WO2017081758A1 - 電気デバイス用負極活物質、およびこれを用いた電気デバイス - Google Patents
電気デバイス用負極活物質、およびこれを用いた電気デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017081758A1 WO2017081758A1 PCT/JP2015/081662 JP2015081662W WO2017081758A1 WO 2017081758 A1 WO2017081758 A1 WO 2017081758A1 JP 2015081662 W JP2015081662 W JP 2015081662W WO 2017081758 A1 WO2017081758 A1 WO 2017081758A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/06—Metal silicides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/04—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing tin or lead
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/002—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working by rapid cooling or quenching; cooling agents used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/048—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by pulverising a quenched ribbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for an electric device and an electric device using the same.
- the negative electrode active material for an electric device and the electric device using the same according to the present invention include, for example, a driving power source and an auxiliary power source for a motor of a vehicle such as an electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle, and a hybrid electric vehicle as a secondary battery or a capacitor Used for.
- Motor drive secondary batteries are required to have extremely high output characteristics and high energy compared to consumer lithium ion secondary batteries used in mobile phones and notebook computers. Therefore, lithium ion secondary batteries having the highest theoretical energy among all the batteries are attracting attention, and are currently being developed rapidly.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector using a binder, and a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector using a binder.
- a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector using a binder
- a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector using a binder.
- it has the structure connected through an electrolyte layer and accommodated in a battery case.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a material that is alloyed with Li for the negative electrode has a large expansion and contraction in the negative electrode during charge and discharge.
- the volume expansion is about 1.2 times in graphite materials
- Si materials when Si and Li are alloyed, transition from the amorphous state to the crystalline state causes a large volume change. (Approximately 4 times), there was a problem of reducing the cycle life of the electrode.
- the capacity and the cycle durability are in a trade-off relationship, and there is a problem that it is difficult to improve the cycle durability while exhibiting a high capacity.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an invention that aims to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a negative electrode pellet having a high capacity and an excellent cycle life.
- a silicon-containing alloy obtained by mixing silicon powder and titanium powder by a mechanical alloying method and wet-pulverizing the first phase mainly composed of silicon and a silicide of titanium (such as TiSi 2 ) ) Containing a second phase containing) is disclosed as a negative electrode active material.
- a silicon-containing alloy obtained by mixing silicon powder and titanium powder by a mechanical alloying method and wet-pulverizing the first phase mainly composed of silicon and a silicide of titanium (such as TiSi 2 ) ) Containing a second phase containing) is disclosed as a negative electrode active material.
- at least one of these two phases is amorphous or low crystalline.
- an object of the present invention is to provide means capable of improving cycle durability of an electric device such as a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research to solve the above problems. As a result, it has a ternary alloy composition represented by Si-Sn-M (M is one or more transition metal elements), and its microstructure is a transition metal silicide (also referred to as silicide). ) As a main component (silicide phase) and a second phase (amorphous) containing Sn as a main component and amorphous or low crystalline silicon (also referred to as a-Si) as a main component Silicon having a Si phase (a-Si phase), a part of which is a plurality of independent first phases, and a part of which is a eutectic structure of the first phase and the second phase. The present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by using a contained alloy as a negative electrode active material for an electric device, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for electric devices made of a silicon-containing alloy.
- the silicon-containing alloy has the following chemical formula (1):
- the silicon-containing alloy includes a first phase mainly composed of a transition metal silicide (silicide) as a main component and a part of Sn, and is mainly composed of amorphous or low crystalline Si. Characterized in that the first phase is a plurality of independent first phases, and that the first phase and the second phase are eutectic structures. Have.
- the silicon-containing alloy constituting the negative electrode active material according to the present invention has a structure in which the second phase is eutectic with the first phase and further enters a plurality of independent first phase gaps in the microstructure. ing.
- the first phase is superior in terms of hardness and electronic conductivity compared to the second phase (a-Si phase). Therefore, the expansion of the second phase (a-Si phase) in the eutectic structure during the charge / discharge process is suppressed by the eutectic first phase, and further, a plurality of independent first phases are suppressed. It can be suppressed by restraining the stance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing an outline of a laminated flat non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery which is a typical embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the appearance of a stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery that is a representative embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3A shows a BF (Bright-field) -STEM Image (bright-field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) (low magnification) of a sample prepared by FIB method for the silicon-containing alloy (particles) of this embodiment. It is a drawing.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view schematically showing an outline of a laminated flat non-bipolar lithium ion secondary battery which is a typical embodiment of an electric device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the appearance of a stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery that is a representative embodiment of an electric
- FIG. 3B is a drawing showing a HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) of active material particles in the same field of view as FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a drawing showing quantitative mapping data by STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy).
- FIG. 4 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 3 (b).
- FIG. 4B is a diagram showing mapping data of Sn (lower left) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4A).
- FIG. 4C is a diagram showing mapping data of Si (lower center) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4A).
- FIG. 4 is a drawing showing a HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) of active material particles in the same field of view as FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a drawing showing
- FIG. 4D is a drawing showing mapping data of Ti (lower right) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4A).
- FIG. 4 (e) is a diagram (upper right) in which mapping data of Sn, Si, and Ti measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4 (a)).
- FIG. 5A is a drawing (medium magnification) showing a BF (Bright-field) -STEM Image (bright-field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) in which the eutectic structure of the silicon-containing alloy (particles) of the present embodiment is enlarged. It is.
- FIG. 5B is a drawing showing a HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) of the active material particles in the same field of view as FIG.
- FIG. 6A shows a BF (Bright-field) -STEM Image (bright field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) obtained by further enlarging a part of the eutectic structure of the silicon-containing alloy (particle) of this embodiment. It is a drawing (high magnification).
- FIG. 6B is a drawing showing the HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) of the active material particles in the same field of view as FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a drawing showing quantitative mapping data by STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy).
- FIG. 7 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 6 (b).
- FIG. 7B is a drawing showing mapping data of Sn (lower left) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 7A).
- FIG. 7C is a diagram showing mapping data of Si (lower center) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 7A).
- FIG. 7D is a drawing showing mapping data of Ti (lower right) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 7A).
- FIG. 7 is a drawing showing quantitative mapping data by STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy).
- FIG. 7 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 6 (b).
- FIG. 7E is a drawing (upper right) in which mapping data of Sn, Si, and Ti measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 7A) are superimposed.
- FIG. 8 is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 6B and FIG. 7A, and the elements in the silicide phase (first phase) and the Si phase (second phase) by elemental analysis. This is a drawing in which the region (2 places surrounded by a square frame) for observing the presence of the element is divided into numbers 1-2 in the image.
- FIG. 8 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 6 (b) and FIG. 7 (a), and the rectangular frame of the portion to be observed for the element distribution (the portion of the circled number 1 in the image).
- FIG. 9B is a drawing in which elemental analysis is performed on a portion to be observed of the element distribution of FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 9C is an element analysis table summarizing the elemental analysis results of FIG. FIG. 10A shows the same HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) as in FIG. 3B.
- FIG. 10 (b) is an enlarged view of a part of the eutectic structure in the right-side enclosure in FIG. 10 (a), and the same HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field as in FIG.
- FIG. 10C is a diffraction pattern obtained by performing fast Fourier transform processing on an independent silicide phase region in the left enclosing portion of FIG. 10A by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10D is a diffraction pattern obtained by subjecting the region of the a-Si phase in the eutectic structure of FIG. 10B to fast Fourier transform by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10E is a diffraction pattern obtained by performing a fast Fourier transform process on the silicide phase region in the eutectic structure of FIG. 10B by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10C is a diffraction pattern obtained by performing fast Fourier transform processing on an independent silicide phase region in the left enclosing portion of FIG. 10A by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10D is a diffraction pattern obtained by subjecting the region of the a-Si phase in the eutectic structure of FIG. 10B to fast Fourier transform
- FIG. 11 is a chart obtained by (powder) X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement of the same alloy of Example 2 as FIG.
- FIG. 12 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy temperature is 1400 ° C.
- FIG. 13 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1450 ° C.
- FIG. 14 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1300 ° C.
- FIG. 15 shows an Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1200 ° C.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram in which analysis information is included in the state diagram of FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a drawing in which analysis information is included in a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram at a Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy temperature of 1310 ° C.
- FIG. FIG. 18 shows a liquid phase projection view of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary system by Thermo-Calc (integrated thermodynamic calculation system).
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a state in which the temperature of the quenched ribbon alloy obtained by the apparatus used in the liquid quenched roll solidification method is observed using an infrared thermograph.
- FIG. 20 is a graph plotting the temperature of the quenched ribbon alloy at positions (distances) every 2.25 mm from the nozzle for Examples 2 and 4.
- FIG. 21 shows the number of rotations of the roll and the cooling time of the quenched ribbon alloy (from 1450 ° C. to 1100 ° C.) in FIG. ) A graph showing the relationship with temperature.
- FIG. 22 (a) shows the alloy composition of Si 65 Sn 5 Ti 30 of Example 1 and the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 1 above.
- FIG. 24B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG. 24A and obtaining the radius distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. is there.
- FIG. 25 is a drawing showing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of the quenched ribbon alloy of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 in Example 2.
- FIG. 26A shows the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Example 3 and the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 3 above.
- FIG. 28B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG. 28A and obtaining the radius distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. is there.
- FIG. 29 is a drawing showing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of the quenched ribbon alloy of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Example 4.
- FIG. 30 (a) shows the silicide (first structure) in the eutectic structure obtained by the above precipitation calculation with respect to the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 in Comparative Example 1 by applying the calculation conditions in Comparative Example 1 above.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery which is a typical embodiment of a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material for an electric device according to the present invention, and a lithium ion secondary battery using the same
- a cell (single cell layer) ) Voltage is large, and high energy density and high power density can be achieved. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment is excellent as a vehicle driving power source or an auxiliary power source.
- it can be suitably used as a lithium ion secondary battery for a vehicle driving power source or the like.
- the present invention can be sufficiently applied to lithium ion secondary batteries for portable devices such as mobile phones.
- the lithium ion secondary battery that is the subject of the present embodiment may be any one that uses the negative electrode active material for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment described below. It should not be restricted in particular.
- a solution electrolyte type battery using a solution electrolyte such as a nonaqueous electrolyte solution for the electrolyte layer, a polymer battery using a polymer electrolyte for the electrolyte layer, etc. It can be applied to any conventionally known electrolyte layer type.
- the polymer battery is further divided into a gel electrolyte type battery using a polymer gel electrolyte (also simply referred to as gel electrolyte) and a solid polymer (all solid) type battery using a polymer solid electrolyte (also simply referred to as polymer electrolyte). It is done.
- the non-bipolar (internal parallel connection type) lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material for the lithium ion secondary battery of this embodiment will be described very simply with reference to the drawings.
- the technical scope of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment should not be limited to these.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the overall structure of a flat (stacked) lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as “stacked battery”), which is a typical embodiment of the electrical device of the present invention.
- stacked battery a flat (stacked) lithium ion secondary battery
- the stacked battery 10 of the present embodiment has a structure in which a substantially rectangular power generation element 21 in which a charge / discharge reaction actually proceeds is sealed inside a laminate sheet 29 that is an exterior body.
- the positive electrode in which the positive electrode active material layer 15 is disposed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 12, the electrolyte layer 17, and the negative electrode active material layer 13 is disposed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 11. It has a configuration in which a negative electrode is laminated. Specifically, the negative electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the positive electrode are laminated in this order so that one positive electrode active material layer 15 and the negative electrode active material layer 13 adjacent thereto face each other with the electrolyte layer 17 therebetween. .
- the adjacent positive electrode, electrolyte layer, and negative electrode constitute one unit cell layer 19. Therefore, it can be said that the stacked battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a configuration in which a plurality of single battery layers 19 are stacked and electrically connected in parallel.
- the positive electrode current collector 15 located on both outermost layers of the power generation element 21 has the positive electrode active material layer 15 disposed only on one side, but the active material layers may be provided on both sides. . That is, instead of using a current collector dedicated to the outermost layer provided with an active material layer only on one side, a current collector having an active material layer on both sides may be used as it is as an outermost current collector. Further, by reversing the arrangement of the positive electrode and the negative electrode as compared with FIG. 1, the outermost negative electrode current collector is positioned on both outermost layers of the power generation element 21, and one side of the outermost negative electrode current collector or A negative electrode active material layer may be disposed on both sides.
- the positive electrode current collector 12 and the negative electrode current collector 11 are attached to the positive electrode current collector plate 27 and the negative electrode current collector plate 25 that are electrically connected to the respective electrodes (positive electrode and negative electrode), and are sandwiched between the end portions of the laminate sheet 29. Thus, it has a structure led out of the laminate sheet 29.
- the positive electrode current collector 27 and the negative electrode current collector 25 are ultrasonically welded to the positive electrode current collector 12 and the negative electrode current collector 11 of each electrode via a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead (not shown), respectively, as necessary. Or resistance welding or the like.
- the lithium ion secondary battery described above is characterized by a negative electrode.
- main components of the battery including the negative electrode will be described.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 includes a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material examples include LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , Li (Ni—Mn—Co) O 2, and lithium-- such as those in which some of these transition metals are substituted with other elements.
- Examples include transition metal composite oxides, lithium-transition metal phosphate compounds, and lithium-transition metal sulfate compounds.
- two or more positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- a composite oxide containing lithium and nickel is used, and more preferably Li (Ni—Mn—Co) O 2 and a part of these transition metals substituted with other elements (hereinafter, referred to as “following”) Simply referred to as “NMC composite oxide”).
- the NMC composite oxide has a layered crystal structure in which a lithium atomic layer and a transition metal (Mn, Ni, and Co are arranged in order) are stacked alternately via an oxygen atomic layer.
- One Li atom is contained, and the amount of Li that can be taken out is twice that of the spinel lithium manganese oxide, that is, the supply capacity is doubled, so that a high capacity can be obtained.
- a represents the atomic ratio of Li
- b represents the atomic ratio of Ni
- c represents the atomic ratio of Mn
- d represents the atomic ratio of Co
- x represents the atomic ratio of M. Represents. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics, it is preferable that 0.4 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.6 in the general formula (1).
- the composition of each element can be measured by, for example, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- Ni nickel
- Co cobalt
- Mn manganese
- Ti or the like partially replaces the transition metal in the crystal lattice. From the viewpoint of cycle characteristics, it is preferable that a part of the transition element is substituted with another metal element, and it is particularly preferable that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3 in the general formula (1). Since at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Nb, W, P, Al, Mg, V, Ca, Sr, and Cr is dissolved, the crystal structure is stabilized. It is considered that the battery capacity can be prevented from decreasing even if the above is repeated, and that excellent cycle characteristics can be realized.
- LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Al 0.1 O 2 is more advantageous in terms of a larger capacity, but there are difficulties in life characteristics.
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 has life characteristics as excellent as LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 .
- two or more positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- a lithium-transition metal composite oxide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- positive electrode active materials other than those described above may be used.
- the positive electrode active material layer 15 may contain a binder.
- polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, styrene / butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, and polyamideimide are more preferable.
- These suitable binders are excellent in heat resistance, have a very wide potential window, are stable at both the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential, and can be used for the active material layer. These binders may be used alone or in combination of two.
- the amount of the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it can bind the active material, but it is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass with respect to the active material layer. More preferably, it is 1 to 10% by mass.
- the positive electrode (positive electrode active material layer) can be applied by any one of a kneading method, a sputtering method, a vapor deposition method, a CVD method, a PVD method, an ion plating method, and a thermal spraying method in addition to a method of applying (coating) a normal slurry. Can be formed.
- the negative electrode active material layer 13 includes a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material has a ternary alloy composition represented by Si—Sn—M (M is one or more transition metal elements), and the microstructure is a transition metal.
- a first phase mainly composed of silicide (silicide) and a second phase (partially tin (Sn)) mainly composed of amorphous or low crystalline Si ( Amorphous Si phase (a-Si phase)), part of which is a plurality of independent first phases and part of which is a eutectic structure of the first phase and the second phase. It consists of a silicon-containing alloy.
- A is an inevitable impurity
- M is one or more transition metal elements
- the silicon-containing alloy (having a composition of Si x Sn y M z A a ) according to this embodiment is a ternary system of Si, Sn, and M (transition metal). is there.
- the “inevitable impurities” means an Si-containing alloy that exists in a raw material or is inevitably mixed in a manufacturing process. The inevitable impurities are originally unnecessary impurities, but are a very small amount and do not affect the characteristics of the Si alloy.
- M is preferably titanium (Ti).
- Ti is one of silicide forming elements
- M is preferably titanium (Ti).
- the Si-based negative electrode active material when Si and Li are alloyed during charging, the Si phase changes from an amorphous state to a crystalline state, causing a large volume change (about 4 times). As a result, there is a problem that the active material particles themselves are broken and the function as the active material is lost. For this reason, by suppressing the phase transition of the Si-phase amorphous-crystal during charging, the collapse of the particles themselves can be suppressed, the function (high capacity) as an active material is maintained, and the cycle life is also improved. Can do.
- the silicon-containing alloy according to this embodiment (having the composition of Si x Sn y M z A a ) is a ternary system of Si, Sn, and M (transition metal).
- the sum of the constituent ratios (mass ratios x, y, z) of the constituent elements is 100% by mass, but there is no particular limitation on the values of x, y, z.
- x is preferably 60 ⁇ x ⁇ 73, more preferably 60 ⁇ x ⁇ 70, from the viewpoint of maintaining durability against charging / discharging (insertion / desorption of Li ions) and a balance of initial capacity. More preferably, 60 ⁇ x ⁇ 65.
- y is dissolved in the Si phase, and by increasing the distance between Si tetrahedrons in the Si phase, from the viewpoint of enabling reversible insertion and desorption of Li ions during charge and discharge, Preferably 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 15, more preferably 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 10, and further preferably 5 ⁇ y ⁇ 10.
- Z is preferably 25 ⁇ z ⁇ 35, more preferably 27 ⁇ z, from the viewpoint of maintaining durability against charge / discharge (insertion / desorption of Li ions) and balancing the initial capacity, similarly to x. ⁇ 33, more preferably 28 ⁇ z ⁇ 30.
- the M is composed of one or more transition metal elements containing Ti by containing a relatively large amount of Ti and containing Sn to some extent while containing Si as a main component.
- the content of Ti in this phase can be greater than the content of transition metals (including Sn) excluding Ti in the second phase.
- Si element-containing alloy negative electrode active material
- Sn is sufficiently dispersed in a part of the Si phase. Since Si can be dissolved, the degree of Si being amorphous is large, and sufficient cycle durability can be obtained. Further, Sn that is not dispersed or dissolved in a part of the Si phase does not segregate as crystalline Sn in the Si phase, and does not segregate at the boundary between the silicide phase and the Si phase of the eutectic structure, and further independent.
- A is an impurity (unavoidable impurity) other than the above three components derived from the raw materials and the manufacturing method.
- the a is 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, and preferably 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.1.
- the silicon-containing alloy constituting the negative electrode active material in the present embodiment has a fine structure of (1) a silicide phase (first phase) whose main component is a transition metal silicide (silicide). (2) a containing Sn in part (specifically, Sn dispersed (solid solution) inside the crystal structure of Si) and having amorphous or low crystalline Si as a main component -Si phase (second phase), (3) part of a plurality of independent first phases, and (4) part of the first and second phases are eutectic It is also unique in that it is an organization.
- the silicon-containing alloy of the present embodiment has a configuration in which the second phase is eutectic with the first phase and further enters a plurality of independent first phase gaps.
- the silicide phase (first phase) is superior in terms of hardness and electron conductivity compared to the a-Si phase (second phase). Therefore, it can be said that the effects of the present invention can be achieved by the following mechanism of action (see the drawing of the microstructure of Example 2).
- the eutectic first phase suppresses the expansion of the a-Si phase (particularly the Si active material) in the eutectic structure in the charge / discharge process, and more
- the independent first phase can be suppressed by a two-stage suppression.
- the expansion and contraction of the silicon-containing alloy in the charge / discharge process is reduced, and the a-Si phase (second phase) and the eutectic are formed by the silicide phase (first phase) composed of conductive silicide.
- the a-Si phase (particularly the Si active material) can be reacted uniformly.
- cycle durability can be improved while showing the high capacity
- the silicon-containing alloy constituting the negative electrode active material in the present embodiment has a silicide phase (silicide) containing a transition metal silicide (silicide) as a main component in the microstructure.
- the first phase This silicide phase (first phase) is superior in terms of hardness and electronic conductivity compared to the a-Si phase (second phase). For this reason, the silicide phase (first phase) plays a role of maintaining the shape of the Si active material in the a-Si phase (second phase) against the stress during expansion, and the a-Si phase.
- the low electronic conductivity of (especially the Si active material) can be improved (see the above action mechanism).
- the silicide phase (first phase) includes a transition metal silicide (eg, TiSi 2 ), and thus has excellent affinity with the a-Si phase (second phase), and particularly has a volume during charging. Cracking at the (crystal) interface during expansion can be suppressed.
- M is preferably titanium (Ti).
- Ti titanium
- the amorphous-crystal phase transition is further suppressed during Li alloying.
- the cycle life can be improved.
- the silicide phase (first phase) mainly composed of a transition metal silicide (silicide) in the microstructure is titanium silicide (TiSi 2 ).
- silicide phase “having silicide as a main component” means 50 mass% or more, preferably 80 mass% or more, more preferably 90 mass% or more, particularly preferably 95 mass% of the silicide phase. % Or more, and most preferably 98% by mass or more is silicide. Ideally, the silicide is 100% by mass, but as shown in the elemental analysis table shown below the graph of FIG. 8B, in addition to Si and Ti, inevitably a very small amount of P, Since Sn and O are mixed, it is practically difficult to obtain a 100% by mass.
- the silicon-containing alloy contains Sn in a part of the microstructure (specifically, Sn is dispersed and solidified in the crystal structure of Si). And an a-Si phase (second phase) mainly composed of amorphous or low crystalline Si (referred to as a-Si).
- This a-Si phase (second phase) is a phase containing amorphous or low crystalline Si as a main component.
- This a-Si phase (second phase; phase containing a-Si as a main component) is a phase involved in occlusion / release of lithium ions during operation of the electric device (lithium ion secondary battery) of this embodiment.
- the a-Si phase (second phase) contains Si as a main component, a large amount of Li can be occluded and released per weight and per volume.
- Sn in the a-Si phase (second phase) (Sn which is dispersed and dissolved in the Si crystal structure) is also more per weight and volume than the carbon negative electrode material (carbon negative electrode material).
- carbon negative electrode material carbon negative electrode material
- a large amount of Li can be occluded and released.
- the a-Si phase (second phase) may contain a small amount of additive elements such as phosphorus and boron, transition metals, and the like.
- the Si phase (second phase) mainly composed of amorphous or low crystallinity in the microstructure is preferably composed of amorphous Si as a main component.
- the silicide of the first phase transition metal in the microstructure is titanium silicide (TiSi 2 ), and the Si phase (second phase) is amorphous. Si is the main component. With such a configuration, cycle durability can be further improved while showing a high capacity of the electric device.
- “partially contains Sn” means that most of the Si phase contains Sn when compared with FIG. 7B to FIG. 7C. This is because there is no portion (the Si portion functions as an active material), but a portion containing Sn in the Si phase is seen in part. In the portion containing Sn in the Si phase, Sn is dispersed and dissolved in the Si crystal structure (the Sn—Si solid solution functions as an active material). Further, the remaining part of Sn in the eutectic structure is not an Si phase, but is crystallized in a silicide phase or a boundary part of the Si phase in the eutectic structure, and Sn phase (functioning as an active material) containing Sn as a main component. Form).
- Sn phase active material Function as).
- Sn as a main component means that 50% by mass or more of the Sn phase, preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, particularly preferably 95% by mass or more, and most preferably 98% by mass or more. Sn. Ideally, Sn is 100% by mass, but since a small amount of Si, Ti, and O is mixed in addition to Sn, it is practically difficult to obtain 100% by mass.
- the silicon-containing alloy is partly a plurality of independent first phases in the microstructure. This is one of the features. Since a part of the microstructure is a plurality of independent silicide phases (first phases), the second phase (a -Si phase) expansion can be suppressed by a plurality of independent first phases. In addition, the low electronic conductivity of the a-Si phase (particularly the Si active material) can be improved.
- the silicon-containing alloy is obtained by melting a predetermined alloy raw material by a liquid quenching roll solidification method, quenching at a predetermined cooling rate, and alloying, so that a plurality of independent first phases become primary crystals in the liquid phase. Crystallization is obtained by crystallizing the eutectic structure of the first phase and the second phase in the liquid phase in the gap between the independent first phases.
- a plurality of phases may exist in each of the above-described plurality of independent silicide phases (first phases) and silicide phases (first phases) in the eutectic structure, for example, transition metal elements
- Two or more phases for example, MSi 2 and MSi
- two or more phases may exist by including a silicide with different transition metal elements.
- the type of transition metal contained in the silicide phase (first phase) is not particularly limited, but is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ni, Cu, and Fe, and more Ti or Zr is preferable, and Ti is particularly preferable.
- These elements exhibit higher electronic conductivity and higher strength than silicides of other elements when silicides are formed.
- TiSi 2 which is silicide when the transition metal element is Ti is preferable because it exhibits very excellent electron conductivity.
- microstructure of the silicon-containing alloy has the above-described configuration (structure) is, for example, observation with a high-resolution STEM (scanning transmission electron microscope), elemental analysis by EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), electron diffraction Measurement and EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) measurement can reveal the microstructure of the silicon-containing alloy (particles) that are the negative electrode active material particles.
- analyzers include XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), TEM-EDX (transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and STEM-EDX / EELS (scanning transmission electron microscope).
- Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy / electron energy loss spectrometer can be used.
- HAADF-STEM high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image
- the silicon-containing alloy (particles) that are the negative electrode active material particles prepared in Example 2 will be described as an example, but the silicon-containing alloy that is the negative electrode active material particles obtained in this embodiment will be described.
- the structure of the microstructure of the alloy (particle) can be clarified for the alloy (particle).
- Analysis method 1-1 Sample preparation FIB (focused ion beam) method; Microsampling system (manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd., FB-2000A) An Al grid is used.
- STEMimage, EDX, EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) measuring apparatus and conditions are as follows.
- Equipment Atomic resolution analytical electron microscope JEOL JEM-ARM200F EDX (Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) ; JED-2300 made by JEOL (100mm 2 silicon drift (SDD) type) ; System; Analysis Station EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) GATAN GIF Quantum Image acquisition: Digital Micrograph 2) Measurement conditions; acceleration voltage: 200 kV Beam diameter: about 0.2nm ⁇ (diameter) Energy resolution: about 0.5eV FWHM 1-3: Electron diffraction measurement apparatus and conditions are as follows.
- FIG. 3A shows the silicon-containing alloy of the present embodiment.
- 1 is a drawing showing a BF (Bright-field) -STEM Image (bright field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) (low magnification) of a sample prepared by FIB method (particles).
- FIG. 1 is a drawing showing a BF (Bright-field) -STEM Image (bright field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) (low magnification) of a sample prepared by FIB method (particles).
- FIG. 3B shows a HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) of the active material particles in the same field of view as FIG.
- D50 7 ⁇ m
- D90 20 ⁇ m
- FIG. 4 is a drawing showing quantitative mapping data by STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy).
- FIG. 4 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 3 (b).
- FIG. 4B is a diagram showing mapping data of Sn (lower left) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4A).
- FIG. 4C is a diagram showing mapping data of Si (lower center) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4A).
- FIG. 4D is a drawing showing mapping data of Ti (lower right) measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4A).
- FIG. 4 is a drawing showing quantitative mapping data by STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy).
- FIG. 4 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 3 (b).
- 4 (e) is a diagram (upper right) in which mapping data of Sn, Si, and Ti measured in the same field of view as HAADF-STEM (upper left FIG. 4 (a)).
- 4B-4E can actually be colored (colored). For example, if Sn is green, Si is blue, and Ti is red, silicide (TiSi 2 ) is Since the blue of Si and the red of Ti are mixed, it can be distinguished at a glance. However, in the application drawing, it is necessary to submit a black and white image. These are included in FIG. 3B and FIG. 4E.
- a bright-field (BF) STEM image formed using an electron beam transmitted through a sample and a dark field formed using an electron beam scattered from the sample
- DF dark-field
- FIG. 3A the transmission composition showing the internal structure of the sample, as in the case of a normal TEM image
- HAADF high angle scattering annular dark field
- Z atomic number
- Substances with large atomic numbers appear bright (FIG. 3 (b), FIG. 4 (a), FIG. 5 (b), FIG. 6 (b), FIG. 7 (a), FIG. 8 (a), FIG. 9 (a) reference).
- HAADF-STEM High Angle Scattering Circular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Microscopy
- the image is applied by operating a thinly focused electron beam while operating the sample, and the scattered electrons are detected at a high angle by a ring detector. can get. Since a material having a large Z 2 ⁇ is scattered at a higher angle, heavier elements are darker in the STEM image and brighter in the HAADF-STEM image. Since a contrast proportional to the atomic weight (Z) is obtained, it is also called a Z contrast image.
- STEM-EDX quantitative mapping characteristic X-rays generated from each point are taken into an EDS (Energy-Dispersive-Spectroscope) detector while narrowing down the electron beam and scanning the sample, thereby obtaining information on the composition distribution of the sample. Can be obtained.
- EDS Electronic-Dispersive-Spectroscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the silicide phase (first phase) and the surrounding area on the right side in the microstructure of the sample and the vicinity thereof are
- the Si phase containing the Sn (second phase) is a eutectic structure (a (solid solution) crystal, amorphous or low crystallinity with different component ratios), and the first phase and the second phase are mixed. It can be confirmed that the organization is matched.
- the (relatively small) gray portion corresponding to (phase) is mixed.
- the fine Si phase and the silicide phase are co-crystallized (having a eutectic structure).
- the eutectic structure can be confirmed by the following when colored.
- the enclosed portion on the right side and the (relatively small) dark gray portion (second phase) in the vicinity of the surrounding area mainly contain Si blue (including a small amount of Sn) or Si blue and Sn green.
- the silicide phase (first phase) mainly composed of the transition metal silicide (silicide) of the above (1), Part (2) above includes Sn, and more specifically, the main component is amorphous or low crystalline Si (which is formed by dispersing and solid-dissolving Sn inside the Si crystal structure). It can be confirmed that a part of the above (4) has a eutectic structure of the first phase and the second phase.
- FIG. 4 (b) the white part in FIG. 4 (a) is Sn in which Sn that has not been dispersed and dissolved in the second phase of amorphous or low crystalline Si has crystallized. It is a phase (may contain trace amounts of Si and Ti). Such an Sn phase may crystallize in a portion other than the independent first phase and the eutectic structure (portion other than the left and right enclosed portions in FIG. 3B), or the eutectic structure (FIG. 3B ) May be crystallized in a portion other than the first phase and the second phase.
- 5B is the silicide (TiSi 2 ) phase (first phase) in the eutectic structure, and the dark gray (or black) portion contains Sn in a part of the eutectic structure. It is an a-Si phase (second phase), and the whitish portion is an Sn phase mainly composed of Sn (dispersed in the second phase and crystallized without being completely dissolved). For some of these, an arrow in FIG. 5B indicates whether it corresponds to TiSi 2 (silicide phase), Si (a-Si phase containing Sn), or Sn (Sn phase). Yes.
- FIG. 6A shows a BF (Bright-field) -STEM Image (bright-field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) obtained by further enlarging a part of the eutectic structure of the silicon-containing alloy (particle) of this embodiment. It is a drawing (high magnification).
- FIG. 6B is a drawing showing a HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field-scanning transmission electron microscope image) of the active material particles in the same field of view as FIG.
- FIG. 7B to 7E can actually be colored (colored), for example, if Sn is green, Si is blue, and Ti is red, silicide (TiSi 2 ) is Since the blue of Si and the red of Ti are mixed, it can be distinguished at a glance. However, in the application drawing, it is necessary to submit a black and white image. These are included in FIG. 6B and FIG. 7E. Those skilled in the art can easily obtain the same analysis information from quantitative mapping data by STEM-EDX (scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) as in FIG. It is because it can be obtained.
- STEM-EDX scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- FIGS. 7A and 7E black is shown in FIG. 7A corresponding to the Si phase (second phase) partially containing Sn, and a dark gray portion (Si + Sn in FIG. 7E). It can be confirmed that the portion) and the gray portion corresponding to the silicide phase (first phase) are mixed. From this, it can be seen that the fine Si phase and the silicide phase are co-crystallized (having a eutectic structure). The eutectic structure can be confirmed by the following when colored. That is, the dark gray portions (second phase) in the upper left, upper right, lower center, etc. of FIG. 7E are mainly Si blue (including a small amount of Sn) or Si blue and Sn green.
- the gray portion (first phase) in the center, lower left, upper right, lower left, etc. in FIG. 7E is pink in which Si blue and Ti red are mixed.
- a blue or blue-green portion corresponding to the Si phase (second phase) containing Sn in part and a pink portion corresponding to the silicide phase (first phase) are mixed. It can be confirmed that these are eutectic structures.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are the same HAADF-STEM images as FIG. 6 (b) and FIG. 7 (a). Yes, the region (two places surrounded by a square frame) where the presence of the element in the silicide phase (first phase) and the element in the Si phase (second phase) observed by elemental analysis is shown in the image The figure is divided into numbers 1 and 2.
- FIG. 8 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 6 (b) and FIG. 7 (a), and the rectangular frame of the portion to be observed for the element distribution (the portion of the circled number 1 in the image). Is a drawing indicated by a bold line.
- FIG. 8B is a drawing in which elemental analysis is performed on a portion to be observed of the element distribution of FIG.
- FIG. 8C is an elemental analysis table summarizing the elemental analysis results of FIG.
- the Si element peak and the Ti element peak are observed in the circled number 1 portion (silicide phase portion) of FIG.
- the Sn element peak is hardly observed.
- FIGS. 8B and 8C it was confirmed that Si and Ti exist at an atomic ratio of approximately 2: 1. Also from this, it can be confirmed that the gray portion including the circled portion 1 is silicide (TiSi 2 phase). Note that, from FIG. 8B, the circled number 1 portion (silicide phase portion) of FIG. 8A inevitably contains a trace amount of Sn element and P element.
- FIG. 9 (a) is the same HAADF-STEM image as FIG. 6 (b) and FIG. 7 (a), and the rectangular frame of the portion to be observed for the element distribution (the portion indicated by the round numeral 2 in the image). Is a drawing indicated by a bold line.
- FIG. 9B is a drawing in which elemental analysis is performed on a portion to be observed of the element distribution of FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 9C is an element analysis table summarizing the elemental analysis results of FIG.
- FIG. 10 (b) is an enlarged view of a part of the eutectic structure in the right enclosing portion of FIG. 10 (a), and the same HAADF-STEM Image (high angle scattering dark field as in FIG. 6 (b)). -Scanning transmission electron microscope image).
- FIG. 10C is a diffraction pattern obtained by performing fast Fourier transform processing on an independent silicide phase region in the left enclosing portion of FIG. 10A by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10D is a diffraction pattern obtained by subjecting the region of the a-Si phase in the eutectic structure of FIG. 10B to fast Fourier transform by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10C is a diffraction pattern obtained by performing fast Fourier transform processing on an independent silicide phase region in the left enclosing portion of FIG. 10A by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 10D is a diffraction pattern obtained by subjecting the region of
- FIG. 10E is a diffraction pattern obtained by performing a fast Fourier transform process on the silicide phase region in the eutectic structure of FIG. 10B by electron diffraction measurement.
- FIG. 11 is a chart obtained by (powder) X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement of the same alloy of Example 2 as FIG. 10 (a) and 10 (b) are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 3 (b) and 6 (b), and a description thereof is omitted here.
- Observation target 10 and 11 as described above, an alloy represented by the alloy composition Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of the second embodiment.
- a net pattern (lattice spot) of a two-dimensional point array is obtained for a single crystal phase, and a Debye-Scherrer ring (diffraction ring) for a polycrystalline phase.
- a halo pattern is obtained for the amorphous phase.
- the crystal structure of the two-dimensional dot array net pattern (silicide phase) can be specified. That is, from the diffraction patterns shown in FIG. 10C and FIG. 10E, a net pattern of a two-dimensional point array is obtained, and it can be confirmed that it is a single crystal phase. Furthermore, from the diffraction patterns shown in FIGS.
- the crystal structure of the silicide phase (silicide) in the independent silicide phase and eutectic structure, which is a single crystal phase, is a C49 structure.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the strength is mutually complemented by suppressing it in the above-described two-stage manner. It can be said that the excellent cycle durability can be effectively expressed by the mutual action. That is, while the main component C49 structure low hardness silicide allows the expansion of Si to some extent, the secondary component C54 structure high-strength silicide blocks further expansion of Si, thereby increasing the capacity and durability. It can be said that it is a composite structure that complements each other. As a result, it can be said that excellent cycle durability can be effectively expressed while maintaining a high capacity. Further, from the diffraction pattern shown in FIG.
- the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure has a Debye-Scherrer ring (diffraction ring) and is a polycrystalline phase. . Furthermore, since a diffractive ring having a halo pattern is obtained, it can be confirmed that the Si phase (second phase) is an amorphous phase having amorphous or low crystalline Si (a-Si). That is, the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure has amorphous or low crystalline Si (a-Si) by making it amorphous, as shown in FIG. This can be confirmed by electron diffraction analysis.
- a-Si phase (second phase) is more amorphous than the silicide phase (first phase) is confirmed by the diffraction patterns of FIGS. 10 (d), 10 (c) and 10 (e). can do.
- an independent silicide phase which is a single crystal phase and a crystal structure of the silicide phase (silicide) in the eutectic structure is a C49 structure
- an Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure is non-crystalline.
- the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure has amorphous or low crystalline Si (a-Si) by making it amorphous.
- the size of the independent first phase in the microstructure of the alloy is It is preferable that it is larger than the size of the eutectic structure of the first phase and the second phase. This is because by having such a configuration, the effects of the present invention can be more effectively expressed by the above-described action mechanism. That is, a relatively small-sized eutectic structure (the second phase is eutectic with the first phase) enters a gap between a plurality of independent relatively large-sized first phases in the microstructure. It can be configured.
- the size of the independent first phase is lower than that in the transmission electron micrograph (for example, FIG. 3B), and the independent first phase is observed more than the number standard by observation at a plurality of locations.
- the size of the eutectic structure means the total size (one unit size) of one first phase and one second phase adjacent to each other in the eutectic structure.
- the size of the eutectic structure is also the average equivalent circular diameter of 100 first phases on a number basis measured by the equivalent circular diameter from a transmission electron micrograph.
- a transmission electron micrograph for example, a lower magnification than that in FIG. 3B or FIG. It may be used.
- the magnification is higher than that in FIG. 3B (see, for example, FIG. 5B and FIG. 6B), and the independent first phase is observed more than the number standard by observation at a plurality of locations. Also good.
- the size of the first independent phase is clearly larger than the size of the eutectic structure (one unit) of the first phase and the second phase.
- the size of the first phase and the second phase in the eutectic structure is also referred to as the total size (size of one unit).
- the size (average particle diameter) of the first phase and the second phase in the eutectic structure is also an average particle of 100 particles on the number basis measured by an equivalent circular diameter from a transmission electron micrograph. Is the diameter.
- the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure in the silicon-containing alloy (particles) of the present embodiment, in the microstructure of the alloy.
- the size of the first phase (silicide phase) is the mode radius of 500 nm or less
- the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure of the first phase and the second phase is the mode. It is preferable that the radius is less than 110 nm.
- the effects of the present invention can be more effectively expressed by the above-described action mechanism. That is, a structure in which a eutectic structure in which a relatively small second phase and a first phase are co-crystallized enters a gap between a plurality of independent relatively large first phases in a microstructure. can do. Further, the first phase (silicide phase) is superior in terms of hardness and electronic conductivity as compared with the second phase (Si phase). Therefore, expansion of a relatively small Si phase (active material) in the eutectic structure during the charge / discharge process can be more effectively suppressed. This is because the eutectic relatively small first phase (see FIGS.
- the size of the independent first phase (silicide phase) in the microstructure of the alloy is preferably a mode radius of preferably 450 nm or less, more preferably 400 nm or less, still more preferably 350 nm or less, and particularly preferably 240 nm or less.
- the lower limit of the mode radius of the size of the independent first phase (silicide phase) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 160 nm or more, more preferably 170 nm or more, still more preferably 180 nm or more, and particularly preferably 190 nm or more. It is.
- the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure is preferably a mode radius of preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 85 nm or less, still more preferably 70 nm or less, particularly preferably less than 50 nm, and particularly preferably. Is 48 nm or less.
- the lower limit of the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 25 nm or more, more preferably 30 nm or more, still more preferably 35 nm or more, particularly Preferably it is 40 nm or more.
- the size of the independent first phase (silicide phase) is preferably a radial distribution of 80 to 1000 nm, more preferably 85. It is in the range of ⁇ 900 nm, more preferably 90 to 800 nm, particularly preferably 95 to 700 nm, and particularly preferably 100 to 480 nm.
- the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure is preferably 5 to 200 nm, more preferably 8 to 190 nm, still more preferably 10 to 180 nm, and particularly preferably less than 12 to 170 nm in the radius distribution. In particular, the range of 15 to 160 nm is preferable.
- the mode radius and the radius distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure are determined by the following procedure. Can be calculated.
- Si—Sn—M ternary alloys of the compositions of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1 will be described as Si—Sn—M alloys, but other alloys are also subjected to the following procedure. Thus, it can be calculated in the same manner.
- thermodynamic calculation system Thermo-Calc Ver2015a made by Thermo-Calc software AB of Sweden (Japanese agency: ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation) is used as a thermodynamic database.
- the precipitation phase is primary TiSi 2 silicide and eutectic (TiSi 2 + Si (diamond_A4)), and in the composition of Comparative Example 1, the calculation result is eutectic (TiSi 2 + Si). Obtained.
- FIG. 12 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy temperature is 1400 ° C.
- FIG. 13 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1450 ° C.
- FIG. 14 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1300 ° C.
- FIG. 15 shows an Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1200 ° C.
- FIG. 12 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy temperature is 1400 ° C.
- FIG. 13 shows a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram when the temperature of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy is 1450 ° C.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram in which analysis information is included in the state diagram of FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a drawing in which analysis information is included in a Si—Sn—Ti ternary equilibrium diagram at a Si—Sn—Ti ternary alloy temperature of 1310 ° C.
- FIG. 18 is a liquid phase projection view of the Si—Sn—Ti ternary system by Thermo-Calc (integrated thermodynamic calculation system).
- the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Examples 2 to 4 is indicated by an arrow. Since the location is on the region where the crystallization of TiSi 2 is observed as the primary crystal in the liquid phase or on the solid phase line, “Si60Sn10Ti30: liq + Primary: TiSi2”. Moreover, the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 of Comparative Example 1 is indicated by an arrow, and since the location is in the liquid phase region, “Si60Sn20Ti20 (liquid)” is set.
- the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 of Comparative Example 1 is indicated by an arrow, and since the location is on a region where the eutectic crystallization of Si and TiSi 2 is observed or on a solid line, “Si60Sn20Ti20 "Electric Si-TiSi2".
- the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 30 Ti 10 having a Sn composition ratio larger than that of Comparative Example 1 is indicated by an arrow, and this location is crystallized (crystalline) Si as a primary crystal in the liquid phase. “Si60Sn10Ti30 liq + Cry-Si)” because it is in the recognized region or solid phase line.
- FIG. 18 is a liquid phase projection showing the time until the molten alloy at 1500 ° C. is cooled to 1300 ° C. with an isothermal interval of 25 ° C.
- Figures 18 instructs the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Examples 2-4 by the arrows, that location is observed crystallisation of eutectic primary crystal TiSi 2, and Si and TiSi 2 Therefore, “Si60Sn10Ti30 primary crystal TiSi2 + eutectic” is used.
- the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 of Comparative Example 1 is indicated by an arrow, and since the location is in a region where eutectic crystallization of Si and TiSi 2 is observed, “Si60Sn20Ti20 eutectic Si”. -TiSi2 ".
- the location of the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 30 Ti 10 having a Sn composition ratio larger than that of Comparative Example 1 is indicated by an arrow, and this location is the primary crystal Si and the eutectic crystallization of Si and TiSi 2. Since it exists in the area
- Example 1 In the precipitation calculation, the calculation was performed under the conditions of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1. The calculation was performed under the following calculation conditions and temperature profile (Examples 1 to 4). The temperature profile of Comparative Example 1 is the same as that of Example 2.
- Alloy composition (mass%): Si 65 Sn 5 Ti 30 (Example 1) Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 (Examples 2 to 4) Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 (Comparative Example 1)
- Matrix / precipitation phase Liquid / TiSi 2 , Si (diamond_A4) (Crystallized in liquid phase)
- Nuclear growth model Simply Nucleation site: Bulk (both TiSi 2 and Si (dia))
- Interfacial energy Use estimated value from thermodynamic DB Phase boundary / mobility: Use dynamics DB data Mother phase / precipitate phase volume: 1E-4 (1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ) m 3 for both .
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a state in which the temperature of the quenched ribbon alloy obtained by the apparatus used in the liquid quenched roll solidification method is observed using an infrared thermograph.
- the mother alloy mother alloys of Examples 1 to 4
- the mother alloy is sprayed from a quartz nozzle containing a mother alloy melted at 1450 ° C. onto a Cu roll having a rotational speed of 4000 rpm (peripheral speed: 41.9 m / second). This is an observation of the temperature of a ribbon-like alloy formed continuously horizontally from above the roll.
- FIG. 20 is a graph plotting the temperature of the quenched ribbon alloy at positions (distances) every 2.25 mm from the nozzle for Examples 2 and 4.
- FIG. 21 shows the number of rotations of the roll and the cooling time of the quenched ribbon alloy (from 1450 ° C. to 1100 ° C.) in FIG. ) A graph showing the relationship with temperature. In FIG. 20, only Examples 2 and 4 are plotted, but the temperature profile shown in FIG. 21 can be obtained by similarly plotting other Examples.
- Example 1 it can be calculated as 1450 ° C. ⁇ 1100 ° C./5.67 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 seconds (cooling rate 6.2 ⁇ 10 6 ° C./second).
- Example 2 it can be calculated as 1450 ° C. ⁇ 1100 ° C./7.56 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 seconds (cooling rate 4.6 ⁇ 10 6 ° C./second).
- Example 3 can be calculated as 1450 ° C. ⁇ 1100 ° C./1.62 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 seconds (cooling rate 2.2 ⁇ 10 6 ° C./second).
- Example 4 it can be calculated as 1450 ° C. ⁇ 1100 ° C./2.16 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 seconds (cooling rate 1.6 ⁇ 10 6 ° C./second).
- FIG. 22 (a) shows the alloy composition of Si 65 Sn 5 Ti 30 of Example 1 and the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 1 above. It is a graph which shows the mode radius of the size of Si phase (second phase) in a crystal structure.
- FIG. 22B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG. 22A and obtaining the radial distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. is there. From the graph of FIG. 22A, the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 45 nm.
- the silicide phase is a bimodal graph.
- the peak with the smaller radius has a peak at almost the same position as the most frequent radius of the Si phase, and considering the observation results shown in FIGS. 3 to 9, the peak shows the eutectic structure. It is a silicide phase (first phase) to be formed, and the mode radius of the size is 60 nm.
- the peak on the larger radius side is the size of the independent silicide phase (first phase), and the most frequent radius is 220 nm. From the graph of FIG. 22B, the radius distribution of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 25 to 80 nm.
- the radius distribution of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 40 to 90 nm, and the radius distribution of the size of the independent silicide phase (first phase) is 160 nm. ⁇ 300 nm.
- the radius distribution reads a portion having a height of 5% with respect to the peak height.
- FIG. 23 is a drawing showing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of the rapidly cooled ribbon alloy of Si 65 Sn 5 Ti 30 in Example 1.
- the gray portion in FIG. 23 is the independent silicide phase (first phase) portion, and the black portion is the eutectic structure portion.
- the white part is the Sn phase part.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure obtained from FIG. 22 and the maximum circle and the minimum circle based on the radius distribution are shown in FIG.
- the method can be applied to the HAADF-STEM Image drawing of Example 1 which can be obtained in the same manner as in FIG.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in these eutectic structures and the maximum circle and minimum circle based on the radius distribution are the actual Si phase (first phase). It can be confirmed that the equivalent circular diameter (average value and diameter distribution) of the second phase almost matches.
- FIG. 24A shows the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Example 2 and the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 2 above. It is a graph which shows the mode radius of the size of Si phase (second phase) in a crystal structure.
- FIG. 24B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG. 24A and obtaining the radius distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. is there. From the graph of FIG. 24A, the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 50 nm.
- the silicide phase is a bimodal graph.
- the peak with the smaller radius has a peak at almost the same position as the most frequent radius of the Si phase, and considering the observation results shown in FIGS. 3 to 9, the peak shows the eutectic structure. It is a silicide phase (first phase) to be formed, and the mode radius of the size is approximately 50 nm. Moreover, the peak on the larger radius side is the size of the independent silicide phase (first phase), and the most frequent radius is 250 nm. From the graph of FIG. 24B, the radius distribution of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 30 to 90 nm.
- the radius distribution of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) constituting the eutectic structure is also approximately 30 to 90 nm (not shown), and the independent silicide phase (first phase)
- the size radius distribution is 190-340 nm.
- the radius distribution is assumed to read a portion having a height of 5% with respect to the peak height.
- FIG. 25 is a drawing showing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of the quenched ribbon alloy of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 in Example 2.
- the gray portion in FIG. 25 is the independent silicide phase (first phase) portion, and the black portion is the eutectic structure portion.
- the white part is the Sn phase part.
- the intermediate circle (diameter 500 nm) having the most frequent diameter substantially matched the actual equivalent circular diameter (average value) of the intermediate size of the first phase.
- the maximum circle (diameter 680 nm) and the minimum circle (diameter) based on the radius distribution (190 to 340 nm) of the size of the independent first phase obtained by the precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 2 above.
- these maximum circles (diameter 680 nm) and minimum circles (diameter 380 nm) almost coincide with the large size and the small equivalent circle diameter (diameter distribution) of the actual independent first phase.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure obtained from FIG. 24, the maximum circle and the minimum circle based on the radius distribution are shown in FIG. It can be applied to the HAADF-STEM Image drawing of Example 2 shown in FIG. As a result, the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in these eutectic structures and the maximum circle and minimum circle based on the radius distribution are the actual Si phase (first phase). It can be confirmed that the equivalent circular diameter (average value and diameter distribution) of the second phase almost matches.
- FIG. 26A shows the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Example 3 and the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 3 above. It is a graph which shows the mode radius of the size of Si phase (second phase) in a crystal structure.
- FIG. 26B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG. 26A and obtaining the radius distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. is there. From the graph of FIG. 26A, the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 75 nm.
- the silicide phase is a bimodal graph.
- the peak with the smaller radius has a peak at almost the same position as the most frequent radius of the Si phase, and considering the observation results shown in FIGS. 3 to 9, the peak shows the eutectic structure. It is a silicide phase (first phase) to be formed, and the mode radius of the size is also approximately 75 nm.
- the peak on the larger radius side is the size of the independent silicide phase (first phase), and the most frequent radius is 370 nm. From the graph of FIG. 26B, the radius distribution of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 40 to 120 nm.
- the radius distribution of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) constituting the eutectic structure is also approximately 40 to 120 nm (not shown), and the independent silicide phase (first phase)
- the size radius distribution is 250-510 nm.
- the radius distribution reads a portion having a height of 5% with respect to the peak height.
- FIG. 27 is a drawing showing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of the quenched ribbon alloy of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 in Example 3.
- the gray portion in FIG. 27 is the independent silicide phase (first phase) portion, and the black portion is the eutectic structure portion.
- the white part is the Sn phase part.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure obtained from FIG. 26, the maximum circle and the minimum circle based on the radius distribution are shown in FIG. This can be applied to the HAADF-STEM Image drawing of Example 3 which can be obtained in the same manner as in FIG.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in these eutectic structures and the maximum circle and minimum circle based on the radius distribution are the actual Si phase (first phase). It can be confirmed that the equivalent circular diameter (average value and diameter distribution) of the second phase almost matches.
- FIG. 28A shows the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Example 4 and the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Example 4 above. It is a graph which shows the mode radius of the size of Si phase (second phase) in a crystal structure.
- FIG. 28B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG. 28A and obtaining the radius distribution of the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. is there. From the graph of FIG. 28A, the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 90 nm.
- the silicide phase is a bimodal graph.
- the peak with the smaller radius has a peak at almost the same position as the most frequent radius of the Si phase, and considering the observation results shown in FIGS. 3 to 9, the peak shows the eutectic structure. It is a silicide phase (first phase) to be formed, and the mode radius of the size is approximately 90 nm.
- the peak on the larger radius side is the size of the independent silicide phase (first phase), and the mode radius is 420 nm (see FIG. 28B). From the graph of FIG. 28B, the radius distribution of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 50 to 140 nm.
- the radius distribution of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) constituting the eutectic structure is also approximately 50 to 140 nm (not shown), and the independent silicide phase (first phase)
- the size radius distribution is 300 to 570 nm.
- the radius distribution reads a portion having a height of 5% with respect to the peak height.
- FIG. 29 is a drawing showing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) image of the quenched ribbon alloy of Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 of Example 4.
- the gray portion in FIG. 29 is the independent silicide phase (first phase) portion, and the black portion is the eutectic structure portion.
- the white part is the Sn phase part.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure obtained from FIG. 28, the maximum circle and the minimum circle based on the radius distribution are shown in FIG.
- the method can be applied to the HAADF-STEM Image drawing of Example 4 which can be obtained in the same manner as in FIG.
- the intermediate circle of the mode diameter based on the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in these eutectic structures and the maximum circle and minimum circle based on the radius distribution are the actual Si phase (first phase). It can be confirmed that the equivalent circular diameter (average value and diameter distribution) of the second phase almost matches.
- FIG. 30 (a) shows the silicide (first structure) in the eutectic structure obtained by the above precipitation calculation with respect to the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 in Comparative Example 1 by applying the calculation conditions in Comparative Example 1 above. It is a graph which shows the mode radius of the size of a phase) and Si phase (2nd phase). It can be seen that an independent silicide (first phase) is not formed in the alloy composition of Si 60 Sn 20 Ti 20 in Comparative Example 1. This could also be confirmed by observing the same fine structure as in FIGS. 3 to 8 of Example 2 (not shown).
- FIG. 30B is a graph obtained by enlarging the graph of FIG.
- the mode radius of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 110 nm.
- no bimodal distribution was observed for the silicide phase as described above.
- the peak is the silicide phase (first phase) constituting the eutectic structure, and the mode radius of the size is 180 nm. It is. From the graph of FIG.
- the radius distribution of the size of the Si phase (second phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 80 to 160 nm.
- the radius distribution of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) constituting the eutectic structure is 300 to 570 nm.
- the radius distribution reads a portion having a height of 5% with respect to the peak height.
- the equivalent circle radius (average value) is 500 nm or less, preferably 450 nm or less, more preferably 400 nm or less, still more preferably 350 nm or less, and particularly preferably 240 nm or less.
- the lower limit of the equivalent circular radius (average value) of the size of the independent first phase (silicide phase) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 160 nm or more, more preferably 170 nm or more, still more preferably 180 nm or more, particularly Preferably it is 190 nm or more.
- the equivalent circular radius (average value) of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in 100 eutectic structures on the basis of the number measured from the electron micrographs of FIGS. ) Is less than 110 nm, preferably not more than 100 nm, more preferably not more than 85 nm, still more preferably not more than 70 nm, particularly preferably less than 50 nm, and particularly preferably not more than 48 nm.
- the lower limit of the equivalent circular radius (average value) of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 25 nm or more, more preferably 30 nm or more, and still more preferably. It is 35 nm or more, particularly preferably 40 nm or more.
- the equivalent circular radius (average) of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) in 100 eutectic structures on the basis of the number measured from the electron micrographs of FIGS. (Value) is approximately the same size as the equivalent circular radius (average value) of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. That is, the equivalent circular radius (average value) of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) in 100 eutectic structures on the basis of the number measured from the electron micrographs of FIGS. 3 to 9 is less than 110 nm.
- the thickness is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 85 nm or less, still more preferably 70 nm or less, particularly preferably less than 50 nm, and particularly preferably 48 nm or less.
- the lower limit of the equivalent circular radius (average value) of the size of the silicide phase (first phase) in the eutectic structure is not particularly limited, but is preferably 25 nm or more, more preferably 30 nm or more, and still more preferably. It is 35 nm or more, particularly preferably 40 nm or more.
- the size of the independent first phase and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure obtained by the precipitation calculation by applying the calculation conditions of Examples 1 to 4 above.
- the mode diameter and the diameter distribution that is twice the radius distribution are the actual size of the independent first phase in Examples 1 to 4 and the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure. It can be said that it almost agrees.
- This is equivalent to the equivalent circular diameter (average of 100 independent first phases and Si phases (second phases) in the eutectic structure on the basis of the number measured from the electron micrographs of FIGS. It has been found that the above-mentioned mode radius and radius distribution can be applied without any problem as a new index to replace these equivalent circle diameters.
- the particle diameter of the silicon-containing alloy constituting the negative electrode active material in the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but the average particle diameter is preferably 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.2 to 10 ⁇ m. .
- the silicon-containing alloy has a second phase in the microstructure. It is configured to be eutectic with one phase and enter a gap between a plurality of independent first phases.
- a method for producing a negative electrode active material comprising such a silicon-containing alloy, a method for producing a quenched ribbon alloy by a liquid quenched roll solidification method (also simply referred to as a liquid rapid solidification method) is provided as follows.
- a method for producing a negative electrode active material for an electrical device comprising a silicon-containing alloy having the composition represented by the chemical formula (I), wherein the composition is the same as that of the silicon-containing alloy.
- a rapidly quenched ribbon alloy is prepared by a liquid quench roll solidification method using a mother alloy having the following composition, and then subjected to a pulverization treatment so as to have the above-mentioned average particle diameter.
- a method for producing a negative electrode active material for an electrical device is also provided. As described above, by performing the liquid quench roll solidification method to manufacture the negative electrode active material (silicon-containing alloy), it is possible to manufacture the alloy having the above-described microstructure. This provides a production method that can effectively contribute to the improvement of cycle durability while exhibiting a high capacity of the silicon-containing alloy active material.
- the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment will be described.
- ⁇ Liquid quenching roll solidification method (preparing process of quenching ribbon (ribbon) alloy)> First, a liquid quench roll solidification method is performed using a mother alloy having the same composition as the desired silicon-containing alloy. Thereby, a rapidly cooled ribbon is produced.
- a master alloy in order to obtain a master alloy, high-purity raw materials (single ingots, wires, plates, etc.) are used as raw materials for silicon (Si), tin (Sn), and transition metals (for example, titanium (Ti)). Prepare). Subsequently, in consideration of the composition of the silicon-containing alloy (negative electrode active material) to be finally produced, a master alloy in the form of an ingot or the like is produced by a known technique such as an arc melting method.
- a liquid quench roll solidification method is performed using the mother alloy obtained above.
- This step is a step of rapidly cooling and solidifying the melt obtained by melting the master alloy obtained above, and is performed by, for example, high-frequency induction melting-liquid quench roll solidification method (double roll or single roll quench method). be able to. Thereby, a rapidly cooled ribbon (ribbon) alloy is obtained.
- the liquid quench roll solidification method is often used as a method for producing an amorphous alloy, and there are many knowledges about the method itself.
- the liquid rapid roll coagulation method can be carried out using a commercially available liquid rapid solidification apparatus (for example, a liquid rapid solidification apparatus NEV-A05 type manufactured by Nisshin Giken Co., Ltd.).
- the gauge pressure in the chamber is desirably adjusted to a range of ⁇ 0.03 to ⁇ 0.07 MPa (0.03 to 0.05 MPa in absolute pressure).
- the melting temperature of the mother alloy in the melting apparatus may be higher than the melting point of the alloy.
- conventionally known melting means such as high frequency induction heating can be used.
- the injection pressure of the mother alloy from the nozzle of a melting apparatus for example, a quartz nozzle
- an injection nozzle to a range of 0.03 to 0.09 MPa as a gauge pressure.
- the said injection pressure can be adjusted with a conventionally well-known method.
- the differential pressure between the chamber internal pressure and the injection pressure is desirably adjusted to a range of 0.06 to 0.16 MPa.
- the method for obtaining the cooling rate is as described above with reference to FIGS.
- a microstructure with a mixed eutectic structure of silicide and a-Si phase diffraction patterns (FIG. 10) obtained by fast Fourier transform processing of each part (a plurality of independent primary crystal silicide phases, eutectic a-Si phases, and eutectic silicide phases) in the observed image
- diffraction patterns (FIG. 11) obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement the main component of the crystal structure of disilicide (TiSi 2 ) contained in the quenched ribbon obtained by the liquid rapid solidification method is a C49 structure. It was confirmed to have a C54 structure as an accessory component.
- C49 structure disilicide (TiSi 2) is a low hardness as compared with disilicide (TiSi 2) of C54 structure. Therefore, when producing a negative electrode active material (silicon-containing alloy) by performing a pulverization process using the quenched ribbon, negative electrode active material particles having a desired size can be obtained without performing a long pulverization process. . Further, as described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11 described above, by using the C49 structure as a main component and the C54 structure as a subcomponent, the effects of the present invention can be effectively expressed.
- the properties of the silicide phase having the C49 structure (principal component) and the C54 structure (subcomponent) contained in the quenched ribbon obtained by the liquid rapid solidification method can be effectively used,
- Such a manufacturing method can be said to be advantageous.
- the C54 structure (subcomponent) exhibits a lower resistivity (higher electronic conductivity) than the C49 structure, and thus it can be said that the negative electrode active material as a whole has more preferable performance.
- the above-mentioned silicon-containing alloy having the desired microstructure quenching ribbon (ribbon) alloy It can be produced.
- a metal or a resin in which a conductive filler is added to a conductive polymer material or a non-conductive polymer material can be employed.
- examples of the metal include aluminum, nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium, and copper.
- a clad material of nickel and aluminum, a clad material of copper and aluminum, or a plating material of a combination of these metals can be preferably used.
- covered on the metal surface may be sufficient.
- aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and nickel are preferable from the viewpoints of electronic conductivity, battery operating potential, and adhesion of the negative electrode active material by sputtering to the current collector.
- examples of the conductive polymer material include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyoxadiazole. Since such a conductive polymer material has sufficient conductivity without adding a conductive filler, it is advantageous in terms of facilitating the manufacturing process or reducing the weight of the current collector.
- Non-conductive polymer materials include, for example, polyethylene (PE; high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), etc.), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) , Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), or polystyrene (PS).
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyether nitrile
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- PA polyamide
- PTFE polytetraflu
- a conductive filler may be added to the conductive polymer material or the non-conductive polymer material as necessary.
- a conductive filler is inevitably necessary to impart conductivity to the resin.
- the conductive filler can be used without particular limitation as long as it has a conductivity.
- metals, conductive carbon, etc. are mentioned as a material excellent in electroconductivity, electric potential resistance, or lithium ion barrier
- the metal is not particularly limited, but at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Ti, Al, Cu, Pt, Fe, Cr, Sn, Zn, In, Sb, and K, or these metals It is preferable to contain an alloy or metal oxide containing.
- it includes at least one selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, vulcan, black pearl, carbon nanofiber, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanoballoon, and fullerene.
- the amount of the conductive filler added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of imparting sufficient conductivity to the current collector, and is generally about 5 to 35% by mass.
- a liquid electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte can be used as the electrolyte constituting the electrolyte layer 17.
- the liquid electrolyte has a form in which a lithium salt (electrolyte salt) is dissolved in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), Examples include carbonates such as methylpropyl carbonate (MPC).
- Li (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2) 2 N, LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, LiTaF 6, LiClO 4, LiCF 3 SO 3 , etc.
- a compound that can be added to the active material layer of the electrode can be employed.
- polymer electrolytes are classified into gel electrolytes containing an electrolytic solution and intrinsic polymer electrolytes not containing an electrolytic solution.
- the gel electrolyte has a configuration in which the above liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution) is injected into a matrix polymer made of an ion conductive polymer.
- the use of a gel polymer electrolyte as the electrolyte is superior in that the fluidity of the electrolyte is lost and it is easy to block ion conduction between the layers.
- Examples of the ion conductive polymer used as the matrix polymer include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), and copolymers thereof.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PPO polypropylene oxide
- electrolyte salts such as lithium salts can be well dissolved.
- the ratio of the liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution) in the gel electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably about several mass% to 98 mass% from the viewpoint of ionic conductivity.
- the gel electrolyte having a large amount of electrolytic solution having a ratio of the electrolytic solution of 70% by mass or more is particularly effective.
- a separator may be used for the electrolyte layer.
- the separator include a microporous film made of polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene, a porous flat plate, and a non-woven fabric.
- the intrinsic polymer electrolyte has a structure in which a supporting salt (lithium salt) is dissolved in the above matrix polymer, and does not contain an organic solvent that is a plasticizer. Therefore, when the electrolyte layer is composed of an intrinsic polymer electrolyte, there is no fear of liquid leakage from the battery, and the reliability of the battery can be improved.
- a supporting salt lithium salt
- the matrix polymer of the gel electrolyte or the intrinsic polymer electrolyte can express excellent mechanical strength by forming a crosslinked structure.
- thermal polymerization, ultraviolet polymerization, radiation polymerization, electron beam polymerization, etc. are performed on a polymerizable polymer (for example, PEO or PPO) for forming a polymer electrolyte using an appropriate polymerization initiator.
- a polymerization treatment may be performed.
- a current collecting plate may be used for the purpose of taking out the current outside the battery.
- the current collector plate is electrically connected to the current collector and the lead, and is taken out of the laminate sheet that is a battery exterior material.
- the material constituting the current collector plate is not particularly limited, and a known highly conductive material conventionally used as a current collector plate for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- a constituent material of the current collector plate for example, metal materials such as aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, stainless steel (SUS), and alloys thereof are preferable, and aluminum is more preferable from the viewpoint of light weight, corrosion resistance, and high conductivity. Copper or the like is preferable. Note that the same material may be used for the positive electrode current collector plate and the negative electrode current collector plate, or different materials may be used.
- ⁇ Use positive terminal lead and negative terminal lead as required.
- a terminal lead used in a known lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- the part taken out from the battery outer packaging material 29 has a heat insulating property so as not to affect the product (for example, automobile parts, particularly electronic devices) by contacting with peripheral devices or wiring and causing leakage. It is preferable to coat with a heat shrinkable tube or the like.
- ⁇ Battery exterior material> As the battery exterior material 29, a known metal can case can be used, and a bag-like case using a laminate film containing aluminum that can cover the power generation element can be used.
- a laminate film having a three-layer structure in which PP, aluminum, and nylon are laminated in this order can be used as the laminate film, but the laminate film is not limited thereto.
- a laminate film is desirable from the viewpoint that it is excellent in high output and cooling performance, and can be suitably used for a battery for large equipment for EV and HEV.
- the stacked flat lithium ion secondary battery 50 has a rectangular flat shape, and a positive current collector 59 for taking out power from both sides thereof, a negative current collector, and the like.
- the electric plate 58 is pulled out.
- the power generation element 57 is wrapped by the battery outer packaging material 52 of the lithium ion secondary battery 50 and the periphery thereof is heat-sealed.
- the power generation element 57 pulls out the positive electrode current collector plate 59 and the negative electrode current collector plate 58 to the outside. Sealed.
- the power generation element 57 corresponds to the power generation element 21 of the lithium ion secondary battery (stacked battery) 10 shown in FIG.
- the power generation element 57 is formed by laminating a plurality of single battery layers (single cells) 19 including a positive electrode (positive electrode active material layer) 13, an electrolyte layer 17, and a negative electrode (negative electrode active material layer) 15.
- the removal of the positive electrode current collector plate 59 and the negative electrode current collector plate 58 shown in FIG. 2 is not particularly limited.
- the positive electrode current collector plate 59 and the negative electrode current collector plate 58 may be drawn out from the same side, or the positive electrode current collector plate 59 and the negative electrode current collector plate 58 may be divided into a plurality of parts and taken out from each side. It is not limited to the one shown in FIG.
- a terminal instead of the current collector plate, for example, a terminal may be formed using a cylindrical can (metal can).
- the negative electrode and the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material for the lithium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment are large vehicles such as electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and hybrid fuel cell vehicles. It can be suitably used as a capacity power source. That is, it can be suitably used for a vehicle driving power source and an auxiliary power source that require high volume energy density and high volume output density.
- the lithium ion battery is exemplified as the electric device.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and can be applied to other types of secondary batteries and further to primary batteries. Moreover, it can be applied not only to batteries but also to capacitors.
- Si 65 Sn was placed in a quartz nozzle installed in a chamber reduced to a gauge pressure of ⁇ 0.03 MPa after Ar substitution.
- a mother alloy of 5 Ti 30 was put and melted by high frequency induction heating.
- lithium hexafluorophosphate lithium salt
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6 dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L was used.
- Example 3 Except that the alloy type is changed to Si 60 Sn 10 Ti 30 and the chamber pressure in the liquid rapid solidification method is set to ⁇ 0.02 MPa and the injection pressure is set to 0.01 MPa, the negative electrode active A substance, a negative electrode, and a lithium ion secondary battery (coin cell) were produced.
- the first phase mainly composed of a silicide of Ti element (silicide) as a transition metal and partly tin (Sn)
- a second phase mainly composed of amorphous or low crystalline Si, a part of which is a plurality of independent first phases, and a part of
- the first phase and the second phase have a eutectic structure (not shown).
- the Sn phase is crystallized in the outer part of the first phase and the second phase (not shown).
- the size of the independent first phase and the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure in the microstructure of the negative electrode active material (silicon-containing alloy) produced in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1 The size is as described above with reference to FIGS. Specifically, for the alloy compositions of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1, the size of the independent first phase obtained by the above precipitation calculation using the calculation conditions of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1 above and The results of the mode radius and radius distribution of the size of the Si phase (second phase) in the eutectic structure are shown in Table 1 below.
- the evaluation cell is in a constant current / constant voltage mode in the charging process (referring to the Li insertion process to the evaluation electrode) in a thermostat set to the above evaluation temperature using a charge / discharge tester.
- the battery was charged from 2 V to 10 mV at 0.1 mA.
- a constant current mode was set and discharge was performed from 0.3 C, 10 mV to 2 V.
- the charge / discharge test was conducted from the initial cycle (1 cycle) to 50 cycles under the same charge / discharge conditions with the above charge / discharge cycle as one cycle.
- the results of determining the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle to the discharge capacity at the first cycle are shown in Table 1 below.
- the lithium ion batteries using the negative electrode active materials of Examples 1 to 4 have a high discharge capacity retention rate after 50 cycles and are excellent in cycle durability. I understand that. Further, in Examples 1 to 4 using the Si alloy negative electrode, the capacity is higher than that of the negative electrode active material using the carbon material (this point is not limited to showing a comparative example using the carbon material. Since it is publicly known (see Background Art), the comparative example is omitted). The reason why high cycle durability was achieved while exhibiting such a high capacity was that the Si-containing alloy constituting the negative electrode active material was Si-Sn-M (M is one or more transition metal elements). By having the ternary alloy composition represented.
- the microstructure has a first phase mainly composed of silicide and a second phase partially including Sn and mainly composed of amorphous or low crystalline Si. This is because a plurality of independent first phases and partly a first phase and a second phase have a eutectic structure.
- the lithium ion battery using the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 does not have sufficient cycle durability. This is because the independent first phase is not formed in the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 as shown in Table 1.
- the eutectic first phase can suppress the expansion of the second phase (Si phase) in the eutectic structure in the charge / discharge process to some extent, a plurality of independent first phases ( This is probably because it cannot be suppressed by a two-stage suppression.
- the degree of expansion of each refined Si phase can be relatively reduced by reducing (miniaturizing) the size (mode radius) of the Si phase that expands and contracts during the charge / discharge process. That is, it is possible to reduce the expansion pressure (stress / load for pressing the surrounding silicide) when the individual refined Si phase expands. For this reason, the eutectic first phase can easily suppress the expansion of the second phase (Si phase) (reduction pressure due to reduction; stress / load that compresses the reduced surrounding silicide). Further, the expansion of the reduced Si phase in the eutectic structure formed in the gaps between the plurality of independent first phases that have become smaller is more easily suppressed by the independent first phase that surrounds the gaps.
- Lithium ion secondary battery (stacked battery), 11 negative electrode current collector, 12 positive electrode current collector, 13 negative electrode active material layer, 15 positive electrode active material layer, 17 electrolyte layer, 19 cell layer, 21, 57 power generation element, 25, 58 negative electrode current collector plate, 27, 59 positive current collector, 29, 52 Battery exterior material (laminate film).
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Abstract
Description
Aは、不可避不純物であり、
Mは、1または2以上の遷移金属元素であり、
x、y、z、およびaは、質量%の値を表し、この際、0<x<100、0<y<100、0<z<100、および0≦a<0.5であり、x+y+z+a=100である。)
で表される組成を有する。また、当該ケイ素含有合金は、微細組織が、遷移金属のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とする第一の相と、一部にSnを含み、非晶質または低結晶性のSiを主成分とする第二の相とを有し、一部が複数の独立した第一の相、及び、一部が第一の相と第二の相とが共晶組織となっている点に特徴を有する。
図1は、本発明の電気デバイスの代表的な一実施形態である、扁平型(積層型)のリチウムイオン二次電池(以下、単に「積層型電池」ともいう)の全体構造を模式的に表した断面概略図である。
活物質層13または15は活物質を含み、必要に応じてその他の添加剤をさらに含む。
正極活物質層15は、正極活物質を含む。
正極活物質としては、例えば、LiMn2O4、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、Li(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの等のリチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム-遷移金属リン酸化合物、リチウム-遷移金属硫酸化合物などが挙げられる。場合によっては、2種以上の正極活物質が併用されてもよい。好ましくは、容量、出力特性の観点から、リチウム-遷移金属複合酸化物が、正極活物質として用いられる。より好ましくはリチウムとニッケルとを含有する複合酸化物が用いられ、さらに好ましくはLi(Ni-Mn-Co)O2およびこれらの遷移金属の一部が他の元素により置換されたもの(以下、単に「NMC複合酸化物」とも称する)が用いられる。NMC複合酸化物は、リチウム原子層と遷移金属(Mn、NiおよびCoが秩序正しく配置)原子層とが酸素原子層を介して交互に積み重なった層状結晶構造を持ち、遷移金属Mの1原子あたり1個のLi原子が含まれ、取り出せるLi量が、スピネル系リチウムマンガン酸化物の2倍、つまり供給能力が2倍になり、高い容量を持つことができる。
バインダは、活物質同士または活物質と集電体とを結着させて電極構造を維持する目的で添加される。正極活物質層に用いられるバインダとしては、特に限定されないが、例えば、以下の材料が挙げられる。ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルニトリル(PEN)、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体およびその水素添加物などの熱可塑性高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン・ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFMVE-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。中でも、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリイミド、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリプロピレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミドであることがより好ましい。これらの好適なバインダは、耐熱性に優れ、さらに電位窓が非常に広く正極電位、負極電位双方に安定であり活物質層に使用が可能となる。これらのバインダは、1種単独で用いてもよいし、2種併用してもよい。
負極活物質層13は、負極活物質を含む。
本実施形態において、負極活物質は、Si-Sn-M(Mは1または2以上の遷移金属元素である)で表される三元系の合金組成を有し、その微細組織が、遷移金属のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とする第一の相(シリサイド相)と、一部にスズ(Sn)を含み、非晶質または低結晶性のSiを主成分とする第二の相(アモルファスSi相(a-Si相))とを有し、一部が複数の独立した第一の相、及び、一部が第一の相と第二の相とが共晶組織となっているケイ素含有合金からなるものである。本実施形態では、第一の相(シリサイド相)が遷移金属のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とすることから、Mは、Siとの間でシリサイドを形成する遷移金属(シリサイド形成元素という)を1種以上有するものである。すなわち、Mが、1つの遷移金属元素である場合、第一の相(シリサイド相)を構成するシリサイド形成元素である。またMが、2以上の遷移金属元素である場合、少なくとも1種は第一の相(シリサイド相)を構成するシリサイド形成元素である。残る遷移金属元素は、第二の相(a-Si相)に含まれる遷移金属元素であってもよいし、第一の相(シリサイド相)を構成するシリサイド形成元素であってもよい。あるいは、第一の相及び第二の相(a-Si相)以外の遷移金属が晶出した相(遷移金属相)を構成する遷移金属元素であってもよい。
本実施形態における負極活物質を構成するケイ素含有合金は、微細組織中に、遷移金属のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とするシリサイド相(第一の相)を含んでいる。このシリサイド相(第一の相)は、a-Si相(第二の相)と比較して硬度および電子伝導性の点で優れている。このため、シリサイド相(第一の相)は、膨張時の応力に対して、a-Si相(第二の相)中のSi活物質の形状を維持する役割を担うとともに、a-Si相(特にSi活物質)の低い電子伝導性を改善することができる(上記作用メカニズム参照)。さらに、このシリサイド相(第一の相)は、遷移金属のケイ化物(例えばTiSi2)を含むことで、a-Si相(第二の相)との親和性に優れ、特に充電時の体積膨張における(結晶)界面での割れを抑制することができる。また、上述したように、上記化学式(1)で表される組成において、Mがチタン(Ti)であることが好ましい。特に、負極活物質(ケイ素含有合金)への添加元素としてTiを選択し、さらに第2添加元素としてSnを添加することで、Li合金化の際に、より一層アモルファス-結晶の相転移を抑制してサイクル寿命を向上させることができる。また、これによって、従来の負極活物質(例えば、炭素系負極活物質)よりも高容量のものとなる。したがって、微細組織中の遷移金属のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とするシリサイド相(第一の相)は、チタンシリサイド(TiSi2)であるのが好ましい。
上記ケイ素含有合金は、微細組織中に、一部にSnを含み(具体的にはSiの結晶構造の内部にSnが分散、固溶してなる)、非晶質または低結晶性のSi(a-Siと称する)を主成分とするa-Si相(第二の相)を含んでいる。このa-Si相(第二の相)は、非晶質または低結晶性のSiを主成分として含有する相である。このa-Si相(第二の相;a-Siを主成分とする相)は、本実施形態の電気デバイス(リチウムイオン二次電池)の作動時にリチウムイオンの吸蔵・放出に関与する相であり、電気化学的にLiと反応可能な相である。a-Si相(第二の相)は、Siを主成分とするため重量あたりおよび体積あたりに多量のLiを吸蔵・放出することが可能である。また、a-Si相(第二の相)中のSn(Siの結晶構造の内部に分散、固溶してなるSn)もカーボン負極材料(炭素負極材料)に比べて重量あたりおよび体積あたりに多量のLiを吸蔵・放出することが可能である。ただし、Siは電子伝導性に乏しいことから、a-Si相(第二の相)にはリンやホウ素などの微量の添加元素や遷移金属などが含まれていてもよい。なお、a-Si相(第二の相;Siを主成分とする相)は、シリサイド相(第一の相)よりもアモルファス化していることが好ましい。かような構成とすることにより、負極活物質(ケイ素含有合金)をより高容量なものとすることができる。なお、a-Si相(第二の相)がシリサイド相(第一の相)よりもアモルファス化しているか否かは、電子線回折分析により確認することができる。具体的には、電子線回折分析によると、単結晶相については二次元点配列のネットパターン(格子状のスポット)が得られ、多結晶相についてはデバイシェラーリング(回折環)が得られ、アモルファス相についてはハローパターンが得られる。これを利用することで、上記の確認が可能となるのである。また、上述したように、上記化学式(1)で表される組成において、Mがチタン(Ti)であることが好ましい。特に、負極活物質(ケイ素含有合金)への添加元素としてTiを選択し、さらに第2添加元素としてSnを添加することで、Li合金化の際に、より一層アモルファス-結晶の相転移を抑制してサイクル寿命を向上させることができる。また、これによって、従来の負極活物質(例えば、炭素系負極活物質)よりも高容量のものとなる。したがって、微細組織中の非晶質または低結晶性を主成分とするSi相(第二の相)は、非晶質(アモルファス)のSiを主成分とするのが好ましい。以上のことから、上記微細組織中の、第一の相の遷移金属のケイ化物は、チタンシリサイド(TiSi2)であり、かつ、前記Si相(第二の相)は非晶質(アモルファス)を主成分とするSiであるのが好ましい。かかる構成とすることで、電気デバイスの高容量を示しつつ、サイクル耐久性をより一層向上することができる。
上記ケイ素含有合金は、微細組織中において、一部が複数の独立した第一の相となっていることを特徴の1つとするものである。微細組織中において一部が複数の独立したシリサイド相(第一の相)となっていることにより、上記作用メカニズムに示したように、充放電過程における共晶組織中の第二の相(a-Si相)の膨張を、複数の独立した第1の相が抑え込んで抑制することができる。またa-Si相(特にSi活物質)の低い電子伝導性を改善することができる。
上記ケイ素含有合金は、微細組織中において、一部が第一の相と第二の相とが共晶組織となっていることを特徴の1つとするものである。微細組織中において一部が第一の相と第二の相とが共晶組織となっていることにより、上記作用メカニズムに示したように、充放電過程における共晶組織中の第二の相(a-Si相)の膨張を、共晶化した第一の相が抑え込んで抑制することができる。またa-Si相(特にSi活物質)の低い電子伝導性を改善することができる。
1-1:試料調製
FIB(集束イオンビーム)法;マイクロサンプリングシステム(日立製作所製,FB-2000A)
Alグリッドを使用する。
EDX(Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)
;JEOL製 JED-2300
(100mm2シリコンドリフト(SDD)型)
;システム;Analysis Station
EELS(Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy)
;GATAN GIF Quantum
画像取得;Digital Micrograph
2)測定条件;加速電圧:200kV
ビーム径:約0.2nmφ(直径)
エネルギー分解能:約0.5eV FWHM
1-3:電子回折測定装置及び条件は以下の通りである。
画像取得;Digital Micrograph
2)測定条件;加速電圧:200kV
ビーム径:1.0nmφ(直径)程度
2:STEM-EDX(走査透過型電子顕微鏡-エネルギー分散型X線分光法)による(定量マッピング)分析
図3(a)は、本実施形態のケイ素含有合金(粒子)をFIB法で調製した試料のBF(Bright-field)-STEM Image(明視野-走査透過電子顕微鏡像)(低倍率)を表す図面である。図3(b)は、図3(a)と同一視野での活物質粒子のHAADF-STEM Image(高角度散乱暗視野-走査透過電子顕微鏡像)を表す図面である。測定対象は、本実施形態の合金組成を有する急冷薄帯合金を粉砕した負極活物質粒子サイズが平均粒子径D50=7μm(D90=20μm)である、ケイ素含有合金(粒子)表面に2質量%のアルミナをコーティンして作製した負極活物質粒子の断面を観察対象とした。急冷薄帯合金には、実施例2の合金組成Si60Sn10Ti30で表されるものを用いた。図4は、STEM-EDX(走査透過型電子顕微鏡-エネルギー分散型X線分光法)による定量マッピングデータを示した図面である。図4(a)は、図3(b)と同一のHAADF-STEM画像である。図4(b)は、HAADF-STEM(上段左の図4(a))と同一視野で測定したSn(下段左)のマッピングデータを示した図面である。図4(c)は、HAADF-STEM(上段左の図4(a))と同一視野で測定したSi(下段中央)のマッピングデータを示した図面である。図4(d)は、HAADF-STEM(上段左の図4(a))と同一視野で測定したTi(下段右)のマッピングデータを示した図面である。図4(e)は、HAADF-STEM(上段左の図4(a))と同一視野で測定したSn、Si、Tiのマッピングデータを重ねあわせた図面(上段右)である。なお、図4(b)~4(e)のマッピングは実際には、カラーリング(色づけ)できるため、例えば、Snを緑、Siを青、Tiを赤とすれば、シリサイド(TiSi2)は、Siの青とTiの赤が混ざり合ったピンクになるため、一目で判別し得るが、出願図面では、白黒画像で提出する必要があることから、こうしたカラーリングにより明らかになった解析情報を図3(b)や図4(e)中に盛り込んでいる。これは当業者であれば、図4と同様にSTEM-EDX(走査透過型電子顕微鏡-エネルギー分散型X線分光法)による定量マッピングデータから本願と同様の画像解析により、同様の解析情報を容易に得ることができるためである。因みに、図4(b)~4(d)では、Sn、Si、Tiが存在しない部分が黒色で表され、これらの元素が存在する部分は、グレーないし白で表されている。これにより、測定対象の活物質合金Si60Sn10Ti30(実施例2の負極活物質)を構成する元素であるSi、Sn、Tiの存在なおよび分布状態も確認できる。
図8、9は、図6(b)、図7(a)と同一のHAADF-STEM画像であり、元素分析によるシリサイド相(第一の相)中の元素、及びSi相(第二の相)中の元素の存在を観察する領域(四角の枠で囲った2か所)を、画像中に数字の1~2で区分けした図面である。図8(a)は、図6(b)、図7(a)と同一のHAADF-STEM画像であり、元素分布の観察対象とする部分(画像中の丸数字の1の部分)の四角い枠を太線で示した図面である。図8(b)は、図8(a)の元素分布の観察対象の部分につき、元素分析した図面である。図8(c)は、図8(b)の元素分析結果をまとめた元素分析表である。
図10(a)は、図3(b)と同一のHAADF-STEM Image(高角度散乱暗視野-走査透過電子顕微鏡像)を表す図面である。上記したように図中の左側の囲い込み部分及びその周辺近傍の相対的に大きなグレー色の部分が独立したシリサイド相を示す。また、図中の右側の囲い込み部分及びその周辺近傍に、一部にSnを含むSi相(第二の相)に相当する相対的に小さな濃いグレー部分(Si+Sn部分)と、シリサイド相(第一の相)に相当する相対的に小さなグレー色の部分とが混ざりあった共晶組織を示す。図10(b)は、図10(a)の右側の囲い込み部分の共晶組織の一部をさらに拡大したものであり、図6(b)と同一のHAADF-STEM Image(高角度散乱暗視野-走査透過電子顕微鏡像)を表す図面である。図10(c)は、図10(a)の左側の囲い込み部分の独立したシリサイド相の領域を電子回折測定により高速フーリエ変換処理して得られた回折図形である。図10(d)は、図10(b)の共晶組織中のa-Si相の領域を電子回折測定により高速フーリエ変換処理して得られた回折図形である。図10(e)は、図10(b)の共晶組織中のシリサイド相の領域を電子回折測定により高速フーリエ変換処理して得られた回折図形である。図11は、図10と同じ実施例2の合金の(粉末)X線回折(XRD)測定により得られチャート図面である。なお、図10(a)(b)については、図3(b)、図6(b)で説明した通りであるので、ここでの説明は省略する。図10及び図11の観察対象は、上記したように、実施例2の合金組成Si60Sn10Ti30で表される合金である。
1.独立した第一の相のサイズと共晶組織のサイズの関係について
次に、本実施形態のケイ素含有合金(粒子)では、当該合金の微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズが、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織のサイズよりも大きいことが好ましい。かかる構成を有することで、上記した作用メカニズムにより、本発明の効果をより効果的に発現することができるためである。即ち、微細組織において複数の独立した相対的に大きなサイズの第一の相の隙間に、相対的に小さなサイズの(第二の相が第一の相と共晶化した)共晶組織が入り込む構成とすることができる。これにより、充放電過程における相対的に小さなサイズの共晶組織中の第二の相(a-Si相)の膨張を、(共晶化した第一の相が抑え込み)、複数の独立した相対的に大きなサイズの第一の相により抑え込み易くなるためである。
次に、本実施形態のケイ素含有合金(粒子)では、当該合金の微細組織中の、独立した第一の相(シリサイド相)のサイズおよび第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズについて特に制限はないが、好ましい実施形態において、第一の相(シリサイド相)のサイズは、最頻半径が500nm以下、かつ、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズは、最頻半径が110nm未満であることをことが好ましい。かかる構成を有することで、上記した作用メカニズムにより、本発明の効果をより効果的に発現することができるためである。即ち、微細組織において複数の独立した相対的に大きなサイズの第一の相の隙間に、相対的に小さなサイズの第二の相と第一の相が共晶化した共晶組織が入り込む構成とすることができる。また、第一の相(シリサイド相)は、第二の相(Si相)と比較して硬度および電子伝導性の点で優れている。そのため、充放電過程における共晶組織中の相対的に小さなサイズのSi相(活物質)の膨張をより効果的に抑制することができる。これは、共晶化した相対的に小さな第一の相(図4~図7等参照)が抑え込み、更に複数の独立した相対的に大きな第一の相が抑え込む、いわば2段構えの抑え込みをより効果的に行うことができるためである。これにより、充電時にSiとLiとが合金化する際のアモルファス-結晶の相転移(Li15Si4への結晶化)が抑制される。その結果、電気デバイスの充放電過程における負極活物質を構成するケイ素含有合金の膨張収縮が低減され、かつ、導電性を有するシリサイドで構成される第一の相(シリサイド相)により第二の相と共晶化することで第二の相(a-Si相)を均一に反応させることができる。その結果、当該負極活物質が用いられる電気デバイスの高容量を示しつつ、サイクル耐久性を向上することができる。
上記独立した第一の相のサイズと共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズの最頻半径及び半径分布は、下記の手順にて、算出することができる。以下では、Si-Sn-M合金として、実施例1~4の組成及び比較例1の組成のSi-Sn-Ti三元系合金につき説明するが、これら以外の合金についても、下記の手順にて、同様に算出し得るものである。
スウェーデン Thermo-Calc software AB社製(日本代理店:伊藤忠テクノソリューションズ株式会社)の統合型熱力学計算システム:Thermo-Calc Ver2015aを用い、熱力学データベースとして、固溶体汎用データベース:SSOL5(SGTE* Solution Database, ver. 5.0)を用いて、Si-Sn-Ti三元系平衡状態図を計算した[2]。実施例1~4の組成では、析出相が、初晶TiSi2シリサイド及び共晶(TiSi2+Si(diamond_A4))となり、比較例1の組成では、共晶(TiSi2+Si)となる計算結果を得た。
[2]:J-O Andersson,T.Helander,L.Hoglund,P.Shi,B.Sundman,Calphad,Vol.26,No.2,pp.273-312,2002。
スウェーデン Thermo-Calc software AB社製(日本代理店:伊藤忠テクノソリューションズ株式会社)の析出成長予測ソフトウェア:TC-PRISMA Ver2015a(及びThermo-Calc ver.2015a)を用い、熱力学データベースとして平衡状態図計算と同じSSOL5を用い、動力学データベースとして同社製MOB2(TCS Alloy Mobility Database Ver.2.5)を用いて、実施例1~4、比較例1の条件で、析出計算を行った。この析出成長予測ソフトウェアTC-PRISMAは、Langer-SchwartzおよびKampmann-Wagnerの理論に基づいて、析出計算を行うものである[3][4]。
[4]:Q.Chen,J.Jeppsson,and J.Agren.,Acta Materialia,Vol.56,pp,1890-1896,2008.
(2.1)計算条件
温度プロファイル :図21(実施例1~4)(他の実施条件でも図19~図20を参照して図21と同様の温度プロファイルを得ることができる。)
合金組成(質量%) :Si65Sn5Ti30(実施例1)
Si60Sn10Ti30(実施例2~4)
Si60Sn20Ti20(比較例1)
マトリクス/析出相 :Liquid/TiSi2、Si(diamond_A4)
(液相に晶出)
核成長モデル :Simplified
核生成サイト :バルク(TiSi2、Si(dia)とも)
界面エネルギ :熱力学DBからの推定値を使用
相境界・移動度 :動力学DBのデータを使用
母相/析出相体積 :ともに1E-4(1×10-4)m3。
本実施形態に係る電気デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法について特に制限はなく、従来公知の知見が適宜参照されうるが、本願では、ケイ素含有合金は、その微細組織において、第二の相が第一の相と共晶化し、更に複数の独立した第一の相の隙間に入る構成となっている。かかるケイ素含有合金からなる負極活物質の製造方法としては、以下のように液体急冷ロール凝固法(単に液体急冷凝固法ともいう)による急冷薄帯合金を作製する方法が提供される。すなわち、本発明の他の形態によれば、上記化学式(I)で表される組成を有するケイ素含有合金からなる電気デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法であって、前記ケイ素含有合金と同一の組成を有する母合金を用いた液体急冷ロール凝固法により、急冷薄帯合金を作製し、その後上記した平均粒子径になるように粉砕処理を施して前記ケイ素含有合金からなる電気デバイス用負極活物質を得る、電気デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法もまた、提供される。このように、液体急冷ロール凝固法を実施して負極活物質(ケイ素含有合金)を製造することで、上述した微細組織構造を有する合金を製造することが可能となる。これによりケイ素含有合金活物質の高容量を示しつつ、サイクル耐久性の向上に有効に寄与し得る製造方法が提供されるのである。以下、本形態に係る製造方法について説明する。
まず、所望のケイ素含有合金と同一の組成を有する母合金を用いて液体急冷ロール凝固法を実施する。これにより、急冷薄帯を作製する。
この後、粉砕処理を行う。例えば、適当な粉砕装置(例えば、ドイツ フリッチュ社製遊星ボールミル装置P-6など)を用いて、適当な粉砕ポット(例えば、ジルコニア製粉砕ポット)に適当な粉砕ボール(例えば、ジルコニア製粉砕ボール)と急冷薄帯(リボン)合金を投入し、所定の回転数で所定時間、粉砕処理を実施する。急冷薄帯(リボン)合金は、上記粉砕装置に投入しやすい大きさに、適当な粉砕機で粗粉砕しておいてもよい。
バインダは、活物質同士または活物質と集電体とを結着させて電極構造を維持する目的で添加される。負極活物質層に用いられるバインダの種類についても特に制限はなく、正極活物質層に用いられるバインダとして上述したものが同様に用いられうる。よって、ここでは詳細な説明は省略する。
以下に、正極および負極活物質層15、13に共通する要件につき、説明する。
導電助剤とは、正極活物質層または負極活物質層の導電性を向上させるために配合される添加物をいう。導電助剤としては、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、グラファイト、気相成長炭素繊維などの炭素材料が挙げられる。活物質層が導電助剤を含むと、活物質層の内部における電子ネットワークが効果的に形成され、電池の出力特性の向上に寄与しうる。
電解質塩(リチウム塩)としては、Li(C2F5SO2)2N、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3等が挙げられる。
イオン伝導性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)系およびポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO)系のポリマーが挙げられる。
集電体11、12は導電性材料から構成される。集電体の大きさは、電池の使用用途に応じて決定される。例えば、高エネルギー密度が要求される大型の電池に用いられるのであれば、面積の大きな集電体が用いられる。
電解質層17を構成する電解質としては、液体電解質またはポリマー電解質が用いられうる。
電池外部に電流を取り出す目的で、集電板を用いてもよい。集電板は集電体やリードに電気的に接続され、電池外装材であるラミネートシートの外部に取り出される。
電池外装材29としては、公知の金属缶ケースを用いることができるほか、発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた袋状のケースが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムには、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが望ましい。
図2は、積層型の扁平なリチウムイオン二次電池の外観を表した斜視図である。
[ケイ素含有合金の製造]
合金種をSi65Sn5Ti30とし、液体急冷凝固法で作製した。以下詳しく説明する。具体的には、高純度金属Siインゴット(5N)、高純度Tiワイヤ(3N)、高純度Sn板(3N)を用い、アーク溶解法を用いて、Si合金(Si65質量%、Sn5質量%、Ti30質量%)のインゴット合金を作製した。インドット合金は、石英ノズルに投入しやすいように、粉砕して直径2mm程度に粗粉砕した。
負極活物質である上記で製造したケイ素含有合金(Si65Sn5Ti30)80質量部と、導電助剤であるアセチレンブラック 5質量部と、バインダであるポリアミドイミド 15質量部と、を混合し、N-メチルピロリドンに分散させて負極スラリーを得た。次いで、得られた負極スラリーを、銅箔よりなる負極集電体の両面にそれぞれ負極活物質層の厚さが30μmとなるように均一に塗布し、真空中で24時間乾燥させて、負極を得た。
上記で作製した負極と対極Liとを対向させ、この間にセパレータ(ポリオレフィン、膜厚20μm)を配置した。次いで、負極、セパレータ、および対極Liの積層体をコインセル(CR2032、材質:ステンレス鋼(SUS316))の底部側に配置した。さらに、正極と負極との間の絶縁性を保つためガスケットを装着し、下記電解液をシリンジにより注入し、スプリングおよびスペーサを積層し、コインセルの上部側を重ねあわせ、かしこめることにより密閉して、リチウムイオン二次電池(コインセル)を得た。
合金種をSi60Sn10Ti30に変更し、液体急冷凝固法における噴射圧を0.05MPaとした以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、負極活物質、負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池(コインセル)を作製した。なお、得られたケイ素含有合金(負極活物質)粉末の平均粒子径D50=7μm(D90=20μm)であった。また、液体急冷凝固法での合金の冷却速度は460万℃/秒であり、得られた薄帯状合金(急冷薄帯合金)の厚さは20μmであった。
合金種をSi60Sn10Ti30に変更し、液体急冷凝固法におけるチャンバー圧を-0.02MPa、噴射圧を0.01MPaとした以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、負極活物質、負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池(コインセル)を作製した。なお、得られたケイ素含有合金(負極活物質)粉末の平均粒子径D50=8μm(D90=25μm)であった。また、液体急冷凝固法での合金の冷却速度は220万℃/秒であり、得られた薄帯状合金(急冷薄帯合金)の厚さは27μmであった。
合金種をSi60Sn10Ti30に変更し、液体急冷凝固法におけるチャンバー圧を-0.01MPa、噴射圧を0.01MPaとした以外は、述した実施例1と同様の手法により、負極活物質、負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池(コインセル)を作製した。なお、得られたケイ素含有合金(負極活物質)粉末の平均粒子径D50=9μm(D90=28μm)であった。また、液体急冷凝固法での合金の冷却速度は160万℃/秒であり、得られた薄帯状合金(急冷薄帯合金)の厚さは35μmであった。
合金種をSi60Sn20Ti20に変更した以外は、上述した実施例1と同様の手法により、負極活物質、負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池(コインセル)を作製した。なお、得られたケイ素含有合金(負極活物質)粉末の平均粒子径D50=7.2μm(D90=20μm)であった。また、液体急冷凝固法での合金の冷却速度は460万℃/秒であり、得られた薄帯状合金(急冷薄帯合金)の厚さは20μmであった。
実施例2において作製した負極活物質(ケイ素含有合金)の組織構造(微細組織)を分析した。詳細については、図3~図11を用いて上述した通りであり、実施例2の合金の微細組織からは、遷移金属であるTi元素のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とする第一の相(シリサイド相)と、一部にスズ(Sn)を含み、非晶質または低結晶性のSiを主成分とする第二の相(a-Si相)とを有し、一部が複数の独立した第一の相、及び、一部が第一の相と第二の相とが共晶組織となっていることが確認できた。さらにSn相が第一の相や第二の相との共外部分などに晶出したSn相を形成していることも確認できた。また、合金の微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズが、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織のサイズよりも大きいことが確認できた。さらに、独立したシリサイド相および共晶組織中のシリサイド相は単結晶相であり、これらのシリサイド相の(シリサイドの)結晶構造は、主にC49構造であり、更にC54構造を有し、共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)は、非晶質または低結晶性のSi(a-Si)を有するアモルファス相であることが確認できた。即ち、共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)は、アモルファス化することで非晶質または低結晶性のSi(a-Si)を有していることが確認できた。
実施例1~4および比較例1のそれぞれにおいて作製した各リチウムイオン二次電池(コインセル)について以下の充放電試験条件に従ってサイクル耐久性評価を行った。
1)充放電試験機:HJ0501SM8A(北斗電工株式会社製)
2)充放電条件[充電過程]0.3C、2V→10mV(定電流・定電圧モード)
[放電過程]0.3C、10mV→2V(定電流モード)
3)恒温槽:PFU-3K(エスペック株式会社製)
4)評価温度:300K(27℃)。
11 負極集電体、
12 正極集電体、
13 負極活物質層、
15 正極活物質層、
17 電解質層、
19 単電池層、
21、57 発電要素、
25、58 負極集電板、
27、59 正極集電板、
29、52 電池外装材(ラミネートフィルム)。
Claims (13)
- 下記化学式(1):
(上記化学式(1)において、
Aは、不可避不純物であり、
Mは、1または2以上の遷移金属元素であり、
x、y、z、およびaは、質量%の値を表し、この際、0<x<100、0<y<100、0<z<100、および0≦a<0.5であり、x+y+z+a=100である。)
で表される組成を有し、
微細組織が、遷移金属のケイ化物(シリサイド)を主成分とする第一の相と、一部にSnを含み、非晶質または低結晶性のSiを主成分とする第二の相とを有し、さらに、一部が複数の独立した第一の相、及び、一部が第一の相と第二の相とが共晶組織となっている構造を有するケイ素含有合金からなることを特徴とする電気デバイス用負極活物質。 - 前記微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズが、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織のサイズよりも大きいことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズは、最頻半径500nm以下、かつ、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズは、最頻半径110nm未満であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズは、最頻半径450nm以下、かつ、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズは、最頻半径100nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズは、最頻半径400nm以下、かつ、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズは、最頻半径85nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズは、最頻半径350nm以下、かつ、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズは、最頻半径70nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記微細組織中の、独立した第一の相のサイズは、最頻半径240nm以下、かつ、第一の相と第二の相の共晶組織中のSi相(第二の相)のサイズは、最頻半径50nm未満であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記微細組織中の、第一の相の遷移金属のケイ化物は、チタンシリサイド(TiSi2)であり、かつ、前記Si相(第二の相)は非晶質(アモルファス)であることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 前記MがTiを含む1または2以上の遷移金属元素からなり、前記第一の相におけるTiの含有量は、前記第二の相におけるTiを除く遷移金属(Snを含む)の含有量よりも多いことを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の電気デバイス化学用負極活物質。
- 前記第二の相は、前記第一の相よりもアモルファス化していることを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学デバイス用負極活物質。
- 下記化学式(1):
(上記化学式(1)において、
Aは、不可避不純物であり、
Mは、1または2以上の遷移金属元素であり、
x、y、z、およびaは、質量%の値を表し、この際、0<x<100、0<y<100、0<z<100、および0≦a<0.5であり、x+y+z+a=100である。)
で表される組成を有し、前記微細組織をもつSi含有合金からなる電気デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法であって、
前記ケイ素含有合金と同一の組成を有する母合金を用いた液体急冷凝固法により、冷却速度160万℃/秒以上で急冷薄帯を作製して、前記ケイ素含有合金からなる電気デバイス用負極活物質を得ることを特徴とする、電気デバイス用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の電気デバイス用負極活物質を用いてなる、電気デバイス用負極。
- 請求項12に記載の電気デバイス用負極を用いてなる、電気デバイス。
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| US15/774,920 US10403890B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2015-11-10 | Negative electrode active material for electric device and electric device using the same |
| KR1020187012641A KR20180061348A (ko) | 2015-11-10 | 2015-11-10 | 전기 디바이스용 부극 활물질, 및 이것을 사용한 전기 디바이스 |
| EP15908282.5A EP3376570B1 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2015-11-10 | Negative-electrode active material for electrical device, and electrical device in which said material is used |
| PCT/JP2015/081662 WO2017081758A1 (ja) | 2015-11-10 | 2015-11-10 | 電気デバイス用負極活物質、およびこれを用いた電気デバイス |
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| EP3763845B1 (de) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-08-18 | LKR Leichtmetallkompetenzzentrum Ranshofen GmbH | Magnesiumlegierung und verfahren zur herstellung derselben |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20180061348A (ko) | 2018-06-07 |
| MY173412A (en) | 2020-01-22 |
| CN108352513A (zh) | 2018-07-31 |
| JP6583426B2 (ja) | 2019-10-02 |
| US10403890B2 (en) | 2019-09-03 |
| US20180351170A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
| JPWO2017081758A1 (ja) | 2018-06-21 |
| EP3376570A4 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
| CN108352513B (zh) | 2019-10-01 |
| EP3376570A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
| EP3376570B1 (en) | 2020-03-11 |
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