means of the eccentricity e defined as a/b.
  • the eccentricity e is the circumference having a radius R corresponding to the circumference representing the wall of the well according to section S.
  • ellipses having one end of the major side penetrating the rock while the minor side being smaller than the radius of the well R, are obtained. Of the ellipses thus obtained, the part of the ellipse which penetrates the rock and which will be the curve defining the region of damage will be of special interest.
  • the points where the caving angle starts and ends are the points where the intersection between the circumference and any of the ellipses of the parameterized family in e is established.
  • the factor of safety is used to determine the ellipse defining the region of damage
  • Valid f 0 values are those comprised in the [0.7, 1.3] range, and more preferably in the [0.8, 1.2] range, and more preferably in the [0.9, 1.1] range and more preferably in the [0.95, 1.05] range.
  • Figure 3 shows a graph of stress according to the angle ⁇ where for values close to ⁇ /2, identified in the drawing as close to 90 given that it is expressed in degrees instead of radians, the stress acquires asymptotically high values as eccentricity increases.
  • Figure 4 shows an image of the perforated wall in a well, showing the areas where damage has occurred.
  • the letters N, E, S and W identify North, East, South and West, respectively, and correspond to a perimetral development of 360 degrees ( 2 ⁇ radians) .
  • the image is taken a posteriori , once the well has been drilled or obtained by sensing during drilling.
  • the dark spots are areas of damage in the wall based on which it is possible to determine the width of damage at a given vertical height z but they do not allow establishing the depth in the wall or providing the determination thereof before drilling is performed.
  • Figure 5 shows a graph of the function
  • eccentricity e as a free parameter. It is where the function takes this value i.e., the value which determines the eccentricity e which in turn defines a single ellipse of the family of ellipses defined above.
  • the ellipse has an eccentricity of 0.4.
  • the right hand side of the drawing shows a quarter of a circumference, the circumference representing the section of the wall of the well, and also a quarter of the ellipse having an eccentricity of 0.4.
  • the inner area of the ellipse having an eccentricity of 0.4 is established as the region of damage.
  • the method allows recalculating the caving volume by changing the pressure conditions established by the drilling fluid. For example, if the density ⁇ of the drilling fluid increases, the pressure on the walls of the well increases and compensates for the stresses exerted by the eliminated rock on the well and giving rise to the free surface, given that they now no longer perform a structural function. The region of damage is thereby reduced given that the pressure forces against the wall exert this compensating force.
  • this force has a limit since an excessive increase in the density of the drilling fluid can cause a pressure that is too high to be withstood by the wall of the well, generating cracks. Therefore, this embodiment shows how the region of damage depends on the parameters used in the calculation of the stress state at the point where the plane of section S has been plotted out, and particularly on the pressure of the drilling fluid.
  • V detachment volume
  • the volume determined by the drilling system is determined by the skilled person needing the density of the drilling fluid (7) and flow rate (Q) for determining said maximum volume of the drilling system so as to allow removing the volume of material detaching from the well without the drilling bit collapsing.
  • drilling is carried out according to the values of drilling speed (v), density (7) of the injected drilling fluid and flow rate (Q) thereof for each coordinate of the well path.
  • the drilling operation discharges the sum of two volumes of material, the material being cut by the bit plus the material being caved near the bit because the damaged area corresponds to material showing a stress greater than the allowable stress of the rock in that location and then it further collapses.
  • the sum of the two volumes is discharged by the injected drilling fluid.
  • This skilled person is able to determine the volume of material to be discharged depending at least on the density and the flow rate of the drilling fluid being injected.
  • the invention provides the correspondence the volume
  • the dynamic effects of the drilling fluid flow are taken into account.
  • the dynamic effects can be interpreted in terms of pressure variations in a drilling fluid column with respect to static pressure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de forage adapté à des puits permettant l'injection et la production d'un réservoir de gaz ou d'huile. D'autres utilisations se trouvent dans le travail d'exploitation minière et de génie civil. Ce procédé est caractérisé par l'utilisation de l'estimation de dommages dans une pluralité de sections le long du puits afin d'établir les paramètres optimaux assurant l'évacuation de matériau de foudroyage sans jamais atteindre la capacité d'évacuation maximale. Selon un mode de réalisation, les paramètres de forage sont déterminés par une estimation de dommages à l'aide d'un ensemble d'étapes analytiques dans lesquelles non seulement l'angle de foudroyage est pris en compte, mais également la zone de dommages dans chacune des sections du puits. Ce procédé analytique permet également d'évaluer à la fois la largeur et la profondeur de dommages dans la paroi du puits.
PCT/EP2018/058487 2017-04-03 2018-04-03 Procédé de forage adapté à des puits permettant l'injection ou la production d'un réservoir de gaz ou d'huile Ceased WO2018185099A1 (fr)

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EP17382170.3 2017-04-03
EP17382170 2017-04-03

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WO2018185099A1 true WO2018185099A1 (fr) 2018-10-11

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CN115100320A (zh) * 2022-07-05 2022-09-23 西南石油大学 一种缝洞型碳酸盐岩边水油藏无因次水侵图版绘制方法

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111768104A (zh) * 2020-06-30 2020-10-13 黄河勘测规划设计研究院有限公司 单斜砂泥岩互层型坝基岩性变化程度定量评价方法
CN115100320A (zh) * 2022-07-05 2022-09-23 西南石油大学 一种缝洞型碳酸盐岩边水油藏无因次水侵图版绘制方法

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