WO2018069798A1

WO2018069798A1 - Simulated radiation detector

Info

Publication number: WO2018069798A1
Application number: PCT/IB2017/056161
Authority: WO
Inventors: Robert STUMP
Original assignee: Texas Tech University TTU; Texas Tech University System
Current assignee: Texas Tech University TTU; Texas Tech University System
Priority date: 2016-10-12
Filing date: 2017-10-05
Publication date: 2018-04-19
Anticipated expiration: 2019-04-12

Abstract

A system, method, and apparatus for simulating the detection of radiation comprises at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFID tag, a simulated radiation detector, and an emulating module for receiving signals from the simulated radioactive sources and providing an output signal simulating detection of a radioactive source. The RFID tag can be preprogrammed with a simulated radiation level, where the simulated radiation level is provided in the signal received by the emulating module. The emulating module provides an output indicative of the simulated radiation level associated with the at least one RFID tag.

Description

SIMULATED RADIATION DETECTOR

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Embodiments are generally related io the field of detection devices. Embodiments are also related to the field of simulations. Embodiments are further related to the field of RFID technology. Embodiments are also related to methods, systems, and devices for simulating detection of radioactive sources. Embodiments are further related to methods, systems, and apparatuses for simulating radioactive sources using RFID technology for training exercises.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Training for infrequent, high-risk events is difficult, but also of critical importance. Such events include nuclear or radiological incidents resulting from terrorism, industrial accidents, military action, etc. In the event of a nuclear or radiological incident, a significant factor in reducing the human toil is the ability of trained personnel to respond. Training provides such personnel experience so that they can quickly and competently act in the case of an actual emergency.

[0003] Prior art methods for radiation incident training require the use of actual live radiation sources. In such prior art training exercises, live radioactive sources are disposed in an environment, and then students are required to find them, using prescribed methods and equipment. While these activities are excellent training, they also require exposure to radioactive sources. St is well documented that even low levels of radiation exposure is not completely safe. This is reflected in the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) philosophy applied, as a general principle, in all scenarios involving live radioactive sources.

[0004] Accordingly, there is a need in the art for methods and systems that can be used to simulate radioactive source detection without using actual radioactive material. SUMMARY

[0005] The following summary is provided to facilitate an understanding of some of the innovative features unique to the embodiments disclosed and is not intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of the various aspects of the embodiments can be gained by taking the entire specification, claims, drawings, and abstract as a whole.

[0006] It is, therefore, one aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide a method, system, and apparatus for high-risk event training.

[0007] It is another aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide a method, system, and apparatus for detecting a simulated radioactive source.

[0008] It is another aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods, systems, and apparatuses for simulating radioactive sources using wireless technology.

[0009] It is another aspect of the disclosed embodiments to provide methods, systems, and apparatuses for simulating radioactive sources using RFID technology for training exercises.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiment, a system, method, and apparatus for simulating the detection of radiation comprises at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFID tag, a simulated radiation detector, and an emulating module for receiving signals from the simulated radioactive sources and providing an output signal simulating detection of the simulated radioactive source. The RFID tag can be preprogrammed with a simulated radiation level, where the simulated radiation level is provided in the signal received by the emulating moduIe. The emulating module provides an output indicative of the simulated radiation level associated with the at least one RFID tag. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally-similar elements throughout the separate views and which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, further illustrate the embodiments and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0012] FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a computer system which is implemented in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

[0013] FIG. 2 depicts a graphical representation of a network of data-processing devices in which aspects of the present embodiments may be implemented;

[0014] FIG. 3 depicts a computer software system for directing the operation of the data- processing system depicted in FIG. 1 , in accordance with an embodiment;

[0015] FIG. 4 depicts a system for simulating radiation detection in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary simulated radiation detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0017] FIG. 6 depicts a circuit diagram of a detector system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] FIG. 7 depicts steps associated with a method for training for the detection of radioactive sources in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary system for determining the distance to a simulated radioactive source in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and [0020] FIG. 9 depscts a block diagram of a system for determining the distance to a simulated radioactive source in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The particular values and configurations discussed in the following non-limiting examples cars be varied, and are cited merefy to illustrate one or more embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope thereof.

[0022] Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which illustrative embodiments are shown. The embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so thai this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0023] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an." and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, it will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0024] Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have nuanced meanings suggested or implied in context beyond an explicitly stated meaning. Likewise, the phrase "in one embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment and the phrase "in another embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, it is intended, for example, that claimed subject matter include combinations of example embodiments in whole or in part.

[0025] In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, terms such as "and," "or" or "and/or" as used herein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at least in part upon the context in which such terms are used. Typically, "of if used to associate a fist, such as A, B, or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term "one or more" as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be Used to describe combinations of features, structures, or characteristics in a plural sense. In addition, the term "based on" may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, aIlow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.

[0026] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0027] FIGS. 1-3 are provided as exemplary diagrams of data-processing environments in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 1 -3 are only exemplary and are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which aspects or embodiments of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments.

[0028] A block diagram of a computer system 100 that executes programming for implementing parts of the methods and systems disclosed herein is shown in FIG. 1. A computing device in the form of a computer 1 10 configured to interface with sensors, peripheral devices, and other elements disclosed herein may include one or more processing units 102, memory 104, removable storage 1 12, and non-removable storage 1 14. Memory 104 may include volatile memory 106 and non-volatile memory 108. Computer 110 may include or have access to a computing environment that includes a variety of transitory and non-transitory computer-readable media such as volatile memory 108 and non-volatile memory 108, removable storage 1 12 and nan- removable storage 1 14. Computer storage includes, for example, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROfvl) and electrically erasabie programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technologies, compact disc read-only memory (CD ROM), Digital Versatile Disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium capable of storing computer -readable instructions as well as data including image data.

[0029] Computer 110 may include or have access to a computing environment that includes input 116, output 118, and a communication connection 120. The computer may operate in a networked environment using a communication connection 120 to connect to one or more remote computers, remote sensors, detection devices, hand-held devices, multi-function devices (MFDs), mobile devices, tablet devices, mobile phones, Smartphones, or other such devices. The remote computer may aiso include a personal computer (PC), server, router, network PC, RFID enabled device, a peer device or other common network node, or the like. The communication connection may include a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), Bluetooth connection, or other networks. This functionality is described more fully in the description associated with FIG. 2 below.

[0030] Output 1 18 is most commonly provided as a computer monitor, but may include any output device. Output 118 and/or input 116 may include a data collection apparatus associated with computer system 100. In addition, input 116, which commonly includes a computer keyboard and/or pointing device such as a computer mouse, computer track pad, or the like, allows a user to select and instruct computer system 100. A user interface can be provided using output 1 18 and input 116. Output 1 18 may function as a display for displaying data and information for a user, and for interactively displaying a graphical user interface (GUI) 130.

[0031] Note that the term "GUI" generally refers to a type of environment that represents programs, files, options, and so forth by means of graphically displayed scons, menus, and dialog boxes on a computer monitor screen. A user can interact with the GUI to select and activate such options by directly touching the screen and/or pointing and clicking with a user input device 1 18 such as, for example, a pointing device such as a mouse and/or with a keyboard. A particular item can function in the same manner to the user in ail applications because the GUI provides standard software routines (e.g., module 125) to handle these elements and report the user's actions. The GUI can further be used to display the electronic service image frames as discussed below.

[0032] Computer-readable instructions, for example, program module or node 125, which can be representative of other modules or nodes described herein, are stored on a computer-readable medium and are executabie by the processing unit 102 of computer 1 10. Program module or node 125 may include a computer application. A hard drive, CD- ROM, RAM, Flash Memory, and a USB drive are just some examples of articles including a computer-readable medium.

[0033] FIG. 2 depicts a graphical representation of a network of data-processing systems 200 in which aspects of the present invention may be implemented. Network data- processing system 200 is a network of computers or other such devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, sensors, detection devices, and the like in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. Note that the system 200 can be implemented in the context of a software module such as program module 125. The system 200 includes a network 202 in communication with one or more clients 210, 212, and 214. Network 202 may also be in communication with one or more RFSD enabled devices 205, servers 206, and storage 208. Network 202 is a medium that can be used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within a networked data processing system such as computer system 100. Network 202 may include connections such as wired communication links, wireless communication links of various types, and fiber optic cables. Network 202 can communicate with one or more servers 206, one or more external devices such as RFID enabled device 205, and a memory storage unit such as, for example, memory or database 208. It should be understood that RFSD enabled device 205 may be embodied as a detector device, microcontroller, controller, receiver, or other such device,

[0034] In the depicted example, RFID enabled device 205_: server 206, and clients 210, 212, and 214 connect to network 202 along with storage unit 208. Clients 210, 212, and 214 may be, for example, personal computers or network computers, handheld devices, mobile devices, tablet devices, smartphones, personal digital assistants, microcontrollers, recording devices, MFDs, etc. Computer system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 can be, for example, a client such as client 210 and/or 212.

[0035] Computer system 100 can also be implemented as a server such as server 206, depending upon design considerations. In the depicted example, server 206 provides data such as boot files, operating system images, applications, and application updates to clients 210, 212, and/or 214. Clients 210, 212, and 214 and RFID enabled device 205 are clients to server 206 in this example. Network data-processing system 200 may include additional servers, clients, and other devices not shown. Specifically, clients may connect to any member of a network of servers, which provide equivalent content.

[0036] In the depicted example, network data-processing system 200 is the Internet with network 202 representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the Transmission Control Protocol/internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers consisting of thousands of commercial, government, educational, and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, network data-processing system 200 may also be implemented as a number of different types of networks such as, for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). FIGS. 1 and 2 are intended as examples and not as architectural limitations for different embodiments of the present invention.

[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates a software system 300, which may be employed for directing the operation of the data-processing systems such as computer system 100 depicted in FIG. 1. Software application 305, may be stored in memory 104, on removable storage 112, or on non-removable storage 1 14 shown in FIG. 1 , and generally includes and/or is associated with a kerneI or operating system 310 and a sheII or interface 315. One or more application programs, such as modules) or node(s) 125, may be loaded" (i.e., transferred from removable storage 1 12 into the memory 104) for execution by the data -processing system 100. The data-processing system 100 can receive user commands and data through user interface 315, which cart include input 1 16 and output 118, ble by a. user 320.

These inputs may then be acted upon by the computer system 100 in accordance with instructions from operating system 310 and/or software application 305 and any software module(s) 125 thereof.

[0038] Generally, program moduIes (e.g., module 125) can include, but are not limited to, routines, subroutines, software applications, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types and instructions. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that elements of the disclosed methods and systems may be practiced with other computer system configurations such as, for example, hand-held devices, mobile phones, smartphones. tablet devices, multi-processor systems, printers, copiers, fax machines, muiti-function devices, data networks, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, networked personaI computers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, servers, medical equipment, medical devices, and the like.

[0039] Note that the term module or node as utilized herein may refer to a collection of routines and data structures that perform a particular task or implements a particular abstract data type. Modules may be composed of too parts: an interface, which lists the constants, data types, variables, and routines that can be accessed by other modules or routines; and an implementation, which is typically private (accessible only to that module) and which includes source code that actually implements the routines in the module. The term module may also simply refer to an application such as a computer program designed to assist in the performance of a specific task such as word processing, accounting, inventory management, etc., or a hardware component designed to equivalent^ assist in the performance of a task.

[0040] The interface 315 (e.g., a graphical user interface 130} can serve to display results, whereupon a user 320 may supply additional inputs or terminate a particular session. In some embodiments, operating system 310 and GUI 130 can be implemented in the context of a "windows" system. It can be appreciated, of course, that other types of systems are possible For example, rather than a traditional 'windows" system, other operation systems such as, for example, a real time operating system (RTOS) more commonly employed in wireless systems may also he employed with respect to operating system 310 and interface 315. The software application 305 can include, for example, module(s) 125, which can include instructions for carrying out steps or logical operations such as those shown and described herein.

[0041] The following description is presented with respect to embodiments of the present invention, which can be embodied in the context of, or require the use of a data-processing system such as computer system 100, in conjunction with program module 125, and data- processing system 200 and network 202 depicted in FIGS. 1 -3. The present invention, however, is not limited to any particular application or any particular environment, instead, those skilled in the art will find that the systems and methods of the present invention may be advantageously applied to a variety of system and application software including database management systems, word processors, and the like. Moreover, the present invention may be embodied on a variety of different platforms including Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, LINUX, Android, Arduino, and the like. Therefore, the descriptions of the exemplary embodiments, which follow, are for purposes of illustration and not considered a limitation.

[0042] In the embodiments disclosed herein, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags can be used to emulate radioactive sources. The RFID fags can be distributed in a test environment. A handheld device embodied, for example, as a simulated cold war radiation survey meter can simulate detection of radiation using an RFID reader and a microcomputer.

[0043] Each RFID tag can be assigned a unique identifier, which can be associated with a pre-programmed level of radiation. The simulated radiation survey meter can produce meter readings and/or auditory data (e.g., radiation detector "clicks") for each RFID tag. indicative of a simuiated radiation level associated with the RFID tag. An exemplary electronic circuit associated with the embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 6. it should be appreciated that the simulated radiation survey meter may include hardware, as illustrated in FIG. 8, comprising a circuit designed to incorporate an RFID detector device, logic to process signals received from the RFID tags, an output control, and an output to emulate the detection of a radioactive source. Alternatively, or in addition, the simuiated radiation survey meter can include a computer system or handheld device with processor readable instructions which can accept input from, or be embodied as, an RFID reader, process the instructions, and control outputs to a gauge and/or sound producing device (e.g., earphone, headphone, loudspeaker, etc.) intended to simulate the output of the detection of a radioactive source.

[0044] This simulated radiation survey meter can thus readily be used by trainees to find and identify RFID tags corresponding to various predefined levels of radiation. Multiple RFID tags can be used. The tags can represent a range of radiation levels from near background radiation up to lethal radiation doses. RFID tags can be hidden in mouiage, under the skin of mannequins, on live human actors, on animals, or in other places within the training environment, without interfering with the RFID signal.

[0045] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a simulated radiation detection system 400 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. A test area 405 can comprise any environment, but may preferably be a hospital or area of a hospital, an open outdoor space, a triage center, a training building or venue, or other such environment. The test area 405 can be selected to match the likely real-world working environment of a trainee. For example, if radiation simulation detection is being provided for medical staff, the environment may preferably be a hospital, if the radiation simulation detection is being provided for military personnel, the test area may include a simulated detonation zone or other such combat environment.

[0046] The test area 405 can be pre-populated with one or more simulated radiation sources, such as simuiated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420. The simulated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420 can comprise RFID tags or other radio wave devices (i.e.. transceivers). It should be understood that any number of simulated radiation sources may be used, and the use of three sources in FIG. 4, and throughout this disclosure, is meant to be exemplary, in some cases, it may be desirable to include a large number of radiation sources, so that a team of trainees can work together to identify the sources. In other cases, only a single source or a limited number of sources may be desirable where basic operation of radiation detectors, and/or searching protocols, are the focus of the training exercise.

[0047] The simulated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420 (e.g., RFID tags, transceivers, etc.) can be distributed throughout test area 405. For example, the simulated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420 can be hidden in the test area, attached to objects in the test area, hidden in the clothes or attached to live actors or mannequins in the test area 405, and/or otherwise placed in the test area 405.

[0048] The RFID tags, or other such radio transmitter and receiver devices, disclosed herein can include an integrated circuit used to store and process information, modulate a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and harness power from a reader signal. The RFID tags can include an antenna for receiving and transmitting a signal. Tag information can be stored in on-board memory associated with the tag and/or with the tag reader. In general, simulated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420 can thus be embodied as RFID tags, or other such transceivers.

[0049] A simulated radiation detector 425 can be provided to simulation trainees. The simulated radiation detector can generally be configured to emulate the aesthetic and functional qualities of an operational radiation detector. FIG. 5 provides an illustration of one such simulated radiation detector 425. In the embodiment of the simulated radiation detector 425 provided in FiG. 5, the detector is configured to emulate a radiation survey meter. It should be understood that, in other embodiments, the aesthetic qualities of the simulated radiation detector can be selected to match the operable radiation detector that the trainee is likely to use in a live source scenario.

[0050] The simulated radiation detector 425 can include a two-way radio transmitter- receiver (e.g., RFID reader 470} that sends signals to the RFID tag serving as the simulated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420. The RFID tags 410, 415, and 420 provide response signals. In the embodiments disclosed herein, the RFID tags 410, 415, and 420 can provide a signal indicative of a simulated radiation level that has been assigned to the respective tag and programmed into the tag (or siored in the simulated radiation detector memory), in an embodiment, different tags can include different radiation levels ranging from background IeveI radiation, to fully lethal levels of radiation, and beyond.

[0051] In other embodiments, the RFID tag transmits its RFID tag identifier number. The RFID tag identifier number can be used to determine the simulated level of radiation at the simulated radiation detector via a look-up table, which has a simulated radiation level assigned to each RFID tag identifier number. The look-up table can be stored in memory associated with the simulated radiation detector.

[0052] In another embodiment, the simulated radiation detector 425 can be configured to measure the signal strength (e.g., the signal power) provided from one or more of the RFID tags 410. 415, and 420. The signai strength can be used to approximate the distance to the RFID tag in order to simulate the inverse distance squared relationship of real radioactive sources as described in greater detail herein.

[0053] In the disclosed embodiments, one or more of the simulated radiation sources 410, 415, and 420 can comprise active RFID tags, battery-assisted passive RFID tags, and/or passive RFID tags. Active RFID tags can include a battery. The battery provides power to a transmitter that intermittently transmits a signal, In the embodiments disclosed herein, the transmitted signal can be indicative of a simulated radiation level assigned to the tag.

[0054] In other embodiments, a battery-assisted passive (BAP) RFID tag can be used. BAPS have an on-board battery. The transmitter on the BAP RFID tag is activated In the presence of an RFID reader. When activated, the transmitter sends a signal to the reader corresponding to the simulated radiation level assigned to the tag. [0055] in another embodiment, the simulated radiation source can comprise a passive RFID tag. The simuiated radioactive source comprising a passive RFID tag collects the radio energy transmitted by the reader. The energy is used to power a transmitter that sends a signal to the reader corresponding to the simuiated radiation level assigned to the tag.

[0056] The simulated radioactive sources 410, 415, and 420 comprising RFID tags can include memory, so that data can be written to the tag. Such data can include a tag ID and/or a simulated radiation level associated with the tag. St should be understood that in certain embodiments the tag ID associated with a tag may correlate to a simulated radiation source level stored in the reader and/or microcontroller associated with the simuiated detector or in another associated computing system. RFID tags can have individual serial numbers, which allows the simulated radiation detector 425 to discriminate among multiple tags. The simuiated detector can read them one at a time or simultaneously.

[0057] RFID tags such as simuiated radioactive sources 410, 415, and 420 can thus be preprogrammed to emulate a desired radiation levei by transmitting a signal to a nearby detector. RFID tags have the advantage of being small and therefore easy to hide. RFID tags are also capable of transmitting a signal through certain media and not through other media. For example, the disclosed RFID tags may be hidden in clothes, under mouiage 430, and in or around furniture or other such fixtures in the environment 405.

[0058] Returning to the simulated radiation detector 425, in an embodiment, the simulated radiation detector 425 can include an on/off switch 435 and handle 440. The radiation detector can include a selector switch 445 that provides sensitivity settings 465 incIuding a "Zero" setting similar to an operating radiation survey meter. A "circuit check" setting can functionally operate as a battery test (or power test) of the battery (or other power source) powering the simuiated radiation detector, but also gives the experience of operating a real radiation survey meter.

[0059] The simuiated radiation survey meter 425 further includes a simulated radiation gauge 450 and a simuiated radiation detector sound-producing device 455. Sound- producing device 455 may be embodied as earphones, headphones, a loudspeaker, a clicker, or other such device. The simulated radiation gauge 450 and simulated radiation detector sound-producing device 455 can be operabSy connected to an RFID reader 470, and associated control board or Arduino, contained inside the simulated radiation detector housing 480.

[0060] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a radiation detector 425, configured in a style intended to replicate a cold war radiation survey meter. Note that the reference numerals in FIG. 5 correlate with like features iiiustraied in FIG. 4. Also note, in other embodiments, the style of the radiation detector can take other forms. For example, in other embodiments, the simulated radiation detector 425 can take the form of a Geiger counter, a radiation survey meter, RIID (radio-isotope identification devices), a dosimeter, a personal dosimeter, a radiation pager, a scintillation counter, a radiation portal, an alpha and/or beta and/or gamma and/or neutron detector, an ionization detector, an Nal radiation detector, a solid state radiation detector, etc.

[0061] The simulated radiation detector 425, on/off switch 435, and handle 440 are positioned on the top of the detector housing 460. The radiation detector 425 includes selector switch 445 that provides sensitivity settings 465 including a "Zero" setting similar to an operating radiation survey meter. The simulated radiation survey meter 425 has a simulated radiation gauge 450 and a simulated radiation detector speaker 455. The detector housing 460 is preferably configured to internally house an RFID reader 470, and associated control board or Arduino which is connected to, and used to control, the simulated survey meter 425, on/off switch 435, selector switch 445, speaker 455, and any other associated electronics.

[0062] An exemplary electronic circuit 800, or emulator module, associated with the embodiments, is iiiustraied in FIG. 8. It should be appreciated that the simulated radiation survey meter may include hardware as illustrated in FIG. 6 comprising a circuit designed to incorporate an RFID detector device 470, logic to process signals received from the RFID tags, and an output to emulate the detection of a radioactive source. The electronic circuit 800 can be configured in the housing 460 illustrated in FIG. 4. [0063] As illustrated in FIG. 6, the system can include a control chip 605. The control chip 805 (or control board) can comprise an Arduino, or other such microcontroller. Control board 605 can include one or more microprocessors 610. The control board 805 can include one or more digital and/or analog input/output . {i/O) pins 615 that are configured to interface with other circuits and circuit elements. The control board 605 can include communications interfaces, including, but not limited to, a Universal Serial Bus (USB). The communication interfaces are used for communication with a computer or other external computing device. In many cases, the communications interface provides a means for transmitting programs and other data to and from the control board 605.

[0064] The control board 605 can be programmed to perform specific tasks or functions. In the embodiments disclosed herein, the control board 605 can be programmed to control and/or serve as an RFID reader. In some embodiments, an RFID board 620 can serve as an RFID reader 470. In other embodiments, this functionality can be integrated in control board 605. In addition _: the control board 605 includes a switch 625 thai can comprise, or otherwise be connected to, switch 435. The control board further controls meter 640 which can comprise, or otherwise be connected to, simulated radiation meter 450. Likewise, speaker 630 is controlled by control board 605 and provides auditory clicks, or other auditory feedback, to simulate the response of an operational radiation detector. In certain embodiments, speaker 630 is embodied as speaker 455.

[0065] The control board 605 is powered by a power source 635. The power source can comprise a connection to a hardwired power source such as a wall socket, or can comprise a battery that is included in the detector housing 460. In total, the simulated RFID detection circuitry, or emulator module 600, is configured to function as a simulated radioactive source detector.

[0066] Alternatively, or in addition, the simulated radiation survey meter can include a computer system or handheld device with processor readable instructions which can accept input from an RFID reader, process the instructions, and control outputs to a gauge and/or sound producing device (e.g., earphone, headphone, loudspeaker, etc.) intended to simulate the output of the detection of a radioactive .source,

[0067] RFID systems require compatible RFID tags and readers. The RFID tags 410, 415, and 420, and RFID reader 470 can be embodied in a number of ways. One such embodiment includes a passive reader active tag system. In this embodiment, the RFfD reader formed in the simulated radiation detector housing only receives radio signals from powered tags. The reception range of the reader can be adjusted as desired. In another embodiment, the system includes an active reader, which transmits signals to passive tags, which collect power from the signal and respond in turn. St should be appreciated that the embodiments can comprise short, mid, or long range RFID tags and RFID readers.

[0068] During a simulated radiation test exercise, the simulated radiation detector 425 can be swept through a test environment 405. When the reader 470 receives a signal from a tag (e.g., tag 410, 415, and/or 420), the signal is processed to extract the tag information and determine the radiation level assigned to the tag according to the instructions included on control board 605. The control board 805 then activates the simulated radiation gauge to mimic the gauge 450 with an action that would occur if a real radiation source were nearby. The control board 605 also drives the simulated radiation detector sound- producing device 455 to emulate a Geiger counter, or other such auditory indicia, of a nearby radiation source. Generally, the auditory signal or radiation detector "click" frequency increases when the simulated radiation source (embodied as an RFID tag) is near.

[0069] FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 for training associated with a simulated radioactive source, in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein. The method begins at step 705. At step 710, one or more simulated radioactive sources comprising RFID tags can be pre-programmed to be indicative of a selected radiation level.

[0070] At step 715, the simulated sources can then be hidden throughout a training environment. This may include hiding the simulated sources in or around furniture, on mannequins or live actors, in moulage, in or around plants or other natural features in the environment, or in any other place in the training environment. [0071] Once the simulated sources are in place, at step 720, the training session can be initiated. One or more of the trainees can be equipped with a simulated radiation detector. Exemplary trainees may include military personnel, medical personnel, disaster preparedness groups, law enforcement, firefighters, EMTs. or other such trainees.

[0072] Throwing the power switch can activate the simulated radiation detectors, as shown at step 725. The simulated radiation detectors can then be initialized by following a prescribed protocol for initiation, which may include a "circuit check." The circuit check can, in fact, simply test the battery, but is meant to emulate a circuit check on a real radiation detection device. The selector switch can be set to the desired simulated tolerance. Other pre-sweep protocol may also be required to train for the preparation for a real radiation sweep.

[0073] At this point, the detection device can be swept through the training environment, as shown at step 730. Trainees can be instructed on best practices for operating a live radiation detector in a real disaster scenario, using the simulated radiation detector. The simulated radsation detector can provide auditory and visual feedback when the trainee sweeps the simulated radiation detector close enough to a simulated radiation source, as shown at step 735. This may be repeated until all of the simulated radiation sources are detected and/or the training event ends at step 740.

[0074] While the simulated radiation detector and simulated radiation source can take advantage of RFID technology, such technology may be limited because actual radioactive source detection (i.e., radiation) is inversely proportional to the distance from the source squared, in practical terms, this means that as a detector moves closer to a source, the detection frequency rapidly increases. As such, a number of approaches can be employed to properly (or more accurately) simulate the detection frequency increase experienced in a live radioactive source scenario.

[0075] FIG. 8 illustrates certain embodiments, where this relationship can be emulated by configuring the simulated radiation source as a magnet 805. The magnet may serve as a stand-alone simulated source or may by used in conjunction with one or more simulated sources formed as RF ID tags.

[0076] Two compasses, compass 810 and compass 815, can be incorporated in the simulated radiation detector 425, in association with one or more simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet 805. The two compasses 810 and 815 are configured to be a know distance apart. The compasses 810 and 815 can be connected to the contraI board 805. Using the compass measurements and the respective angles from the line between the compasses to the simulated source 805, the distance to the simulated source can be determined using simple geometric calculations (triangle 825 illustrates the basic geometric shape used in such a calcuiation) that can be programmed into the control board 805. That distance can then be used by the control board to provide simulated detection of radioactive sources that accurately reflect the distance from the simulated source 805 (i.e., inversely proportional to the distance from the source squared).

[0077] In another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 9, light, or other electromagnetic waves, can be used to correctly emulate the detection as a function of distance, in one embodiment, a source 905 can comprise a stand alone infrared (IR) or near infrared (NIR) iight source, and/or an iR or NiR source configured with an RFID tag. In such embodiments, a detector 925 can comprise an IR or NIR detector that is configured to connect with control board 805. In such an embodiment, an arrangement of sources 905, 910, 915, and 920 can comprise IR or NIR light sources that can be distributed in an environment. IR or NIR detectors 925 can be configured on or in the simulated radiation detector 425, preferably in a semicircular configuration, although other arrangements also may be possible. The measured intensity of the IR or NiR Iight sources can correlate to a specified radioactive source. Incident IR or NiR light on the detector 925 can be used to indicate the direction of the simulated radioactive source.

[0078] In other embodiments, the detector 925 may be embodied as an ultraviolet detector, infrared detector, iight detector, sound detector, or radio signal detector, and the sources 905-920 can be embodied as uftravioiet sources, infrared source, Iight sources, sound sources, or radio signal sources respectively. In all such cases, the sources can comprise stand aIone sources or can comprise a combination or such sources connected to or otherwise associated with RFID tags.

[0079] With respect to the radio sources in particular, in such an arrangement, RFID tag radio frequency field strength and/or the transmitter power needed to identify a tag can be used to estimate the distance between the radiation detector and the RFID tag, so that the inverse distance squared dependence of radiation detection can be modeled.

[0080] The embodiments disclosed herein thus provide a framework for mimicking low level, up to absolutely lethal radiation sources, using RFID tags and RFID readers. RFID tags are safe and can be used on human actors without risk. These tags can be hidden within mouiage to enhance the learner's experience. The methods and systems eliminate the need to use even low level, but still potentially dangerous, radioactive isotopes for radiation incident training.

[0081] Based on the foregoing, it can be appreciated that a number of embodiments, preferred and alternative, are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a system for simulating the detection of radiation comprises at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFID tag, a simulated radiation defector, and an emulating module for receiving signals and/or signal field strength from the simulated radioactive sources and providing an output signal simulating detection and/or distance of a radioactive source.

[0082] In an embodiment, the at least one RFID tag is preprogrammed with a simulated radiation level, the simulated radiation level being provided in the signal received by the emulating module. The emulating module provides an output indicative of the simulated radiation level associated with the at least one RFID tag.

[0083] In an embodiment, the simulated radiation detector comprises a simulated radiation detector housing, at least one simulated radiation gauge operabiy connected to the emulating module, and/or at least one simulated radiation sound producing device operabiy connected to the emulating module. In an embodiment, the simulated radiation detector housing comprises a radiation survey meter. [0084] In an embodiment, the emulating module comprises a circuit comprising an RRD detector device, logic to process signals received from the RFID tags, and an output to emulate the detection and/or distance of a radioactive source.

[0085] In an embodiment, the system further comprises at least two magnetic detectors formed in the simulated radiation detector and at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet.

[0086] In another embodiment, a radiation detection training method comprising disposing at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFID tag in a training environment, searching for the at least one simulated radioactive source with a simulated radiation detector, and identifying the at least one simulated radioactive source with an emulating module for receiving signals from the simulated radioactive sources and providing an output signal simulating detection of a radioactive source.

[0087] In an embodiment, the method further comprises assigning a simulated radiation level to the at least one simulated radioactive source, the simulated radiation level being provided in the signal received by the emulating module.

[0088] The method can further comprise providing an output indicative of the simulated radiation level associated with the at least one RFID tag. in an embodiment, the output further comprises at least one simulated radiation reading provided on at least one simulated radiation gauge and at least one simulated auditory response provided on at least one simulated radiation sound producing device.

[0089] In an embodiment, the method further comprises disposing at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet in the training environment, determining a distance to the at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet, and adjusting the output to accurately reflect the distance from the at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet. [0090] in an embodiment, an apparatus for simulating the detection of radiation comprises at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFID tag, a simulated radiation detector, and an emulating module for receiving signals from the simulated radioactive sources and providing an output signal simulating detection of a radioactive source, in an embodiment, the at least one RFID tag is preprogrammed with a simulated radiation level, the simulated radiation level being provided in the signal received by the emulating module. In an embodiment, the emulating module provides an output indicative of the simulated radiation level associated with the at least one RFID tag.

[0091] In an embodiment, the simulated radiation detector comprises a simulated radiation detector housing, at least one simulated radiation gauge operably connected to the emulating module, and at least one simulated radiation sound producing device operably connected to the emulating module.

[0092] In an embodiment, the simulated radiation detector housing comprises a radiation survey meter. In another embodiment, the emulating module comprises a circuit comprising an RFID detector device, logic to process signals received from the RFID tags, and an output to emulate the detection of a radioactive source.

[0093] In another embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least two magnetic detectors formed in the simulated radiation detector and at least one simuiated radioactive source comprising a magnet.

[0094] In another embodiment of the apparatus, field strength of the signals from the at least one simulated radioactive source is indicative of a distance between the simuiated radiation detector and the simulated radioactive source. The distance between the simulated radiation detector and the simulated radioactive source can be used to enhance detection realism by accurately modeling the inverse distance squared relationship between a real source and real detection equipment.

[0095] It should be appreciated that variations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also, it should be understood that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A system for simulating the detection of radiation comprising:

at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFID tag;

a simulated radiation detector; and

an emuiating module for receiving signals from said at feast one simulated radioactive source and providing an output signai simulating detection of a radioactive source.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein said at least one RFID tag is preprogrammed with a simulated radiation ieveS, said simulated radiation level being provided to said emulating module.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein said emulating module provides an output indicative of said simulated radiation level associated with said at least one RFID tag.

4. The system of claim 2 wherein said emuiating module provides an output indicative of said simulated radiation level associated with said at least one RFID tag.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein said simulated radiation detector comprises:

a simulated radiation detector housing;

at least one simulated radiation gauge operably connected to said emuiating module; and/or

at least one simulated radiation sound producing device operably connected to said emulating module.

6. The system of claim 5 wherein said simulated radiation detector housing comprises a radiation survey meter.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein said emulating module comprises a circuit comprising: an RFID defector device;

logic to process signals received from the RFID tags; and

an output to emulate the detection of a radioactive source.

8. The system of claim 1 further comprising:

at least two magnetic detectors formed in said simulated radiation detector; and at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet.

9. A radiation detection training method comprising;

disposing at least one simuiaied radioactive source comprising an RFID tag in a training environment;

searching for said at least one simulated radioactive source with a simulated radiation detector; and

identifying said at least one simulated radioactive source with an emulating module for receiving signals from said simulated radioactive sources and providing an output signal simulating detection of a radioactive source.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising:

assigning a simulated radiation level to said at least one simulated radioactive source, said simulated radiation level being provided to said emulating module.

1 1. The method of claim 10 further comprising:

providing an output indicative of the simulated radiation ievel associated with said at least one RFID tag.

12. The method of claim 1 1 wherein said output further comprises:

at least one simulated radiation reading provided on at least one simulated radiation gauge; and

at least one simulated auditory response provided on at least one simulated radiation sound producing device.

13. The method of claim 9 further comprising: disposing at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet in said training environment;

determining a distance to said at least one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet; and

adjusting said output to accurately reflect said distance from said at feast one simulated radioactive source comprising a magnet,

14. An apparatus for simulating the detection of radiation comprising:

at least one simulated radioactive source comprising an RFiD.tag;

a simulated radiation detector; and

an emulating module for receiving signals from said at least one simulated radioactive source and providing an output signal simulating detection of a radioactive source.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said at least one RFID tag is preprogrammed with a simuiated radiation level, said simulated radiation level being provided in said signal received by said emulating module.

16. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said emulating module provides an output indicative of the simulated radiation level associated with said at least one RFID tag.

17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said simulated radiation detector comprises: a simulated radiation detector housing;

at least one simulated radiation gauge operably connected to said emulating module; and

at least one simuiated radiation sound producing device operably connected to said emulating module.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said simulated radiation detector housing comprises a radiation survey meter.

19. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said emulatsng module comprises a circuit comprising:

an RFID detector device;

logic to process signals received from the RFID tags; and

an output to emulate the detection of a radioactive source.

20. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein a field strength of said signals from said at least one simulated radioactive source is indicative of a distance between said simulated radiation detector and said simulated radioactive source.