WO2017191820A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries, a method for producing a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries, a negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely used in electronic devices such as notebook PCs, mobile phones, smartphones, and tablet PCs, taking advantage of their small size, light weight, and high energy density.
- electronic devices such as notebook PCs, mobile phones, smartphones, and tablet PCs, taking advantage of their small size, light weight, and high energy density.
- clean electric vehicles (EV) that run only on batteries
- HEV hybrid electric vehicles
- a carbon material is widely used as a material for a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Carbon materials used for the negative electrode material are roughly classified into graphite and carbon materials (amorphous carbon or the like) having lower crystallinity than graphite.
- Graphite has a structure in which hexagonal network surfaces of carbon atoms are regularly stacked, and when it is used as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, lithium ion insertion and desorption reactions proceed from the end of the hexagonal network surface, and the graphite is charged. Discharge occurs.
- Amorphous carbon has an irregular hexagonal mesh surface or no hexagonal mesh surface. For this reason, in a negative electrode material using amorphous carbon, lithium ion insertion and desorption reactions proceed on the entire surface of the negative electrode material. Therefore, it is easy to obtain a lithium ion battery having better output characteristics than when graphite is used as the negative electrode material (see, for example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2). On the other hand, since amorphous carbon has lower crystallinity than graphite, its energy density is lower than that of graphite.
- JP-A-4-370662 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-307956
- amorphous carbon and graphite are combined to increase the output characteristics while maintaining a high energy density, and the graphite is covered with amorphous carbon.
- a negative electrode material has also been proposed that has reduced surface reactivity and improved initial output characteristics while maintaining good initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- a negative electrode material that can further improve the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- in-vehicle lithium ion secondary batteries such as EVs and HEVs, high temperature storage characteristics are also required.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery capable of producing a lithium ion secondary battery excellent in output characteristics and high temperature storage characteristics.
- An object is to provide a negative electrode for a secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Means for solving the above problems include the following embodiments.
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy A negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, having at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the spectrum.
- a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery having an R value of 0.1 to 1.0 and having at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum.
- ⁇ 3> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the at least two peaks include a peak in a range from 395 eV to less than 400 eV and a peak in a range from 400 eV to 405 eV. . ⁇ 4>
- ⁇ 5> Among the peaks present in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum, the peak A closest to 395 eV and the peak closer to 405 eV among the peak having the maximum intensity and the second largest peak
- ⁇ 7> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to ⁇ 6>, comprising a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
- ⁇ 8> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, wherein the nitrogen atom content is 0.2% by mass or more.
- ⁇ 9> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 8>, wherein an average interplanar spacing (d 002 ) obtained by an X-ray diffraction method is 0.340 nm or less.
- ⁇ 10> The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 9>, wherein the volume average particle diameter (D 50 ) is 1 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m.
- D 50 volume average particle diameter
- ⁇ 11> The lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 10>, wherein a specific surface area obtained by nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77K is 0.5 m 2 / g to 10 m 2 / g. Negative electrode material.
- ⁇ 12> including a step of heat-treating a mixture including a first carbon material serving as a nucleus, a precursor of a second carbon material having lower crystallinity than the first carbon material, and a nitrogen source, 11>
- the amount of the nitrogen source in the mixture is an amount such that the content of nitrogen atoms in the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is 0.2% by mass or more.
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode material for secondary batteries is
- the amount of the precursor of the first carbon material and the second carbon material in the mixture is such that the ratio of the second carbon material in the total mass of the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is 0.1% by mass to 30%.
- ⁇ 15> The method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 12> to ⁇ 14>, wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 700 ° C. to 1500 ° C.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a negative electrode material layer comprising the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 11>, and a current collector.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to ⁇ 16> 16, a positive electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries which can manufacture the lithium ion secondary battery which is excellent in an output characteristic and a high temperature storage characteristic, the manufacturing method of the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries, for lithium ion secondary batteries A negative electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery are provided.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum obtained by XPS analysis of a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery produced in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum obtained by XPS analysis of a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery produced in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- the term “process” includes a process that is independent of other processes and includes the process if the purpose of the process is achieved even if it cannot be clearly distinguished from the other processes. It is.
- numerical values indicated by using “to” include numerical values described before and after “to” as the minimum value and the maximum value, respectively.
- the upper limit value or the lower limit value described in one numerical range may be replaced with the upper limit value or the lower limit value of another numerical range. Good. Further, in the numerical ranges described in this specification, the upper limit value or the lower limit value of the numerical range may be replaced with the values shown in the examples.
- the content rate or content of each component in the composition is such that when there are a plurality of substances corresponding to each component in the composition, the plurality of kinds present in the composition unless otherwise specified. It means the total content or content of substances.
- the particle diameter of each component in the composition is a mixture of the plurality of types of particles present in the composition unless there is a specific indication when there are a plurality of types of particles corresponding to each component in the composition. Means the value of.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment (hereinafter also simply referred to as “negative electrode material”) satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) and (2).
- (1) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy comprising: a first carbon material as a nucleus; and a second carbon material that is present on at least part of the surface of the first carbon material and has lower crystallinity than the first carbon material.
- the spectrum has at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV.
- the R value of the Raman spectroscopic measurement is 0.1 to 1.0, and has at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic spectrum.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a negative electrode material having at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum is in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum.
- output characteristics were excellent while maintaining high temperature storage characteristics. The reason for this is not necessarily clear, but it is thought that the electron density in the vicinity of the end of the hexagonal network surface of carbon atoms in the negative electrode material changed, and the product produced by the reaction between the electrolyte and the negative electrode material surface changed. .
- the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum in the present invention can be measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS).
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS.
- XPS X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- “Versa Probe II” manufactured by ULVAC-PHI, Inc. can be used, and the measurement conditions shown in Examples described later can be employed.
- the negative electrode material has a bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, and the bonding state between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom is two or more. It means that there is. That is, the negative electrode material of this embodiment has a bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, and has two or more types of bond states between the carbon atom and the nitrogen atom.
- the negative electrode material of the present embodiment has at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum, and the at least two peaks are a peak in the range of 395 eV to less than 400 eV, and 400 eV to 405 eV. Preferably including a range of peaks.
- the negative electrode material of the present embodiment is 395 eV among the peak having the maximum intensity and the second largest peak in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum. It is preferable that the ratio (A / B) of the peak intensity between the peak A closer to 1 and the peak B closer to 405 eV is 0.1 to 10. More preferably, the peak A ′ has at least one peak in the range of 395 eV to less than 400 eV and in the range of 400 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum, and has the maximum intensity in the range of 395 eV to less than 400 eV. The ratio (A ′ / B ′) of the peak intensity to the peak B ′ having the maximum intensity in the range of 400 eV to 405 eV is 0.1 to 10.
- the peak intensity ratio (A / B or A ′ / B ′) is 0.3 to 3 is more preferable, and 0.5 to 2 is even more preferable.
- the negative electrode material contains nitrogen atoms bonded to three carbon atoms (graphite type) and nitrogen atoms bonded to two carbon atoms (pyridine type). Whether or not the negative electrode material contains a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms can be confirmed by, for example, whether or not a peak exists in the vicinity of 401 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum. Whether or not a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms is contained can be confirmed by, for example, whether or not a peak exists in the vicinity of 398 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum.
- the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic spectrum has at least two peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV, and the at least two peaks are a peak near 398 eV and a vicinity near 401 eV. It is preferable that the peak is included.
- the nitrogen atom content is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient effect of improving high-temperature storage characteristics, the content of nitrogen atoms in the whole negative electrode material is preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.3% by mass or more. From the viewpoint of making the band gap between carbon-nitrogen bonds appropriate and maintaining good electron conductivity, the content of nitrogen atoms in the whole negative electrode material is preferably 5% by mass or less, and preferably 2% by mass or less. More preferably.
- the nitrogen atom content can be determined by an inert gas melting-thermal conductivity method (based on JIS G 1228 2006).
- the carbon atom content is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of suppressing the decrease in capacity, the content of carbon atoms in the whole negative electrode material is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 93% by mass or more, and further preferably 95% by mass or more. preferable.
- the carbon atom content can be determined by an inert gas melting-thermal conductivity method (based on JIS G 1228 2006).
- the total content of nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms in the whole negative electrode material is preferably 92% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more, and 99% by mass. % Or more is more preferable, and substantially 100% by mass is particularly preferable.
- first carbon material and second carbon material When the negative electrode material includes a first carbon material as a nucleus and a second carbon material that is present in at least part of the surface of the first carbon material and has lower crystallinity than the first carbon material,
- the carbon material and the second carbon material are not particularly limited as long as they satisfy the condition that the crystallinity of the second carbon material is lower than the crystallinity of the first carbon material.
- Specific examples of the second carbon material and the first carbon material include carbon materials such as graphite, low crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, and mesophase carbon. Examples of graphite include artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized mesophase carbon, graphitized carbon fiber, and the like.
- Each of the first carbon material and the second carbon material contained in the negative electrode material may be only one type or two or more types. The presence of the second carbon material on the surface of the first carbon material can be confirmed by observation with a transmission electron microscope.
- the first carbon material preferably contains graphite.
- the shape of graphite is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include scaly, spherical, lump, and fibrous shapes. From the viewpoint of obtaining a high tap density, a spherical shape is preferable.
- the second carbon material preferably contains at least one of crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon. Specifically, it is at least one selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous substances and carbonaceous particles obtained from an organic compound (hereinafter also referred to as a precursor of the second carbon material) that can be changed to carbonaceous by heat treatment. Preferably there is.
- the precursor of the second carbon material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include pitch and organic polymer compounds.
- pitch for example, ethylene heavy end pitch, crude oil pitch, coal tar pitch, asphalt cracking pitch, pitch produced by pyrolyzing polyvinyl chloride, etc., and naphthalene are polymerized in the presence of a super strong acid. Pitch.
- organic polymer compound include thermoplastic resins such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl butyral, and natural substances such as starch and cellulose.
- Carbonaceous particles used as the second carbon material are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include acetylene black, oil furnace black, ketjen black, channel black, thermal black, and soil graphite.
- the ratio of the amount of the first carbon material and the second carbon material in the negative electrode material is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving input / output characteristics, the ratio of the amount of the second carbon material in the total mass of the negative electrode material is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, More preferably, it is 1% by mass or more. From the viewpoint of suppressing the decrease in capacity, the proportion of the second carbon material in the total mass of the negative electrode material is preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, and 10% by mass or less. More preferably it is.
- the amount of the second carbon material in the negative electrode material can be calculated by multiplying the amount of the second carbon material precursor by the residual carbon ratio (mass%). .
- the remaining carbon ratio of the precursor of the second carbon material is determined based on the second carbon material alone (or in the state of a mixture of the second carbon material precursor and the first carbon material in a predetermined ratio). From the mass of the precursor of the second carbon material before the heat treatment and the mass of the carbonaceous material derived from the precursor of the second carbon material after the heat treatment It can be calculated by thermogravimetric analysis or the like.
- the average interplanar distance d 002 obtained by the X-ray diffraction method in the negative electrode material is preferably 0.340 nm or less.
- the lithium ion secondary battery tends to be excellent in both initial charge / discharge efficiency and energy density.
- 0.3354 nm is a theoretical value of the graphite crystal, and the energy density tends to increase as the value is closer to this value.
- the value of the average interplanar spacing d 002 of the negative electrode material tends to decrease, for example, by increasing the temperature of the heat treatment when producing the negative electrode material. Therefore, the average interplanar spacing d 002 of the negative electrode material can be controlled by adjusting the temperature of the heat treatment for producing the negative electrode material.
- the R value of the negative electrode material measured by Raman spectroscopy is preferably 0.1 to 1.0, more preferably 0.2 to 0.8, and still more preferably 0.3 to 0.7. .
- the R value is 0.1 or more, there are sufficient graphite lattice defects used for insertion and desorption of lithium ions, and the input / output characteristics are likely to be prevented from deteriorating.
- the R value is 1.0 or less, the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is sufficiently suppressed, and the decrease in the initial efficiency tends to be suppressed.
- the R value is the Raman spectrum obtained in the Raman spectrometry, to define the intensity Ig of the maximum peak in the vicinity of 1580 cm -1, the intensity ratio of the intensity Id of the maximum peak around 1360 cm -1 and (Id / Ig) .
- the peak appearing near 1580 cm ⁇ 1 is Usually, the peak identified as corresponding to the graphite crystal structure, means a peak observed in the example 1530cm -1 ⁇ 1630cm -1.
- the peak appearing in the vicinity of 1360 cm ⁇ 1 is usually a peak identified as corresponding to the amorphous structure of carbon, for example, a peak observed at 1300 cm ⁇ 1 to 1400 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Raman spectroscopic measurement is performed using a laser Raman spectrophotometer (model number: NRS-1000, JASCO Corporation), and an argon laser on a sample plate in which a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is set flat. Measurement is performed by irradiating light.
- the measurement conditions are as follows. Argon laser light wavelength: 532 nm Wave number resolution: 2.56 cm -1 Measurement range: 1180 cm ⁇ 1 to 1730 cm ⁇ 1 Peak research: background removal
- the volume average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the negative electrode material is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, still more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. preferable.
- the volume average particle diameter of the negative electrode material is 1 ⁇ m or more, sufficient tap density and good coatability when the negative electrode material composition is obtained tend to be obtained.
- the volume average particle diameter of the negative electrode material is 40 ⁇ m or less, the diffusion distance of lithium from the surface of the negative electrode material to the inside does not become too long, and the input / output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery tend to be maintained well. It is in.
- the volume average particle diameter (D 50 ) of the negative electrode material is the particle diameter when the cumulative volume distribution curve is drawn from the small diameter side in the particle diameter distribution of the negative electrode material, and the cumulative 50%.
- the volume average particle diameter (D 50 ) is measured, for example, by dispersing a negative electrode material in purified water containing a surfactant and using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (for example, SALD-3000J, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). be able to.
- the specific surface area (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the N 2 specific surface area) obtained from nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77 K of the negative electrode material is preferably 0.5 m 2 / g to 10 m 2 / g, and preferably 1 m 2 / g. More preferably, it is ⁇ 8 m 2 / g, and further preferably 2 m 2 / g to 6 m 2 / g. If the N 2 specific surface area is within the above range, a good balance between input / output characteristics and initial charge / discharge efficiency tends to be obtained. Specifically, the N 2 specific surface area can be determined from the adsorption isotherm obtained from the nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77 K using the BET method.
- the circularity of the negative electrode material is preferably 0.70 or more, more preferably 0.80 or more, still more preferably 0.85 or more, and particularly preferably 0.90 or more. When the circularity is 0.70 or more, continuous charge acceptance tends to be improved.
- the circularity of the negative electrode material can be determined by flow-type particle analysis, and can be measured using a wet flow-type particle diameter / shape analyzer (FPIA-3000 manufactured by Malvern).
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode material of the present embodiment is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of efficiently producing a negative electrode material that satisfies the above-described conditions, it is preferable to produce the negative electrode material by a method for producing a negative electrode material described later.
- the negative electrode material of this embodiment is excellent in high-temperature storage characteristics, it has a large capacity used for electric vehicles (EV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), power tools, power storage devices, and the like. It is suitable as a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries. In particular, it is suitable as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery used for EV, PHEV, HEV and the like that are required to be applied in various environments.
- the method for producing a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment includes: a first carbon material serving as a nucleus; a precursor of a second carbon material having lower crystallinity than the first carbon material; and a nitrogen source. Heat-treating the mixture.
- the negative electrode material of embodiment mentioned above can be manufactured efficiently.
- the details and preferred embodiments of the first carbon material, the second carbon material, and the precursor thereof are the same as those described above for the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the type of nitrogen source in the above method is not particularly limited.
- the material is such that only nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms remain in the negative electrode material after the heat treatment.
- nitrogen-containing cyclic organic substances such as melamine, guanamine, N-methylpyrrolidone, pyridine and pyrrole, compounds having an amino group such as aniline and urea, compounds having an amide bond such as acetamide and acetanilide, and acetonitrile And compounds having a nitrile group such as acrylonitrile.
- the nitrogen source may be a polymer compound obtained using the above-described low molecular weight compound containing a nitrogen atom as a raw material.
- the nitrogen source may be one kind alone or two or more kinds.
- the amount of nitrogen source in the mixture before the heat treatment is not particularly limited.
- the amount of nitrogen atoms in the produced negative electrode material is preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.3% by mass or more.
- the amount of nitrogen source in the mixture before the heat treatment is such that the content of nitrogen atoms in the obtained negative electrode material is 5 mass. % And preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the content of the nitrogen source in the mixture or the content of the nitrogen atoms in the obtained negative electrode material can be determined by an inert gas melting-thermal conductivity method (based on JIS G 1228 2006).
- the amount of the precursor of the first carbon material and the second carbon material in the mixture before the heat treatment is not particularly limited.
- the ratio of the second carbon material in the total mass of the obtained negative electrode material is preferably an amount that is 0.1% by mass or more, and 0.5% by mass or more.
- the amount is more preferably 1% by mass or more.
- the amount of the second carbon material in the total mass of the obtained negative electrode material is preferably an amount that is 30% by mass or less, and more preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the amount is 10% by mass or less.
- the method for preparing the mixture containing the first carbon material, the precursor of the second carbon material, and the nitrogen source is not particularly limited.
- a method of removing the solvent after mixing the precursor of the first carbon material, the precursor of the second carbon material and the nitrogen source wet mixing
- the precursor of the first carbon material, the precursor of the second carbon material, and the nitrogen source examples thereof include a method of mixing in a body state (powder mixing), a method of mixing while adding mechanical energy (mechanical mixing), and the like.
- the mixture containing the first carbon material, the precursor of the second carbon material, and the nitrogen source is in a composite state.
- the composite state means that each material is in physical or chemical contact.
- the temperature at which the mixture containing the first carbon material, the precursor of the second carbon material, and the nitrogen source is heat-treated is not particularly limited.
- the temperature is preferably 700 ° C to 1500 ° C, more preferably 750 ° C to 1300 ° C, and still more preferably 800 ° C to 1100 ° C.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 700 ° C. or higher, and from the viewpoint of suppressing a decrease in the nitrogen content due to nitrogen desorption, the heat treatment temperature Is preferably 1500 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the heat treatment may be constant from the start to the end of the heat treatment or may vary.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries of this embodiment includes a negative electrode material layer including the negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries of the above-described embodiment, and a current collector.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery may include other components as necessary in addition to the negative electrode material layer and the current collector including the negative electrode material described above.
- a negative electrode material and a binder are kneaded together with a solvent to prepare a slurry-like negative electrode material composition, which is applied onto a current collector to form a negative electrode material layer.
- the negative electrode material composition can be formed into a sheet shape, a pellet shape, or the like and integrated with the current collector. Kneading can be performed using a dispersing device such as a stirrer, a ball mill, a super sand mill, or a pressure kneader.
- the binder used for preparing the negative electrode material composition is not particularly limited.
- ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as styrene-butadiene copolymer, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate,
- Ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and ionic conductive materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, etc. Examples include large polymer compounds.
- the amount is not particularly limited.
- the amount may be styrene-butad
- the negative electrode material composition may contain a thickener.
- a thickener carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid or a salt thereof, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein and the like can be used.
- the amount is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 0.1 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material composition may include a conductive auxiliary material.
- the conductive auxiliary material include carbon materials such as carbon black, graphite, and acetylene black, and compounds such as oxides and nitrides that exhibit conductivity.
- the amount is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 0.5 to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.
- the material of the current collector is not particularly limited, and can be selected from aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, and the like.
- the state of the current collector is not particularly limited, and can be selected from foil, perforated foil, mesh, and the like.
- porous materials such as porous metal (foamed metal), carbon paper, and the like can be used as the current collector.
- the method is not particularly limited, and a metal mask printing method, electrostatic coating method, dip coating method, spray coating method, roll coating method, Known methods such as a doctor blade method, a comma coating method, a gravure coating method, and a screen printing method can be employed.
- the solvent contained in the negative electrode material composition is removed by drying. Drying can be performed using, for example, a hot air dryer, an infrared dryer, or a combination of these devices. You may perform a rolling process as needed. The rolling process can be performed by a method such as a flat plate press or a calendar roll.
- the integration method is not particularly limited. For example, it can be performed by a roll, a flat plate press, or a combination of these means.
- the pressure at the time of integration is preferably about 1 MPa to 200 MPa, for example.
- the negative electrode density of the negative electrode material is not particularly limited. For example, 1.1 g / cm 3 to 1.8 g / cm 3 is preferable, 1.2 g / cm 3 to 1.7 g / cm 3 is more preferable, and 1.3 g / cm 3 to 1. More preferably, it is 6 g / cm 3 .
- the negative electrode density is 1.1 g / cm 3 or more, an increase in electronic resistance is suppressed and the capacity tends to increase.
- the negative electrode density is 1.8 g / cm 3 or less, rate characteristics and cycle characteristics are deteriorated. Tend to be suppressed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of this embodiment includes the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the above-described embodiment, a positive electrode, and an electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode can be obtained by forming a positive electrode layer on a current collector in the same manner as the above-described negative electrode manufacturing method.
- a current collector a metal or alloy such as aluminum, titanium, stainless steel or the like made into a foil shape, a punched foil shape, a mesh shape, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode material used for forming the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and for example, a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent (so-called organic electrolytic solution) can be used.
- a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent can be used.
- the lithium salt include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 and the like.
- One lithium salt may be used alone, or two or more lithium salts may be used.
- Non-aqueous solvents include ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, cyclopentanone, cyclohexylbenzene, sulfolane, propane sultone, 3-methylsulfolane, 2,4-dimethylsulfolane, 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-one, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, butyl methyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, butyl ethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, 1, 2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl acetate Ethyl acetate, trimethyl phosphate ester, triethyl ester,
- the state of the positive electrode and the negative electrode in the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as necessary may be wound in a spiral shape or may be stacked in a flat plate shape.
- the separator is not particularly limited, and for example, a resin nonwoven fabric, cloth, microporous film, or a combination thereof can be used.
- the resin include those mainly composed of polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited.
- a laminate type battery, a paper type battery, a button type battery, a coin type battery, a laminated type battery, a cylindrical type battery, and a square type battery can be mentioned.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment is excellent in output characteristics, and is therefore suitable as a large-capacity lithium ion secondary battery used for electric vehicles, power tools, power storage devices, and the like.
- a large-capacity lithium ion secondary battery used for electric vehicles, power tools, power storage devices, and the like.
- EV electric vehicles
- HEV hybrid electric vehicles
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- It is suitable as a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Example 1 Production of negative electrode material 100 parts by mass of spherical natural graphite (volume average particle diameter: 10 ⁇ m) as the first carbon material and 10 parts by mass of coal tar pitch (softening point: 98 ° C.) as the precursor of the second carbon material , Residual carbon ratio: 50% by mass) and 5 parts by mass of melamine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) as a nitrogen source were mixed to obtain a mixture. Next, the mixture was heat-treated to produce graphite particles having the second carbon material attached to the surface. The heat treatment was performed by increasing the temperature from 25 ° C. to 1000 ° C. at a temperature increase rate of 200 ° C./hour under a nitrogen flow and holding at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour. The graphite particles with the second carbon material adhered to the surface were crushed with a cutter mill, sieved with a 300 mesh sieve, and the portion under the sieve was used as the negative electrode material.
- spherical natural graphite volume average particle diameter
- XPS analysis was performed using Versa Probe II (ULVAC-PHI) under the following conditions, and the number of peaks in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum was examined. Further, the ratio (A / B) of the peak intensity between the peak A closest to 395 eV and the peak B closer to 405 eV of the peak having the maximum intensity and the second largest peak in the range of 395 eV to 405 eV. Examined.
- the nitrogen content was determined by melting the negative electrode material sample at 3000 ° C. in an inert atmosphere using TC-600 (LECO Japan GK), generating nitrogen, and determining the nitrogen content by the thermal conductivity method.
- R value performs Raman spectrometry under the following conditions, in the obtained Raman spectrum, the intensity Ig of the maximum peak in the vicinity of 1580 cm -1, the intensity ratio of the intensity Id of the maximum peak in the vicinity of 1360 cm -1 (Id / Ig).
- the Raman spectroscopic measurement was performed by using a laser Raman spectrophotometer (model number: NRS-1000, JASCO Corporation) and irradiating a sample plate set so that the negative electrode material sample was flat with argon laser light.
- the measurement conditions are as follows. Argon laser light wavelength: 532 nm Wave number resolution: 2.56 cm -1 Measurement range: 1180 cm ⁇ 1 to 1730 cm ⁇ 1 Peak research: background removal
- the N 2 specific surface area was measured by measuring the nitrogen adsorption at a liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) by a multipoint method using a high-speed specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device (Flow Soap II 2300, Tokai Riki Co., Ltd.). Calculated by the method.
- CMC concentration 2% by mass
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose, Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Serogen WS-C
- the solid content of CMC was added to 1 part by mass, and kneading was performed for 10 minutes.
- purified water was added so that the total solid concentration of the negative electrode material and CMC was 40 mass% to 50 mass%, and kneading was performed for 10 minutes.
- the prepared sample electrode (negative electrode), separator, and counter electrode (positive electrode) were placed in the order of a coin-type battery container, and an electrolyte was injected to prepare a coin-type lithium ion secondary battery.
- an electrolytic solution LiPF 6 dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC) (volume ratio of EC to MEC is 3: 7) to a concentration of 1.0 mol / L It was used.
- the counter electrode (positive electrode) metallic lithium was used.
- As the separator a polyethylene microporous film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used.
- Example 2 100 parts by weight of spherical natural graphite (volume average particle diameter: 10 ⁇ m) as the first carbon material and 10 parts by weight of coal tar pitch (softening point 98 ° C., residual carbon ratio 50% by weight) as the precursor of the second carbon material And 5 parts by mass of melamine as a nitrogen source were mixed to obtain a mixture.
- a rotor blade was disposed in the cylinder, and the mixture was sealed in an apparatus for compounding the material by rubbing the material between the inner wall of the cylinder and the rotor blade. The mixture was complexed by operating the apparatus for 5 minutes at a load of 24 kW.
- Example 1 Thereafter, heat treatment and sizing were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 to produce a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 3 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the blending amount of melamine was changed to 10 parts by mass. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 4 A negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in Example 1, the nitrogen source was changed to 20 parts by mass of polyacrylonitrile. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 5 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the nitrogen source was changed to 10 parts by mass of urea. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 6 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the nitrogen source was changed to 10 parts by mass of pyrrole. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 7 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the volume average particle diameter of spherical natural graphite as the first carbon material was changed from 10 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 8 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the volume average particle diameter of spherical natural graphite as the first carbon material was changed from 10 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 9 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the precursor of the second carbon material was changed to 30 parts by mass of polyvinyl alcohol (residual carbon ratio: 15% by mass). did. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 10 A negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature (maximum) was changed from 1000 ° C. to 800 ° C. in Example 1.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 11 A negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature (maximum) was changed from 1000 ° C. to 1300 ° C. in Example 1.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 12 100 parts by mass of spherical natural graphite (volume average particle diameter: 10 ⁇ m) as the first carbon material and 10 parts by mass of coal tar pitch (softening point: 98 ° C., residual carbon ratio: 50 mass) as the precursor of the second carbon material %) And 2 parts by mass of commercially available ketjen black (Lion Specialty Chemicals) as the second carbon material and 5 parts by mass of melamine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) as the nitrogen source A mixture was obtained. The obtained mixture was sealed in a compounding apparatus (Hosokawa Micron Corporation, “NOB-300”) having a rotating blade in a cylinder.
- a compounding apparatus Hosokawa Micron Corporation, “NOB-300”
- the apparatus was operated for 5 minutes at a load of 24 kW to rub the material between the inner wall of the cylinder and the rotor blades to obtain a mixture.
- the mixture was heat-treated to produce graphite particles having the second carbon material attached to the surface.
- the heat treatment was performed by increasing the temperature from 25 ° C. to 1000 ° C. at a temperature increase rate of 200 ° C./hour under a nitrogen flow and holding at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the graphite particles with the second carbon material adhered to the surface were crushed with a cutter mill, sieved with a 300 mesh sieve, and the portion under the sieve was used as the negative electrode material.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the obtained negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 13 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that ketjen black was changed to the same amount of acetylene black (Denka Corporation) as the second carbon material. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 14 The coal-based coal tar was heat-treated at 400 ° C. using an autoclave to obtain raw coke. After pulverizing this raw coke, it was calcined in an inert atmosphere at 1200 ° C. to obtain a coke mass. The coke mass was pulverized using an impact pulverizer equipped with a classifier, and then coarse powder was removed with a 300 mesh sieve to obtain a first carbon phase (volume average particle size: 15 ⁇ m).
- the graphite particles with the second carbon material adhered to the surface were crushed with a cutter mill, sieved with a 300 mesh sieve, and the portion under the sieve was used as the negative electrode material.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the obtained negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 15 a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the volume average particle diameter was changed from 15 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 16> a negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the volume average particle diameter of spherical natural graphite as the first carbon material was changed from 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Using this negative electrode material, a lithium ion secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1. An XPS spectrum is shown in FIG.
- Example 3 ⁇ Comparative Example 3>
- the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature rising rate during heat treatment was 200 ° C./hour, the temperature was raised to 1800 ° C. and held at 1800 ° C. for 1 hour. A battery was produced. Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the mixture was heat-treated to produce graphite particles having the second carbon material attached to the surface.
- the heat treatment was performed by increasing the temperature from 25 ° C. to 1000 ° C. at a temperature increase rate of 200 ° C./hour under a nitrogen flow and holding at 1000 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the graphite particles with the second carbon material adhered to the surface were crushed with a cutter mill, sieved with a 300 mesh sieve, and the portion under the sieve was used as the negative electrode material.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluating the characteristics of the obtained negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the lithium ion secondary battery produced using the negative electrode material of the example was higher in output characteristics and stored at a higher temperature than the lithium ion secondary battery produced using the negative electrode material of the comparative example. Excellent characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
<1>核としての第一炭素材と、前記第一炭素材の表面の少なくとも一部に存在し、前記第一炭素材より結晶性が低い第二炭素材と、を含み、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有する、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<2>R値が0.1~1.0であり、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有する、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<3>前記少なくとも2つのピークは、395eV以上400eV未満の範囲のピークと、400eV以上405eV以下の範囲のピークとを含む、<1>又は<2>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<4>前記少なくとも2つのピークは、398eV付近のピークと401eV付近のピークとを含む、<1>~<3>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<5>X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に存在するピークの中で、強度が最大のピークと2番目に大きいピークのうち、395eVに近い方のピークAと、405eVに近い方のピークBとのピーク強度の比(A/B)が0.1~10である、<1>~<4>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<6>炭素原子と窒素原子の結合が存在し、かつ炭素原子と窒素原子の結合状態が2種以上である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<7>3個の炭素原子と結合している窒素原子と、2個の炭素原子と結合している窒素原子とを含有する、<6>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<8>窒素原子の含有率が0.2質量%以上である、<1>~<7>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<9>X線回折法により求められる平均面間隔(d002)が0.340nm以下である、<1>~<8>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<10>体積平均粒子径(D50)が1μm~40μmである、<1>~<9>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<11>77Kでの窒素吸着測定より求められる比表面積が0.5m2/g~10m2/gである、<1>~<10>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
<12>核となる第一炭素材と、第一炭素材よりも結晶性の低い第二炭素材の前駆体と、窒素源と、を含む混合物を熱処理する工程を含む、<1>~<11>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<13>前記混合物中の前記窒素源の量は、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の窒素原子の含有率が0.2質量%以上となる量である、<12>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<14>前記混合物中の第一炭素材及び第二炭素材の前駆体の量は、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の総質量中の第二炭素材の割合が0.1質量%~30質量%となる量である、<12>又は<13>に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<15>前記熱処理は700℃~1500℃の温度で行われる、<12>~<14>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
<16><1>~<11>のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層と、集電体と、を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
<17><16>16に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解液とを含むリチウムイオン二次電池。
本明細書において「~」を用いて示された数値範囲には、「~」の前後に記載される数値がそれぞれ最小値及び最大値として含まれる。
本明細書中に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、一つの数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本明細書中に記載されている数値範囲において、その数値範囲の上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。
本明細書において組成物中の各成分の含有率又は含有量は、組成物中に各成分に該当する物質が複数種存在する場合、特に断らない限り、組成物中に存在する当該複数種の物質の合計の含有率又は含有量を意味する。
本明細書において組成物中の各成分の粒子径は、組成物中に各成分に該当する粒子が複数種存在する場合、特に断らない限り、組成物中に存在する当該複数種の粒子の混合物についての値を意味する。
本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材(以下、単に「負極材」とも称する)は、下記(1)及び(2)の少なくともいずれか一方の条件を満たす。
(1)核としての第一炭素材と、前記第一炭素材の表面の少なくとも一部に存在し、前記第一炭素材より結晶性が低い第二炭素材と、を含み、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有する。
(2)ラマン分光測定のR値が0.1~1.0であり、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有する。
より好ましくは、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV以上400eV未満の範囲と、400eV以上405eV以下の範囲とに少なくとも1つのピークをそれぞれ有し、395eV以上400eV未満の範囲で強度が最大のピークA’と、400eV以上405eV以下の範囲で強度が最大のピークB’とのピーク強度の比(A’/B’)が0.1~10である。
本実施形態の負極材において、高温保存特性の観点からは、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有し、その少なくとも2つのピークは、398eV付近のピークと401eV付近のピークとを含むことが好ましい。
負極材が、核としての第一炭素材と、前記第一炭素材の表面の少なくとも一部に存在し、前記第一炭素材より結晶性が低い第二炭素材と、を含む場合、第一炭素材及び第二炭素材は、第二炭素材の結晶性が第一炭素材の結晶性よりも低いという条件を満たすものであれば特に制限されない。第二炭素材及び第一炭素材として具体的には、黒鉛、低結晶性炭素、非晶質炭素、メソフェーズカーボン等の炭素材料が挙げられる。黒鉛としては、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛、黒鉛化メソフェーズカーボン、黒鉛化炭素繊維等が挙げられる。負極材に含まれる第一炭素材及び第二炭素材は、それぞれ1種のみであっても、2種以上であってもよい。
第一炭素材の表面に第二炭素材が存在することは、透過型電子顕微鏡観察で確認することができる。
することで、負極材の平均面間隔d002を制御することができる。
負極材のラマン分光測定のR値は0.1~1.0であることが好ましく、0.2~0.8であることがより好ましく、0.3~0.7であることが更に好ましい。R値が0.1以上であると、リチウムイオンの挿入及び脱離に用いられる黒鉛格子欠陥が充分存在し、入出力特性の低下が抑制される傾向にある。R値が1.0以下であると、電解液の分解反応が充分に抑制され、初回効率の低下が抑制される傾向にある。
通常、黒鉛結晶構造に対応すると同定されるピークであり、例えば1530cm-1~1630cm-1に観測されるピークを意味する。また1360cm-1付近に現れるピークとは、通常、炭素の非晶質構造に対応すると同定されるピークであり、例えば1300cm-1~1400cm-1に観測されるピークを意味する。
アルゴンレーザー光の波長:532nm
波数分解能:2.56cm-1
測定範囲:1180cm-1~1730cm-1
ピークリサーチ:バックグラウンド除去
負極材の体積平均粒子径が1μm以上であると、充分なタップ密度と、負極材組成物としたときの良好な塗工性が得られる傾向にある。一方、負極材の体積平均粒子径が40μm以下であると、負極材の表面から内部へのリチウムの拡散距離が長くなりすぎず、リチウムイオン二次電池の入出力特性が良好に維持される傾向にある。
本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法は、核となる第一炭素材と、第一炭素材よりも結晶性の低い第二炭素材の前駆体と、窒素源と、を含む混合物を熱処理する工程を含む。
上記方法において、第一炭素材、第二炭素材及びその前駆体の詳細及び好ましい態様は、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材について上述したものと同様である。
本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、上述した実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層と、集電体と、を含む。リチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、前述した負極材を含む負極材層及び集電体の他、必要に応じて他の構成要素を含んでもよい。
本実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池は、上述した実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解液とを含む。
リチウム塩としては、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3等が挙げられる。リチウム塩は、1種単独でも2種以上であってもよい。
非水系溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、シクロペンタノン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、スルホラン、プロパンスルトン、3-メチルスルホラン、2,4-ジメチルスルホラン、3-メチル-1,3-オキサゾリジン-2-オン、γ-ブチロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、ブチルメチルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、ブチルエチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、1,3-ジオキソラン、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、トリメチルリン酸エステル、トリエチルリン酸エステル等が挙げられる。非水系溶媒は、1種単独でも2種以上であってもよい。
(1)負極材の作製
第一炭素材として100質量部の球形天然黒鉛(体積平均粒子径:10μm)と、第二炭素材の前駆体として10質量部のコールタールピッチ(軟化点:98℃、残炭率:50質量%)と、窒素源として5質量部のメラミン(和光純薬工業株式会社)と、を混合して混合物を得た。次いで、混合物の熱処理を行って、第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子を作製した。熱処理は、窒素流通下、200℃/時間の昇温速度で25℃から1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持することで行った。第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子をカッターミルで解砕し、300メッシュ篩で篩分けを行い、その篩下分を負極材とした。
XPS分析は、Versa Probe II(アルバック・ファイ社)を用いて下記の条件で行い、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲におけるピークの数を調べた。また、395eV~405eVの範囲で強度が最大のピークと2番目に大きいピークのうち、395eVに近い方のピークAと、405eVに近い方のピークBとのピーク強度の比(A/B)を調べた。
装置:アルバック・ファイ社、PHI 5000 Versa Probe II
X線源:単色化Al K-L2,3線(1486.6 eV)
検出角度:45度
分析面積:200μmφ
X線ビーム径:200μmφ
X線出力:50W、15kV
パスエネルギー C(1s):23.5eV、N(1s):29.35eV、O(1s):29.35eV
中和銃:使用
帯電補正:C(1s)のピークトップを284.8eVに補正
窒素含有率は、TC-600(LECOジャパン合同会社)を用いて負極材試料を不活性雰囲気下、3000℃で融解させ、窒素を発生させて、熱伝導度法により窒素含有率を求めた。
平均面間隔d002の測定は、X線回折法により行った。具体的には、負極材試料を石英製の試料ホルダーの凹部分に充填して測定ステージにセットし、広角X線回折装置(株式会社リガク製)を用いて以下の測定条件で行った。
線源:CuKα線(波長=0.15418nm)
出力:40kV、20mA
サンプリング幅:0.010°
走査範囲:10°~35°
スキャンスピード:0.5°/min
R値は、下記の条件でラマン分光測定を行い、得られたラマン分光スペクトルにおいて、1580cm-1付近の最大ピークの強度Igと、1360cm-1付近の最大ピークの強度Idの強度比(Id/Ig)とした。
ラマン分光測定は、レーザーラマン分光光度計(型番:NRS-1000、日本分光株式会社)を用い、負極材試料が平らになるようにセットした試料板にアルゴンレーザー光を照射して行った。測定条件は以下の通りである。
アルゴンレーザー光の波長:532nm
波数分解能:2.56cm-1
測定範囲:1180cm-1~1730cm-1
ピークリサーチ:バックグラウンド除去
N2比表面積は、高速比表面積/細孔分布測定装置(フローソープ II 2300、東海理機株式会社)を用いて、液体窒素温度(77K)での窒素吸着を多点法で測定してBET法により算出した。
負極材試料を界面活性剤とともに精製水中に分散させた溶液を、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(SALD-3000J、株式会社島津製作所製)の試料水槽に入れた。次いで、溶液に超音波をかけながらポンプで循環させ、得られた粒度分布の体積累積50%粒子径(D50)を平均粒子径とした。
10mlの試験管に、界面活性剤(商品名:リポノールT/15、ライオン株式会社製)の濃度が質量比0.2%の水溶液5mlを入れ、粒子濃度が10000~30000になるように負極材試料を入れた。次いで、前記試験管をボルテックスミキサー(コーニング社製)にて回転数2000rpmで1分間撹拌した後、すぐに湿式フロー式粒子径・形状分析装置(マルバーン社製FPIA-3000)を用いて円形度を測定した。測定条件は下記のとおりである。
測定環境:25℃±3
測定モード:HPF
カウント方式:トータルカウント
有効解析数:10000
粒子濃度:10000~30000
シース液:パーティクルシース
対物レンズ:10倍
負極材98質量部に対し、増粘剤としてCMC(カルボキシメチルセルロース、第一工業製薬株式会社、セロゲンWS-C)の水溶液(CMC濃度:2質量%)を、CMCの固形分量が1質量部となるように加え、10分間混練を行った。次いで、負極材とCMCの合計の固形分濃度が40質量%~50質量%となるように精製水を加え、10分間混練を行った。続いて、結着剤としてSBR(BM400-B、日本ゼオン株式会社)の水分散液(SBR濃度:40質量%)を、SBRの固形分量が1質量部となるように加え、10分間混合してペースト状の負極材組成物を作製した。次いで、負極材組成物を、厚さ11μmの電解銅箔に単位面積当りの塗布量が4.5mg/cm2となるようにクリアランスを調整したコンマコーターで塗工して、負極層を形成した。その後、ハンドプレスで1.5g/cm3に電極密度を調整した。負極層が形成された電解銅箔を直径14mmの円盤状に打ち抜き、試料電極(負極)を作製した。
(1)0.48mAの定電流で0V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで充電し、次いで電流値が0.048mAになるまで0Vで定電圧充電を行った。このときの容量を初回充電容量とした。
(2)30分の休止時間後に、0.48mAの定電流で1.5V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで放電を行った。このときの容量を初回放電容量とした。
(3)上記(1)及び(2)で求めた充放電容量から下記の(式1)を用いて、初回充放電効率を求めた。
初回充放電効率(%)=初回放電容量(mAh)/初回充電容量(mAh)×100 …(式1)
(1)0.48mAの定電流で0V(V vs.Li/Li+)まで充電し、次いで電流値が0.048mAになるまで0Vで定電圧充電を行った。
(2)30分の休止時間後に、0.48mAの定電流で1.5V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで放電した。
(3)(1)及び(2)を再度行い、このときの放電容量を「放電容量1」(mAh)とした。
(4)30分の休止時間後に、0.48mAの定電流で0V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで充電し、次いで電流値が0.048mAになるまで0Vで定電圧充電を行った。
(5)30分の休止時間後に、12mAの定電流で1.5V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで放電し、このときの放電容量を「放電容量2」(mAh)とした。
(6)(3)及び(5)で求めた放電容量から、下記の(式2)を用いて出力特性を求めた。
出力特性(%)=放電容量2(mAh)/放電容量1(mAh)×100 …(式2)
(1)0.48mAの定電流で0V(V vs.Li/Li+)まで充電し、次いで電流値が0.048mAになるまで0Vで定電圧充電を行った。
(2)30分の休止時間後に、0.48mAの定電流で1.5V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで放電した。
(3)30分の休止時間後に、0.48mAの定電流で0V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで充電した。このときの充電容量(mAh)を測定した。
(4)(3)の電池を60℃で5日間放置した。
(5)0.48mAの定電流で1.5V(V vs. Li/Li+)まで放電した。このときの放電容量(mAh)を測定した。
(6)(3)で得られる充電容量と(5)で得られる放電容量から、下記の式3を用いて、高温保存特性を求めた。
高温保存特性(%)=放電容量(mAh)/充電容量(mAh)×100 …式3
第一炭素材として100質量部の球形天然黒鉛(体積平均粒子径:10μm)と、第二炭素材の前駆体として10質量部のコールタールピッチ(軟化点98℃、残炭率50質量%)と、窒素源として5質量部のメラミンと、を混合して混合物を得た。次いで、シリンダー内に回転翼が配置され、シリンダー内壁と回転翼の間で材料を擦り合わせることにより、材料の複合化を行う装置中に混合物を入れて密閉した。24kWの負荷で5分間装置を運転することにより、混合物の複合化を行った。その後、実施例1と同様にして熱処理及び整粒を行い、負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、メラミンの配合量を10質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、窒素源をポリアクリロニトリル20質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、窒素源を尿素10質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、窒素源をピロール10質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、第一炭素材としての球形天然黒鉛の体積平均粒子径を10μmから5μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、第一炭素材としての球形天然黒鉛の体積平均粒子径を10μmから15μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、第二炭素材の前駆体をポリビニルアルコール(残炭率15質量%)30質量部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、熱処理の温度(最高)を1000℃から800℃に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、熱処理の温度(最高)を1000℃から1300℃に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
第一炭素材として100質量部の球形天然黒鉛(体積平均粒子径:10μm)と、第二炭素材の前駆体として10質量部のコールタールピッチ(軟化点:98℃、残炭率:50質量%)と、第二炭素材料として市販のケッチェンブラック(ライオン・スペシャリティ・ケミカルズ株式会社)2質量部と、窒素源として5質量部のメラミン(和光純薬工業株式会社)と、を混合して混合物を得た。得られた混合物をシリンダー内に回転翼を有する複合化装置(ホソカワミクロン株式会社、「NOB-300」)中に密閉した。この装置を、24kWの負荷で5分間運転することによりシリンダー内壁と回転翼との間で材料を擦り合わせて、混合物を得た。次いで、混合物の熱処理を行って、第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子を作製した。熱処理は、窒素流通下、200℃/時間の昇温速度で25℃から1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持することで行った。第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子をカッターミルで解砕し、300メッシュ篩で篩分けを行い、その篩下分を負極材とした。得られた負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例12において、第二炭素材料としてケッチェンブラックを同量のアセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社)に変更した以外は、実施例12と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
石炭系コールタールを、オートクレーブを用いて400℃で熱処理し、生コークスを得た。この生コークスを粉砕した後、1200℃の不活性雰囲気中でカ焼を行い、コークス塊を得た。このコークス塊を分級機付きの衝撃粉砕機を用いて粉砕後、300メッシュの篩にて粗粉を除去して第一炭素相とした(体積平均粒子径:15μm)。前記第一炭素相100質量部と、第二炭素材の前駆体として10質量部のコールタールピッチ(軟化点:98℃、残炭率:50質量%)と、窒素源として5質量部のメラミンと、を混合して混合物を得た。次いで、混合物の熱処理を行って、第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子を作製した。熱処理は、窒素流通下、200℃/時間の昇温速度で25℃から1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持することで行った。第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子をカッターミルで解砕し、300メッシュ篩で篩分けを行い、その篩下分を負極材とした。得られた負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例12において、体積平均粒子径を15μmから3μmに変更した以外は、実施例12と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、第一炭素材としての球形天然黒鉛の体積平均粒子径を10μmから20μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
第一炭素材として100質量部の球形天然黒鉛(平均粒子径:10μm)と、窒素源として5質量部のメラミンと、を混合して混合物を得た。次いで、混合物の熱処理を行って、表面に付着した黒鉛粒子を作製した。熱処理は、窒素流通下、200℃/時間の昇温速度で25℃から1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持することで行った。得られた黒鉛粒子をカッターミルで解砕し、300メッシュ篩で篩分けを行い、その篩下分を負極材とした。この負極材を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。また、XPSのスペクトルを図1に示す。
第一炭素材として100質量部の球形天然黒鉛(体積平均粒子径:10μm)と、第二炭素材の前駆体として10質量部のポリ塩化ビニルから調製したピッチと、を混合して混合物を得た。次いで、混合物の熱処理を行って、第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子を作製した。熱処理は、アルゴンガス流通下、200℃/時間の昇温速度で25℃から1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持することで行った。第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子をカッターミルで解砕し、300メッシュ篩で篩分けを行い、その篩下分を負極材とした。この負極材を用いて、実施例1と同様にしてリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、熱処理の際の昇温速度を200℃/時間として1800℃まで昇温し、1800℃で1時間保持した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
石炭系コールタールを、オートクレーブを用いて400℃で熱処理し、生コークスを得た。この生コークスを粉砕した後、1200℃の不活性雰囲気中でカ焼を行い、コークス塊を得た。このコークス塊を分級機付きの衝撃粉砕機を用いて粉砕した後、300メッシュの篩にて粗粉を除去して第一炭素相とした(体積平均粒子径:15μm)。前記第一炭素相100質量部と、第二炭素材の前駆体として10質量部のコールタールピッチ(軟化点:98℃、残炭率:50質量%)と、を混合して混合物を得た。次いで、混合物の熱処理を行って、第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子を作製した。熱処理は、窒素流通下、200℃/時間の昇温速度で25℃から1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で1時間保持することで行った。第二炭素材が表面に付着した黒鉛粒子をカッターミルで解砕し、300メッシュ篩で篩分けを行い、その篩下分を負極材とした。得られた負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池の特性を実施例1と同様に評価した結果を表1に示す。
Claims (17)
- 核としての第一炭素材と、前記第一炭素材の表面の少なくとも一部に存在し、前記第一炭素材より結晶性が低い第二炭素材と、を含み、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有する、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- R値が0.1~1.0であり、X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に少なくとも2つのピークを有する、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記少なくとも2つのピークは、395eV以上400eV未満の範囲のピークと、400eV以上405eV以下の範囲のピークとを含む、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記少なくとも2つのピークは、398eV付近のピークと401eV付近のピークとを含む、請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- X線光電子分光スペクトルにおいて395eV~405eVの範囲に存在するピークの中で、強度が最大のピークと2番目に大きいピークのうち、395eVに近い方のピークAと、405eVに近い方のピークBとのピーク強度の比(A/B)が0.1~10である、請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 炭素原子と窒素原子の結合が存在し、かつ炭素原子と窒素原子の結合状態が2種以上である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 3個の炭素原子と結合している窒素原子と、2個の炭素原子と結合している窒素原子とを含有する、請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 窒素原子の含有率が0.2質量%以上である、請求項1~請求項7のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- X線回折法により求められる平均面間隔(d002)が0.340nm以下である、請求項1~請求項8のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 体積平均粒子径(D50)が1μm~40μmである、請求項1~請求項9のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 77Kでの窒素吸着測定より求められる比表面積が0.5m2/g~10m2/gである、請求項1~請求項10のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 核となる第一炭素材と、第一炭素材よりも結晶性の低い第二炭素材の前駆体と、窒素源と、を含む混合物を熱処理する工程を含む、請求項1~請求項11のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 前記混合物中の前記窒素源の量は、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の窒素原子の含有率が0.2質量%以上となる量である、請求項12に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 前記混合物中の第一炭素材及び第二炭素材の前駆体の量は、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の総質量中の第二炭素材の割合が0.1質量%~30質量%となる量である、請求項12又は請求項13に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理は700℃~1500℃の温度で行われる、請求項12~請求項14のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法。
- 請求項1~請求項11のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極材層と、集電体と、を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項16に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、正極と、電解液とを含むリチウムイオン二次電池。
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| CA3022895A CA3022895A1 (en) | 2016-05-02 | 2017-04-28 | Anode material for lithium ion secondary battery, method of producing anode material for lithium ion secondary battery, anode for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
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| JP2019160730A (ja) * | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウム金属二次電池 |
| KR20200121321A (ko) * | 2018-02-19 | 2020-10-23 | 쇼와덴코머티리얼즈가부시끼가이샤 | 탄소질 입자, 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 음극재, 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 음극, 및 리튬 이온 이차 전지 |
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| JP7175857B2 (ja) * | 2019-08-02 | 2022-11-21 | 日清紡ホールディングス株式会社 | 金属担持触媒、電池電極及び電池 |
| WO2022162949A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-01 | 2022-08-04 | 昭和電工マテリアルズ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR20200121321A (ko) * | 2018-02-19 | 2020-10-23 | 쇼와덴코머티리얼즈가부시끼가이샤 | 탄소질 입자, 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 음극재, 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 음극, 및 리튬 이온 이차 전지 |
| KR102608550B1 (ko) * | 2018-02-19 | 2023-12-01 | 가부시끼가이샤 레조낙 | 탄소질 입자, 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 음극재, 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 음극, 및 리튬 이온 이차 전지 |
| JP2019160730A (ja) * | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウム金属二次電池 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP3454400A1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
| CN109075339A (zh) | 2018-12-21 |
| JPWO2017191820A1 (ja) | 2019-03-07 |
| US20190097218A1 (en) | 2019-03-28 |
| TW201810781A (zh) | 2018-03-16 |
| EP3454400A4 (en) | 2020-01-15 |
| CA3022895A1 (en) | 2017-11-09 |
| KR20190003554A (ko) | 2019-01-09 |
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