WO2017043568A1 - リチウムイオンキャパシタ及びその正極活物質として使用する炭素材料 - Google Patents
リチウムイオンキャパシタ及びその正極活物質として使用する炭素材料 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017043568A1 WO2017043568A1 PCT/JP2016/076433 JP2016076433W WO2017043568A1 WO 2017043568 A1 WO2017043568 A1 WO 2017043568A1 JP 2016076433 W JP2016076433 W JP 2016076433W WO 2017043568 A1 WO2017043568 A1 WO 2017043568A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/42—Powders or particles, e.g. composition thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium ion capacitor and a carbon material used as a positive electrode active material thereof.
- a lithium ion capacitor generally includes a positive electrode made of activated carbon and a negative electrode made of a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are overlapped with a separator in between.
- This laminate further includes a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt.
- lithium ions can be stored in the negative electrode or doped. In this way, the potential of the negative electrode is kept lower than the potential of the negative electrode in a normal electric double layer capacitor. Therefore, the lithium ion capacitor can achieve a wider working voltage range as compared with a normal electric double layer capacitor. In addition, the lithium ion capacitor can achieve a larger electric capacity than a normal electric double layer capacitor.
- the capacitance and the internal resistance are in a trade-off relationship. That is, in general, a lithium ion capacitor having a large capacitance has a large internal resistance.
- An object of the present invention is to realize a lithium ion capacitor having a large capacitance and a small internal resistance.
- a carbon material used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium ion capacitor wherein the pore volume having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more is in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 mL / g.
- a carbon material having a pore size of 1.0 nm or less and a volume of pores of 0.1 mL / g or less and a total functional group amount of 0.3 to 0.6 mmol / g is provided. .
- a positive electrode current collector and a first polarizable electrode supported by the positive electrode current collector are provided, and the first polarizable electrode uses the carbon material according to the first side surface as a positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode current collector comprising: a negative electrode disposed so that the second polarizable electrode faces the first polarizable electrode; a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a lithium salt.
- a lithium ion capacitor comprising a nonaqueous electrolyte interposed between a body and the negative electrode current collector is provided.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a part of a lithium ion capacitor according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the graph which shows the example of the pore distribution of a carbon material.
- the graph which shows the example of the relationship between the volume of a pore with a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more, and internal resistance.
- the graph which shows the example of the relationship between total functional group amount and an electrostatic capacitance.
- the pore distribution is obtained according to the BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) method described in “J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1951), 73, 373-380”. Specifically, first, while gradually increasing the pressure P (mmHg) of nitrogen gas in nitrogen gas at 77.4 K (the boiling point of nitrogen), at each pressure P, the nitrogen gas adsorption amount (cc / g) is measured.
- the value obtained by dividing the pressure P (mmHg) by the saturated vapor pressure P 0 (mmHg) of nitrogen gas is taken as the relative pressure P / P 0 , and the adsorption amount is plotted by plotting the nitrogen gas adsorption amount with respect to each relative pressure P / P 0 .
- the pore distribution is determined from this adsorption isotherm according to the BJH method.
- the “pore volume” described later is a value obtained from this pore distribution.
- the total functional group amount is determined by a titration method called the Bohem method (for the Bohem method, see, for example, “Activated carbon basics and applications” edited by the Carbon Materials Society published by Kodansha). Specifically, first, a 0.1 mol / L sodium ethoxide solution is prepared. Next, 20 mL of this solution and 2 g of the carbon material are put into a flask, and this dispersion is subjected to centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 3 minutes. Thereafter, this dispersion is subjected to ultrasonic stirring for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the dispersion is filtered, and 5 mL of the filtrate is titrated with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution.
- Bohem method for the Bohem method, see, for example, “Activated carbon basics and applications” edited by the Carbon Materials Society published by Kodansha.
- the “total functional group amount” is the number of moles, and corresponds to the total amount of phenol hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, lactone type carboxyl group and quinone group.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a part of a lithium ion capacitor according to an aspect of the present invention.
- the lithium ion capacitor 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a container (not shown).
- the container includes, for example, a hollow container main body provided with an opening and a lid that closes the opening of the container main body.
- a part of the container serves as a positive electrode as an external terminal
- the other part of the container serves as a negative electrode as an external terminal.
- a positive electrode 2, a negative electrode 3, a separator 4, a non-aqueous electrolyte 5 and the like are accommodated.
- the positive electrode 2 includes a positive electrode current collector 21 and a first polarizable electrode 22.
- the positive electrode current collector 21 is, for example, a metal foil. This metal foil is made of a single metal such as aluminum or an alloy, for example.
- the first polarizable electrode 22 covers at least one main surface of the positive electrode current collector 21.
- the polarizable electrode 22 may cover only one main surface of the positive electrode current collector 21 or may cover both main surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 21.
- the polarizable electrode 22 contains a powdery and / or fibrous carbon material as the positive electrode active material 22a.
- the positive electrode active material 22a is a predetermined activated carbon.
- the positive electrode active material 22a will be described in detail later.
- the polarizable electrode 22 can further include materials other than the positive electrode active material 22a, such as a binder and a conductive additive.
- a binder materials capable of adhering the positive electrode active material 22a to each other and insoluble in the non-aqueous electrolyte 5, for example, fluorine resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinyl fluoride, alkali metal of carboxymethyl cellulose Organic polymers such as salts or ammonium salts, polyimide resins, polyamide resins, polyacrylic acid, and sodium polyacrylate can be used.
- the conductive aid for example, conductive powder made of a carbonaceous material such as acetylene black can be used.
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material 22a in the polarizable electrode 22 is, for example, in the range of 70 to 90% by mass, and typically about 80% by mass. When this mass ratio is reduced, it is difficult to achieve a large capacitance. Moreover, when this mass ratio is increased, it may be difficult to achieve a small internal resistance, or the mechanical strength of the polarizable electrode 22 may be reduced.
- the negative electrode 3 includes a negative electrode current collector 31 and a second polarizable electrode 32.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 is, for example, a metal foil or a metal plate. This metal foil or metal plate is made of a single metal such as copper or an alloy, for example.
- the second polarizable electrode 32 covers at least one main surface of the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the polarizable electrode 32 may cover only one main surface of the negative electrode current collector 31, or may cover both main surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the polarizable electrode 32 covers both main surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the polarizable electrode 32 includes a powdered and / or fibrous negative electrode active material 32a.
- the negative electrode active material 32a is a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, for example, a carbon material such as amorphous carbon.
- the negative electrode active material 32a is doped with lithium ions or occludes lithium ions.
- the polarizable electrode 32 can further include materials other than the negative electrode active material 32a, such as a binder and a conductive additive.
- a binder and a conductive support agent what was illustrated as a binder and a conductive support agent of the polarizable electrode 22, respectively can be used, for example.
- the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material 32a in the polarizable electrode 32 is, for example, in the range of 80 to 95% by mass, and typically about 90% by mass. When this mass ratio is reduced, it is difficult to achieve a large capacitance. Moreover, when this mass ratio is increased, it may be difficult to achieve a small internal resistance, or the mechanical strength of the polarizable electrode 32 may be reduced.
- the separator 4 is a non-conductive layer that allows the non-aqueous electrolyte to pass therethrough.
- the separator 4 is, for example, paper, woven fabric or nonwoven fabric, or a porous film or sheet.
- Separator 4 consists of natural polymer compounds, such as synthetic resins, such as glass, polyethylene, and polypropylene, or cellulose, for example.
- the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 are arranged so that the polarizable electrodes 22 and 32 face each other.
- the separator 4 is interposed between the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3.
- the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 are accommodated in the previous container in a state of being wound so that the separator 4 is interposed therebetween.
- the positive electrode current collector 21 and the negative electrode current collector 31 are electrically connected to a positive electrode and a negative electrode as external terminals, respectively.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte 5 is interposed between the positive electrode current collector 21 and the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the polarizable electrodes 22 and 32 are impregnated with the nonaqueous electrolyte 5.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte 5 is, for example, a liquid electrolyte, that is, an electrolytic solution.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte 5 may be a solid electrolyte.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte 5 is formed by, for example, dissolving a compound capable of generating lithium ions in an aprotic organic solvent.
- a compound capable of generating lithium ions for example, a lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) can be used.
- the aprotic organic solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, vinylene carbonate, acetonitrile, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof. Can be used.
- the positive electrode active material 22a For the positive electrode of the lithium ion capacitor, in order to reduce the internal resistance of the polarizable electrode, it is important to adsorb electrolyte ions to the pores of the positive electrode active material and to desorb from the pores. Conventionally, the migration of electrolyte ions has been promoted by increasing the specific surface area or pore volume of the positive electrode active material.
- pores having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less remarkably hinder the movement of electrolyte ions.
- a pore diameter is 1.7 nm or more, there is almost no influence which the magnitude
- the amount of the functional group of the carbon material having the above pore distribution is adjusted to enhance the ability of the carbon material to adsorb electrolyte ions.
- the amount of the functional group cannot be increased without limit. Excess functional groups reduce the effective pore size. That is, an excessive amount of functional groups prevents ion migration and therefore increases internal resistance. Therefore, in this embodiment, an upper limit is set for the functional group amount.
- the carbon material used as the positive electrode active material 22a in the lithium ion capacitor 1 has a pore volume with a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 mL / g.
- pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more do not greatly hinder the movement of electrolyte ions. Therefore, by increasing the volume of the pore having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more, the resistance due to the movement of the electrolyte ions can be reduced. However, if this volume is excessively increased, the internal resistance is hardly reduced as the volume is increased, and the capacitance is reduced.
- the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more is preferably in the range of 1.12 to 1.43 mL / g.
- this carbon material has a pore volume of not more than 1.0 nm and a pore volume of not more than 0.1 mL / g.
- a pore having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less has a small contribution to the adsorption of ions. That is, even if the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less is increased, the capacitance hardly increases. And the pore whose pore diameter is 1.0 nm or less prevents the movement of electrolyte ions. Therefore, when the volume of the pore having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less is increased, the internal resistance is increased. Therefore, it is desirable that this volume is small.
- this carbon material has a total functional group amount in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 mmol / g.
- the functional group of the carbon material plays a role of increasing the ion adsorption power of the carbon material. Therefore, it is desirable that the total functional group amount is large. However, when the total amount of the functional groups is excessively increased, initial deterioration due to the decomposition of the functional groups tends to occur. In addition, in this case, the functional group prevents the movement of electrolyte ions.
- the total functional group amount of the carbon material is preferably in the range of 0.33 to 0.56 mmol / g.
- the carbon material has a total pore volume in the range of, for example, 1.3 to 2.0 mL / g, and preferably a total pore volume in the range of 1.5 to 2.0 mL / g. It is in.
- the total pore volume is 1.5 mL / g or more, the movement of electrolyte ions is promoted, and the internal resistance is reduced.
- the total pore volume is excessively increased, the bulk density of the carbon material is decreased, and as a result, the capacitance of the lithium ion capacitor 1 is decreased.
- this carbon material has a specific surface area obtained by using a BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) adsorption isotherm, for example, in a range of 2100 to 2500 m 2 / g.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- the specific surface area is increased, the movement of electrolyte ions is promoted.
- the specific surface area is excessively increased, the bulk density of the carbon material is decreased, and as a result, the capacitance of the lithium ion capacitor 1 is decreased.
- this carbon material has an average pore diameter in the range of 2.6 to 3.3 nm, for example, and preferably has an average pore diameter in the range of 2.7 to 3.2 nm.
- the average pore diameter is a value obtained by multiplying the value obtained by dividing the total pore volume V by the BET specific surface area SSA by 4 (4 ⁇ V / SSA).
- this carbon material preferably has a peak top pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more.
- the peak top pore diameter is a pore diameter in which the differential ⁇ V / ⁇ D based on the pore diameter D of the total pore volume V shows the maximum value in the pore distribution obtained by the above-described method.
- the peak top pore size is sufficiently large, the movement of electrolyte ions is promoted, and the internal resistance is reduced.
- this peak top pore diameter is preferably 2 nm or less.
- the carbon material used as the positive electrode active material 22a can be manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- a carbon material having a predetermined pore distribution is prepared.
- the coconut shell carbide is subjected to steam activation.
- This activation atmosphere that is, water vapor, contains, for example, 2 to 5% by volume of oxygen.
- this carbon material is treated with a chemical solution.
- a chemical solution for example, an aqueous acid solution such as an aqueous nitric acid solution or an aqueous sulfuric acid solution is used.
- the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more varies depending on, for example, the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere in the activation process. Specifically, when steam activation is performed in an oxygen-free atmosphere, the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more is reduced. On the contrary, when the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is increased, the volume of the pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more increases.
- the oxygen concentration within the range of 2 to 5% by volume, a carbon material having a pore distribution satisfying the above conditions can be obtained.
- the volume of the pores having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less varies depending on, for example, the temperature in the activation process. Specifically, when the temperature is lowered, the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less is reduced. On the contrary, when the temperature is increased, the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.0 nm or less increases.
- the total functional group amount of this carbon material varies depending on, for example, the concentration of the acid used for chemical treatment. Specifically, when the acid concentration is increased, the total functional group amount is increased. On the contrary, when the acid concentration is decreased, the total functional group amount is decreased.
- the acid concentration is, for example, in the range of 0.005 to 2 mol / L.
- the total functional group amount can be reduced by performing a reduction treatment, for example, a heat treatment in an inert atmosphere.
- the total pore volume varies depending on the time in the activation process, for example. Specifically, when the time is shortened, the total pore volume is reduced. On the contrary, when the time is increased, the total pore volume increases.
- sample S1 The activated carbon of the coconut shell was steam activated. Specifically, at the time of this steam activation, this carbide was heat-treated at 800 ° C. for 2 hours in a rotary kiln. As the activation atmosphere, an atmosphere formed by introducing 3% by volume of oxygen into water vapor was used. Next, this carbon material was treated with a 0.1 mol / L nitric acid aqueous solution to give a functional group to the carbon material. Thereafter, the carbon material was pulverized to obtain a powder having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m. Hereinafter, this powder is referred to as “sample S1”.
- sample S2 A powder made of a carbon material was obtained by the same method as described above for sample S1 except that the concentration of the nitric acid aqueous solution was 0.5 mol / L.
- this powder is referred to as “sample S2”.
- sample S3 A powder made of a carbon material was obtained by the same method as described above for the sample S1 except that the concentration of the aqueous nitric acid solution was 2 mol / L.
- this powder is referred to as “sample S3”.
- sample S4 A powder made of a carbon material was obtained by the same method as described above for the sample S1 except that the heat treatment time in the steam activation was 4 hours. Hereinafter, this powder is referred to as “sample S4”.
- sample S5 A powder made of a carbon material was obtained by the same method as described above for the sample S1 except that the concentration of the aqueous nitric acid solution was 3 mol / L.
- this powder is referred to as “sample S3”.
- sample S6 A powder made of a carbon material was obtained by the same method as described above for the sample S1 except that the treatment using the aqueous nitric acid solution was omitted.
- this powder is referred to as “sample S6”.
- sample S7 Coal was subjected to alkali activation using 4 equivalents of potassium hydroxide. Specifically, 4 times equivalent of potassium hydroxide was added to the pulverized coal. After mixing these sufficiently, this mixture was activated in an atmosphere of nitrogen at 800 ° C. for 8 hours. Thereafter, this was washed to remove potassium. Next, the carbon material was pulverized to obtain a powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m. Hereinafter, this powder is referred to as “sample S7”.
- sample S8 The carbide of the coconut shell was steam activated. Specifically, this carbide was heat-treated at 950 ° C. for 4 hours in a rotary kiln. Water vapor was used as the activation atmosphere. The oxygen concentration of the water vapor was 1% by volume or less. Next, the carbon material was pulverized to obtain a powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m. Hereinafter, this powder is referred to as “sample S8”.
- sample S9 The carbide of the coconut shell was steam activated. Specifically, steam activation was performed by the same method as described above for sample S1 except that the heat treatment time was 6 hours. Next, the carbon material was pulverized to obtain a powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m. Hereinafter, this powder is referred to as “sample S9”.
- sample S10 A powder made of a carbon material was obtained by the same method as described above for the sample S1 except that the heat treatment time in the steam activation was 1 hour. Hereinafter, this powder is referred to as “sample S10”.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing an example of the pore distribution of the carbon material.
- the horizontal axis indicates the pore diameter
- the vertical axis indicates the differential ⁇ V / ⁇ D with respect to the pore diameter D of the total pore volume V.
- the differential ⁇ V / ⁇ D is expressed as “ ⁇ V / ⁇ logD”.
- curve C1 represents the data obtained for sample S1.
- Curve C2 represents the data obtained for sample S8.
- the sample S1 had a larger pore volume with a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more than the sample S8.
- Sample S1 as a positive electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder were mixed at a mass ratio of 81.8: 9.1: 9.1.
- VALCAN XC-72 a carbon black manufactured by Cabot, was used as the conductive assistant, and polyvinylidene fluoride was used as the binder.
- a coating film made of this mixture was formed by a coating method, and the coating film was compressed by a roll press. Thereafter, the compressed coating film was punched out into a disk shape having an area of 2 cm 2 and dried in vacuum at 120 ° C. for 12 hours.
- a tripolar coin cell was assembled using this disk as a working electrode.
- lithium foil was used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
- non-aqueous electrolyte a solution obtained by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate in a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was used. The concentration of lithium hexafluorophosphate was 1 mol / L.
- a tripolar coin cell was manufactured by the same method except that samples S2 to S9 were used instead of sample S1.
- each of these three-pole coin cells was charged with a constant current of 2 mA / cm 2 to a voltage of 3 to 4.25 V and held at that voltage for 5 minutes. Then, it discharged with the constant current of 2 mA / cm ⁇ 2 >, and calculated
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the internal resistance and the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more.
- the horizontal axis represents the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 1.7 nm or more per unit mass of the positive electrode active material
- the vertical axis represents the internal resistance of the working electrode of the tripolar coin cell.
- samples S2 and S4, S8, S9 and The data obtained for S10 is plotted.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the total functional group amount and the capacitance.
- the horizontal axis indicates the total functional group amount per unit mass of the positive electrode active material
- the vertical axis indicates the capacitance of the working electrode.
- data obtained for samples S1 to S3, S5, and S6 having substantially the same pore distribution are plotted in order to easily show the influence of the total functional group amount on the capacitance.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the total pore volume and the internal resistance.
- the horizontal axis represents the total pore volume per unit mass of the positive electrode active material
- the vertical axis represents the internal resistance of the working electrode of the tripolar coin cell.
- the data obtained for the samples S2, S4, S8 and S10 having almost the same total functional group amount are plotted. Yes.
- the data in FIG. 3 shows that low internal resistance can be achieved when the pore volume of 1.7 nm or more is in the range of about 1 to about 1.5 mL / g.
- the data in FIG. 4 also shows that high capacitance can be achieved when the total functional group content is in the range of about 0.3 to about 0.6 mmol / g.
- the data in FIG. 5 also shows that lower internal resistance can be achieved when the total pore volume is 1.5 mL / g or more.
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Abstract
Description
まず、本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオンキャパシタについての具体的な説明に先立ち、細孔分布及び全官能基量の求め方について説明する。
本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオンキャパシタ1は、図示しない容器を含んでいる。容器は、例えば、開口部が設けられた中空構造の容器本体と、容器本体の開口部を塞ぐ蓋とを含んでいる。一例によると、容器の一部は外部端子としての正極の役割を果たし、容器の他の一部は外部端子としての負極の役割を果たす。
この容器内には、正極2、負極3、セパレータ4、及び非水電解質5などが収容されている。
正極集電体21は、例えば、金属箔である。この金属箔は、例えば、アルミニウムなどの単体金属又は合金からなる。
負極集電体31は、例えば、金属箔又は金属板である。この金属箔又は金属板は、例えば、銅などの単体金属又は合金からなる。
非水電解質5は、例えば、液状の電解質、即ち電解液である。非水電解質5は、固体電解質であってもよい。
リチウムイオンキャパシタの正極について、分極性電極の内部抵抗を小さくするには、正極活物質の細孔への電解質イオンの吸着及びその細孔からの脱離が重要である。従来は、正極活物質の比表面積又は細孔容積を大きくすることにより、電解質イオンの移動を促進していた。
<サンプルS1の製造>
椰子殻の炭化物を水蒸気賦活した。具体的には、この水蒸気賦活に際しては、この炭化物を、ロータリキルンにおいて、800℃で2時間に亘って熱処理した。賦活雰囲気としては、水蒸気に3体積%の酸素を導入してなるものを使用した。次いで、この炭素材料を0.1mol/Lの硝酸水溶液で処理して、炭素材料に官能基を付与した。その後、この炭素材料を粉砕して、平均粒径が5μmの粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS1」と呼ぶ。
硝酸水溶液の濃度を0.5mol/Lとしたこと以外は、サンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により、炭素材料からなる粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS2」と呼ぶ。
硝酸水溶液の濃度を2mol/Lとしたこと以外は、サンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により、炭素材料からなる粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS3」と呼ぶ。
水蒸気賦活における熱処理時間を4時間としたこと以外は、サンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により、炭素材料からなる粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS4」と呼ぶ。
硝酸水溶液の濃度を3mol/Lとしたこと以外は、サンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により、炭素材料からなる粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS3」と呼ぶ。
硝酸水溶液を用いた処理を省略したこと以外は、サンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により、炭素材料からなる粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS6」と呼ぶ。
石炭を、4倍当量の水酸化カリウムを用いたアルカリ賦活に供した。具体的には、粉末化した石炭に、4倍当量の水酸化カリウムを加えた。これらを十分に混合した後、この混合物を、800℃の窒素雰囲気中で、8時間に亘って賦活処理した。その後、これを洗浄することにより、カリウムを除去した。次いで、この炭素材料を粉砕して、平均粒径が5μmの粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS7」と呼ぶ。
椰子殻の炭化物を、水蒸気賦活した。具体的には、この炭化物を、ロータリキルンにおいて、950℃で4時間に亘って熱処理した。賦活雰囲気としては、水蒸気を使用した。水蒸気の酸素濃度は1体積%以下とした。次いで、この炭素材料を粉砕して、平均粒径が5μmの粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS8」と呼ぶ。
椰子殻の炭化物を、水蒸気賦活した。具体的には、熱処理時間を6時間としたこと以外はサンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により水蒸気賦活を行った。次いで、この炭素材料を粉砕して、平均粒径が5μmの粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS9」と呼ぶ。
水蒸気賦活における熱処理時間を1時間としたこと以外は、サンプルS1について上述したのと同様の方法により、炭素材料からなる粉末を得た。以下、この粉末を、「サンプルS10」と呼ぶ。
サンプルS1乃至S9の各々について、比表面積及び細孔分布の測定を行った。これら測定には、Quantachrome社製のNOVA-3000を使用し、BJH法によって行った。結果を、以下の表1及び図2に纏める。
図2において、横軸は細孔径を示し、縦軸は、全細孔容積Vの細孔直径Dによる微分ΔV/ΔDを示している。なお、図2では、横軸に対数座標を使用しているため、微分ΔV/ΔDを「ΔV/ΔlogD」と表記している。
正極活物質としてのサンプルS1と導電助剤とバインダとを、81.8:9.1:9.1の質量比で混合した。導電助剤としてはキャボット社製のカーボンブラックであるVALCAN XC-72を使用し、バインダとしてはポリ弗化ビニリデンを使用した。この混合物からなる塗膜を塗布法によって形成し、この塗膜をロールプレス機によって圧縮した。その後、圧縮した塗膜を面積2cm2の円盤状に打ち抜き、これを真空中、120℃で12時間に亘って乾燥させた。
Claims (3)
- リチウムイオンキャパシタの正極活物質として使用する炭素材料であって、細孔径が1.7nm以上の細孔の容積が1.0乃至1.5mL/gの範囲内にあり、細孔径が1.0nm以下の細孔の容積が0.1mL/g以下であり、全官能基量が0.3乃至0.6mmol/gの範囲内にある炭素材料。
- 前記炭素材料は、全細孔容積が1.5mL/g以上である請求項1に記載の炭素材料。
- 正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に支持された第1分極性電極を備え、前記第1分極性電極は、請求項1又は2に記載の炭素材料を正極活物質として含んだ正極と、
負極集電体と、前記負極集電体に支持された第2分極性電極とを備え、前記第2分極性電極は、リチウムイオンの吸蔵及び放出が可能な負極活物質を含み、前記第2分極性電極が前記第1分極性電極と向き合うように配置された負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に介在したセパレータと、
リチウム塩を含み、前記正極集電体と前記負極集電体との間に介在した非水電解質と
を具備したリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
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| WO2024024956A1 (ja) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-01 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学デバイス |
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| JPS62154461A (ja) * | 1985-12-26 | 1987-07-09 | Toho Rayon Co Ltd | 電極材用活性炭素繊維 |
| JP2002015737A (ja) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-01-18 | Toshiba Corp | 非水電解質電池 |
| JP2015046521A (ja) * | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-12 | 株式会社キャタラー | ハイブリッドキャパシタ用炭素材料 |
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| JPS60189162A (ja) * | 1984-03-07 | 1985-09-26 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 分極性電極の製造法 |
| JP2001240407A (ja) * | 1999-12-24 | 2001-09-04 | Kuraray Chem Corp | 活性炭及びその製造方法 |
| JP4054746B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-17 | 2008-03-05 | 新日本石油株式会社 | 電気二重層キャパシタ、その電極用活性炭とその製造方法 |
| JP4576374B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-16 | 2010-11-04 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 活性炭、その製造方法及びその用途 |
| KR101516461B1 (ko) * | 2007-11-16 | 2015-05-04 | 오사까 가스 가부시키가이샤 | 비수계 리튬형 축전 소자용 정극 재료 |
| JP5326645B2 (ja) | 2009-02-20 | 2013-10-30 | 新神戸電機株式会社 | リチウムイオンキャパシタ |
| CN102107863B (zh) * | 2009-12-25 | 2012-12-12 | 北京化工大学 | 一种多孔碳材料及其制备方法 |
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| JPS62154461A (ja) * | 1985-12-26 | 1987-07-09 | Toho Rayon Co Ltd | 電極材用活性炭素繊維 |
| JP2002015737A (ja) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-01-18 | Toshiba Corp | 非水電解質電池 |
| JP2015046521A (ja) * | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-12 | 株式会社キャタラー | ハイブリッドキャパシタ用炭素材料 |
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| CN109494375A (zh) * | 2017-09-13 | 2019-03-19 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 空气电池用正极和空气电池 |
| CN109494375B (zh) * | 2017-09-13 | 2022-07-22 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 空气电池用正极和空气电池 |
| WO2024024956A1 (ja) * | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-01 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学デバイス |
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| DE112016004121T5 (de) | 2018-05-24 |
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