WO2017110457A1 - 光電変換装置の製造方法 - Google Patents
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- WO2017110457A1 WO2017110457A1 PCT/JP2016/086250 JP2016086250W WO2017110457A1 WO 2017110457 A1 WO2017110457 A1 WO 2017110457A1 JP 2016086250 W JP2016086250 W JP 2016086250W WO 2017110457 A1 WO2017110457 A1 WO 2017110457A1
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- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/16—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers
- H10F10/164—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells
- H10F10/165—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells
- H10F10/166—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells the Group IV-IV heterojunctions being heterojunctions of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. silicon heterojunction [SHJ] photovoltaic cells
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- H10F71/10—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass the devices comprising amorphous semiconductor material
- H10F71/103—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass the devices comprising amorphous semiconductor material including only Group IV materials
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- H10F71/137—Batch treatment of the devices
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- hydrogen gas and a plurality of substrates each provided with an intrinsic silicon thin film on a conductive single crystal silicon substrate are disposed in the CVD chamber. While introducing the silicon-containing gas, plasma treatment is performed in which the surface of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is exposed to hydrogen plasma.
- the amount of hydrogen introduced into the CVD chamber during plasma processing is 150 to 2500 times the amount of silicon-containing gas introduced.
- the deposition rate of the intrinsic silicon thin film in the plasma treatment is preferably ⁇ 0.14 to +0.08 nm / second.
- the sign minus of the film formation rate at the time of plasma treatment means etching (decrease in film thickness), and the sign plus represents film formation (increase in film thickness).
- the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is preferably formed by plasma CVD while introducing a silicon-containing gas into the CVD chamber.
- hydrogen may be introduced into the CVD chamber in addition to the silicon-containing gas.
- the amount of hydrogen introduced into the CVD chamber when forming an intrinsic silicon-based thin film is preferably less than 50 times the amount of silicon-containing gas introduced.
- the film formation rate of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is a value converted to a film formation rate on a smooth surface, and is preferably 0.1 nm / second or more.
- the formation of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film and the plasma treatment are preferably performed in the same CVD chamber.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a crystalline silicon solar cell.
- a solar cell 100 in FIG. 1 includes intrinsic silicon thin films 12 and 22 and a conductive silicon thin film on a first main surface (p layer side) and a second main surface (n layer side) of a silicon substrate 1. 15 and 25 are provided in this order.
- the conductive silicon thin film 15 on the first main surface and the conductive silicon thin film 25 on the second main surface have different conductivity types. That is, the conductive silicon thin film 15 on the first main surface is p-type, and the conductive silicon thin film 25 on the second main surface is n-type.
- Transparent conductive layers 17 and 27 and metal electrodes 19 and 29 are formed on the conductive silicon thin films 15 and 25, respectively.
- a texture is formed on the surface of the silicon substrate 1.
- a single crystal silicon substrate having a (100) plane orientation is preferable. This is because when a single crystal silicon substrate is etched, a texture structure is easily formed by anisotropic etching using the difference in etching rate between the (100) plane and the (111) plane.
- the intrinsic silicon-based thin films 12 and 22 and the conductive silicon-based thin films 15 and 25 are thin films made of a silicon-based material. By having the intrinsic silicon thin films 12 and 22 between the single crystal silicon substrate 1 and the conductive silicon thin films 15 and 25, the surface of the silicon substrate is effectively passivated. In order to enhance the passivation effect on the surface of the silicon substrate, the intrinsic silicon thin films 12 and 22 are preferably non-doped silicon hydride substantially composed of silicon and hydrogen. Examples of the silicon-based material include silicon alloys such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and silicon germanium in addition to silicon.
- the method for forming the silicon-based thin film is not particularly limited, but the plasma CVD method is preferable.
- the process can be simplified because the formation of the silicon-based thin film and the plasma treatment can be performed in the same chamber.
- a silicon-containing gas such as SiH 4 or Si 2 H 6 is used as a source gas.
- the source gas diluted with H 2 or the like may be introduced into the chamber.
- B 2 H 6 or PH 3 is preferably used as a dopant gas for forming a conductive type (p-type or n-type) silicon-based thin film. Since the addition amount of dopants such as P and B may be small, a mixed gas in which the dopant gas is previously diluted with a raw material gas, H 2 or the like may be used.
- a silicon alloy thin film such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, or silicon germanium can be formed.
- the conditions for forming a silicon-based thin film by plasma CVD are preferably a substrate temperature of 100 to 300 ° C., a pressure of 20 to 2600 Pa, and a power density of 3 to 500 mW / cm 2 .
- the film formation rate is increased by reducing the amount of hydrogen introduced during intrinsic silicon-based thin film formation (dilution ratio with hydrogen).
- the amount of hydrogen introduced during the formation of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is preferably less than 50 times the amount of silicon-containing gas introduced.
- the amount of hydrogen introduced is more preferably 20 times or less of the amount of silicon-containing gas introduced, more preferably 10 times or less, and particularly preferably 6 times or less.
- the intrinsic silicon-based thin film may be formed without introducing hydrogen.
- the film formation rate can be increased by adjusting the process pressure, power density, and the like during film formation.
- the plasma etching amount in the vicinity of the center is relatively large, the influence of the distribution of the plasma intensity in the film forming surface can be considered.
- the silicon-based thin film is formed, the plasma power density is small, so that the plasma power distribution in the film forming surface is small, and the variation in the film thickness d 0 is small.
- the hydrogen plasma etching is performed at a higher power density than the deposition of an amorphous silicon thin film, the distribution of the plasma intensity in the deposition surface becomes larger, and the in-plane distribution of the plasma intensity is less than the plasma etching amount. It is considered that an in-plane distribution (thickness distribution of the intrinsic silicon thin film after plasma etching) occurs.
- the plasma power density is preferably from 55 mW / cm 2 or more, more preferably 60 mW / cm 2 or more, more preferably 70 mW / cm 2 or more, 80 mW / cm 2 or more is particularly preferable.
- the plasma power density is preferably 1000 mW / cm 2 or less, more preferably 800 mW / cm 2 or less, more preferably 400 mW / cm 2 or less, particularly preferably 200 mW / cm 2 or less.
- a silicon-based thin film is formed by CVD so as to complement the reduction in film thickness due to hydrogen plasma etching. Therefore, even when an in-plane distribution of plasma intensity occurs, it is considered that the variation in the thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is small and the variation in the conversion characteristics of the solar cell can be reduced.
- the plasma power density and the amount of hydrogen introduced are the same as those of the conventional hydrogen plasma treatment that does not use a silicon-containing gas. . Therefore, a high passivation effect equivalent to that of the conventional hydrogen plasma treatment can be obtained while suppressing variations in the thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film.
- the deposition rate during the plasma treatment is preferably theoretically 0, but the deposition rate during the plasma treatment is within a range of about ⁇ 0.1 nm. If so, film thickness variations that affect the characteristics of the solar cell are unlikely to occur.
- the film thickness is reduced during the plasma treatment, that is, when the plasma treatment is performed in an etching mode in which the film formation rate is negative, the conversion characteristics (especially open-circuit voltage and fill factor) of the solar cell tend to be higher There is.
- the improvement of the open circuit voltage is thought to be due to the improvement of the film quality of the silicon-based thin film by exposure to hydrogen plasma (end of dangling bonds by introducing hydrogen into the film) and the improvement of interface characteristics.
- the thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is small, the passivation effect of the silicon substrate is reduced, and the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell tends to decrease.
- the thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film is reduced by plasma treatment, the effect of improving the film quality and improving the interface characteristics more than compensates for the reduction of the passivation effect by reducing the film thickness. It is thought to improve.
- the fill factor is improved because the series resistance of the intrinsic silicon thin film is reduced by improving the film quality and reducing the film thickness of the intrinsic silicon thin film by plasma treatment.
- the etching mode is more likely to occur, and the thickness of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film tends to decrease.
- the product of the power density during plasma processing and the ratio of the amount of hydrogen gas introduced to the amount of silicon-containing gas introduced (hydrogen dilution factor) from the viewpoint of achieving both a passivation effect for intrinsic silicon-based thin films and a reduction in film thickness variation 15000-250,000 mW / cm 2 is preferable.
- the ratio of the thickness change amount d 1 -d 0 with respect to the film thickness d 0 of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film before the plasma treatment (d 1 -d 0) / d 1 is preferably -0.4 to + 0.2, -0 .35 to +0.1 is more preferable, and ⁇ 0.3 to 0 is more preferable.
- the film thickness change is excessively large, the film quality change of the intrinsic silicon thin film becomes large, and the passivation effect of the intrinsic silicon thin film on the silicon substrate may be reduced.
- FIG. 3 by a single CVD film formation, there is shown a mode of forming an intrinsic silicon-based thin film 12 having a thickness d 0, the intrinsic silicon-based thin film 12, and formed by dividing into a plurality of sub-layers Also good.
- the plasma treatment is performed after any of the sub-layers is formed and before the next layer is formed. Plasma treatment may be performed every time after the formation of each sublayer.
- the thickness of each sub-layer is excessively small, it is necessary to increase the number of sub-layers required for the intrinsic silicon-based thin film 12 to have a predetermined thickness, and the production efficiency tends to decrease. There is. If the film thickness of the first sub-layer 121 is in the above range, the plasma treatment on the surface of the first sub-layer can exert a passivation effect by hydrogen plasma on the surface of the silicon substrate 1 and also on the silicon surface. Plasma damage can be reduced.
- n 3 or more, it is preferable that the intermediate plasma treatment is performed on the surface of the first sublayer.
- the intermediate plasma treatment is performed on the surface of the first sub-layer, the passivation effect on the silicon substrate surface and the defect reducing effect on the interface between the silicon substrate and the intrinsic silicon thin film tend to be enhanced.
- the p-type silicon-based thin film 15 may be formed in the same CVD chamber without removing the substrate from the CVD chamber.
- the process can be simplified and the production efficiency of the solar cell can be increased.
- the conductive silicon-based thin film and the intrinsic silicon-based thin film are formed in the same CVD chamber, the dopant staying in the chamber may be taken into the film of the intrinsic silicon-based thin film. In the case of 3 nm or more, since impurities do not diffuse to the silicon substrate, the influence on the passivation effect on the silicon substrate surface is small.
- the case where the intrinsic silicon thin film 12 and the p-type silicon thin film 15 are formed on the silicon substrate 1 has been described as an example.
- At least one of the formation of the silicon-based thin film on the p-layer side and the formation of the silicon-based thin film on the n-layer side may be performed by the above method.
- the p-layer side silicon-based thin film is formed by the above method, the conversion characteristics of the solar cell are remarkably improved.
- further improvement in conversion characteristics can be expected.
- the film thickness of the transparent conductive layers 17 and 27 is preferably 10 nm or more and 140 nm or less from the viewpoint of transparency and conductivity.
- the transparent conductive layer only needs to have conductivity necessary for transporting carriers to the collector electrode. If the film thickness of the transparent conductive layer is too large, the transmittance may decrease due to light absorption of the transparent conductive layer, which may cause the conversion characteristics of the solar cell to deteriorate.
- the transparent conductive layer As a method for forming the transparent conductive layer, physical vapor deposition such as sputtering or chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a reaction between an organometallic compound and oxygen or water is preferable. In any film forming method, energy by heat, plasma discharge or the like may be used for film formation.
- MOCVD chemical vapor deposition
- Collector electrodes 19 and 29 are formed on the transparent conductive layers 17 and 27.
- a metal such as silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tin or the like is used.
- the collector electrode on the light receiving surface side is formed in a pattern.
- the collector electrode on the back side may be formed on the entire surface of the transparent conductive layer, or may be formed in a pattern.
- the patterned collector electrode can be formed by applying a conductive paste or plating. Examples of the method for applying the conductive paste on the transparent conductive layer include printing methods such as ink jet and screen, and spraying.
- Crystalline silicon solar cells are preferably modularized for practical use.
- the modularization of the solar cell is performed by an appropriate method.
- a bus bar is connected to the collector electrode via an interconnector such as a tab, thereby forming a solar cell string in which a plurality of solar cells are connected in series or in parallel.
- the solar cell or solar cell string is connected with wiring for electrical connection with an external line, and is sealed with a sealing material, a glass plate, or the like, whereby a solar cell module is obtained.
- the film thickness of the thin film formed on the non-textured silicon substrate was measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer (manufactured by JA Woollam, model number: M2000). Fitting was performed using the Tauc-Lorentz model.
- the film thickness of the thin film formed on the textured silicon substrate was determined by observing the cross section with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). For the layer formed on the textured silicon substrate surface, the direction perpendicular to the texture slope was defined as the film thickness direction.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the tray on which the silicon substrate was placed was introduced into the CVD chamber, and the substrate temperature was 150 ° C., the pressure was 120 Pa, the H 2 / SiH 4 flow rate ratio was 10/3, and the power density was 11 mW / cm 2 (hereinafter this condition was The film was formed for 15 seconds under “film conditions”) to form an intrinsic silicon thin film (first sublayer) having a thickness of about 5 nm.
- plasma discharge was once stopped.
- the supply of SiH 4 was stopped, and only hydrogen gas was introduced into the CVD chamber to perform gas replacement.
- SiH 4 was supplied into the chamber, and plasma discharge was resumed.
- Plasma treatment was performed under conditions of a substrate temperature of 150 ° C., a pressure of 520 Pa, and a power density of 100 mW / cm 2 (hereinafter, this condition is referred to as “plasma treatment condition”).
- the supply amount of SiH 4 gas during the plasma treatment was adjusted so that the H 2 / SiH 4 flow rate ratio was 2000/1.
- the plasma discharge was temporarily stopped, and SiH 4 was introduced into the CVD chamber so that the H 2 / SiH 4 flow rate ratio was 10/3, and gas replacement was performed. Thereafter, plasma discharge was resumed, and film formation was performed for 15 seconds under the film formation conditions, and an intrinsic silicon thin film (second sublayer) having a film thickness of about 5 nm was formed on the first sublayer after the plasma treatment. In this way, a first intrinsic silicon thin film having a thickness of about 8 nm composed of the first sublayer and the second sublayer was formed. The thickness of the intrinsic silicon thin film is smaller than the total thickness of the first sub-layer and the second sub-layer because the first sub-layer is etched by the plasma treatment after the first sub-layer is formed. This is due to the decrease in film thickness.
- the film thickness d 1 after the plasma treatment was adjusted so as to equal to the experimental example 1.
- the film formation time of the first sublayer and the second sublayer was 12 seconds in Experimental Example 2, 10 seconds in Experimental Example 3, 9 seconds in Experimental Example 4, 7 seconds in Comparative Experimental Example 1, and 6 in Comparative Experimental Example 2.
- Second, Comparative Experiment 3 was 21 seconds, and Comparative Experiment 4 was 26 seconds.
- Table 2 shows the total film formation time of the first sublayer and the second sublayer in each experimental example.
- Table 1 shows a list of hydrogen dilution factors, power density, pressure, substrate temperature, and film formation rate in “film formation conditions” and “plasma treatment conditions”.
- Example 1 Texture-formed silicon on the in-plane center (3, 3 addresses) and end (1, 1 address) on the film-forming tray on which 25 silicon substrates (5 rows, 5 columns) can be placed The substrate was placed.
- a tray on which a silicon substrate is placed is introduced into a CVD chamber, and under the same conditions as in Experimental Example 1, formation of a first sub-layer of about 5 nm under film forming conditions on the silicon substrate, under plasma processing conditions Plasma treatment on the first sublayer, formation of a second sublayer of about 5 nm, plasma treatment on the second sublayer, and formation of a p-type silicon thin film were performed.
- the trays were replaced, and 1000 batches of film were formed under the same conditions.
- Examples 2 to 6 Comparative Examples 1 to 6>
- the CVD film forming conditions on the p-layer side were the same as those in Experimental Examples 2 to 6 and Comparative Experimental Examples 1 to 6 (the time for forming the silicon thin film and the plasma treatment was 1.5 times that of the experimental examples and the comparative experimental examples) ). Otherwise, 1000 batches of film were formed in the same manner as in Example 1, and solar cells for evaluation were produced using the 10th batch and 1000th batch of substrates.
- Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 that were subjected to plasma treatment had higher Pmax than Comparative Example 6 that was not subjected to plasma treatment.
- the effect of improving the conversion characteristics by plasma treatment was observed.
- the conversion efficiency was significantly improved.
- the difference in Pmax between the end cell and the center cell in the same batch is about 1% or less, and there is a large difference in conversion efficiency within the same batch. There wasn't.
- Comparative Examples 4 and 5 in which only hydrogen was introduced during the plasma treatment, the conversion efficiency of the 10th batch cell was high, but the conversion characteristics of the 1000th batch cell were significantly reduced. In particular, it can be seen that ⁇ Pmax of the central cell is large, and the variation in characteristics within and between batches is large. In other words, although hydrogen plasma etching of the intrinsic silicon thin film can improve the cell characteristics of the initial film forming batch, the cell characteristics deteriorate as the number of continuous film forming batches increases, and the characteristics vary within the batch. Can be seen to be larger. In Comparative Example 3 in which the H 2 / SiH 4 flow rate ratio during plasma treatment was 3000/1, as in Comparative Examples 4 and 5, there was a large variation in characteristics within and between batches.
- the film thickness variation (Table 2) of the intrinsic silicon thin film in each experimental example and comparative experimental example, and each example and comparative example It can be seen that the characteristic variation (Table 3) of the solar cell has a high correlation. That is, in the comparative example, the film thickness variation increases with the increase in the number of continuous film forming batches, and the characteristic variation occurs with this.
- the examples while maintaining the passivation effect by plasma processing, the distribution of intrinsic silicon thin film thickness within and between batches is reduced, and even when the number of continuous film forming batches increases, the conversion characteristics by plasma processing It can be seen that the improvement effect can be maintained.
- Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 with a large amount of SiH 4 introduced at the time of plasma treatment have smaller film thickness variations in the 1000th batch and smaller variations in conversion characteristics than Comparative Examples 4 and 5. .
- the conversion characteristics are low, and the effect of improving the characteristics by the plasma treatment is not sufficient.
- the deposition rate of the plasma treatment is large, and the deposition of the silicon thin film takes precedence over the penetration of the hydrogen plasma into the intrinsic silicon-based thin film, so the passivation effect by the hydrogen plasma is low and the Voc is improved. This is considered to be caused by insufficientness.
- the formation of an interface layer having a high hydrogen concentration by plasma treatment with a significant film thickness is considered to be a factor that hinders improvement in conversion characteristics.
- Example 1 in which the intermediate plasma treatment was performed showed a higher open circuit voltage. This is because the intermediate plasma treatment on the surface of the silicon thin film (first sub-layer) having a smaller film thickness has improved the interface characteristics between the intrinsic silicon thin film and the silicon substrate, and the authenticity in the vicinity of the silicon substrate. This is thought to be due to the improvement in the quality of the silicon thin film.
- Example 5 in which the power density during the plasma treatment was 30 mW / cm 2 , the film thickness variation in the 1000th batch was small, and higher conversion characteristics were exhibited than Comparative Examples 1 and 2. On the other hand, it can be seen that the conversion characteristic of Example 5 is lower than that of Example 1. This is considered to be due to the low power density during plasma processing and the small passivation effect by hydrogen plasma.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の製造方法においては、シリコン基板1の第一の主面上の真性シリコン系薄膜12、およびシリコン基板1の第二の主面上の真性シリコン系薄膜22のいずれか一方の製膜表面に、プラズマ処理が行われる。プラズマ処理は、CVDチャンバ内に水素ガスおよびシリコン含有ガスを導入しながら、シリコン含有水素雰囲気下で実施される。以下では、シリコン基板1の第一の主面上への真性シリコン系薄膜12の形成およびプラズマ処理について説明する。
真性シリコン系薄膜12は、プラズマCVDにより製膜されることが好ましい。プラズマCVDにより真性シリコン系薄膜を製膜する場合、まず、シリコン基板が、プラズマCVD装置のチャンバ内に導入される。複数のシリコン基板を製膜トレイ等の載置部材上に載置して、チャンバ内に導入してもよい。また、吸引方式等によりチャンバ内の所定位置にシリコン基板を固定してもよい。複数のシリコン基板をチャンバ内に導入し、1バッチで複数のシリコン基板上への製膜を行うことにより、太陽電池の生産効率を向上できる。
シリコン基板1上に真性シリコン系薄膜12が設けられた基板の複数がCVDチャンバ内に配置された状態で、CVDチャンバ内に水素ガスおよびシリコン含有ガスを導入しながら、プラズマ処理が実施される。プラズマ処理により、真性シリコン系薄膜の表面が水素プラズマに暴露され、太陽電池の変換特性、特に開放電圧(Voc)および曲線因子(FF)が向上する傾向がある。本発明においては、プラズマ処理の際に、水素に加えてシラン等のシリコン含有ガスがCVDチャンバ内に導入されることにより、連続製膜バッチ数が増加した場合でも、バッチ内およびバッチ間での特性のバラツキが抑制される。
図2は、従来技術の一般的な水素プラズマ処理の概要を示す概念図である。まず、シリコン基板1の主面上に、膜厚d0の真性シリコン系薄膜12が形成される(図2(A))。その後、CVDチャンバ内に水素を導入しながらプラズマ放電を行うと、真性シリコン系薄膜12の表面が水素プラズマに暴露され、水素プラズマエッチングにより膜厚が減少する(図2(B))。
本発明においては、水素に加えて、シリコン含有ガスをCVDチャンバ内に導入しながらプラズマ処理が行われる。図3は、本発明におけるプラズマ処理の概要を示す概念図である。まず、シリコン基板1の主面上に、膜厚d0の真性シリコン系薄膜12が形成される(図3(A))。その後、CVDチャンバ内に水素およびシリコン含有ガスを導入しながらプラズマ放電が行われ、プラズマ処理が実施される(図3(B))。シリコン含有ガスとしては、シリコン系薄膜の製膜に用いられる原料ガスと同様、SiH4やSi2H6等が用いられる。
図3では、1回のCVD製膜により、膜厚d0の真性シリコン系薄膜12を形成する形態を示しているが、真性シリコン系薄膜12を、複数のサブ層に分割して形成してもよい。真性シリコン系薄膜を複数のサブ層に分割して形成する場合、いずれかのサブ層を形成後、次の層を形成する前に、上記のプラズマ処理が実施される。各サブ層の形成後に毎回プラズマ処理が実施されてもよい。
真性シリコン系薄膜12上には、導電型シリコン系薄膜15としてp型シリコン系薄膜が形成される。プラズマ処理が実施された真性シリコン系薄膜に接して導電性シリコン系薄膜が設けられることにより、界面接合が良好となり、変換特性が向上する傾向がある。導電型シリコン系薄膜の膜厚は、3nm~20nmの範囲が好ましい。
導電型シリコン系薄膜15,25上には透明導電層17,27が形成される。透明導電層は導電性酸化物層である。導電性酸化物としては、例えば、酸化亜鉛、酸化インジウム、酸化錫等を単独であるいは混合して用いることができる。導電性酸化物には、導電性ドーピング剤が添加されていてもよい。例えば、酸化亜鉛に添加されるドーピング剤としては、アルミニウム、ガリウム、ホウ素、ケイ素、炭素等が挙げられる。酸化インジウムに添加されるドーピング剤としては、亜鉛、錫、チタン、タングステン、モリブデン、ケイ素等が挙げられる。酸化錫に添加されるドーピング剤としては、フッ素等が挙げられる。透明導電層は単膜として製膜されてもよく、複数の層が製膜されてもよい。
透明導電層17,27上には集電極19,29が形成される。集電極の材料としては銀、銅、金、アルミニウム、スズ等の金属が用いられる。受光面側の集電極は、パターン状に形成される。裏面側の集電極は透明導電層上の全面に形成されていてもよく、パターン状に形成されていてもよい。パターン状の集電極は、導電性ペーストの塗布やメッキ等により形成できる。透明導電層上への導電性ペーストの塗布方法としては、インクジェット、スクリーン等の印刷法や、スプレー等が挙げられる。
結晶シリコン系太陽電池は、実用に供するに際して、モジュール化されることが好ましい。太陽電池のモジュール化は、適宜の方法により行われる。例えば、集電極に、タブ等のインターコネクタを介してバスバーが接続されることによって、複数の太陽電池が直列または並列に接続された太陽電池ストリングが形成される。太陽電池あるいは太陽電池ストリングには、外部回線と電気的に接続するための配線が接続され、封止材およびガラス板等により封止されることにより、太陽電池モジュールが得られる。
テクスチャ未形成のシリコン基板上に形成された薄膜の膜厚は、分光エリプソメーター(ジェー・エー・ウーラム社製、型番:M2000)を使用して測定した。フィッティングはTauc-Lorentzモデルにより行った。テクスチャが形成されたシリコン基板上に形成された薄膜の膜厚は、断面の透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)観察により求めた。テクスチャが形成されたシリコン基板表面に形成された層については、テクスチャの斜面と垂直な方向を膜厚方向とした。
テクスチャが形成されていないフラットなシリコン基板上に、プラズマCVDにより非晶質シリコン薄膜を製膜し、製膜トレイ上の位置による膜厚の相違を確認した。シリコン基板としては、入射面の面方位が(100)で、厚みが200μmの6インチn型単結晶シリコンウェハを、アセトン中で洗浄し、2重量%のHF水溶液に3分間浸漬して表面の酸化シリコン膜を除去し、超純水によるリンスを行ったものを用いた。
(第1バッチの製膜)
シリコン基板を25枚(5行,5列)載置可能な製膜トレイ(トレイ面積:0.93m2、製膜面の面積:0.67m2)上の面内中央部(3,3アドレス)および端部(1,1アドレス)のそれぞれに、シリコン基板を載置した。シリコン基板を載置したトレイをCVDチャンバ内へ導入し、基板温度150℃、圧力120Pa、H2/SiH4流量比10/3、パワー密度11mW/cm2の条件(以下、この条件を「製膜条件」と記載する)で、15秒間製膜を行い、膜厚約5nmの真性シリコン薄膜(第一サブ層)を形成した。
第1バッチの製膜終了後、製膜トレイをCVD装置から取出し、製膜トレイ上の面内中央部および端部のそれぞれに別のシリコン基板を載置して、第2バッチの製膜を行った。第2バッチの製膜では、第1バッチと同様に、約5nmの第一サブ層の形成、第一サブ層へのプラズマ処理、約5nmの第二サブ層の形成、第二サブ層へのプラズマ処理およびp型シリコン薄膜の形成の一連の操作を行った。これらの一連の操作を繰り返し、第9バッチまで製膜を行った。
第10バッチでは、第1~9バッチと同様に、第一サブ層の形成、第一サブ層へのプラズマ処理、第二サブ層の形成、第二サブ層へのプラズマ処理を行った。その後、p型シリコン薄膜を形成せずに、CVD装置から製膜トレイを取出した。トレイの中央部および端部のそれぞれに載置されたシリコン基板の中央付近における真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を、分光エリプソメトリーにより測定した。
第1~9バッチと同様の条件で、一連の操作を繰り返し、第11~第999バッチの製膜を行った。
第1000バッチの製膜では、第一サブ層の形成、第一サブ層へのプラズマ処理および第二サブ層の形成を行った後、CVD装置から製膜トレイを取出してシリコン基板の中央付近における真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を、分光エリプソメトリーにより測定した。この膜厚を、プラズマ処理前の膜厚d0とした。その後、製膜トレイ上の面内中央部および端部のそれぞれに別のシリコン基板を載置して、第一サブ層の形成、第一サブ層へのプラズマ処理、第二サブ層の形成、第二サブ層へのプラズマ処理を行い、CVD装置から製膜トレイを取出してシリコン基板の中央付近における真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を、分光エリプソメトリーにより測定した。この膜厚を、プラズマ処理後の膜厚d1とした。
プラズマ処理時のH2/SiH4流量比が、それぞれ、1000/1(実験例2)、500/1(実験例3)、200/1(実験例4)、100/1(比較実験例1)、50/1(比較実験例2)、3000/1(比較実験例3)となるように、SiH4の導入量を変更した。比較実験例4では、SiH4を導入せず、水素のみを導入して第一サブ層および第二サブ層へのプラズマ処理(水素プラズマエッチング)を実施した。プラズマ処理時のSiH4の導入量の増加に伴って、エッチングレートが小さくなる傾向がみられ、実験例4、比較実験例1および比較実験例2では、プラズマ処理によって膜厚が増大した。プラズマ処理時の製膜レートは表1に示す通りであった。表1の製膜レートは、プラスが製膜、マイナスがエッチングを表している。
プラズマ処理時のパワー密度を30mW/cm2、第一サブ層および第二サブ層の製膜時間を11秒に変更した。これらの変更以外は実験例1と同様にして、シリコン基板上へのシリコン薄膜の製膜を繰り返し、第10バッチおよび第1000バッチの真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を測定した。
プラズマ処理時のパワー密度を30mW/cm2、第一サブ層および第二サブ層の製膜時間を17秒に変更した。これらの変更以外は比較実験例4と同様にして、シリコン基板上へのシリコン薄膜の製膜と水素プラズマエッチングを繰り返し、第10バッチおよび第1000バッチの真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を測定した。
製膜条件で25秒の製膜を行い、膜厚約8nmの真性シリコン薄膜を形成した後、一旦プラズマ放電を停止した。SiH4の供給を停止し、水素ガスのみをCVDチャンバへ導入し、チャンバ内のガス置換を行った。30秒間水素ガス置換を行った後、チャンバ内にSiH4を供給し、プラズマ放電を再開して、20秒間のプラズマ処理を行った。プラズマ処理時のSiH4ガスの供給量は、H2/SiH4流量比が2000/1となるように調整した。その後、真性シリコン薄膜上にp型シリコン薄膜を形成した。すなわち、実験例6では、非晶質シリコン薄膜の製膜途中でのプラズマ処理(中間プラズマ処理)を行わず、1回の製膜と1回のプラズマ処理を行った後に、p層の製膜を行った。これらの一連の操作を繰り返し、第10バッチおよび第1000バッチの真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を測定した。
製膜条件で20秒の製膜を行い、膜厚約6nmの真性シリコン薄膜を形成した。その後、プラズマ処理を行わずに、真性シリコン薄膜上にp型シリコン薄膜を形成した。これらの一連の操作を繰り返し、第10バッチおよび第1000バッチの真性シリコン薄膜の膜厚を測定した。
表1は、「製膜条件」および「プラズマ処理条件」における、水素希釈倍率、パワー密度、圧力、基板温度、および製膜レートを一覧で示したものである。
バッチ内膜厚バラツキ(%)=100×(Te-Tc)/Tc
バッチ間膜厚バラツキ(%)=100×(T10-T1000)/T1000
<シリコン基板へのテクスチャの形成>
入射面の面方位が(100)で、厚みが200μmの6インチn型単結晶シリコンウェハを、アセトン中で洗浄した後、2重量%のHF水溶液に3分間浸漬して表面の酸化シリコン膜を除去し、超純水によるリンスを行った。洗浄後のシリコン基板を、70℃の5/15重量%のKOH/イソプロピルアルコール水溶液に15分間浸漬した後、超純水によるリンスを行い、(111)面が露出したピラミッド型のテクスチャが形成された単結晶シリコン基板を得た。
(p層側のCVD製膜)
シリコン基板を25枚(5行,5列)載置可能な製膜トレイ上の面内中央部(3,3アドレス)および端部(1,1アドレス)のそれぞれに、テクスチャが形成されたシリコン基板を載置した。シリコン基板を載置したトレイをCVDチャンバ内へ導入し、上記実験例1と同様の条件で、シリコン基板上に、製膜条件での約5nmの第一サブ層の形成、プラズマ処理条件での第一サブ層へのプラズマ処理、約5nmの第二サブ層の形成、第二サブ層へのプラズマ処理、およびp型シリコン薄膜の形成を行った。トレイを入れ替えて、同様の条件で1000バッチの製膜を実施した。
p層側にシリコン薄膜の形成を行った基板の中から、第10バッチおよび第1000バッチの4枚を抜き取り、ヘテロ接合太陽電池を作製した。シリコン基板のシリコン薄膜非形成面(裏面側)に、製膜条件で膜厚6nmの真性シリコン薄膜を形成し、その上に、基板温度150℃、圧力60Pa、PH3含有H2/SiH4の流量比が3/1、パワー密度11mW/cm2の条件で、膜厚が約4nmのn型非晶質シリコン薄膜を形成した。PH3含有H2としては、H2によりPH3濃度を5000ppmに希釈した混合ガスを用いた。
p層側のCVD製膜条件を、実験例2~6および比較実験例1~6と同様の条件(シリコン薄膜の製膜およびプラズマ処理の時間は、実験例および比較実験例の1.5倍)に変更した。それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、1000バッチの製膜を実施し、第10バッチおよび第1000バッチの基板を用いて、評価用太陽電池を作製した。
試料温度25℃にて、AM1.5、100mW/cm2の光照射下で、各実施例および比較例で得られた評価用太陽電池の出力特性を測定した。表3において、開放電圧(Voc)、短絡電流(Isc)、曲線因子(FF)および最大出力(Pmax)は、比較例6の第10バッチのセル(トレイ端部で製膜を行ったセル)の値を1とした相対値で示されている。表3における「差異」は、同一バッチ内の端部と中央部との差異であり、ΔPmaxは、第10バッチのセルと第1000バッチのセルのPmaxの差である。
Claims (15)
- 導電型単結晶シリコン基板の一方の主面上に、真性シリコン系薄膜、および導電型シリコン系薄膜をこの順に有する結晶シリコン系太陽電池を製造する方法であって、
導電型単結晶シリコン基板上に真性シリコン系薄膜が設けられた基板の複数がCVDチャンバ内に配置された状態で、CVDチャンバ内に水素ガスおよびシリコン含有ガスを導入しながら、前記真性シリコン系薄膜の表面を水素プラズマに暴露するプラズマ処理が行われ、
前記プラズマ処理時のCVDチャンバ内への水素導入量が、シリコン含有ガス導入量の150~2500倍である、結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記プラズマ処理時のパワー密度が、55~1000mW/cm2である、請求項1に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記プラズマ処理時のパワー密度と、シリコン含有ガス導入量に対する水素ガスの導入量の比との積が、15000~250000mW/cm2である、請求項1または2に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記プラズマ処理後の真性シリコン系薄膜の膜厚d1とプラズマ処理前の真性シリコン系薄膜の膜厚d0との差d1-d0が、-3~+1.5nmである、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- (d1-d0)/d1が、-0.4~+0.2である、請求項4に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記プラズマ処理における真性シリコン系薄膜の製膜レートが、-0.14~+0.08nm/秒である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記真性シリコン系薄膜は、CVDチャンバ内にシリコン含有ガスを導入しながら、プラズマCVDにより形成され、真性シリコン系薄膜形成時のCVDチャンバ内への水素の導入量が、シリコン含有ガス導入量の50倍未満である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記真性シリコン系薄膜形成時の製膜レートを、平滑面上への製膜レートに換算した値が、0.1nm/秒以上である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記真性シリコン系薄膜の形成と、前記プラズマ処理とが、同一のCVDチャンバ内で実施される、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記真性シリコン系薄膜は、導電型単結晶シリコン基板側から順に、第一サブ層から第nサブ層までのn層のサブ層を積層することにより形成され、
nは2以上の整数であり、
いずれかのサブ層を形成後に、前記プラズマ処理が実施される、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記第一サブ層を形成後に前記プラズマ処理が実施される、請求項10に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記第nサブ層を形成後に前記プラズマ処理が実施される、請求項10または11に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- n=2である、請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記サブ層のそれぞれが、1~8nmの膜厚で形成される、請求項10~13のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記第一サブ層が、1~6nmの膜厚で形成される、請求項10~14のいずれか1項に記載の結晶シリコン系太陽電池の製造方法。
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| US (1) | US10658537B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP3396722B1 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JP6612359B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN108475707B (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI722078B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2017110457A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019004126A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-28 | 2019-01-03 | 株式会社カネカ | 光電変換装置の製造方法 |
| CN115287589A (zh) * | 2022-01-12 | 2022-11-04 | 青岛大学 | 一种基于卷曲硅纳米膜的气体传感器制备方法及应用 |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI882870B (zh) * | 2018-07-26 | 2025-05-01 | 日商索尼股份有限公司 | 光電轉換元件 |
| JP7072477B2 (ja) * | 2018-09-20 | 2022-05-20 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | プラズマ処理方法およびプラズマ処理装置 |
| CN113193072A (zh) * | 2021-03-03 | 2021-07-30 | 福建金石能源有限公司 | 一种高效异质结太阳能电池的pecvd镀膜方法 |
| CN114242833A (zh) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-03-25 | 国家电投集团科学技术研究院有限公司 | 异质结太阳电池的硅片处理方法 |
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| JP2013236020A (ja) * | 2012-05-10 | 2013-11-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 太陽電池製造装置および太陽電池の製造方法 |
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2016
- 2016-12-06 CN CN201680075001.XA patent/CN108475707B/zh active Active
- 2016-12-06 WO PCT/JP2016/086250 patent/WO2017110457A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2016-12-06 JP JP2017557851A patent/JP6612359B2/ja active Active
- 2016-12-06 EP EP16878350.4A patent/EP3396722B1/en active Active
- 2016-12-19 TW TW105142018A patent/TWI722078B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2018
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| WO2012043124A1 (ja) * | 2010-10-01 | 2012-04-05 | 株式会社カネカ | 光電変換装置の製造方法 |
| JP2013236020A (ja) * | 2012-05-10 | 2013-11-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 太陽電池製造装置および太陽電池の製造方法 |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019004126A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-28 | 2019-01-03 | 株式会社カネカ | 光電変換装置の製造方法 |
| US11069828B2 (en) | 2017-06-28 | 2021-07-20 | Kaneka Corporation | Method for manufacturing photoelectric conversion device |
| CN115287589A (zh) * | 2022-01-12 | 2022-11-04 | 青岛大学 | 一种基于卷曲硅纳米膜的气体传感器制备方法及应用 |
| CN115287589B (zh) * | 2022-01-12 | 2024-01-30 | 青岛大学 | 一种基于卷曲硅纳米膜的气体传感器制备方法及应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN108475707B (zh) | 2021-09-07 |
| EP3396722A4 (en) | 2019-08-28 |
| EP3396722A1 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
| EP3396722B1 (en) | 2025-08-13 |
| US10658537B2 (en) | 2020-05-19 |
| JPWO2017110457A1 (ja) | 2018-08-16 |
| TW201733150A (zh) | 2017-09-16 |
| JP6909267B2 (ja) | 2021-07-28 |
| US20180301582A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
| JP6612359B2 (ja) | 2019-11-27 |
| CN108475707A (zh) | 2018-08-31 |
| TWI722078B (zh) | 2021-03-21 |
| JP2020017763A (ja) | 2020-01-30 |
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