WO2018084131A1 - 多孔膜及び多孔膜の製造方法 - Google Patents
多孔膜及び多孔膜の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018084131A1 WO2018084131A1 PCT/JP2017/039267 JP2017039267W WO2018084131A1 WO 2018084131 A1 WO2018084131 A1 WO 2018084131A1 JP 2017039267 W JP2017039267 W JP 2017039267W WO 2018084131 A1 WO2018084131 A1 WO 2018084131A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
- B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
- B01D71/34—Polyvinylidene fluoride
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/002—Organic membrane manufacture from melts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0023—Organic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes
- B01D67/0025—Organic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes by mechanical treatment, e.g. pore-stretching
- B01D67/0027—Organic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes by mechanical treatment, e.g. pore-stretching by stretching
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0023—Organic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes
- B01D67/003—Organic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes by selective elimination of components, e.g. by leaching
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0083—Thermal after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
- B01D67/00931—Chemical modification by introduction of specific groups after membrane formation, e.g. by grafting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/40—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. salts, amides, imides, nitriles, anhydrides, esters
- B01D71/401—Polymers based on the polymerisation of acrylic acid, e.g. polyacrylate
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/76—Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups B01D71/08 - B01D71/74
- B01D71/78—Graft polymers
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/26—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a solid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. leaching out
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/36—After-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/02—Hydrophilization
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/08—Specific temperatures applied
- B01D2323/081—Heating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/08—Specific temperatures applied
- B01D2323/082—Cooling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/38—Graft polymerization
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
- C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
- C08J2201/05—Elimination by evaporation or heat degradation of a liquid phase
- C08J2201/0502—Elimination by evaporation or heat degradation of a liquid phase the liquid phase being organic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2327/12—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08J2327/16—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinylidene fluoride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/22—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a filtration technique, and relates to a porous membrane and a method for producing the porous membrane.
- Examples of the method for inactivating the virus include heat treatment and chemical treatment (for example, Solvent / Detergent (S / D) treatment).
- heat treatment methods are not effective for heat-resistant viruses such as hepatitis A virus.
- S / D treatment is not effective in principle for viruses that do not have a lipid membrane such as parvovirus.
- chemical treatment method there is a concern that the chemical to be used remains in the liquid preparation and is administered to the human body. Therefore, a chemical removal process may be required.
- Membrane filtration does not depend on the chemical or thermal properties of the virus because it separates the material according to the size of the material. Therefore, it is effective for removing all viruses.
- sputum virus As the kind of sputum virus, there are the smallest parvoviruses having a diameter of about 18 nm to 24 nm, polioviruses having a diameter of about 25 nm to 30 nm, and the like. Moreover, as a relatively large virus, there is an HIV virus having a diameter of 80 to 100 nm. In order to physically remove such viruses by membrane filtration, a porous membrane having at least a maximum pore size of 100 nm or less is required. In recent years, a porous membrane capable of removing small viruses such as parvovirus has been demanded.
- the porous membrane used for virus removal may be sterilized in the final step of its production.
- sterilization treatment there are a method of using a drug, a method of irradiating with ultraviolet rays and ⁇ rays, a method of heating using high-temperature steam, and the like.
- a drug when used, the drug remaining in a minute amount in the porous film may adversely affect the human body.
- the method of irradiating with ultraviolet rays is not suitable for the final step of the porous film because of its low ultraviolet transmittance.
- the method of irradiating gamma rays may cause irradiation damage to the porous film.
- the porous film is required to have heat resistance (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3). Further, not only a porous membrane for virus removal but also a porous membrane having heat resistance is required in various technical fields.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a porous film excellent in heat resistance and a method for producing the porous film.
- a porous film that includes a thermoplastic resin, includes a dense structure layer, and a ratio of ⁇ crystal strength to ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer is 5.0 or more.
- the maximum pore diameter may be 23.5 nm or more and 30.0 nm or less.
- thermoplastic resin may be polyvinylidene fluoride.
- a graft chain having a hydrophilic monomer unit may be introduced on the surface of the pore.
- the graft ratio may be 5% or more and 20% or less.
- the porous film may further include a coarse structure layer.
- the above porous membrane may be a hollow fiber membrane.
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer may be 11.0 or less.
- a mixing step for obtaining a mixture of a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer, a film forming step for forming a porous film having a dense structure layer from the mixture, and a plastic for removing the plasticizer from the porous film.
- a heat treatment step of heat-treating the porous film from which the plasticizer has been removed at a temperature of 132 ° C. or more and lower than the melting point of the thermoplastic resin, with respect to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer
- a method for producing a porous film having an ⁇ crystal strength ratio of 5.0 or more is provided.
- the heat treatment step may be performed for 1 hour or more and 9 hours or less.
- the heat treatment step may be performed while pulling the porous film from which the plasticizer has been removed from at least two directions.
- the maximum pore size of the heat-treated porous membrane may be 23.5 nm or more and 30.0 nm or less.
- thermoplastic resin may be polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the above porous membrane production method may further comprise a hydrophilic treatment step of graft-polymerizing a hydrophilic monomer to the heat-treated porous membrane.
- the porous film formed in the film forming step may further include a coarse structure layer.
- the porous membrane may be a hollow fiber membrane.
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer may be 11.0 or less.
- the porous film from which the plasticizer has been removed may be heat-treated at a temperature of 132 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower in the heat treatment step.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the strength ratio of ⁇ crystal strength to ⁇ crystal strength in porous films according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 4.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the water permeability of porous membranes according to Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- 4 is a graph showing bubble points of porous films according to Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- surface which shows the change of the water permeation amount before and behind 130 degreeC steam sterilization of the filter produced with the porous film which concerns on Example 8 and Comparative Example 6.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the water permeability of porous membranes according to Example 8 and Comparative Example 6.
- 10 is a graph showing bubble points of porous films according to Example 8 and Comparative Example 6. It is a table
- the porous film according to the embodiment includes a thermoplastic resin and includes a dense structure layer.
- the crystal structure of the thermoplastic resin includes at least ⁇ crystal and ⁇ crystal.
- the ⁇ crystal has a lower potential energy, is stable, and has a higher melting point than the ⁇ crystal.
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer is 5.0 or more, 5.5 or more, 6.0 or more, or 6.5 or more. .
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense layer is 5.0 or more, the heat resistance of the porous film is improved and the shrinkage of the porous film is reduced.
- the porous membrane is prevented from shrinking or deforming.
- a treatment such as high-pressure steam sterilization on the porous membrane
- the porous membrane is prevented from shrinking or deforming.
- the pore structure in the dense layer is difficult to change, a decrease in the water permeability due to heat treatment is suppressed.
- the heat resistance refers to a performance in which the structure of the porous film hardly changes when heat treatment is performed.
- the surface of the porous film according to the embodiment is modified by hydrophilization or the like by a method such as graft polymerization, unstable ⁇ crystals that are the starting points of the graft polymerization reaction are present at a certain ratio.
- the porous membrane It is preferably present in the porous membrane. Therefore, for example, when grafting a hydrophilic monomer to prevent protein adsorption to the porous membrane, a sufficient graft rate tends to be obtained if ⁇ crystals are present in the porous membrane at a certain ratio.
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer of the porous membrane is preferably 11.0 or less, It is preferably 9.0 or less, more preferably 8.0 or less.
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength in the thermoplastic resin can be measured by an infrared spectrophotometer or the like.
- the ⁇ crystal intensity refers to the height of the peak indicating the ⁇ crystal in the absorption spectrum measured with an infrared spectrophotometer.
- the ⁇ crystal intensity refers to the height of the peak indicating the ⁇ crystal in the absorption spectrum measured with an infrared spectrophotometer.
- the porous membrane may have a hollow fiber shape or a flat membrane shape.
- the film thickness of the porous film is, for example, 15 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less, preferably 15 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the film thickness is less than 15 ⁇ m, the strength of the porous film tends to be insufficient.
- a film thickness exceeds 1000 micrometers there exists a tendency for the permeation
- the flow rate is improved and the processing speed tends to be improved.
- the porous film has a coarse structure layer having a large hole area ratio and a dense structure layer having a small hole area ratio.
- the porous film preferably has a multilayer structure in which a coarse structure layer exists in the vicinity of at least one film surface.
- the coarse structure layer is a layer having a relatively large porosity in the porous film. For example, when a protein solution is filtered through a porous membrane, the coarse structure layer functions as a prefilter for impurities with a large volume contained in the protein solution.
- the dense structure layer is a layer having a relatively small porosity in the porous film.
- the pore diameter of the porous membrane is substantially defined by the pore diameter in the dense structure layer. Therefore, the performance of the porous membrane such as the water permeability tends to be defined by the structure of the dense layer, and the structure of the dense layer is preferably stable by heat treatment. For example, when a protein solution is filtered through a porous membrane, microorganisms such as viruses are removed in the dense structure layer.
- Both the porosity and porosity of the porous membrane are based on the volume ratio of the voids in the porous membrane.
- the open area ratio of the porous film represents the area ratio occupied by the voids in the cross section of the porous film.
- the open area ratio is obtained from image analysis of an electron micrograph of a cross section of the porous film. For example, in the cross section of the porous film, when the hole area ratio is measured for each constant thickness in the film thickness direction, it is possible to examine the change in the volume ratio of the void portion in the film thickness direction.
- the open area ratio may be measured every 2.5 ⁇ m in the film thickness direction in the cross section of the porous film. Furthermore, based on the aperture ratio measured for each predetermined thickness in the film thickness direction, the average aperture ratio in the entire film thickness direction or at least in part may be calculated.
- the porosity of the porous membrane is obtained from the apparent volume of the porous membrane determined from the cross-sectional area of the porous membrane and the length of the porous membrane, the mass of the porous membrane, and the true density of the material of the porous membrane.
- the porosity of the porous film is, for example, 30% or more and 90% or less, preferably 35% or more and 85% or less, and more preferably 40% or more and 80%.
- the porosity is less than 30%, the filtration rate of the porous membrane tends to decrease.
- the porosity exceeds 90% the performance of removing viruses and the like by the porous membrane tends to decrease, and the strength of the porous membrane tends to decrease.
- the coarse structure layer is a layer that is adjacent to the film surface in the thickness direction and has a high porosity.
- the aperture ratio is, for example, an average aperture ratio of the entire film thickness + 2.0% or more, preferably an average aperture ratio of the entire film thickness + 2.5% or more, more preferably the film thickness.
- the average average opening rate is + 3.0% or more.
- the hole area ratio is, for example, an average hole area ratio of the entire film thickness + 60% or less, preferably an average hole area ratio of the entire film thickness + 55% or less, more preferably the entire film thickness.
- the average open area rate is 50% or less.
- the open area ratio of the coarse structure layer When the open area ratio of the coarse structure layer is equal to or greater than the average open area ratio of the entire film thickness + 2.0%, the difference in the open area ratio from the dense structure layer becomes large, and the porous film functions as a prefilter. Can improve the processing capacity. However, when the open area ratio of the coarse structure layer is larger than the average open area ratio of the entire film thickness + 60%, the structure of the coarse structure layer becomes rougher than necessary, and the function as a prefilter cannot be sufficiently exhibited. There is.
- the coarse structure layer preferably includes a portion having an opening ratio of an average opening ratio of the entire film thickness of + 5.0% or more, more preferably a part of an average opening ratio of the entire film thickness of 8.0% or more. including.
- the coarse structure layer includes a portion where the hole area ratio is an average hole area ratio of the entire film thickness + 5.0% or more, the function as a pre-filter can be more exhibited.
- the portion with the largest porosity is preferably in contact with the membrane surface or in the vicinity of the membrane surface.
- the porosity is continuously decreased from the film surface toward the dense structure layer. Since the hole area ratio continuously decreases and the hole diameter also decreases continuously, large impurities can be removed in the vicinity of the film surface, and small impurities can be removed step by step as entering the coarse structure layer. Note that it is not preferable that the porosity is discontinuously large at the boundary between the coarse structure layer and the dense structure layer because impurities are deposited near the boundary and the filtration rate is reduced.
- the thickness of the coarse structure layer in the porous film is, for example, 2.5 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the coarse structure layer tends to exhibit a function as a prefilter.
- a dense structure layer is a layer with a low porosity.
- the aperture ratio of the dense-structure layer for example, A P ⁇ It is in the range of 2.0%, preferably in the range of AP ⁇ 1.0%. If the porosity is within the range of A P ⁇ 2.0%, a dense structure layer, because that may have a homogeneous structure, it is suitable for virus removal by depth filtration.
- the dense structure layer has, for example, a spherulite void structure disclosed in WO 01/28667.
- the thickness of the dense structure layer in the porous film is, for example, 50% or more of the entire film thickness, preferably 55% or more, more preferably 60% or more.
- the thickness of the dense structure layer is 50% or more of the entire film thickness, it is suitable for virus removal by depth filtration.
- the porous film may include an intermediate layer in addition to the coarse structure layer and the dense structure layer.
- the open area ratio is less than the average open area ratio of the entire film thickness + 2.0%, but does not correspond to the open area ratio of the dense structure layer.
- the intermediate layer exists, for example, between the coarse structure layer and the dense structure layer.
- the porous membrane When the porous membrane is used for removing viruses in a liquid, the porous membrane preferably has no skin layer on the surface.
- the skin layer usually has a pore size smaller than that of the porous membrane and has a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less.
- impurities contained in the protein solution or the like are deposited on the surface of the skin layer, and the permeation performance may be lowered.
- the maximum pore size of the porous membrane required by the bubble point method based on ASTMF316-86 is, for example, 23.5 nm or more and 30.30 nm or more from the viewpoint of removing small viruses and the permeability of physiologically active substances such as globulins and filtration rate. It is 0 nm or less, preferably 24.0 nm or more and 29.5 nm or less, more preferably 24.5 nm or more and 29.0 nm or less.
- the average pore diameter on the surface of the porous membrane adjacent to the coarse layer is at least twice the maximum pore diameter determined by the bubble point method, and preferably at least three times the maximum pore diameter determined by the bubble point method.
- the average pore size on the surface of the porous membrane adjacent to the coarse structure layer is less than twice the maximum pore size determined by the bubble point method, impurities may be deposited on the surface of the porous membrane, and the filtration rate may decrease.
- the average pore diameter on the surface of the porous membrane adjacent to the coarse structure layer is, for example, 3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the water permeability of the porous membrane may vary depending on the pore diameter, but is, for example, 5.0 or more and 120.0 or less, preferably 10.0 or more and 115.0 or less, more preferably 15.0 or more and 110.0 or less. It is.
- the unit of water permeability is L / m 2 / h / 98 kPa. When the water permeation amount is less than 5.0, practical filtration may be difficult. When the amount of water permeation exceeds 120.0, the strength of the porous membrane may decrease, or the performance of removing viruses or the like may decrease.
- the rate of decrease in water permeability is, for example, 4.0% or less, preferably 3.5% or less, and more preferably 3.0% or less.
- the tensile strength at break of the porous film is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 6 N / m 2 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 8 N / m 2 or less, preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 N / m 2 or more and 8 ⁇ 10 1 in the uniaxial direction. 7 N / m 2 or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 6 N / m 2 or more and 5 ⁇ 10 7 N / m 2 or less.
- the tensile strength at break is less than 1 ⁇ 10 6 N / m 2 , damage due to bending, damage due to friction, damage due to foreign matter, and burst due to filtration pressure may occur.
- the tensile elongation at break of the porous film is, for example, 10% or more and 2000% or less, preferably 20% or more and 1500% or less, and preferably 30% or more and 1000% or less in at least one axial direction.
- the tensile elongation at break is less than 10%, damage due to bending, damage due to friction, damage due to foreign matter, and rupture due to filtration pressure may occur.
- the shrinkage rate when the porous film is dry-heated at 130 ° C. is, for example, 9.0% or less, preferably 8.0% or less, more preferably 7.0% or less.
- the porous film contains a thermoplastic resin.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic resin to all the resins contained in the material is, for example, 50% by mass or more, preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more.
- the amount of the thermoplastic resin is less than 50% by mass, the mechanical strength of the porous membrane tends to decrease.
- the thermoplastic resin used in producing the porous membrane is a thermoplastic resin having crystallinity used for compression, extrusion, injection, inflation, and blow molding.
- thermoplastic resins include polyethylene resins, polypropylene resins, polyolefin resins such as poly-4-methyl 1-pentene resin, polyethylene terephthalate resins, polybutylene terephthalate resins, polyethylene terephthalate resins, polybutylene naphthalate resins, polycyclohexylenes.
- Polyester resins such as range methylene terephthalate resin, polyamide resins such as nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, nylon 612, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 46, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, ethylene / tetrafluoroethylene resin, polychlorotrifluoro Examples thereof include fluorine resins such as ethylene resins, polyphenylene ether resins, and polyacetal resins.
- the porous membrane may be steam sterilized, it preferably has heat resistance. Therefore, at least one of the thermoplastic resins used in producing the porous film is, for example, a crystal melting point of 140 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, preferably 145 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower, more preferably 150 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower.
- a resin having a crystal melting point of less than 140 ° C. may be used as a part of the material.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic resin having a crystal melting point of 140 ° C. or higher to all resins contained in the material is, for example, 50% by mass or more, preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass. That's it
- the material contains at least one thermoplastic resin having a crystalline melting point of 140 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower
- a steam sterilization step preferably used in medical separation membrane applications, and other industrial uses It is possible to impart durability of the porous membrane to heat in the high-temperature filtration process, which is an important required performance in the above.
- a thermoplastic resin having a crystal melting point exceeding 300 ° C. it may be difficult to heat and uniformly dissolve the resin and the plasticizer when producing the porous film.
- the polyvinylidene fluoride resin has an excellent balance between heat resistance and molding processability.
- the polyvinylidene fluoride resin is a fluorine-based resin containing a vinylidene fluoride unit in the basic skeleton, and is generally called an abbreviation of PVDF.
- Examples of such polyvinylidene fluoride resins include homopolymers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), pentafluoropropylene (PFP), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE).
- a copolymer of one or two monomers selected from the monomer group of perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PFMVE) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF) can be used.
- a mixture of a VDF homopolymer and a monomer / VDF copolymer may be used.
- a polyvinylidene fluoride resin containing 30% by mass to 100% by mass of a homopolymer because the crystallinity of the porous film is improved and the strength of the porous film is increased.
- the average molecular weight of the thermoplastic resin used in producing the porous film is, for example, 50,000 to 5,000,000, preferably 100,000 to 2,000,000, more preferably 150,000 to 1,000,000. .
- the average molecular weight of the thermoplastic resin is given by the weight average molecular weight obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurement.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the porous membrane may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
- the surface of the porous membrane and the surface of the pore may be hydrophilic. preferable.
- the degree of hydrophilicity can be evaluated by the contact angle.
- the average value of the advancing contact angle and the receding contact angle at 25 ° C. is, for example, 60 degrees or less, preferably 45 degrees or less, and more preferably 30 degrees or less.
- the porous membrane is brought into contact with water, if the water spontaneously permeates into the pores of the porous membrane, it may be determined that the porous membrane has sufficient hydrophilicity.
- a graft chain having a hydrophilic monomer unit is introduced into the pore surface of the porous membrane.
- the bond rate (graft rate) of the graft chain is, for example, 5% or more and 20% or less.
- the graft ratio is calculated by the following equation (1).
- d g (%) (w 1 ⁇ w 0 ) / w 0 ⁇ 100 (1)
- w 0 is the mass of the porous membrane before the graft chain is introduced
- w 1 is the mass of the porous membrane after the graft chain is introduced.
- a method for producing a porous membrane according to an embodiment includes a mixing step of obtaining a mixture of a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer, a membrane forming step of forming a porous membrane having a dense structure layer from the mixture, and removing the plasticizer from the porous membrane. And a heat treatment step of heat-treating the porous film from which the plasticizer has been removed at a temperature of 132 ° C. or higher and lower than the melting point of the thermoplastic resin. At least by the heat treatment step, a porous film in which the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer is 5.0 or more is manufactured.
- the mixture containing the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer is heated to a temperature higher than the crystal melting point of the thermoplastic resin, and the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer are uniformly dissolved.
- additives such as an antioxidant, a crystal nucleating agent, an antistatic agent, a flame retardant, a lubricant, and an ultraviolet absorber may be added to the mixture.
- the concentration of the thermoplastic resin in the mixture is, for example, 20% to 90% by mass, preferably 30% to 80% by mass, and more preferably 35% to 70% by mass. If the concentration of the thermoplastic resin is less than 20% by mass, the subsequent film-forming property may be lowered, or sufficient mechanical strength may not be obtained in the obtained film. In addition, the pore size of the resulting membrane may be increased, resulting in insufficient virus removal performance. If the concentration of the thermoplastic resin is higher than 90% by mass, the pore diameter may be too small in the resulting membrane, the porosity may be reduced, and the filtration rate may decrease.
- a non-volatile solvent capable of forming a uniform solution with the thermoplastic resin at a temperature equal to or higher than the crystal melting point of the thermoplastic resin when mixed with the thermoplastic resin can be used.
- the non-volatile solvent has a boiling point of 220 ° C. or higher under atmospheric pressure.
- the plasticizer may be a liquid or a solid at a room temperature of about 20 ° C.
- a solid-liquid phase separation type plasticizer having a heat-induced solid-liquid phase separation point at a temperature of room temperature or higher is used for virus removal.
- the plasticizer includes a liquid-liquid phase separation type plasticizer having a heat-induced liquid-liquid phase separation point at a temperature equal to or higher than normal temperature when a uniform solution with a thermoplastic resin is cooled.
- a liquid-liquid phase separation type plasticizer is used, the pore diameter in the produced membrane tends to increase.
- the heat-induced solid-liquid phase separation point of a mixture containing a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer can be obtained by measuring the exothermic peak temperature of the mixture by thermal analysis (DSC). Moreover, the crystallization point of the mixture containing a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer can also be obtained by thermal analysis (DSC).
- a plasticizer described in WO 01/28667 is preferably used.
- the plasticizer used in the embodiment has a phase separation point depression constant ⁇ of a mixture containing a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer given by the following formula (2), for example, 0 ° C. or higher and 40 ° C. or lower, preferably 1 ° C. or higher and 35 ° C. C. or lower, more preferably 5 ° C. or higher and 30 ° C. or lower.
- the phase separation point depression constant is higher than 40 ° C., the uniformity of the pore diameter of the produced membrane tends to be lowered, or the strength of the produced membrane tends to be lowered.
- ⁇ 100 ⁇ (Tc 0 ⁇ Tc) ⁇ (100 ⁇ C) (2)
- ⁇ is the phase separation point depression constant (° C.)
- Tc 0 is the crystallization temperature (° C.) of the thermoplastic resin
- T c is the thermally induced solid-liquid phase separation point (° C.) of the mixture
- C is the mixture It represents the concentration (mass%) of the thermoplastic resin in the inside.
- the plasticizer includes dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), diphenyl cresyl phosphate (CDP), In addition, tricresyl phosphate (TCP) or the like can be used.
- DBP dibutyl phthalate
- DCHP dicyclohexyl phthalate
- TPP triphenyl phosphate
- CDP diphenyl cresyl phosphate
- TCP tricresyl phosphate
- thermoplastic resin is put into a continuous resin kneading apparatus such as an extruder, and the thermoplastic resin is heated and melted at an arbitrary ratio.
- a plasticizer is introduced and screw kneaded.
- the thermoplastic resin to be input may be any of powder, granule, and pellet.
- the plasticizer is preferably a room temperature liquid.
- the extruder a single screw screw extruder, a biaxial different direction screw type extruder, a biaxial same direction screw type extruder, or the like can be used.
- the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer are mixed and dispersed in advance using a stirring device such as a Henschel mixer, and the resulting mixture is dispersed. It is charged into a continuous resin kneader such as an extruder and melt kneaded.
- the mixture charged into an extruder or the like may be in the form of a slurry when the plasticizer is a liquid at room temperature, and may be in the form of a powder or granules when the plasticizer is a solid at room temperature.
- a simple resin kneading apparatus such as a Brabender or a mill may be used, or melt kneading in another patch kneading container. Also good.
- the mixture is discharged from the discharge port to form a film.
- the discharge port include a T die, a circular die, and an annular spinning port.
- the membrane may be a hollow fiber shape or a flat membrane shape.
- the film formed by the mixture discharged from the discharge port has a draft ratio RD given by the following formula (3) of, for example, 1.0 to 12.0, preferably 1.5 to 9.0, more preferably It is picked up at a pick-up speed of 1.5 or more and 7.0 or less.
- R D S W / S D (3)
- S W represents a take-up speed of the film
- S D denotes the discharge rate of the mixture in the discharge port.
- the film is not tensioned and the film moldability may be reduced.
- the draft ratio exceeds 12.0, the film may be stretched and it may be difficult to form a sufficiently thick coarse structure layer.
- the discharge speed SD of the mixture at the discharge port is given by the following equation (4).
- S D V D / A D (4)
- V D represents the volume of the mixture discharged per unit time
- a D represents the area of the discharge port.
- the discharge speed is, for example, from 1 m / min to 60 m / min, and preferably from 3 m / min to 40 m / min.
- the discharge speed is less than 1 m / min, the productivity of the film may decrease, or the variation in the discharge amount of the mixture may increase.
- the discharge speed exceeds 60 m / min, turbulent flow may occur at the discharge port and the discharge state may become unstable.
- the film take-up speed is set according to the discharge speed of the mixture.
- the film drawing speed is, for example, from 1 m / min to 200 m / min, and preferably from 3 m / min to 150 m / min.
- the take-up speed is less than 1 m / min, the productivity and formability of the film may be lowered.
- the take-up speed exceeds 200 m / min, the film may be broken by shortening the cooling time of the film or increasing the tension applied to the film.
- a non-volatile liquid having partial solubility with respect to the thermoplastic resin for example, heated to 50 ° C. or higher, is brought into contact with one surface of the film.
- a coarse structure layer is formed on the film.
- the non-volatile liquid contacted with a thermoplastic resin is a liquid whose boiling point in 1 atmosphere exceeds 220 degreeC.
- the non-volatile liquid diffuses into the film and the thermoplastic resin is partially dissolved, whereby a coarse structure layer is formed on the film.
- the temperature of the non-volatile liquid used to introduce the coarse structure layer into the capsule is, for example, 50 ° C. or higher, preferably 60 ° C. or higher, and lower than the temperature of the mixture of the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer.
- the temperature of the non-volatile liquid is more preferably 130 ° C. or more, and is 10 ° C. or less lower than the temperature of the mixture of the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer.
- the temperature of the non-volatile liquid is less than 100 ° C., the solubility in the thermoplastic resin is lowered, and it may be difficult to form a coarse structure layer having a sufficient thickness.
- the temperature of the nonvolatile liquid exceeds the temperature of the mixture of the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer, the moldability of the film may be deteriorated.
- the non-volatile liquid having partial solubility in the thermoplastic resin is 100 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower, preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower when mixed with the thermoplastic resin at a concentration of 50% by mass. It is a non-volatile liquid that can form a uniform solution at temperature.
- a liquid that forms a uniform solution with the thermoplastic resin at a temperature of less than 100 ° C. may prevent cooling and solidification of the mixture solution containing the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer. For this reason, the moldability of the film may deteriorate, the coarse structure layer may become thicker than necessary, or the pore diameter may become too large.
- a liquid that cannot form a uniform solution with a thermoplastic resin at a temperature of 250 ° C. or lower has low solubility in the thermoplastic resin, and it may be difficult to form a coarse structure layer having a sufficient thickness.
- examples of the non-volatile liquid used include phthalic acid esters, adipic acid esters, sebacic acid esters, and ester chain carbon atoms having an ester chain length of 7 or less.
- examples thereof include phosphate esters having a carbon chain length of 8 or less, and citrate esters.
- Preferred non-volatile liquids include, for example, diheptyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, tri (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, tributyl phosphate, and acetylcitric acid Tributyl is mentioned.
- a plasticizer having a cyclic structure such as phenyl group, cresyl group, and cyclohexyl group in the ester chain, specifically, dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), diphenyl cresyl phosphate (CDP) ), Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), and the like are not preferable because of their small ability to form a coarse structure layer.
- DCHP dicyclohexyl phthalate
- TPP triphenyl phosphate
- CDP diphenyl cresyl phosphate
- TCP Tricresyl phosphate
- TCP Tricresyl phosphate
- the surface of the film on the side where the dense structure layer is formed is cooled.
- a heat conductor is brought into contact with the surface of the film.
- the heat conductor for example, metal, water, air, and a plasticizer can be used.
- a coarse structure layer is introduced on the inner surface side of a hollow fiber-like or cylindrical membrane and a dense structure layer is formed on the outer surface side of the membrane, for example, with a thermoplastic resin via a circular die or an annular nozzle
- a thermoplastic resin via a circular die or an annular nozzle
- a coarse structure layer is introduced on one surface side of a sheet-like film and a dense structure layer is formed on the other surface side
- a mixture of a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer is formed into a sheet shape via a T die or the like.
- a coarse structure layer is formed on one surface side by bringing a non-volatile liquid partially soluble in the thermoplastic resin into contact with one surface side of the film formed into a sheet.
- a dense structure layer is formed on the other surface side by bringing the other surface side into contact with a cooling medium such as a metal roll for cooling.
- thermoplastic resin and a mixture of plasticizers are extruded into a predetermined shape via a T die, a circular die, an annular nozzle, etc., and the thermoplastic resin is applied to both sides of the membrane.
- a non-volatile liquid having partial solubility is brought into contact with each other to form a coarse structure layer on both sides of the film, and then the film is cooled and solidified. If the time from when the non-volatile liquid having partial solubility to the thermoplastic resin is brought into contact with the film until the start of cooling becomes long, the formability of the film may be deteriorated.
- the time from when the film is brought into contact with the film to when the cooling is started is, for example, 30 seconds or less, preferably 20 seconds or less, and more preferably 10 seconds or less.
- the cooling rate at the time of cooling and solidifying is, for example, 50 ° C./min or more, preferably 100 ° C./min. Above 1 ⁇ 10 5 ° C./min, more preferably 200 ° C./min to 2 ⁇ 10 4 ° C./min.
- water for cooling it is preferable to use water for cooling because it can be rapidly cooled by evaporation of water.
- an extraction solvent is used to remove the plasticizer.
- the extraction solvent is preferably a poor solvent for the thermoplastic resin and a good solvent for the plasticizer and has a boiling point lower than the melting point of the porous membrane.
- extraction solvents include hydrocarbons such as hexane and cyclohexane, halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, and the like. Ethers, ketones such as acetone and 2-butanone, and water.
- the extraction solvent is heated, for example, within the range below the boiling point of the extraction solvent, preferably within the range of boiling point ⁇ 5 ° C. or lower. Thereby, diffusion of the extraction solvent and the plasticizer is promoted, and the extraction efficiency of the plasticizer is improved.
- the porous film cut into a predetermined size is immersed in a container containing the extraction solvent, and after the porous film is sufficiently washed, it adheres to the porous film.
- the solvent is air dried or dried with hot air.
- the solvent may be replaced with another liquid such as water.
- the porous membrane is continuously fed into a tank filled with the extraction solvent, and the porous film is placed in the tank for a sufficient time to remove the plasticizer. It is immersed in, and then the solvent attached to the porous film is dried.
- the inside of the tank may be divided into multiple stages, and the porous film may be sequentially sent to each tank having a solvent concentration difference, or the extraction solvent is supplied in a direction opposite to the traveling direction of the porous film, and the concentration gradient of the solvent is set. It may be set.
- the concentration of the plasticizer remaining in the porous film after removing the plasticizer is, for example, 1% by mass or less, and preferably 500 ppm by mass or less.
- the plasticizer remaining in the porous film can be quantified by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, or the like.
- the porous film from which the plasticizer has been removed is 132 ° C. or higher, preferably 133 ° C. or higher, more preferably 134 ° C. or higher, more preferably 135 ° C. or higher, and a temperature lower than the melting point of the thermoplastic resin, preferably 150 ° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed at 145 ° C. or lower, more preferably 140 ° C. or lower.
- the ratio becomes 5.0 or more. Moreover, it is possible to reduce the damage to a porous film by heat-processing a porous film at the temperature below melting
- the heat treatment step is performed, for example, for 1 hour to 9 hours, 2 hours to 8 hours, preferably 3 hours to 7 hours.
- the heat treatment step may be performed while pulling the porous film from which the plasticizer has been removed from at least two directions. Thereby, the porous film is stretched and the maximum pore diameter can be controlled.
- the pulling of the porous membrane from at least two directions can be performed, for example, by fixing the end of the porous membrane to a cassette or the like. In the case where the porous film is fixed to a casket or the like, the length of the porous film is constant while being pulled.
- a method of heating the porous film there are a method of placing the porous film in hot air, immersing the porous film in a heat medium, or bringing the porous film into contact with a metal roll or the like which is heated and controlled.
- the ratio of the ⁇ crystal strength to the ⁇ crystal strength of the thermoplastic resin in the dense structure layer is 5.0 or more, the heat resistance of the porous film is improved and the shrinkage of the porous film is reduced. Therefore, for example, even if a user who purchases the manufactured porous membrane performs high-pressure steam sterilization on the porous membrane, the porous membrane is prevented from shrinking or deforming.
- the method for producing a porous membrane according to the embodiment preferably further includes a hydrophilization treatment step in which a hydrophilic monomer is graft-polymerized on the heat-treated porous membrane.
- a method for hydrophilizing the surface of the porous membrane for example, radiation such as electron beam or ⁇ ray is irradiated on the surface of the porous membrane, or the surface of the porous membrane is treated with peroxide to generate radicals in the porous membrane.
- radiation such as electron beam or ⁇ ray
- the surface of the porous membrane is treated with peroxide to generate radicals in the porous membrane.
- grafting a hydrophilic acrylic monomer, methacrylic monomer or the like onto the pore surface of the porous membrane.
- Other methods for hydrophilizing the porous membrane surface include a method of immersing the porous membrane in a solution containing a surfactant and then leaving the surfactant in the dried porous membrane.
- a method of grafting a hydrophilic monomer is preferable from the viewpoint of durability of the hydrophilicized porous membrane.
- the hydrophilic treatment of the porous membrane by the radiation graft polymerization method includes the step of irradiating the porous membrane with ionizing radiation such as an electron beam or ⁇ -ray to generate radicals in the resin constituting the porous membrane, and the porous membrane is treated with a hydrophilic monomer. And contacting with.
- the order of the radical generating step and the step of contacting the hydrophilic monomer is arbitrary, but if the step of contacting the hydrophilic monomer is performed after the radical generating step, the hydrophilic monomer is unlikely to form a free oligomer.
- the hydrophilic monomer an acrylic or methacrylic monomer containing a sulfone group, a carboxyl machine, an amide group, or a neutral hydroxyl group can be preferably used, but is not limited thereto.
- the hydrophilic monomer may be a gas, a liquid, or a solution, but in order to form a uniform hydrophilic layer on the porous membrane,
- the hydrophilic monomer is preferably a solution.
- the method for producing a porous film according to the embodiment may optionally include a cross-linking treatment step using ionizing radiation or the like, or a functional group introduction step using chemical surface modification.
- the porous membrane having heat resistance is a medical separation membrane used for removing viruses, bacteria, etc., concentrating proteins, removing impurities from the medium, etc., an industrial process for removing fine particles from chemicals, treated water, etc.
- a medical separation membrane used for removing viruses, bacteria, etc., concentrating proteins, removing impurities from the medium, etc., an industrial process for removing fine particles from chemicals, treated water, etc.
- Used in a wide range of applications such as filters for oil, phase separation membranes for oil / water separation and liquid / gas separation, purification filters for purification of water and sewage, separators for lithium ion batteries, and solid electrolyte supports for polymer batteries, etc. Is possible.
- Ratio of ⁇ crystal and ⁇ crystal in porous film Fourier transform infrared spectrum measurement was performed using Spectrum One manufactured by PerkinElmer. The measurement was performed by the total reflection (ATR) method, and the wave number resolution was set to 4 cm ⁇ 1 .
- ATR total reflection
- the data points of 795 cm -1 with respect to a straight line connecting two points a height of ⁇ crystals strength, 835 cm and absorbance at -1, and the absorbance at 848Cm -1 the data points in 840 cm -1 for a straight line connecting two points height and beta crystal strength was determined ⁇ crystals intensity / beta crystal strength.
- a calculation image is shown in FIG.
- PCHP dicyclohexyl phthalate
- Example 2 A hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 2 was obtained by the same process as Example 1 except that the heat treatment at 135 ° C. was performed for 2 hours.
- Example 3 A hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 3 was obtained by the same process as Example 1 except that the heat treatment at 135 ° C. was performed for 8 hours.
- Comparative Example 1 After extracting and removing the plasticizer, a hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 1 was obtained by the same process as Example 1 except that the heat treatment was performed at 125 ° C. for 4 hours.
- Comparative Example 2 After extracting and removing the plasticizer, a hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 2 was obtained by the same process as Example 1 except that the heat treatment was performed at 125 ° C. for 2 hours.
- Comparative Example 3 After extracting and removing the plasticizer, a hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 3 was obtained by the same process as Example 1 except that the heat treatment was performed at 125 ° C. for 8 hours.
- Comparative Example 4 After extracting and removing the plasticizer, a hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 4 was obtained by the same process as in Example 1 except that the heat treatment was not performed.
- Example 4 The hollow fiber-like porous membranes according to Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 4 were analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR, Spectrum One manufactured by PerkinElmer), and an absorption spectrum was obtained. As shown, peaks of ⁇ crystal (794 cm ⁇ 1 ) and ⁇ crystal (840 cm ⁇ 1 ) were confirmed in the dense layer. As an index representing the ratio of ⁇ crystal to ⁇ crystal, ⁇ crystal strength relative to ⁇ crystal strength was calculated. The results are shown in FIGS. In the dense layer, when the temperature of the heat treatment was increased, the proportion of ⁇ crystals decreased and the proportion of ⁇ crystals tended to increase.
- FT-IR Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer
- Comparative Example 5 After extracting and removing the plasticizer, a hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 5 was obtained by the same process as in Example 1 except that heat treatment was performed at 130 ° C. for 1 hour. Similarly to Example 4, when the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 5 was analyzed, the ⁇ crystal strength relative to the ⁇ crystal strength was 4.5 in the dense layer.
- Example 5 With respect to each of the hollow fiber-like porous membranes according to Examples 1, 2, and 3 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3, the shrinkage ratio by dry heat treatment at 130 ° C. was measured. In the dry heat treatment, the hollow fiber-like porous membrane was not fixed in a constant length state. As a result, as shown in FIG. 5, in the hollow fiber-like porous membranes according to Examples 1, 2, and 3, the shrinkage rate after one dry heat treatment at 130 ° C. was 6.5% or less. On the other hand, in the hollow fiber-like porous membranes according to Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3, the shrinkage ratio by one dry heat treatment at 130 ° C. was 10.0% or more.
- Example 6 With respect to 24 samples of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 1, the water permeability was measured. Further, the water permeability was measured for 12 samples of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 1. As a result, as shown in FIG. 6, the average water permeability of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 1 was 109.1 L / m 2 / h / 98 kPa, and the standard deviation was 3.6. On the other hand, the average water permeability of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 1 was 104.8 L / m 2 / h / 98 kPa, and the standard deviation was 3.0.
- Example 7 The bubble point was measured for 24 samples of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 1. Moreover, the bubble point was measured for 12 samples of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 1. As a result, as shown in FIG. 7, the average bubble point of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 1 was 1.502 MPa, and the standard deviation was 0.019. On the other hand, the average bubble point of the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 1 was 1.510 MPa, and the standard deviation was 0.020.
- Example 8 The porous membrane according to Example 1 was subjected to a hydrophilic treatment by a graft method.
- the reaction solution was dissolved in a 25 vol% aqueous solution of 3-butanol so as to be 8 vol% of hydroxypropyl acrylate, and nitrogen bubbling was performed for 20 minutes while maintaining at 45 ° C.
- the porous film according to Example 1 was irradiated with 25 kGy of Co60 ⁇ rays while being cooled to ⁇ 60 ° C. or lower with dry ice.
- the irradiated porous membrane was allowed to stand at room temperature for 17 minutes, and then contacted with the reaction solution under a reduced pressure of 200 PaA or less, and allowed to stand at 45 ° C. for 1 hour. Thereafter, the porous membrane was washed with 2-propanol, and the attached 2-propanol was replaced with water, followed by a heat treatment at 125 ° C. for 1 hour. After cooling, the attached water was replaced with 2-propanol, and 60 ° C. To obtain a hydrophilic porous membrane according to Example 8. The mass increase rate of the obtained film was measured and found to be 8%. It was confirmed that when the obtained membrane was brought into contact with water, water spontaneously penetrated into the pores.
- Comparative Example 6 A hydrophilized porous membrane according to Comparative Example 6 was obtained in the same manner as the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Example 8, except that the porous membrane according to Comparative Example 1 was used.
- Example 7 A hollow fiber-like porous membrane was obtained by the same process as in Example 1 except that the heat treatment was performed at 175 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the obtained porous membrane was hydrophilized by a graft method.
- the reaction solution was dissolved in a 25 vol% aqueous solution of 3-butanol so as to be 8 vol% of hydroxypropyl acrylate, and nitrogen bubbling was performed for 20 minutes while maintaining at 45 ° C.
- the porous film according to Example 1 was irradiated with 25 kGy of Co60 ⁇ rays while being cooled to ⁇ 60 ° C. or lower with dry ice.
- the irradiated porous membrane was allowed to stand at room temperature for 17 minutes, and then contacted with the reaction solution under a reduced pressure of 200 PaA or less, and allowed to stand at 45 ° C. for 1 hour.
- Example 9 For each of the hollow fiber-like porous membranes according to Example 8 and Comparative Example 6, steam sterilization was performed at 130 ° C. with both ends fixed so that the membrane was in a constant length state, before steam sterilization, after steam sterilization at 130 ° C. The water permeability was measured. As a result, as shown in FIG. 8, in the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Example 8, when steam sterilization at 130 ° C. was performed three times, the water permeability decreased by an average of 1.9% compared to before steam sterilization. Moreover, in the hollow fiber-like porous membrane according to Comparative Example 6, when steam sterilization was performed three times at 130 ° C., the water permeation amount decreased by an average of 8.8% compared with that before steam sterilization.
- Example 10 The water permeability was measured for 12 samples of the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Example 8. Moreover, the water permeation amount was measured for 12 samples of the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Comparative Example 6. In this example, both ends of the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Example 8 and Comparative Example 6 were fixed so as to be in a constant length state, and steam sterilization was not performed. As a result, as shown in FIG. 9, the average water permeability of the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Example 8 was 52.3 L / m 2 / h / 98 kPa, and the standard deviation was 2.8. On the other hand, the average water permeability of the hydrophilic porous membrane according to Comparative Example 6 was 47.7 L / m 2 / h / 98 kPa, and the standard deviation was 4.4.
- Example 11 Bubble points were measured for 12 samples of the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Example 8. Moreover, the bubble point was measured about 12 samples of the hydrophilization porous membrane which concerns on the comparative example 6. FIG. As a result, as shown in FIG. 10, the average bubble point of the hydrophilic porous membrane according to Example 7 was 1.530 MPa, and the standard deviation was 0.017. On the other hand, the average bubble point of the hydrophilized porous membrane according to Comparative Example 4 was 1.550 MPa, and the standard deviation was 0.018.
- Example 12 For each of the hydrophilized porous membranes according to Example 8 and Comparative Example 6, the inner diameter, the film thickness, the porosity, and the maximum pores were measured. The results are shown in FIG.
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Abstract
Description
dg(%)=(w1-w0)/w0×100 (1)
ここで、w0はグラフト鎖が導入される前の多孔膜の質量、w1はグラフト鎖が導入された後の多孔膜の質量である。
α=100×(Tc0-Tc)÷(100-C) (2)
上記(2)式において、αは相分離点降下定数(℃)、Tc0は熱可塑性樹脂の結晶化温度(℃)、Tcは混合物の熱誘起固液相分離点(℃)、Cは混合物中の熱可塑性樹脂の濃度(質量%)を表す。
RD=SW/SD (3)
上記(3)式において、SWは膜の引取速度を表し、SDは吐出口における混合物の吐出速度を表す。
SD=VD/AD (4)
上記(4)式において、VDは単位時間当り吐出される混合物の体積を表し、ADは吐出口の面積を表す。
中空糸形状の多孔膜の外径・内径は、多孔膜の垂直割断面を実体顕微鏡で撮影することにより測定した。膜厚は中空糸の外直径と内直径との差の1/2として計算した。
樹脂の密度D、及び測定された多孔膜の体積vと質量mを用いて、下記(5)式により、多孔膜の空孔率hを計算した。
h(%)=(1-m÷(D×v))×100 (5)
多孔膜を用いた定圧デッドエンドろ過による温度25℃の純水の透過量Tを測定し、膜面積A、ろ過圧力P(300kPa)、ろ過時間Tmに基づいて、下記(6)式により、多孔膜の透水量TW(L/m2/h/98kPa)を算出した。
TW=T÷(A×Tm×P÷98)) (6)
ASTM F316-86に準拠したバブルポイント法から求められるバブルポイント(Pa)を最大孔径(nm)として換算した。膜を浸漬する試験液として表面張力が13.6mN/mのハイドロフルオロエーテル(スリーエム社製Novec(登録商標)7200)を用いた。
PerkinElmer社製Spectrum Oneを用いてフーリエ変換赤外線スペクトル測定を行った。測定は全反射(ATR:Attenuated Total Reflection)法で行い、波数分解能を4cm-1に設定した。各試料の測定により得られたスペクトルに対し、785cm-1における吸光度と、805cm-1における吸光度と、の2点を結んだ直線に対する795cm-1のデータ点の高さをα晶強度とし、 835cm-1における吸光度と、848cm-1における吸光度と、の2点を結んだ直線に対する840cm-1におけるデータ点の高さをβ晶強度とし、α晶強度/β晶強度を求めた。算出イメージを図1に示す。
130℃乾熱処理前の中空糸状多孔膜の長さと、130℃乾熱処理後の中空糸状多孔膜の長さと、の差を求め、当該差を、130℃乾熱処理前の中空糸状多孔膜の長さで除して得られた値を、多孔膜の収縮率とした。
ポリフッ化ビニリデン樹脂(クレハ社製、KF#1300)49質量%、フタル酸ジシクロヘキシル(DCHP、北広ケミカル社製)51質量%からなる組成物を、ヘンシェルミキサーを用いて室温で攪拌混合したものをホッパーから投入し、二軸押出機(26mmφ、L/D=50)を用いて210℃で溶融混合し均一溶解した。続いて、中空内部に温度が62.5℃のフタル酸ジブチル(大八化学製)を7.1g/分の速度で流しつつ、内直径0.8mm、外直径1.05mmの環状オリフィスからなる紡口から吐出速度4.2g/分で中空糸状に押し出し、25℃に温調された水浴中で冷却固化させて、50m/分の速度でカセに巻き取った(ドラフト比5倍)。その後、2-プロパノール(株式会社トクヤマ製)でフタル酸ジシクロヘキシル及びフタル酸ジブチルを抽出除去し、付着した2-プロパノールを水で置換した後、水中に浸漬した状態で高圧蒸気滅菌装置(サクラエスアイ社製、FRD-G12A30Z)を用いて135℃の加熱処理を4時間施した。熱処理時、収縮を防ぐために膜を定長状態に固定した。熱処理後、固定を解除し、付着した水を2-プロパノールで置換後、60℃で真空乾燥を行い、実施例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
135℃の加熱処理を2時間施した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、実施例2に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
135℃の加熱処理を8時間施した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、実施例3に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
可塑剤を抽出除去した後、125℃で4時間加熱処理した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、比較例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
可塑剤を抽出除去した後、125℃で2時間加熱処理した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、比較例2に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
可塑剤を抽出除去した後、125℃で8時間加熱処理した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、比較例3に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
可塑剤を抽出除去した後、加熱処理をしなかった以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、比較例4に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
実施例1、及び比較例1、4に係る中空糸状の多孔膜をフーリエ変換赤外分光光度計(FT-IR、PerkinElmer社製Spectrum One)で分析し、吸光スペクトルを得たところ、図2に示すように、緻密層において、α晶(794cm-1)及びβ晶(840cm-1)のピークが確認された。β晶に対するα晶の割合を表す指標として、β晶強度に対するα晶強度を算出した。結果を図3及び図4に示す。緻密層では、熱処理の温度が高くなると、β晶の割合が減少し、α晶の割合が増える傾向にあった。
可塑剤を抽出除去した後、130℃で1時間熱処理した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、比較例5に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。実施例4と同様に、比較例5に係る中空糸状の多孔膜を分析したところ、β晶強度に対するα晶強度は、緻密層において、4.5であった。
実施例1、2、3、及び比較例1、2、3に係る中空糸状の多孔膜のそれぞれについて、130℃の乾熱処理による収縮率を測定した。なお、乾熱処理の際には、中空糸状の多孔膜を定長状態に固定しなかった。その結果、図5に示すように、実施例1、2、3に係る中空糸状の多孔膜においては、1回の130℃の乾熱処理による収縮率は、6.5%以下であった。これに対し、比較例1、2、3に係る中空糸状の多孔膜においては、1回の130℃の乾熱処理による収縮率は、10.0%以上であった。
実施例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の24サンプルについて、透水量を測定した。また、比較例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の12サンプルについて、透水量を測定した。その結果、図6に示すように、実施例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の平均透水量は、109.1L/m2/h/98kPaであり、標準偏差は3.6であった。これに対し、比較例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の平均透水量は、104.8L/m2/h/98kPaであり、標準偏差は3.0であった。
実施例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の24サンプルについて、バブルポイントを測定した。また、比較例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の12サンプルについて、バブルポイントを測定した。その結果、図7に示すように、実施例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の平均バブルポイントは、1.502MPaであり、標準偏差は0.019であった。これに対し、比較例1に係る中空糸状の多孔膜の平均バブルポイントは、1.510MPaであり、標準偏差は0.020であった。
実施例1に係る多孔膜に対し、グラフト法による親水化処理を行った。反応液は、ヒドロキシプロピルアクリレート8vol%となるように、3-ブタノールの25vol%水溶液に溶解させ、45℃に保持した状態で、窒素バブリングを20分間行って得た。次に、窒素雰囲気下において、実施例1に係る多孔膜に対してドライアイスで―60℃以下に冷却しながらCo60のγ線を25kGy照射した。照射後の多孔膜を室温で17分放置後、200PaA以下の減圧下、反応液を接触させ、45℃、1時間静置した。その後、多孔膜を2-プロパノールで洗浄し、付着した2-プロパノールを水で置換したのち、125℃で1時間の熱処理を行い、冷却後、付着した水を2-プロパノールに置換し、60℃で真空乾燥させ、実施例8に係る親水化多孔膜を得た。得られた膜の質量増加率を測定したところ、8%であった。得られた膜は水に接触させたときに自発的に細孔内に水が浸透することを確認した。
比較例1に係る多孔膜を用いた以外は、実施例8に係る親水化多孔膜と同様の方法により、比較例6に係る親水化多孔膜を得た。
加熱処理を175℃、1時間施した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程により、中空糸状の多孔膜を得た。
実施例8及び比較例6に係る中空糸状の多孔膜のそれぞれについて、膜を定長状態となるよう両端を固定した状態で130℃の蒸気滅菌を行い、蒸気滅菌前、130℃蒸気滅菌後の透水量を測定した。その結果、図8に示すように、実施例8に係る中空糸状の多孔膜において、130℃蒸気滅菌を3回すると、透水量は、蒸気滅菌前と比較して平均1.9%減少した。また、比較例6に係る中空糸状の多孔膜において、130℃蒸気滅菌を3回すると、透水量は、蒸気滅菌前と比較して平均8.8%減少した。
実施例8に係る親水化多孔膜の12サンプルについて、透水量を測定した。また、比較例6に係る親水化多孔膜の12サンプルについて、透水量を測定した。なお、本実施例においては、実施例8及び比較例6に係る親水化多孔膜を定長状態となるよう両端を固定すること、及び蒸気滅菌をしなかった。その結果、図9に示すように、実施例8に係る親水化多孔膜の平均透水量は、52.3L/m2/h/98kPaであり、標準偏差は2.8であった。これに対し、比較例6に係る親水化多孔膜の平均透水量は、47.7L/m2/h/98kPaであり、標準偏差は4.4であった。
実施例8に係る親水化多孔膜の12サンプルについて、バブルポイントを測定した。また、比較例6に係る親水化多孔膜の12サンプルについて、バブルポイントを測定した。その結果、図10に示すように、実施例7に係る親水化多孔膜の平均バブルポイントは、1.530MPaであり、標準偏差は0.017であった。これに対し、比較例4に係る親水化多孔膜の平均バブルポイントは、1.550MPaであり、標準偏差は0.018であった。
実施例8及び比較例6に係る親水化多孔膜のそれぞれについて、内径、膜厚、空孔率、最大空孔を測定した。結果を図11に示す。
Claims (18)
- 熱可塑性樹脂を含み、
緻密構造層を備え、
前記緻密構造層における前記熱可塑性樹脂のβ晶強度に対するα晶強度の割合が5.0以上である、
多孔膜。 - 最大孔径が23.5nm以上30.0nm以下である、請求項1に記載の多孔膜。
- 前記熱可塑性樹脂がポリフッ化ビニリデンである、請求項1又は2に記載の多孔膜。
- 親水性モノマー単位を備えるグラフト鎖が細孔表面に導入されている、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜。
- グラフト率が5%以上20%以下である、請求項4に記載の多孔膜。
- 粗大構造層をさらに備える、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜。
- 中空糸膜である、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜。
- 前記緻密構造層における前記熱可塑性樹脂のβ晶強度に対するα晶強度の割合が11.0以下である、請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜。
- 熱可塑性樹脂と可塑剤の混合物を得る混合工程と、
前記混合物から緻密構造層を備える多孔膜を形成する膜形成工程と、
前記多孔膜から前記可塑剤を除去する可塑剤除去工程と、
前記可塑剤を除去された多孔膜を132℃以上かつ前記熱可塑性樹脂の融点未満の温度で加熱処理する加熱処理工程と、
を備える、前記緻密構造層における前記熱可塑性樹脂のβ晶強度に対するα晶強度の割合が5.0以上である多孔膜の製造方法。 - 前記加熱処理工程が、1時間以上9時間以下実施される、請求項9に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記加熱処理工程が、前記可塑剤を除去された多孔膜を少なくとも2方向から引っ張りながら実施される、請求項9又は10に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記加熱処理された多孔膜の最大孔径が23.5nm以上30.0nm以下である、請求項9から11のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記熱可塑性樹脂がポリフッ化ビニリデンである、請求項9から12のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記加熱処理された多孔膜に親水性モノマーをグラフト重合する親水化処理工程をさらに備える、請求項9から13のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記膜形成工程において形成される前記多孔膜が、粗大構造層をさらに備える、請求項9から14のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 当該多孔膜が中空糸膜である、請求項9から15のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記緻密構造層における前記熱可塑性樹脂のβ晶強度に対するα晶強度の割合が11.0以下である、請求項9から16のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
- 前記加熱処理工程において、前記可塑剤を除去された多孔膜を132℃以上かつ150℃以下の温度で加熱処理する、請求項9から17のいずれか1項に記載の多孔膜の製造方法。
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- 2017-10-31 WO PCT/JP2017/039267 patent/WO2018084131A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2017-10-31 EP EP17866779.6A patent/EP3536392A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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| JPS62262705A (ja) * | 1986-05-07 | 1987-11-14 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 親水性多孔質膜、その製造方法およびこの親水性多孔質膜を用いた血漿分離装置 |
| JP2014076446A (ja) * | 2006-04-19 | 2014-05-01 | Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp | 高耐久性pvdf多孔質膜及びその製造方法、並びに、これを用いた洗浄方法及び濾過方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2017354687A1 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
| JPWO2018084131A1 (ja) | 2019-07-11 |
| EP3536392A1 (en) | 2019-09-11 |
| EP3536392A4 (en) | 2019-10-23 |
| TW201822876A (zh) | 2018-07-01 |
| US20190247805A1 (en) | 2019-08-15 |
| AU2017354687B2 (en) | 2020-02-27 |
| JP6782788B2 (ja) | 2020-11-11 |
| CN109715276A (zh) | 2019-05-03 |
| CN109715276B (zh) | 2022-04-15 |
| TWI643666B (zh) | 2018-12-11 |
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