WO2018047961A1 - アルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法及びアルカリ水電解用陽極 - Google Patents
アルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法及びアルカリ水電解用陽極 Download PDFInfo
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- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/095—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one of the compounds being organic
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/077—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the compound being a non-noble metal oxide
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- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an anode used for alkaline water electrolysis and a method for producing the same.
- Water electrolysis is roughly divided into two. One is alkaline water electrolysis, and a high-concentration alkaline aqueous solution is used for the electrolyte. The other is solid polymer water electrolysis, and a solid polymer membrane (SPE) is used as the electrolyte.
- SPE solid polymer membrane
- alkaline water electrolysis using inexpensive materials such as iron-based metals such as nickel is more suitable for diamond electrodes than solid polymer water electrolysis.
- the electrode reactions at both electrodes are as follows. Anodic reaction: 2OH ⁇ ⁇ H 2 O + 1 / 2O 2 + 2e ⁇ (1) Cathodic reaction: 2H 2 O + 2e ⁇ ⁇ H 2 + 2OH ⁇ (2)
- the high concentration aqueous alkali solution has higher electrical conductivity as the temperature is higher, but is also more corrosive. For this reason, the upper limit of the operating temperature is suppressed to about 80 to 90 ° C.
- the electrolysis performance has a current density of 0.3 to 0.4 Acm. -2 has improved to about 1.7-1.9V (efficiency 78-87%).
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 As an anode for alkaline water electrolysis, a nickel-based material that is stable in a high-concentration alkaline aqueous solution is used, and in alkaline water electrolysis using a stable power source, it is reported that a Ni-based electrode has a life of several decades or more.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 In the case of using renewable energy as a power source, there is a problem of deterioration of Ni anode performance due to severe start / stop and severe conditions such as load fluctuations (Non-Patent Document 3).
- the nickel oxide formation reaction and the reduction reaction proceed on the metal surface, the detachment of the electrode catalyst formed thereon is promoted.
- the nickel anode has an electrode potential lower than the oxygen generation potential (1.23 V vs. RHE) and a cathode for hydrogen generation (0.00 V vs. RHE) which is the counter electrode. ) Maintained at a higher potential. An electromotive force is generated in the cell due to these chemical species.
- the anode potential is maintained at a low potential as the battery reaction proceeds, that is, the oxide reduction reaction is promoted according to the formulas (3), (4), and (5).
- anode catalyst layer of an anode for oxygen generation used in alkaline water electrolysis at least one of platinum group metal, platinum group metal oxide, valve metal oxide, iron group oxide, and lanthanide group metal oxide Ingredients are used.
- Other anode catalysts include nickel-based alloys such as Ni—Co and Ni—Fe, nickel with an increased surface area, and spinel-based Co 3 O 4 , NiCo 2 O 4 , and perovskite-based LaCoO 3 as ceramic materials.
- conductive oxides such as LaNiO 3 , noble metal oxides, and oxides composed of lanthanide group metals and noble metals (Non-Patent Document 4).
- an oxygen generating anode used for alkaline water electrolysis nickel itself has a small oxygen overvoltage, and in particular, a nickel plating electrode containing sulfur is used as an anode for water electrolysis.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 As an anode for generating oxygen used for alkaline water electrolysis using a high concentration aqueous alkali solution, an anode in which a lithium-containing nickel oxide layer is previously formed on the surface of a nickel substrate is known (Patent Documents 1 and 2). In addition, an anode having a similar lithium-containing nickel oxide layer is disclosed as a nickel electrode used as a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell using an alkaline aqueous solution as an electrolyte instead of alkaline water electrolysis (Patent Document 3). Patent Documents 1 to 3 do not disclose the lithium content ratio relative to nickel and the production conditions thereof, and do not disclose the stability under electric power whose output fluctuates greatly.
- Patent Document 4 discloses an anode in which a lithium-containing nickel oxide having a molar ratio of lithium to nickel (Li / Ni) in the range of 0.005 to 0.15 is provided as a catalyst layer.
- a lithium-containing nickel oxide having a molar ratio of lithium to nickel (Li / Ni) in the range of 0.005 to 0.15 is provided as a catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer By applying the catalyst layer, the crystal structure can be maintained and excellent corrosion resistance can be maintained even when used for a long time. For this reason, it can be used for alkaline water electrolysis using electric power with large output fluctuation such as renewable energy.
- the catalyst layer of lithium-containing nickel oxide disclosed in Patent Document 4 is a method in which a solution containing at least lithium element is applied to a conductive substrate (at least the surface is made of nickel or a nickel-based alloy), and is heat-treated at 900 to 1000 ° C. Formed.
- the lithium component raw material include lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, and lithium chloride.
- the method of Patent Document 4 has a problem that a thick oxide film is formed on the surface of the catalyst layer due to heat treatment at a high temperature, the surface resistance is increased, and the catalytic ability is lowered.
- a furnace capable of heat treatment at a high temperature is required, and energy required for firing is high and manufacturing costs are high.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for electrolysis that can be used in alkaline water electrolysis with high durability against output fluctuations, and a method capable of manufacturing such an anode for alkaline water electrolysis easily and at low cost.
- one embodiment of the present invention includes a step of dissolving lithium nitrate and nickel carboxylate in water to prepare an aqueous solution containing lithium ions and nickel ions, and a conductive substrate having at least a surface made of nickel or a nickel-based alloy.
- the lithium-containing nickel oxide is preferably represented by a composition formula Li x Ni 2 ⁇ x O 2 (0.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5).
- ⁇ 0.5) and a catalyst layer made of lithium-containing nickel oxide represented by comprising a layer having an average density of the catalyst layer, 5.1 g / cm 3 or more 6.67 g / cm 3 or less is alkaline water It is an anode for electrolysis.
- a catalyst layer of lithium-containing nickel oxide at a heat treatment temperature of 450 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower and lower than the conventional heat treatment temperature. can be formed. Since the heat treatment temperature is much lower than in the prior art, the anode can be easily manufactured and the manufacturing cost can be reduced, which is advantageous. Further, by using nickel acetate as a nickel component raw material, it is possible to form a dense catalyst layer having a higher density than the conventional method using nickel nitrate. Furthermore, since the anode produced by the method of the present invention has a low heat treatment temperature, the surface oxidation resistance is reduced.
- the activity of the catalyst is not lost even after the accelerated life test. Therefore, even when applied to an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus using a power source with large output fluctuations such as renewable energy, it is possible to maintain a high catalytic activity over a long period of time and obtain an anode having excellent durability. Is possible.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of catalyst layers in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a SEM image of electrode cross sections of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. It is a graph which shows the voltage change by an accelerated life test about Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the current density change by an accelerated life test about Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- 4 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Example 3.
- 6 is an SEM image of an electrode cross section of Example 4.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Example 5.
- 10 is an SEM image of an electrode cross section of Example 6.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Example 7.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Example 8.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Comparative Example 3.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Comparative Example 4.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Comparative Example 5.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Comparative Example 6.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Comparative Example 7.
- 10 is a SEM image of an electrode cross section of Comparative Example 8.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing one embodiment of an anode for alkaline water electrolysis according to the present invention.
- the anode 1 includes an anode substrate 2 and a catalyst layer 3 formed on the surface of the anode substrate 2.
- the anode substrate 2 is a conductive substrate having at least a surface made of nickel or a nickel-based alloy.
- the anode substrate 2 may be made entirely of nickel or a nickel-based alloy. Alternatively, it may be an anode substrate in which a nickel or nickel alloy coating is formed on the surface of a metal material such as iron, stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium by plating or the like.
- the thickness of the anode substrate 2 is 0.05 to 5 mm.
- the anode substrate 2 preferably has a shape having an opening in order to remove generated oxygen bubbles.
- an expanded mesh or a porous expanded mesh can be used.
- the aperture ratio of the anode substrate 2 is preferably 10 to 95%.
- a chemical etching process is performed to remove contaminant particles such as metal and organic matter on the surface.
- the consumption amount of the substrate by the etching treatment is preferably about 30 to 400 g / m 2 .
- the surface of the anode substrate 2 is preferably subjected to a surface roughening treatment in order to increase the adhesion with the catalyst layer 3. Examples of the surface roughening treatment include blast treatment in which powder is sprayed, etching using a substrate-soluble acid, and plasma spraying.
- the catalyst layer 3 is made of lithium-containing nickel oxide.
- the lithium-containing nickel oxide is preferably represented by the chemical formula Li x Ni 2-x O 2 (0.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5).
- x is less than 0.02, sufficient conductivity cannot be obtained.
- x exceeds 0.5, physical strength and chemical stability are lowered.
- the catalyst layer 3 is formed by a thermal decomposition method.
- a catalyst layer precursor is prepared.
- the precursor is an aqueous solution containing lithium ions and nickel ions.
- the lithium component raw material is lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), and the nickel component raw material is nickel carboxylate.
- the nickel carboxylate include nickel formate (Ni (HCOO) 2 ) and nickel acetate (Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 ). Of these, nickel acetate (Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 ) is preferably used.
- the concentration of nickel carboxylate is preferably 0.1 mol / L or more and 1 mol / L or less, more preferably 0.1 to 0.6 mol / L. .
- An aqueous solution containing lithium ions and nickel ions is applied onto the surface of the anode substrate 2.
- a coating method a known method such as a brush, a roller, a spin coat, or electrostatic coating can be used.
- the anode substrate 2 after coating is dried.
- the drying temperature is preferably a temperature that prevents rapid evaporation of the solvent (for example, about 60 to 80 ° C.).
- the dried anode substrate 2 is heat treated.
- the heat treatment temperature is 450 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower, preferably 450 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower.
- the decomposition temperature of lithium nitrate is about 430 ° C.
- the decomposition temperature of nickel acetate is about 373 ° C.
- the catalyst layer 3 having a desired thickness can be formed by applying the aqueous solution a plurality of times. In this case, application of the aqueous solution and drying may be repeated for each layer to form the uppermost layer, and then the whole may be heat treated at the above temperature. Alternatively, the application of the aqueous solution and the heat treatment (pretreatment) at the above temperature are repeated for each layer, and after the heat treatment of the uppermost layer is completed, the whole is heat treated at the above temperature. The pretreatment and the entire heat treatment may be performed at the same temperature or different temperatures. The pretreatment time is preferably shorter than the entire heat treatment time.
- the catalyst layer 3 made of lithium-containing nickel oxide is formed by this heat treatment. Since the heat treatment is performed at a relatively low temperature, the reaction between the nickel of the anode substrate 2 and the catalyst layer component is suppressed. That is, the composition of the catalyst layer 3 is substantially the same as the molar ratio of lithium and nickel in the aqueous solution that is the precursor.
- the alkaline water electrolysis anode of the present invention that can be produced by the above production method has a high density and a dense catalyst layer. That is, the anode for alkaline water electrolysis according to the present invention includes the above-described conductive substrate and the composition formula Li x Ni 2 ⁇ x O 2 (0.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5) formed on the conductive substrate.
- the catalyst layer which consists of lithium-containing nickel oxide represented by these. Then, a layer the average density of the catalyst layer is less 5.1 g / cm 3 or more 6.67 g / cm 3, preferably 5.1 g / cm 3 or more 6.0 g / cm 3 or less, more preferably 5.5g / Cm 3 or more and 6.0 g / cm 3 or less.
- the catalyst layer is dense with a small proportion of pores formed therein.
- the porosity of the catalyst layer (the ratio value of the area of the pores (voids) in the entire catalyst layer) is preferably 0.29 or less, and more preferably 0.18 or less. preferable.
- the porosity of the catalyst layer is determined based on image processing software attached to a commercially available CCD digital microscope (for example, trade name “MSX-500Di” manufactured by Moritex Co., Ltd.) for image analysis of a cross-sectional photograph (SEM image) of the catalyst layer. Etc. can be calculated by analyzing the image.
- a catalyst layer formed by thermal decomposition using nickel nitrate as a nickel component raw material is likely to have a relatively large number of pores, and it is difficult to form a dense and dense catalyst layer.
- nickel acetate nickel carboxylate
- the catalyst layer formed even when fired at a low temperature becomes denser and denser.
- the constituent materials other than the anode of the alkaline water electrolysis cell are shown below.
- the cathode it is necessary to select a base material that can withstand alkaline water electrolysis and has a small cathode overvoltage.
- the cathode substrate nickel as it is or a nickel substrate coated with an active cathode is used.
- an expanded mesh or a porous expanded mesh can be used as with the anode.
- a porous nickel electrode having a large surface area and a Ni—Mo system have been widely studied.
- Raney nickel systems such as Ni—Al, Ni—Zn, and Ni—Co—Zn
- sulfide systems such as Ni—S
- hydrogen storage alloy systems such as Ti 2 Ni
- the properties of low hydrogen overvoltage, high short-circuit stability, and high poisoning resistance are important, and as other catalysts, metals such as platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium or their oxides are preferable.
- asbestos, non-woven fabric, ion exchange membrane, polymer porous membrane, and a composite membrane of inorganic substance and organic polymer have been proposed.
- an ion-permeable membrane comprising an organic fiber cloth in a mixture of a hydrophilic inorganic material of calcium phosphate compound or calcium fluoride and an organic binder selected from polysulfone, polypropylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- a particulate inorganic hydrophilic material selected from antimony, zirconium oxide and hydroxide, and an organic binder selected from fluorocarbon polymer, polysulfone, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl butyral
- an ion permeable membrane comprising a stretched organic fiber cloth in a film forming mixture consisting of:
- alkaline water electrolysis in the present invention high concentration alkaline water is used as the electrolytic solution.
- a caustic alkali such as caustic potash or caustic soda is preferable, and the concentration is preferably 1.5 to 40% by mass.
- 15 to 40% by mass which is a region having a high electric conductivity, is preferable.
- the content is more preferably 20 to 30% by mass.
- Example 1 As precursors, lithium nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., purity 99%), nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 .4H 2 O, Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., purity 98.0) %) was added to pure water and dissolved.
- the nickel acetate concentration in the aqueous solution was 0.3 mol / L.
- anode base material As the anode base material, a nickel plate (area 1.0 cm 2 ) subjected to chemical etching treatment by dipping in 17.5 mass% hydrochloric acid for 6 minutes near the boiling point was used. The above aqueous solution was applied to the anode base material with a brush and dried under conditions of 80 ° C. for 15 minutes. Thereafter, heat treatment (pretreatment) was performed in an air atmosphere at 550 ° C. for 15 minutes. The coating and pretreatment were repeated 40 to 50 times, and then heat treatment was performed in an air atmosphere at 550 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a catalyst layer. The thickness of the catalyst layer in Example 1 was 15 ⁇ m.
- Example 2 Using the same anode substrate as in Example 1, coating, drying and heat treatment were performed under the same conditions as in Example 1 to obtain a catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer in Comparative Example 1 was 23 ⁇ m.
- Example 1 X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on the catalyst layers of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- the Li doping amount in the catalyst layer was calculated from the X-ray diffraction pattern.
- Example 1 was 0.12
- Comparative Example 1 was 0.11. This is equivalent to the composition of Li in the aqueous solution.
- FIG. 2 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 3 shows SEM images of electrode cross sections of (a) Example 1 and (b) Comparative Example 1. As shown in FIG. 2, a peak appears at the same position in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. From this, it was shown that Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 have the same crystal structure. However, as shown in FIG. 3, the oxide layer (catalyst layer) of Example 1 is thinner than the catalyst layer of the comparative example. As shown in FIG. 3, it can be seen that the catalyst layer of Example 1 is a dense oxide, and the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 1 is a porous oxide. As a result, in Comparative Example 1, it is considered that the electrolyte is immersed in the substrate due to electrode consumption under the durability test, leading to corrosion of the substrate.
- Example 1 An accelerated life test was performed on Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and a nickel plate (no catalyst layer).
- SSV Small Scan Voltammtram
- Electrolyte 25 mass% KOH aqueous solution, temperature 30 ° C. ⁇ 1 ° C.
- Potential range 0.5V to 1.8V Scanning speed: 5mV / sec
- Counter electrode Ni coil Reference electrode: Reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) Measurement atmosphere: nitrogen atmosphere Number of cycles: 5 times
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the voltage change of each sample by the accelerated life test.
- FIG. 4 shows the voltage at 10 mA.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing a change in current density of each sample by an accelerated life test.
- FIG. 5 shows the current density at a voltage of 1.6V.
- Example 1 compared to Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, the voltage before the accelerated life test tended to be low and the current density tended to be high. However, as the number of cycles increased, the current increased and the current density tended to decrease. This indicates that the electrode performance deteriorates when a certain cycle is exceeded.
- Example 1 the voltage decreases and the current density increases at the start of the accelerated life test. When 1000 cycles were exceeded, the voltage and current density of Example 1 became constant. Comparative Example 1 showed almost the same voltage and current density as Example 1 before the accelerated life test. However, as the number of cycles increased, the voltage gradually increased and the current density tended to decrease. It was. From this result, in the case of Example 1, it was shown that the electrochemical characteristics were improved by the accelerated life test and the performance was maintained over a long period of time.
- Example 2 A catalyst layer was formed on a nickel plate (area: 1.0 cm 2 ) by the same process as in Example 1, and an anode in Example 2 was produced.
- the anode of Comparative Example 2 was produced by the method described in Patent Document 4. That is, in a 5 mass% lithium hydroxide aqueous solution (lithium component raw material: lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH.H 2 O, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., purity 98.0 to 102.0%) The nickel plate was immersed for 1 hour in the same manner as in Example 1. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed in an air atmosphere at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour, and as a result of X-ray diffraction analysis, the composition of the catalyst layer of Comparative Example 2 was Li 0.14 Ni 1.86 O. 2 .
- Example 2 For Example 2 and Comparative Example 2, the same accelerated life test (SSV and CV) as above was performed.
- FIG. 6 the graph showing the current density change by the accelerated life test of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 is shown.
- FIG. 6 shows the current density at a voltage of 1.7V.
- Example 2 the same tendency as in FIG. 5 was observed even when the voltage was changed, and the catalyst was activated as the number of cycles increased.
- Comparative Example 2 the catalyst performance decreased due to the increase in the number of cycles.
- the layer average density of the catalyst layers of Examples 1 and 2 calculated by image analysis of the SEM image of the electrode cross section was 5.5 to 5.9 g / cm 3 .
- the layer average density of the catalyst layers of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 calculated by image analysis of the SEM image of the electrode cross section was less than 5.1 g / cm 3 .
- Example 3 As precursors, lithium nitrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., purity 99%), nickel acetate tetrahydrate (Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 .4H 2 O, Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., purity 98.0) %) was added to pure water and dissolved.
- the nickel acetate concentration in the aqueous solution was 0.56 mol / L.
- the above aqueous solution was applied to the anode substrate with a brush and dried under conditions of 60 ° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, heat treatment was performed in an air atmosphere at 500 ° C. for 15 minutes. Coating and heat treatment were repeated 20 times to obtain a catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer in Example 3 was 3.8 ⁇ m.
- the SEM image of the electrode cross section of Example 1 is shown in FIG.
- Examples 4 to 8, Comparative Examples 3 to 8> A catalyst layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the conditions shown in Table 1 were used, and electrodes of Examples 4 to 8 and Comparative Examples 3 to 8 were obtained.
- Table 2 shows the characteristics of the catalyst layer (oxide) of each obtained electrode.
- the layer average density of the catalyst layer of the electrode of a comparative example only the value of the comparative examples 3 and 4 was shown as a representative example.
- SEM images of cross sections of the obtained electrodes are shown in FIGS.
- the layer average density of the catalyst layer was calculated from the following formula (1) using the porosity of the catalyst layer calculated by image analysis of a cross-sectional photograph (SEM image) of the catalyst layer.
- the porosity of the catalyst layer was determined from the number of pixels in the binarized SEM image using image processing software (manufactured by Moritex, image processing software attached to the product name “MSX-500Di”). It was calculated as a value of “pore area / total area”.
- the heat treatment temperature for forming the catalyst layer made of lithium-containing nickel oxide can be reduced by preparing an aqueous solution of the catalyst layer precursor using lithium nitrate and nickel acetate. It was done.
- the anode produced by the method of the present invention can improve the catalyst performance at the initial stage of the accelerated life test and maintain high catalyst performance for a long period of time. Therefore, even when applied to an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus using a power source having a large output fluctuation such as renewable energy, it can be said that high catalytic activity can be maintained over a long period of time and excellent durability is exhibited.
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- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
陽極反応:2OH-→H2O+1/2O2+2e- (1)
陰極反応:2H2O+2e-→H2+2OH- (2)
Ni+2OH-→Ni(OH)2+2e- (3)
電位の増加に従って、3価、4価へと酸化される。反応式として、
Ni(OH)2+OH-→NiOOH+H2O+e- (4)
NiOOH+OH-→NiO2+H2O+e- (5)
ニッケル系電池ではこのような酸化物、水酸化物を活物質として利用しているが、アルカリ水電解では、このようなニッケル材料の活性を抑制することが好ましい。
アルカリ水電解に使用される酸素発生用陽極としては、ニッケル自体も酸素過電圧が小さく、特に硫黄を含んだニッケルめっき電極は水電解用陽極として利用されている。
すなわち、本発明の一態様は、硝酸リチウム及びカルボン酸ニッケルを水に溶解させて、リチウムイオン及びニッケルイオンを含有する水溶液を作製する工程と、少なくとも表面がニッケル又はニッケル基合金よりなる導電性基体の表面に、前記水溶液を塗布する工程と、前記水溶液を塗布した前記導電性基体を450℃以上600℃以下の範囲内の温度で熱処理し、前記導電性基体上にリチウム含有ニッケル酸化物からなる触媒層を形成する工程と、を含むアルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法である。
更に本発明の方法により作製された陽極は、熱処理温度が低いために表面の酸化抵抗が低減されている。また、加速寿命試験を行った後でも触媒の活性が失われない。従って、再生可能エネルギー等の出力変動が大きい動力源を用いたアルカリ水電解装置に適用した場合でも、長期間に亘って高い触媒活性を維持することができ、耐久性に優れる陽極を得ることが可能である。
図1は、本発明のアルカリ水電解用陽極の1実施態様を示す模式図であり、陽極1は、陽極基体2と、陽極基体2の表面に形成される触媒層3とを備える。
陽極基体2は、少なくとも表面がニッケル又はニッケル基合金よりなる導電性基体である。陽極基体2は、全体がニッケル又はニッケル基合金から作製されていても良い。あるいは、鉄、ステンレス、アルミニウム、チタン等の金属材料の表面に、めっき等などによりニッケル又はニッケル合金のコーティングが形成された陽極基体であっても良い。
触媒層3は、リチウム含有ニッケル酸化物からなる。具体的に、リチウム含有ニッケル酸化物は、化学式LixNi2-xO2(0.02≦x≦0.5)で表されることが好ましい。xが0.02未満であると、十分な導電性が得られない。一方、xが0.5を超えると物理的強度及び化学的安定性が低下する。上記組成とすることにより、電解に十分な導電性が得られるとともに、長期間使用した場合でも優れた物理的強度及び化学的安定性を有することができる。
まず、触媒層の前駆体を作製する。前駆体は、リチウムイオン及びニッケルイオンを含有する水溶液である。リチウム成分原料は硝酸リチウム(LiNO3)であり、ニッケル成分原料はカルボン酸ニッケルである。カルボン酸ニッケルとしては、ギ酸ニッケル(Ni(HCOO)2)、酢酸ニッケル(Ni(CH3COO)2)などを挙げることができる。なかでも、酢酸ニッケル(Ni(CH3COO)2)を用いることが好ましい。水溶液中のリチウム及びニッケルのモル比が、Li:Ni=0.02:1.98~0.5:1.5の範囲となるように、硝酸ニッケル及びカルボン酸ニッケルを水に溶解させる。なお、溶解度及び保存における安定性を考慮して、カルボン酸ニッケルの濃度は0.1mol/L以上1mol/L以下であることが好ましく、0.1~0.6mol/Lであることがさらに好ましい。
層平均密度(g/cm3)=6.67×(1-気孔率) ・・・(1)
陰極としては、アルカリ水電解に耐えうる基体材料で陰極過電圧が小さい触媒を選択する必要がある。陰極基体としてニッケルそのままかニッケル基体に活性陰極を被覆したものが用いられている。基体としては陽極同様、エクスパンドメッシュ、多孔質エクスパンドメッシュを使用できる。
<実施例1>
前駆体として、硝酸リチウム(和光純薬工業株式会社製、純度99%)と、酢酸ニッケル四水和物(Ni(CH3COO)2・4H2O、純正化学株式会社製、純度98.0%)とを純水に添加し、溶解させた。水溶液中のリチウム及びニッケルのモル比は、Li:Ni=0.1:1.9とした。水溶液中の酢酸ニッケル濃度は0.3mol/Lとした。
前駆体として、硝酸リチウム(実施例1と同じ)と、硝酸ニッケル六水和物(Ni(NO3)2・6H2O、純正化学株式会社製、純度98.0%)とを純水に添加し、溶解させた。水溶液中のリチウム及びニッケルのモル比は実施例1と同じとした。水溶液中の硝酸ニッケルの濃度は1.0mol/Lとした。
図2に示す通り、実施例1及び比較例1で同じ位置にピークが表れている。このことから、実施例1と比較例1とは同様の結晶構造を有することが示された。但し、図3に示すように、実施例1の酸化物の層(触媒層)は比較例の触媒層よりも薄い。
図3に示す通り、実施例1の触媒層は緻密な酸化物であり、比較例1の触媒層は多孔質な酸化物であることが分かる。この結果、比較例1では耐久性試験下での電極消耗により基板への電解液の浸漬が生じ、基板の腐食へとつながると考えられる。
まず、加速寿命試験前の各サンプルについて、以下の条件でSSV(Slow Scan Voltammotram)を行った。SSVの結果から、各試料の酸素発生時の電圧及び電流密度を算出した。
電解液:25質量%KOH水溶液、温度30℃±1℃
電位範囲:0.5V~1.8V
走査速度:5mV/sec
対極:Niコイル
参照極:可逆水素電極(RHE)
測定雰囲気:窒素雰囲気
サイクル数:5回
電位範囲:0.5V~1.8V
操作速度:1V/sec
サイクル数:0、1000、3000、5000、10000、15000、20000サイクル
比較例1は、加速寿命試験前の段階では実施例1とほぼ同等の電圧及び電流密度を示していたが、サイクル数が増加するに従って、電圧が漸増し、電流密度が漸減する傾向が見られた。
この結果から、実施例1の場合は加速寿命試験により電気化学的特性が向上するとともに、長期間に亘りその性能が維持されることが示された。
実施例1と同様の工程により、ニッケル板(面積1.0cm2)上に触媒層を形成し、実施例2の陽極を作製した。
特許文献4に記載されている方法により、比較例2の陽極を作製した。すなわち、5質量%水酸化リチウム水溶液(リチウム成分原料:水酸化リチウム一水和物(LiOH・H2O、和光純薬工業株式会社製、純度98.0~102.0%)中に実施例1と同じニッケル板を1時間浸漬した。その後、大気雰囲気にて1000℃1時間の条件で熱処理を実施した。X線回折分析の結果、比較例2の触媒層の組成はLi0.14Ni1.86O2であった。
実施例2は電圧が変わっても図5と同じ傾向が見られ、サイクル数の増加に伴い触媒が活性化した。一方、比較例2は逆に、サイクル数の増加により触媒性能が低下した。
前駆体として、硝酸リチウム(和光純薬工業株式会社製、純度99%)と、酢酸ニッケル四水和物(Ni(CH3COO)2・4H2O、純正化学株式会社製、純度98.0%)とを純水に添加し、溶解させた。水溶液中のリチウム及びニッケルのモル比は、Li:Ni=0.1:1.9とした。水溶液中の酢酸ニッケル濃度は0.56mol/Lとした。
表1に示す条件としたこと以外は、前述の実施例3と同様にして触媒層を形成して、実施例4~8、比較例3~8の電極を得た。得られた各電極の触媒層(酸化物)の特性を表2に示す。なお、比較例の電極の触媒層の層平均密度については、比較例3及び4の値のみ代表例として示した。また、得られた各電極の断面のSEM画像を図8~18に示す。触媒層の層平均密度は、触媒層の断面写真(SEM画像)を画像解析して算出した触媒層の気孔率を用いて、下記式(1)から算出した。なお、触媒層の気孔率は、画像処理ソフト(モリテックス社製、商品名「MSX-500Di」に付属する画像処理ソフト)を使用し、二値化したSEM画像のピクセル数から、「気孔率=気孔面積/総面積」の値として算出した。
2 陽極基体
3 触媒層
Claims (3)
- 硝酸リチウム及びカルボン酸ニッケルを水に溶解させて、リチウムイオン及びニッケルイオンを含有する水溶液を作製する工程と、
少なくとも表面がニッケル又はニッケル基合金よりなる導電性基体の表面に、前記水溶液を塗布する工程と、
前記水溶液を塗布した前記導電性基体を450℃以上600℃以下の範囲内の温度で熱処理し、前記導電性基体上にリチウム含有ニッケル酸化物からなる触媒層を形成する工程と、
を含むアルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム含有ニッケル酸化物は、組成式LixNi2-xO2(0.02≦x≦0.5)で表される請求項1に記載のアルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法。
- 少なくとも表面がニッケル又はニッケル基合金よりなる導電性基体と、
前記導電性基体上に形成された、組成式LixNi2-xO2(0.02≦x≦0.5)で表されるリチウム含有ニッケル酸化物からなる触媒層と、を備え、
前記触媒層の層平均密度が、5.1g/cm3以上6.67g/cm3以下であるアルカリ水電解用陽極。
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| CN201780055096.3A CN109689937B (zh) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | 碱性水电解用阳极的制造方法和碱性水电解用阳极 |
| JP2018538497A JP6889446B2 (ja) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | アルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法及びアルカリ水電解用陽極 |
| EP17848899.5A EP3511443B1 (en) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | Method for producing anode for alkaline water electrolysis and anode for alkaline water electolysis |
| CA3036352A CA3036352C (en) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | Method for producing anode for alkaline water electrolysis, and anode for alkaline water electrolysis |
| DK17848899.5T DK3511443T3 (da) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af anode til alkalisk vandelektrolyse og anode til alkalisk vandelektrolyse |
| KR1020197006682A KR101973381B1 (ko) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | 알칼리 수전해용 양극의 제조 방법 및 알칼리 수전해용 양극 |
| ES17848899T ES2880389T3 (es) | 2016-09-09 | 2017-09-11 | Método para la producción de ánodo para la electrólisis de agua alcalina y ánodo para electrólisis de agua alcalina |
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| KR20240032777A (ko) * | 2021-02-17 | 2024-03-12 | 아주대학교산학협력단 | 금속산화물 전극의 제조방법, 광환원 전극 및 광전기화학전지 |
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| WO2024101105A1 (ja) * | 2022-11-10 | 2024-05-16 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | 電解用陽極及びその製造方法 |
| KR102827894B1 (ko) * | 2024-11-28 | 2025-06-30 | 인천대학교 산학협력단 | 수전해전지용 나노 산화물 전극 코팅 방법, 이로부터 제조된 용융탄산염 수전해전지용 공기극 및 이를 포함한 가역전지시스템 |
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| WO2019172160A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-07 | 2019-09-12 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | 電解用電極及びその製造方法 |
| US11866834B2 (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2024-01-09 | De Nora Permelec Ltd | Electrolysis electrode and method for manufacturing same |
| WO2022025208A1 (ja) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-03 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | アルカリ水電解用アノード及びその製造方法 |
| US11965256B2 (en) | 2020-10-15 | 2024-04-23 | Kyoto University | Anode for alkaline water electrolysis and method for producing same |
| KR102796237B1 (ko) * | 2021-02-17 | 2025-04-14 | 아주대학교산학협력단 | 금속산화물 전극의 제조방법, 광환원 전극 및 광전기화학전지 |
| KR20240032777A (ko) * | 2021-02-17 | 2024-03-12 | 아주대학교산학협력단 | 금속산화물 전극의 제조방법, 광환원 전극 및 광전기화학전지 |
| KR20240013866A (ko) | 2021-07-12 | 2024-01-30 | 드 노라 페르멜렉 가부시키가이샤 | 전극의 제조 방법 및 전극 |
| JP2023011311A (ja) * | 2021-07-12 | 2023-01-24 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | 電極の製造方法及び電極 |
| US12234563B2 (en) | 2021-07-12 | 2025-02-25 | De Nora Permelec Ltd | Method for manufacturing electrode, and electrode |
| WO2023286641A1 (ja) | 2021-07-12 | 2023-01-19 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | 電極の製造方法及び電極 |
| JP7724650B2 (ja) | 2021-07-12 | 2025-08-18 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | 電極の製造方法 |
| WO2023189350A1 (ja) | 2022-03-31 | 2023-10-05 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | 電解用電極及びその製造方法 |
| KR20240113932A (ko) | 2022-03-31 | 2024-07-23 | 드 노라 페르멜렉 가부시키가이샤 | 전해용 전극 및 그 제조 방법 |
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|---|---|
| US20190226102A1 (en) | 2019-07-25 |
| EP3511443B1 (en) | 2021-06-23 |
| KR20190027945A (ko) | 2019-03-15 |
| ES2880389T3 (es) | 2021-11-24 |
| KR101973381B1 (ko) | 2019-04-29 |
| JPWO2018047961A1 (ja) | 2019-06-24 |
| CN109689937B (zh) | 2020-03-03 |
| CA3036352C (en) | 2020-09-15 |
| DK3511443T3 (da) | 2021-08-02 |
| EP3511443A4 (en) | 2020-05-20 |
| US10676832B2 (en) | 2020-06-09 |
| CA3036352A1 (en) | 2018-03-15 |
| CN109689937A (zh) | 2019-04-26 |
| JP6889446B2 (ja) | 2021-06-18 |
| EP3511443A1 (en) | 2019-07-17 |
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