WO2018067183A1

WO2018067183A1 - Piezoelectric energy harvesting systems and methods

Info

Publication number: WO2018067183A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/056194
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ira L. CAMPBELL
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2016-10-07
Filing date: 2016-10-07
Publication date: 2018-04-12
Anticipated expiration: 2019-04-07

Abstract

Certain embodiments of the disclosed technology include an energy harvesting system. The energy harvesting includes a MAT that includes a substrate, at least one connector having at least two conductors, and a plurality of active regions disposed on or embedded in the substrate. Each active region includes a piezoelectric element having two leads in communication with the at least one connector. The piezoelectric element is configured to generate, responsive to a dynamic force externally applied to the active region, a first voltage potential, wherein the first voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors.

Description

PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEMS AND METHODS

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/976,913, entitled "Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems and Methods," filed 8 April 2014, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The disclosed technology relates to energy systems, and more particularly to piezoelectric energy harvesting systems and methods.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Piezoelectricity can be described as a charge that accumulates in certain solid materials in response to an applied mechanical stress. The piezoelectric effect may be understood as a linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials having no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect can also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, which may be utilized, for example, to produce ultrasonic sound waves. In most piezoelectric materials, the relationship between the voltage (or field strength) generated by applying stress or strain to a piezoelectric element may be linear up to a specific value of stress or strain.

[0004] Mechanical compression or tension on a poled piezoelectric ceramic element changes the dipole moment, creating a voltage potential. Compression along the direction of polarization, or tension perpendicular to the direction of polarization, generates voltage of the same polarity as the poling voltage. Tension along the direction of polarization, or compression perpendicular to the direction of polarization, generates a voltage with polarity opposite that of the poling voltage. Utilizing such tension or compression on a piezoelectric element can be used to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. [0005] The demand for power on every scale is rapidly outgrowing our ability to fulfill the necessary power requirements. Our aging power grids are overloaded and failing. The number of smart devices in the home that requires power is ever increasing. Electric cars becoming more popular, and there is a growing need for roadside as well as residential battery recharging stations.

[0006] One factor in preventing piezoelectric power harvesting devices from broad practical application is the small amount of power that is generated by conventional configuration. There exists a need for systems, methods, and configurations that can generate power by utilizing piezoelectric materials.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0007] Example implementations of the disclosed technology may include an energy harvesting system. The energy harvesting includes a MAT that includes a substrate, at least one connector having at least two conductors, and a plurality of active regions disposed on or embedded in the substrate. Each active region includes a piezoelectric element having two leads in communication with the at least one connector. The piezoelectric element is configured to generate, responsive to a dynamic force externally applied to the active region, a first voltage potential, wherein the first voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors.

[0008] Example implementations of the disclosed technology may also include a method for harvesting energy. The method includes providing a plurality of MATs, each MAT including a substrate, at least one connector having at least two conductors, and a plurality of active regions disposed on or embedded in the substrate. Each active region includes a piezoelectric element having two leads in communication with the at least one connector. The piezoelectric element is configured to generate, responsive to a dynamic force externally applied to the active region, a first voltage potential, wherein the first voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors. The method further includes electrically and physically connecting the plurality of MATs together at corresponding edges to form an array of MATs. The method also includes electrically connecting the array of MATs to an energy processing unit (EPU). The method further includes harvesting, by the EPU, electrical energy generated by the applied dynamic force.

[0009] Other implementations, features, and aspects of the disclosed technology are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed disclosed technology. Other implementations, features, and aspects can be understood with reference to the following detailed description, accompanying drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1A is a perspective-view illustration of a piezoelectric MAT 100, in accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

[0011] FIG. IB depicts a cross-sectional view illustration of a piezoelectric MAT 100 (such as is illustrated in FIG. 1A) having active areas 102 and associated components, in accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

[0012] FIG. 1C depicts a top-view illustration of a piezoelectric MAT 100 (such as is illustrated in FIG. 1A and FIG. IB), in accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

[0013] FIG. 2A illustrates a generator device for electrical signal generation, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0014] FIG. 2B illustrates a piezoelectric element and associated circuitry for electrical signal generation and processing, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0015] FIG. 2C illustrates another example implementation for harvesting electrical signal generation from a piezoelectric element (or other type of transducer, as shown in FIG. 2A) in both stress and strain modes.

[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates a box-shaped piezoelectric converter, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology. [0017] FIG. 4 illustrates an example interlocking system that may be configured for energy harvesting on a roadway or other surface, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates another example interlocking system that may be configured for energy harvesting and use, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates another example implementation of another example system that may be configured for energy harvesting, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0020] FIG. 7 depicts an example implementation of an energy harvesting system for use in a road that may provide a driving surface with or without a concrete or asphalt foundation, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0021] FIG. 8 depicts an example implementation of energy harvesting system, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0022] FIG. 9 depicts an example embodiment of energy harvesting system utilizing human movement, in accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

[0023] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an illustrative computing system 1000 according to an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

[0024] FIG. 11 is a flow-diagram of a method 1100, according to an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] Although certain example implementations of the disclosed technology are explained in detail, it is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated. Accordingly, it is not intended that the disclosure is limited in its scope to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosed technology is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, in describing the preferred embodiments, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity.

[0026] Certain example implementations of the disclosed technology may utilize piezoelectric elements, devices, or actuators for harvesting energy. Certain implementations, as disclosed herein, can include various energy generators that may include and utilize certain piezoelectric elements for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy (or vice- versa). In certain example implementations, an energy generator is disclosed that may include a plurality of piezoelectric energy-producing elements disposed in associated active regions. In certain example implementations, the active regions may include one or more protrusions, to efficiently transfer mechanical energy to the corresponding piezoelectric energy-producing elements.

[0027] In certain example implementations, the energy generator(s) can include electrical conductors, such as heavy-duty cable, wiring, traces, etc., for example, to connect the various piezoelectric elements to a power processing unit. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, harvested energy may be relayed to a central Energy Processing Unit (EPU) and may then be stored or used locally in proximity to the energy generator. In certain example implementations, the harvested energy can be redistributed into a microgrid.

[0028] Certain example implementations of the disclosed technology may be utilized in applications where mechanical deformation may be convertible to electrical charge for energy scavenging applications. The piezoelectric energy generators disclosed herein can be incorporated into various substrates and materials, including but not limited to neoprene interlocking mats, rubberized systems, rails or track systems, tracked vehicles (such as military tanks), escalators and other people movers, conveyor systems, commercial and residential flooring (carpet, wood, tile), chairs, sofas, beds, cluster seating units (stadium, auditorium, military or educational dining facilities, airport seating, movie theater seating, etc), athletic fields, vehicle seats, floor mats, tires, scales, tarmacs, airport runways, playgrounds, amusement park rides, aircrafts, tents, marine vessel flooring, revolving doors, factory machinery, and footwear (such as athletic shoes) just to name a few.

[0029] As disclosed herein, piezoelectric materials may be used as transducers to convert mechanical strain to electrical charge for energy scavenging applications. Energy harvesting systems described herein, and based on mechanical-to-electrical conversion technologies, may also be utilized for powering wireless sensors.

[0030] Energy harvesting elements based on piezoelectric transduction may enjoy certain advantages over other electromagnetic or electrostatic transduction elements, for example, due to high electromechanical coupling efficiency and no need for external voltage sources. Piezoelectric transduction is particularly attractive in application areas such as Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networks have the potential to provide significant advantages compared with existing wired methodologies in various fields of application including: environmental, health, security and military applications due to their flexibility, ease of implementation and operational capability in harsh operational environments. Currently, most WSNs use a battery, rechargeable or otherwise, for power, which can limit their application due to high cost, bulk, size and short operational life. Certain example implementations of the disclosed technology may enable development of energy sources derived from local environments, for example, to convert mechanical and/or vibrational energy into electricity to power MEMS, WSNs, sensors, and/or microsystems.

[0031] As depicted in FIGs. 1A, IB, and 1C, and in accordance with certain example implementations of the disclosed technology, piezoelectric generators may be housed inside interlocking mat sections 100 (hereinafter, "MAT"). In certain example implementations, the MAT 100 can be made from ruggedized material, including but not limited to one or more of rubber, neoprene, plastic, polymer, or mixtures thereof. According to certain example implementations, the MAT 100 may include a plurality of active regions 102. In certain example implementations, the active regions 102 may be implemented as raised truncated domes or other suitable geometries, for example, to house the various components associated with the piezoelectric generators and to transfer mechanical energy to the associated piezoelectric generators.

[0032] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, multiple MATs 100 may be joined, for example via interlocking portions 122 to make up an array or series of MATs 100. In accordance with certain example implementation, threshold and/or side portions 120 may interlock with the interlocking portions 122 of the MAT 100. In certain example implementations, the threshold and/or side portions 120 may transfer energy to an EPU, for example, via encapsulated cables, conductors, patterned traces, etc.

[0033] In certain example implementations, the MATs 100 may include built-in connectors 130/132 for providing conduction paths among other MATs 100 and/or to an EPU. In certain example implementations, the built-in connectors 130/132 may be utilized to interconnect a plurality of MATs 100 in an array. According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the built-in connectors may include one or more of male connectors 130 and/or female connectors 132. In certain example implementations, the built-in connectors 130/132 may be disposed at one or more edges of the MAT 100. In certain example implementations, the built-in connectors 130/132 may be arranged with appropriate male/female sockets to provide unambiguous connections with adjacent MATs 100 so that the correct polarity can be maintained. In certain example implementations, the threshold and/or side portions 120 may include recesses 134 to accept, terminate, and/or protect connectors 130/132, which may protrude from a portion of the MAT 100. In an example implementation, the male connector 130 may be configured to couple with the female connectors 132 upon joining two MAT 100 sections.

[0034] As shown in FIG. IB, the MAT 100 may include a plurality of active regions 102 disposed directly on, or otherwise embedded within a substrate 110 or base. In certain example implementations, the active regions 102 may be at least partially mechanically isolated from adjacent active regions 102, for example, by a void region 103. In certain example implementations, the active regions 102 may be embodied in various shapes or geometries, including but not limited to cylinders, dome portions, cube portions, etc.

[0035] In accordance with certain example implementations, the active regions 102 may include piezoelectric crystals, piezoelectric layers, or other piezoelectric elements 106 that, when subjected to stress/strain (for example, by compressing the active region 102), generates a potential and associated electrical current that may be converted and transferred by various internal conductors/components 112 and distribution conductors 114 to an EPU, rectifier, battery, etc. In accordance with certain example implementations, the internal conductors/components 112 may include one or more of: solid-state switches, diodes, capacitors, resistors, etc.

[0036] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the active regions 102 may include treads or patterns 108, for example, to reduce skidding or slippage, or to increase a frictional coefficient for contact with tires, shoes, tracks, etc.

[0037] As a mechanical force is applied to a MAT 100, the individual active regions 102 may be depressed, for example, by the weight of the person, object, or vehicle passing over it. In certain example implementations, the kinetic energy that is generated by the compression of the active region 102 may be converted to electrical energy, relayed to the EPU, and captured for use or storage. Conversely, after each instance of compression of the active region 102, it may return to its original configuration once the mechanical force is removed (for example, after a vehicle's tire has passed over it) and be ready for another cycle of compression. In certain example implementations, the voltage potential generated by the components that make up the piezoelectric generator 106/112 may be in communication with a diode, for example, to allow generated current to flow in one direction.

[0038] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, each active region 102 may be designed with certain placement, stiffness, shape, height, and/or size appropriate for the target environment and anticipated compression strength. In certain example implementations, the piezoelectric generator components 106/112 embedded in the active regions 102 may be utilized to produce a small amount of energy when a mechanical force is applied.

[0039] In accordance with certain example implementation of the disclosed technology, the active region 102 system can use, for example, piezoelectric elements 106 made from ceramic multilayer sections that may built up with a number of thin ceramic layers sandwiched between internal electrodes. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, this configuration may result in a relatively low output voltage, but relatively high current as compared to conventional single layer piezoelectric generators. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, a plurality of active regions 102 may be interconnected within a MAT 100 to produce an energy that may be cumulatively large.

[0040] FIG. 2A depicts an example transducer that may be utilized for electrical signal generation, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology. For example, according to certain embodiments, the active regions 102 may have such transducers embedded therein (instead of or in addition to the integrated piezoelectric elements 106). In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the transducer may include a hollow coil assembly portion 202 and a magnet assembly portion 204 configured to slidingly engage with the coil assembly portion 202. For example, upon compression of the active region 102, the magnet assembly portion 202 may slide into the coil assembly portion 202 and induce a current in wires or conductors (not shown) connected to either end of a coil within the coil assembly portion 202. As may be understood by those having skill in the art, such conversion of kinetic or mechanical energy to electrical energy may be enabled by such a transducer.

[0041] FIG. 2B illustrates an array of piezoelectric elements 106 and associated conductors and half cycle rectification circuitry (such as a diode 208, conductions wires, ground wires, etc.) for electrical signal generation. FIG. 2B further illustrates a generalized EPU 210, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology, that may be utilized for storing and/or further processing the electrical energy from each of the piezoelectric elements 106 in the array. For example, the EPU 210 may include DC-DC converters, charge pumps, capacitors, etc., configured to further process the electrical energy supplied by the piezoelectric element 106. [0042] FIG. 2C illustrates another example implementation for harvesting electrical signal generation from a piezoelectric element 106 (or other type of transducer, as shown in FIG. 2A) in both stress and strain modes (compression and relaxation). In this example implementation, a diode 208 may be connected to each electrical terminal of the piezoelectric element 106 and this configuration may provide enhanced energy conversion and may utilize the dimensional change of the piezoelectric element 106 during both compression and relaxation.

[0043] FIG. 3 illustrates a box-shaped piezoelectric converter 300, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the converter 300 may include compressible or actuating portion 302, a housing 304, and one or more electrical conductors 306. As described previously with reference to FIGs. 1A-1C, the compressible or actuating portion 302, of the converter 300 may correspond to an active region 102 and upon compression, may move relative to the housing 304 to compress or stretch an energy generation unit, such as a piezoelectric generator 106/112 or transducer as previously described. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, a plurality of the box-shaped piezoelectric converters 300 may be interconnected via the electrical conductors 306 to form an energy harvesting array.

[0044] FIG. 4 illustrates another interlocking system that may be configured with piezoelectric generators 106/112 or transducers for power harvesting on a roadway or other surface, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0045] FIG. 5 illustrates yet another interlocking system that may be configured with piezoelectric generators 106/112 or transducers for power harvesting, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology

[0046] FIG. 6 illustrates an example implementation of another energy harvesting system with corner and side threshold pieces.

[0047] FIG. 7 illustrates an example implementation of an energy harvesting system for use on a road that may provide a driving surface with or without a concrete or asphalt foundation, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology. [0048] FIG. 8 illustrates an example implementation of energy harvesting system on a road having a pre-existing foundation, according to another exemplary embodiment of the disclosed technology.

[0049] FIG. 9 illustrates an example embodiment of energy harvesting system for energy generation utilizing human movement, in accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology.

[0050] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an illustrative computing system 1000 according to an example implementation of the disclosed technology. Certain aspects of the EPU may be embodied as one or more of the devices or subsystems as shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 may also represent various other computers that may interface with one or more MATs 100, for example, to test the various configurations and/or to monitor the operation of an array of MATs 100.

[0051] According to one example implementation, the term "computing device," as used herein, may be a CPU, or conceptualized as a CPU (for example, the CPU 1002 of FIG. 10). In this example implementation, the computing device (CPU) may be coupled, connected, and/or in communication with one or more peripheral devices, such as display. In another example implementation, the term computing device, as used herein, may refer to a mobile computing device, such as a smartphone or tablet computer, for example. In this example implementation, the computing device may output content to its local display and/or speaker(s) and may transmit and receive messages via the antenna interface 1010, the network connection interface 1012, telephony subsystem 1032, etc. In example implementation, the computing device may output content to an external display device (e.g., over Wi-Fi) such as a TV or an external computing system. It will be understood that the computing system 1000 is provided for example purposes only and does not limit the scope of the various implementations of the communication systems and methods.

[0052] The computing system 1000 of FIG. 10 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 1002, where computer instructions are processed; a display interface 1004 that acts as a communication interface and provides functions for rendering video, graphics, images, and texts on the display. In certain example implementations of the disclosed technology, the display interface 1004 may be directly connected to a local display, such as a touch-screen display associated with a mobile computing device. In another example implementation, the display interface 1004 may be configured to provide content (for example, data, images, and other information as previously discussed) for an external/remote display that is not necessarily physically connected to the computing system 1000. For example, a desktop monitor may be utilized for mirroring graphics and other information that is presented on a mobile computing device. In certain example implementations, the display interface 1004 may wirelessly communicate, for example, via a Wi-Fi channel or other available network connection interface 1012 to an external/remote display.

[0053] In an example implementation, the network connection interface 1012 may be configured as a communication interface and may provide functions for rendering video, graphics, images, text, other information, or any combination thereof on the display. In one example, the computing system 1000 may include a communication interface that may include one or more of: a serial port, a parallel port, a general purpose input and output (GPIO) port, a game port, a universal serial bus (USB), a micro-USB port, a high definition multimedia (HDMI) port, a video port, an audio port, a Bluetooth port, a near-field communication (NFC) port, another like communication interface, or any combination thereof.

[0054] According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the computing system 1000 may include a keyboard interface 1006 that provides a communication interface to a keyboard. In one example implementation, the computing system 1000 may include a pointing device interface 1008 for connecting to a presence-sensitive input interface. According to certain example implementations of the disclosed technology, the pointing device interface 1008 may provide a communication interface to various devices such as a touch screen, a depth camera, etc.

[0055] The computing system 1000 may be configured to use an input device via one or more of input/output interfaces (for example, the keyboard interface 1006, the display interface 1004, the pointing device interface 1008, the network connection interface 1012, camera interface 1014, sound interface 1016, etc.,) to allow a user to capture information into the computing system 1000. The input device may include a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a track pad, a touch-verified track pad, a presence- sensitive track pad, a presence-sensitive display, a scroll wheel, a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, a microphone, a sensor, a smartcard, and the like. Additionally, the input device may be integrated with the computing system 1000 or may be a separate device. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor.

[0056] Example implementations of the computing system 1000 may include an antenna interface 1010 that provides a communication interface to an antenna; a network connection interface 1012 that provides a communication interface to a network. As mentioned above, the display interface 1004 may be in communication with the network connection interface 1012, for example, to provide information for display on a remote display that is not directly connected or attached to the system. In certain implementations, a camera interface 1014 may act as a communication interface to provide functions for capturing digital images from a camera. In certain implementations, a sound interface 1016 is provided as a communication interface for converting sound into electrical signals using a microphone and for converting electrical signals into sound using a speaker. According to example implementations, a random access memory (RAM) 1018 is provided, where computer instructions and data may be stored in a volatile memory device for processing by the CPU 1002.

[0057] According to an example implementation, the computing system 1000 includes a read-only memory (ROM) 1020 where invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard are stored in a non-volatile memory device. According to an example implementation, the computing system 1000 includes a storage medium 1022 or other suitable type of memory (e.g. such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives), where the files include an operating system 1024, application programs 1026 (including, for example, a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, and or other applications, as necessary) and content files 1028 are stored. According to an example implementation, the computing system 1000 includes a power source 1030 that provides an appropriate alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) to power components. According to an example implementation, the computing system 1000 includes and a telephony subsystem 1032 that allows the system 1000 to transmit and receive sound over a telephone network. The constituent devices and the CPU 1002 communicate with each other over a bus 1034.

[0058] In accordance with an example implementation, the CPU 1002 has appropriate structure to be a computer processor. In one arrangement, the computer CPU 1002 may include more than one processing unit. The RAM 1018 interfaces with the computer bus 1034 to provide quick RAM storage to the CPU 1002 during the execution of software programs such as the operating system application programs, and device drivers. More specifically, the CPU 1002 loads computer-executable process steps from the storage medium 1022 or other media into a field of the RAM 1018 in order to execute software programs. Content may be stored in the RAM 1018, where the content may be accessed by the computer CPU 1002 during execution. In one example configuration, the system 1000 includes at least 128 MB of RAM, and 256 MB of flash memory.

[0059] The storage medium 1022 itself may include a number of physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), a floppy disk drive, a flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, a High-Density Digital Versatile Disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, an internal hard disk drive, a Blu-Ray optical disc drive, or a Holographic Digital Data Storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, an external mini-dual inline memory module (DIMM) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), or an external micro-DIMM SDRAM. Such computer readable storage media allow the system 1000 to access computer-executable process steps, application programs and the like, stored on removable and non-removable memory media, to off-load data from the system 1000 or to upload data onto the system 1000. A computer program product, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium 1022, which may comprise a machine-readable storage medium.

[0060] According to one example implementation, the terms computing device or mobile computing device, as used herein, may be a central processing unit (CPU), controller or processor, or may be conceptualized as a CPU, controller or processor (for example, the CPU processor 1002 of FIG. 10). In yet other instances, a computing device may be a CPU, controller or processor combined with one or more additional hardware components. In certain example implementations, the computing device operating as a CPU, controller or processor may be operatively coupled with one or more peripheral devices, such as a display, navigation system, stereo, entertainment center, Wi-Fi access point, or the like. In another example implementation, the term computing device, as used herein, may refer to a mobile computing device, such as a smartphone, mobile station (MS), terminal, cellular phone, cellular handset, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, wireless phone, organizer, handheld computer, desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet computer, set-top box, television, appliance, game device, medical device, display device, or some other like terminology. In an example embodiment, the computing device may output content to its local display or speaker(s). In another example implementation, the computing device may output content to an external display device (e.g., over Wi-Fi) such as a TV or an external computing system.

[0061] FIG. 11 is a flow-diagram of a method 1100 for harvesting energy using an energy harvesting system, according to an example implementation of the disclosed technology. In block 1102, the method 1100 includes providing a plurality of MATs configured to produce electrical energy responsive to an applied dynamic force. In block 1104, the method 1100 includes electrically and physically connecting the plurality of MATs together at corresponding edges to form an array of MATs. In block 1106, the method 1100 includes electrically connecting the array of MATs to an energy processing unit (EPU). In block 1108, the method 1100 includes harvesting, by the EPU, electrical energy generated by an applied dynamic force.

[0062] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the energy harvesting system includes a MAT 100 that includes a substrate, at least one connector having at least two conductors, and a plurality of active regions disposed on or embedded in the substrate. Each active region includes a piezoelectric element having two leads in communication with the at least one connector. The piezoelectric element is configured to generate, responsive to a dynamic force externally applied to the active region, a first voltage potential, wherein the first voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors. [0063] According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, at least a portion of the plurality of active regions may include one or more protrusions configured to transfer the dynamic force to the piezoelectric element. In one example implementation, the protrusions may include raised truncated domes.

[0064] In certain example implementations, a portion of the plurality of active regions can include one or more surface patterns to configure a coefficient of friction of a surface associated with the MAT 100.

[0065] According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the piezoelectric element may be further configured to generate, responsive to the dynamic force being removed from the active region, a second voltage potential, wherein the second voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors.

[0066] In an example implementation, the energy harvesting may include at least one diode in communication with at least one of the two leads, the at least one diode configured to allow the induced current to flow in only one direction.

[0067] In certain example implementations, the at least one connector can include at least two connectors configured for electrically connecting a plurality of MATs 100 in an array. In an example implementation, the at least two connectors are disposed on corresponding edges of the MAT 100. In certain example implementations, the at least two conductors are embedded in the substrate.

[0068] Certain example implementations can further include an energy processing unit (EPU) 210 in communication with the MAT 100. In one example implementation, the EPU 210 may be configured to process the induced current. In various example implementations, the EPU 210 may be configured to store energy generated by MAT 100.

[0069] In certain example implementations, the MAT 100 is configured to harvest energy from a moving vehicle in communication with the MAT 100. [0070] In certain example implementations, the MAT 100 is configured to harvest energy from a varying force of a human in communication with the MAT 100.

[0071] In the various example implementations as depicted in FIGs. 4-8, a MAT 100 or array of interconnected MATs 100 may be used as system for energy harvesting on roads or thoroughfares using piezoelectric generators. For example, certain example implementations of the MAT 100 may comprises a plurality of piezoelectric devices embedded in a neoprene mat and configured to produce energy when, for example, a vehicle traverses their locations and compresses the active regions 102.

[0072] As vehicles transverse the roadway, kinetic energy created by the vehicles is generally unused. Example implementation of the disclosed technology may utilize a series of interlocking MATs 100 as energy harvesters for energy harvesting on thoroughfares.

[0073] In another example implementation, the disclosed technology may be positioned on an airfield runway tarmac. Although airport traffic is less frequent than roadway, the kinetic forces generated by an airliner landing (or taking off) are much larger than that of a car traveling across a roadway. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the energy harvesting system may be advantageously positioned at the landing section of the field where the stress is at its peak or the aircraft high traffic areas.

[0074] In another preferred embodiment, the energy generating devices may be positioned on or in communication with train railway tracks. Although train traffic is less frequent than roadway, the kinetic forces generated by a train are much larger than that of a car traveling across a roadway. Additionally, the kinetics of passing train is concentrated under the rails, and thus, may be easier to focus and harvest the energy.

[0075] In accordance with certain example implementations of the disclosed technology, one or more MATs 100 may be secured to a pre-existing substrate, such as asphalt or cement. In other example implementations, one or more MATs 100 may perform a similar function like asphalt or cement (such as depicted in FIG. 7) and may form a roadway surface without a preexisting substrate material. In yet other example implementations, a suitable material, such as pelletized recycled tires, gravel, sand, tar, etc., may be utilized to provide a suitable base for the array of interconnected MATs 100.

[0076] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, certain embodiments of MATs 100 may be secured to the surface of a roadway (or other surfaces) by a securement system. In one example implementation, the securement system can comprise a high strength resin or epoxy, for example, on the underside of the MAT 100 to secure it to an existing substrate. In another exemplary embodiment, the securement system may include grommets at the end or periphery of each MAT 100.

[0077] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the MAT 100 may be attached to a surface by removing a protection sheet to expose an adhesive layer on the underside of the MAT 100 (and/or a row or roll of an elongated MAT 100). In certain example implementations, the MAT 100 section may be placed on a road surface and secured with the adhesive. Adjacent MAT 100 sections may be interlocked. The particular securement system used may be dependent on the type of road surface. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the MAT 100 system sections may come in pre- assembled rows or sections and with high strength epoxy or resin on the underside in order to increase speed and ease of installation.

[0078] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, individual MATs 100 may be interlocked such that leads or contacts may be connected together (as depicted in FIG. 1C). Once each E-MAT is secured, encased underground cables or the like from the EPU can be connected to a connector, for example on a threshold 120 or end piece of each MAT 100. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, electrical energy generated at each active region 102 may flow from each MAT 100 and through the thresholds 120, through encapsulated cables, and into the EPU. Once the energy reaches the EPU, it may converted and/or stored there or distributed as needed.

[0079] Certain example implementations of the disclosed technology may form an energy harvesting system that may be tested and brought online, for example, by diagnostic software installed in the EPU, or, for example, from a smart device or other computing system 1000. For example, energy may be transferred from the generators to the central EPU via an encapsulated network of wiring and leads. After the installation is complete and a successful self diagnostic test is conducted, the E-MAT system may be ready for use. This implementation may be relatively simple, and may require only minimal departure from normal road paving practices. In certain example embodiments, there may be freedom as to the configuration of the connecting cables and their direction.

[0080] Certain example implementations of the disclosed technology can include MATs 100 in various in size, shape, color and thicknesses. In certain embodiments, the MATs 100 may be as large as 8'-0" x 12'-0". In certain embodiments, the MATs 100 may be configured in rolls as long as 100 meters. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the thickness of a MAT 100 can be, for example, 1-1/2" from the bottom edge of the MAT 100 to the top of the active region 102. The MATs 100 active regions 102 can also vary in shape, diameter and height.

[0081] Certain example implementations of the disclosed technology may include energy producers and electrical conductors connecting the piezoelectric elements to the EPU. Harvested energy may be used locally in proximity to the energy generators or can be redistributed throughout the microgrid or used to compliment larger grids.

[0082] In certain example implementations, MATs 100 can be made from numerous materials, for example, recycled rubber materials, such as discarded tires, machine and appliance parts, toys and hoses.

[0083] In certain example implementations, MATs 100 can vary in thickness, size and shape in order to conform to the conditions on the surface of the roadway. In certain example implementations, MATs 100 may be ruggedized with a wear resistant outer surface to withstand high traffic areas, similar to railroad rubber mats.

[0084] As discussed, the system of MATs 100 may be configured to produce energy when a mechanical force (vehicle transverses its location) is applied. The MAT 100 may include a pattern (random or organized) of raised active regions 102. The active regions 102 can be made from the same material as the MAT 100, and may cover the entire surface of the MAT 100 while being spaced a predetermined distance from one another. According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, each active region 102 may include piezoelectric (or other) generator embedded therein, and can vary in shape, size, and spacing depending on the conditions of the surface of the substrate and the anticipated compression forces.

[0085] According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, thresholds 120 can be used to allow vehicles to move from the existing conventional surface of the roadway to the MAT 100 surface to accommodate the change in elevation. These thresholds 120 may be both the sides and ends of the MAT 100. In certain example implementations, the thresholds 120 can be made from ruggedized neoprene material, and they can also contain the same features as the active regions 102. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the thresholds 120 may interlock with the MAT 100 as shown in the accompanying figures.

[0086] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, one or more threshold 120 can comprise sensors configured to monitor the energy harvested by the MAT 100. Thresholds 120 can also vary in size, shape and thickness, depending on the road conditions. In certain example implementations, the thresholds 120 can house the conduits that transfer the energy from the MATs 100 to the central EPU.

[0087] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the MATs 100 can be made of high strength, non-skid, recycled materials configured to, for example, dampen noise, reduce vibrations, channel water, etc. Certain example implementations of the system may be scalable, lightweight, can vary in size and shape, can be installed easily, while repair may be minimal.

[0088] The disclosed technology provides a technical benefit of being a very flexible system. The disclosed technology provides a technical benefit of providing smaller, more efficient piezoelectric generators than conventionally used. In certain example implementations, energy may be harvested at an increased rate due to the ability to cover an entire surface of the road, not just disparate and discrete locations, thus providing a larger contact surface. The disclosed technology provides a technical benefit of producing power that can be redistributed to one or more electrical grids.

[0089] According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the piezoelectric elements and associated active regions 102 need only compress a relatively small distance in order for the generators to produce energy. Inside each of the active regions 102, for example, the piezoelectric effect can be created with a force of, for example, 500+/- pounds or a predetermined force. Installation is versatile, as it can be secured to surface with high strength epoxy, with other methods of fasteners or a combination thereof.

[0090] The disclosed technology can further include a road maintenance system as an integral part of an overall road system employing a plurality of MATs 100, as disclosed herein. According to an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the road maintenance system may perform one or more of: monitoring, converting, conditioning, and/or re-distributing power on-demand and/or throughout an electrical grid and/or microgrid. Certain example implementations of the road maintenance system may include one or more computer systems (such as the computing system 1000 as shown in FIG. 10).

[0091] Unlike conventional systems, the disclosed technology may have negligible degradation on a vehicle's performance, as the substrate material may be designed with a stiffness appropriate for the application. For example, the MAT 100 may be designed with a Young's Modulus that provides an effective coefficient of friction that is similar to that of a asphalt or concrete surface, while allowing enough compression to activate the piezoelectric elements 106 within the active regions 102 of the MAT 100. Thus, the disclosed technology may not "rob or steal" energy from the vehicle. In certain example implementations, vehicles may travel at normal speed on an interconnected system of MATs 100 to generate power without using additional energy or fuel. Embodiments of the disclosed technology provide structural stiffness and rigidity that allow vehicle tires to travel on an interconnected system of MATs 100. The disclosed technology does not disrupt, block or damage existing infrastructure, natural or manmade drainage, curbs or curb cuts. The disclosed technology can also be placed over manhole covers and/or other access points in the roadway. [0092] Another technical benefit of the disclosed technology is that an interconnected plurality of MATs 100 may be placed and secured on a surface of a roadway and repairs may be made by replacement of individual MATs 100 without requiring breakage or re-pavement, as is required in conventional roadway systems and materials. The disclosed technology provides another technical benefit being capable of providing non-evasive system that does not require removal of existing concrete or asphalt.

[0093] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the wiring or cabling interconnecting the piezoelectric elements 106 within the active regions 102 of the MAT 100 may be minimized using an encapsulated system.

[0094] Certain example implementations may include associated software and applications, (as shown and discussed with reference to FIG. 10) to remotely monitor the system of MATs 100. Such software may be programmed to send alerts to smart devices responsive to detection of certain predefined conditions.

[0095] Another technical benefit of the disclosed technology is that an interconnected plurality of MATs 100 may cost less overall than conventional systems, with fewer man hours required for installation and maintenance. Certain implementations of the disclosed technology may simplify multiple logistical processes that are currently used in conventional roadway systems. For example, the disclosed technology may make it easy to pack, transport, unpack, and install the MATs 100 on-site. In certain example implementations, custom software may be installed on a computer and interfaced with one or more MATs 100, for example, to perform self-diagnostic checks. Certain example implementations may utilize one or more computing systems (such as the computing system 1000 in FIG. 10).

[0096] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the MATs 100 can be painted with road markings or embedded with safety markers (as depicted in FIG. 7). The energy harvesting components and systems disclosed herein may be configured for existing roadways or it may be integrated into new construction. Certain example implementations may be environmentally friendly. For example, certain example implementations may use epoxy that is a plant-based resin. Furthermore, in certain example implementations, conduits for transferring the energy from the piezoelectric elements 106 to the EPU may be encapsulated and/or buried underground. Certain example implementations may utilize sensors to monitor the connectivity of these conduits.

[0097] In accordance with various example implementations of the disclosed technology, a system utilizing a plurality of MATs 100 may be configured to convert kinetic energy from a variety of sources including, but not limited to, human and/or vehicular sources. Certain example implementations may utilize a plurality of neoprene interlocking and/or rubberized, MATs 100 configured with a range of stiffness appropriate for the expected actuation forces. For example, by reducing the overall thickness of the MAT 100, decreasing the height of the active regions 102, embedding different piezoelectric elements 106, and/or changing the composition of the materials for more flexibility or rigidity, the MAT 100 system may be appropriately designed and configured for a given application.

[0098] As disclosed herein, the systems that utilize the MATs 100 need not be limited to traffic surfaces (such as roadways, airport tarmacs, train tracks, etc.). For example, interlocking rubberized ruggedized neoprene sections of MATs 100 may be utilized in sub-flooring that is installed under carpeting or wood flooring, with the piezoelectric elements 106 housed inside active regions 102. Such MATs 100 can be used in a series in conjunction with sides and end thresholds, encapsulated cables, and the EPU. FIG. 9, illustrates a system and a method for harvesting energy from human foot traffic, for example, on walkways, stairs and other floor surfaces. In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, such systems may include a plurality of piezoelectric elements 106 embedded in a neoprene material and configured to convert kinetic energy to electrical energy as a person travels across the surface of the flooring and compresses the piezoelectric elements 106.

[0099] As with the other systems described herein, the systems disclosed for harvesting human or vehicular power may utilize interconnected electrical conductors, diodes, and various electrical components to further convert, route, and store the electrical energy. Certain example implementations may include one or more of: charge pumps, DC-DC converters, one or more inverters, capacitors, and conductors to connecting the piezoelectric elements 106 to the EPU. . Harvested energy may be used locally or can be redistributed throughout the micro-grid or used to compliment larger grids.

[00100] In accordance with certain example implementation of the disclosed technology, active regions 102 having piezoelectric elements 106 may be installed/embedded in treads of a tire. For example, according to one implementation, each section of the tread area may be separated by the grooves, and one or more piezoelectric elements 106 may be embedded in the tread regions. As the tire rotates and the tread comes in contact with the road surface, a small amount of electrical energy may be created by the compression of a piezoelectric elements 106. In each rotation of the tire, an active region 102 may be compressed and the converted electrical energy may be sent to the EPU, for example, via fixed and/or rotational conductors in the tires rim, axle, and/or chassis.

[00101] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the tire may include embedded, routed, and/or patterned conductors (or insulated conductive regions or traces) that may provide electrical paths for routing harvested current from one or more piezoelectric elements 106 from the point of harvesting to an EPU, or to other component or regions associated with the system. Example materials for providing the conductors may include, but are not limited to, one or more of metal, a metal alloy, a conductive metal-oxide, a conductive polymer, a conductive organic material, graphene, metal nanorods, metal particles, metal oxide particles, carbon nanotubes, and/or a mixture thereof.

[00102] In one example implementation, the EPU may be located in the engine compartment of the vehicle. This disclosed implementation may provide a system for regenerative electrical energy harvesting when a vehicle moves over a typical roadway surface. In one example implementation, the harvested energy may be used for the vehicle's electric engine. In another example implementation, the harvested energy may be stored and/or distributed throughout the vehicle for any other electrical needs.

[00103] One aspect of the disclosed technology is to provide a regenerative system for power harvesting by embedding piezoelectric elements 106 in one or more tread sections of a vehicle tire. In certain example implementations, the piezoelectric elements 106 can be configured according to the weight of the associated vehicle. For example, in vehicles with four tires, each of the piezoelectric elements 106 may be expected to actuate proportional to a compression of about one fourth of the total weight of the vehicle. In the case of vehicles with more than four tires, the weight of the vehicle may divided by the number of tires on the vehicle. In certain example implementations, a tire tread section having one or more piezoelectric elements 106 embedded in it can be consistent in thickness, size and shape in order to conform to the conditions on the surface of the roadway. In certain example implementations, a tire's surface appearance may be changed slightly as compared with a conventional tire surface. According to an example implementation, a tread section may include an plurality of active regions 102. For example, in one implementation, the active regions 102 may be dome shaped or curved in order to house the piezoelectric elements 106.

[00104] The systems and devices, as disclosed herein, are configured to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy when a mechanical force is applied, (such as a rotating tire contacting a roadway surface). The piezoelectric elements 106 disclosed herein may be activated as that particular section of the tread comes in contact with the road surface. Once the tire continues its rotational movement and the mechanical force is removed from the active region 102 and/or the piezoelectric element 106, active region 102 and/or the piezoelectric element 106 may decompress to return to approximately the original uncompressed state. In one example implementation, each individual tread may comprised of a pattern (random or organized) of raised truncated domes to make up the active region 102 and associated piezoelectric element 106.

[00105] In accordance with an example implementation of the disclosed technology, the active region 102 within tire treads can be made from similar material(s) the rest of the tire. In certain example implementations, a plurality of active region 102 may cover the entire contact surface of the tire and can be manufactured to resemble the same look as a conventional tire's surface. In certain example implementations, piezoelectric element 106 embedded within the tire tread can be protected by a high grade rubber in order prevent severe wear of the rubber down to the piezoelectric element 106. Each embedded piezoelectric element 106 can vary in shape, size, and spacing. [00106] Numerous characteristics and advantages have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of structure and function. While the invention has been disclosed in several forms, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, additions, and deletions, especially in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts, can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and its equivalents as set forth in the following claims. Therefore, other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended.

[00107] A used in the specification and claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[00108] In describing certain embodiments of the disclosed technology, terminology has been utilized for the sake of clarity. It is intended that each term contemplates its broadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

[00109] Ranges expressed herein may be described from "about" or "approximately" or "substantially" one particular value and/or to "about" or "approximately" or "substantially" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, other exemplary embodiments include from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value.

[00110] Similarly, as used herein, "substantially free" of something, or "substantially pure", and like characterizations, can include both being "at least substantially free" of something, or "at least substantially pure", and being "completely free" of something, or "completely pure".

[00111] By "comprising" or "containing" or "including" is meant that at least the named compound, element, particle, or method step is present in the composition or article or method, but does not exclude the presence of other compounds, materials, particles, method steps, even if the other such compounds, material, particles, method steps have the same function as what is named. [00112] It is also to be understood that the description of one or more method steps does not preclude the presence of additional method steps or intervening method steps between those steps expressly identified. Similarly, it is also to be understood that the mention of one or more components in a device or system does not preclude the presence of additional components or intervening components between those components expressly identified.

[00113] The materials described as making up the various elements of the present invention are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many suitable materials that would perform the same or a similar function as the materials described herein are intended to be embraced within the scope of the present invention. Such other materials not described herein can include, but are not limited to, for example, materials that are developed after the time of the development of the present invention.

[00114] It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the disclosed technology have been simplified to illustrate elements that may be relevant for a clear understanding while eliminating other elements for purposes of clarity. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elements may be desirable and/or may be required in order to implement the disclosed technology. However, because such elements may be well known in the art, and/or because they may not facilitate a better understanding of the disclosed technology, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein.

[00115] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations may be made in the apparatus and process of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. It is intended that the present invention cover the modification and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

CLAIMS I claim:

1. An energy harvesting system, comprising:

a MAT, the MAT comprising:

a substrate;

at least one connector comprising at least two conductors;

a plurality of active regions disposed on or embedded in the substrate, each active region comprising:

a piezoelectric element having two leads in communication with the at least one connector, the piezoelectric element configured to generate, responsive to a dynamic force externally applied to the active region, a first voltage potential, wherein the first voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors.

2. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of active regions comprise one or more protrusions configured to transfer the dynamic force to the piezoelectric element.

3. The energy harvesting system of claim 2, wherein the protrusions comprise raised truncated domes.

4. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of active regions comprise one or more surface patterns to configure a coefficient of friction of a surface associated with the MAT.

5. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric element is further configured to generate, responsive to the dynamic force being removed from the active region, a second voltage potential, wherein the second voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors.

6. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, further comprising at least one diode in communication with at least one of the two leads, the at least one diode configured to allow the induced current to flow in only one direction.

7. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one connector comprises at least two connectors configured for electrically connecting a plurality of MATs in an array.

8. The energy harvesting system of claim 7, wherein the at least two connectors are disposed on corresponding edges of the MAT.

9. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein the at least two conductors are embedded in the substrate.

10. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, further comprising an energy processing unit (EPU) in communication with the MAT, the EPU configured to process the induced current.

11. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein the MAT is configured to harvest energy from a moving vehicle in communication with the MAT.

12. The energy harvesting system of claim 1, wherein the MAT is configured to harvest energy from a varying force of a human in communication with the MAT.

13. A method, comprising:

providing a plurality of MATs, each MAT comprising:

a substrate;

at least one connector comprising at least two conductors; and

a piezoelectric element having two leads in communication with the at least one connector, the piezoelectric element configured to generate, responsive to a dynamic force externally applied to the active region, a first voltage potential, wherein the first voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors;

electrically and physically connecting the plurality of MATs together at corresponding edges to form an array of MATs;

electrically connecting the array of MATs to an energy processing unit (EPU); and harvesting, by the EPU, electrical energy generated by the applied dynamic force.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of active regions comprise one or more protrusions configured to transfer the dynamic force to the piezoelectric element.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the protrusions comprise raised truncated domes.

16. The method of claim 13, further comprising configuring the plurality of active regions with one or more surface patterns to control a coefficient of friction of a surface associated with the MAT.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the piezoelectric element is further configured to generate, responsive to the dynamic force being removed from the active region, a second voltage potential, wherein the second voltage potential is configured to induce a current in at least one of the two conductors.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein each MAT further comprises at least one diode in communication with at least one of the two leads, the at least one diode configured to allow the induced current to flow in only one direction.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one connector comprises at least two connectors configured for electrically connecting a plurality of MATs in an array.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein the applied dynamic force is from a moving human or vehicle in communication with the MAT.