WO2017043183A1 - 導電性高分子溶液、キャパシタ及びキャパシタの製造方法 - Google Patents
導電性高分子溶液、キャパシタ及びキャパシタの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
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- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/0029—Processes of manufacture
- H01G9/0036—Formation of the solid electrolyte layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
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- H01G9/028—Organic semiconducting electrolytes, e.g. TCNQ
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
- H01G9/048—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon characterised by their structure
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/07—Dielectric layers
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/15—Solid electrolytic capacitors
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/14—Side-groups
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- C08G2261/1424—Side-chains containing oxygen containing ether groups, including alkoxy
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- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/32—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/322—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed
- C08G2261/3223—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating heteroaromatic structural elements in the main chain non-condensed containing one or more sulfur atoms as the only heteroatom, e.g. thiophene
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- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
- C08K5/151—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having one oxygen atom in the ring
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
- H01G9/048—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon characterised by their structure
- H01G9/052—Sintered electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive polymer solution, a capacitor, and a method for manufacturing the capacitor.
- capacitors used in electronic devices are required to reduce impedance (equivalent series resistance) in a high frequency region. Furthermore, with the miniaturization and thinning of these electronic devices and the diversification of usage environments, requirements for long-term reliability of capacitors have become stricter. Conventionally, so-called functional capacitors (hereinafter abbreviated as “capacitors”) in which an oxide film of a valve metal such as aluminum, tantalum, or niobium is used as a dielectric have been used to meet this requirement.
- a valve metal such as aluminum, tantalum, or niobium
- the general structure of this capacitor is, as shown in Patent Document 1, an anode made of a porous body of valve metal, a dielectric layer formed by oxidizing the surface of the anode, a conductive solid electrolyte layer, And a cathode on which a carbon layer, a silver layer, and the like are stacked.
- a solid electrolyte layer a conductive film containing a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer may be used.
- the solid electrolyte is a ⁇ -conjugated system in which a nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound is added.
- a composition comprising a composition containing a conductive polymer as an essential component has been proposed (see Patent Document 2).
- the composition constituting the solid electrolyte contributes to the reduction of the equivalent series resistance (hereinafter referred to as ESR) of the capacitor, and the capacitor is obtained by a simple process of impregnating and drying the composition containing a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer. It has the characteristic that can be manufactured.
- Patent Document 3 a polymer composed of repeating structural units of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonic acid or a salt thereof are mixed in an aqueous solution, stirred, and then subjected to chemical oxidative polymerization by adding an oxidizing agent.
- a second polymer polymerization solution C obtained by adding a mixed aqueous solution B of non-aqueous solvent and pure water in which naphthalene sulfonic acid or the like is dissolved to the first polymer polymerization solution A is used as tantalum, niobium, aluminum, or the like.
- a technique is disclosed in which an external conductive polymer film is formed with a conductive polymer polymerization solution by coating on an internal conductive polymer film formed on an anodized film of a valve action metal.
- Patent Document 4 contains naphthalene sulfonic acids, high molecular weight PSSA, boric acid, mannitol, glycols, etc. on the anodized film on which the precoat layer and the internal conductive polymer layer are sequentially formed.
- a method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor by applying or impregnating an aqueous dispersion containing PEDOT and PSSA, providing a conductive polymer layer, and heating and drying and solidifying is disclosed.
- the sulfo group of PSSA doped in PEDOT imparts water dispersibility to the aqueous dispersion, but has the function of lowering the pH of the solution to a strongly acidic region. There is a drawback that it causes an increase or a decrease in capacitance. In order to eliminate this drawback, a method of increasing the pH by adding an amine compound has also been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 5).
- JP 2003-37024 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-100774 JP 2008-135509 A JP 2008-311582 A JP 2006-249303 A
- the object of the present invention is to provide a capacitance without using a conductive polymer layer forming treatment liquid having a different composition or without forming an internal conductive polymer layer by a different method.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a conductive polymer solution capable of forming a capacitor having a large size, low ESR, and excellent long-term reliability, the capacitor, and a method for manufacturing the capacitor.
- One embodiment of the present invention for achieving the above object is a conductive polymer solution having a conductive polymer and a solvent, and the conductive polymer includes a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, ⁇ A polyanion doped in a conjugated conductive polymer; an anion that does not contribute to doping in the polyanion; and a compound reacted with an oxirane group or an oxetane group, and having a pH of the solution of 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less. It is a polymer solution.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may further be a conductive polymer solution in which the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer is polyethylenedioxythiophene.
- Another embodiment of the present invention may be a conductive polymer solution in which polyanion is polystyrene sulfonic acid.
- the organic compound containing an oxirane group or an oxetane group is selected from propylene oxide, glycidol, 2- [2- (2-butoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -oxirane and 2- ⁇ 2
- the conductive polymer solution may be one or more selected from-[2- (2-butoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -ethoxy ⁇ -oxirane.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes an anode made of a porous body of a valve metal, a dielectric layer formed by oxidizing the anode surface, and a conductive layer provided on the opposite side of the anode in the dielectric layer.
- a capacitor comprising a cathode, a dielectric layer, and a solid electrolyte layer formed between the cathodes, the capacitor comprising the conductive polymer solution or a compound obtained by removing the solvent from the solution.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a capacitor in which the above-described capacitor is impregnated with the above-described conductive polymer solution and the solvent constituting the conductive polymer solution is removed.
- the electrostatic capacity is high and the ESR is low without using a treatment liquid for forming a conductive polymer layer having a different composition or without forming an internal conductive polymer layer by a different method.
- the conductive polymer solution according to this embodiment includes a conductive polymer and a solvent.
- the conductive polymer includes a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, a polyanion doped in the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, a compound reacted with an oxirane group or an oxetane group and an anion that does not contribute to the doping of the polyanion. ,including.
- the pH of the conductive polymer solution is 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less.
- the solvent may be water, an organic solvent, or a mixture thereof.
- the conductive polymer solution may further contain a binder.
- the conductive polymer having a polyanion as a dopant used in the present application is preferably formed from fine particles having a particle diameter of approximately several tens of nanometers. Such fine particles are transparent in the visible light region due to the presence of a polyanion that also acts as a surfactant, and the fine particles appear to be dissolved in the solvent. Actually, the fine particles are dispersed in a solvent. In the present application, this state is referred to as a “dispersion-solubilized” state.
- the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer can be suitably used as long as it is an organic polymer having a ⁇ -conjugated main chain.
- Examples of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer include polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyacetylenes, polyphenylenes, polyphenylene vinylenes, polyanilines, polyacenes, polythiophene vinylenes, and copolymers thereof. From the viewpoint of easy polymerization and stability in air, polypyrroles, polythiophenes and polyanilines are preferred.
- the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer can obtain sufficient conductivity and compatibility with the binder even if it is not substituted, but in order to further improve conductivity and dispersibility or solubility in the binder, Functional groups such as an alkyl group, a carboxy group, a sulfo group, an alkoxyl group, a hydroxyl group, and a cyano group may be introduced into the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer.
- Specific examples of such ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymers include polypyrrole, poly (N-methylpyrrole), poly (3-methylpyrrole), poly (3-ethylpyrrole), poly (3-n-propylpyrrole).
- polypyrrole polypyrrole
- polythiophene poly (N-methylpyrrole), poly (3-methylthiophene), poly (3-methoxythiophene), and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- the (co) polymer consisting of can be suitably used in terms of resistance and reactivity.
- polypyrrole and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are more preferable because they have higher conductivity and can improve heat resistance.
- alkyl-substituted compounds such as poly (N-methylpyrrole) and poly (3-methylthiophene) are more preferable from the viewpoint of improving solvent solubility and compatibility when a hydrophobic resin is added. .
- alkyl groups a methyl group that does not adversely affect the conductivity is more preferable.
- the polyanion can be used without particular limitation as long as it is an anionic compound.
- An anionic compound is a compound having an anionic group capable of causing chemical oxidation doping to a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer in the molecule.
- As the anionic group a phosphoric acid group, a carboxy group, a sulfo group, and the like are preferable from the viewpoint of ease of production and high stability.
- a sulfo group or a carboxy group is more preferred because of its excellent doping effect on the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer.
- the polyanion examples include a polymer obtained by polymerizing an anion group-containing polymerizable monomer in addition to a polymer in which an anion group is introduced into the polymer by sulfonating a polymer having no anion group with a sulfonating agent. Can be mentioned.
- the polyanion is preferably obtained by polymerizing an anion group-containing polymerizable monomer from the viewpoint of ease of production.
- Examples of the production method include a method obtained by subjecting an anionic group-containing polymerizable monomer to oxidative polymerization or radical polymerization in a solvent in the presence of an oxidizing agent and / or a polymerization catalyst.
- a predetermined amount of the anionic group-containing polymerizable monomer is dissolved in a solvent and maintained at a constant temperature, and a predetermined amount of an oxidizing agent and / or a polymerization catalyst is previously dissolved in the solvent.
- the solution was added and allowed to react for a predetermined time.
- the polymer obtained by the reaction is adjusted to a certain concentration by a catalyst.
- a polymerizable monomer having no anionic group can be copolymerized with the anionic group-containing polymerizable monomer.
- the oxidizing agent and / or oxidation catalyst and solvent used in the polymerization of the anionic group-containing polymerizable monomer are the same as those used in the polymerization of the precursor monomer that forms the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer.
- the anionic group-containing polymerizable monomer is a monomer having a functional group capable of polymerizing with an anionic group in the molecule.
- polymerizable monomers having no anionic group examples include ethylene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 1-hexene, 2-hexene, styrene, p-methylstyrene, p -Ethylstyrene, p-butylstyrene, 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 6-methyl-2-vinylnaphthalene, 1-vinylimidazole, vinylpyridine, Vinyl acetate, acrylaldehyde, acrylonitrile, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinylformamide, N-vinylimidazole, acrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, Ethyl acrylate,
- the degree of polymerization of the polyanion thus obtained is not particularly limited, but is usually about 10 to 100,000 monomer units. From the viewpoint of improving solvent solubilization, dispersibility and conductivity, 50 More preferably, it is about 10,000.
- polyanions include polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyisoprene sulfonic acid, polyacryloyloxyethyl sulfonic acid, polyacryloyloxybutyl sulfonic acid, poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) Can be preferably mentioned.
- anionic compound is an anionic salt
- the method for converting to an anionic acid include an ion exchange method using an ion exchange resin, a dialysis method, and an ultrafiltration method. Among these methods, the ultrafiltration method is preferable from the viewpoint of workability. However, when it is necessary to reduce the metal ion concentration, it is preferable to use the ion exchange method.
- a combination of a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer and a polyanion those selected from each of those groups can be used.
- a combination of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) which is an example of a conjugated conductive polymer and polystyrene sulfonic acid which is an example of a polyanion is preferable.
- poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrenesulfonic acid are in the presence of an oxidizing agent in the form of an aqueous solution or aqueous dispersion in which a monomer for a conductive polymer and a dopant coexist.
- Polymerization may be performed for synthesis.
- a commercially available aqueous dispersion of a conductive polymer / dopant complex may also be used.
- Examples of commercially available conductive polymer / dopant aqueous dispersions include “Clevios” (trade name, manufactured by Heraeus, PEDOT / PSS aqueous dispersion), “Orgacon” (trade name, Agfa, PEDOT / PSS). Water dispersion).
- the content of the polyanion is preferably in the range of 10 to 1,000 parts by mass, more preferably in the range of 50 to 500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer.
- the content of the polyanion is preferably in the range of 10 to 1,000 parts by mass, more preferably in the range of 50 to 500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer.
- the reaction is obtained by mixing a complex solution of a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer and a polyanion doped therein and an oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound, and stirring and mixing at a temperature of 0 ° C. to 100 ° C. It is done. If necessary, the reaction may be carried out in a mixed solvent to which a water-soluble solvent such as methanol or ethanol or a surfactant is added. After the reaction, the solvent or water, a part of the used oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound may be removed with an evaporator or the like to adjust to a necessary concentration.
- a water-soluble solvent such as methanol or ethanol or a surfactant
- the organic compound containing an oxirane group and / or oxetane group is not particularly limited as long as it is coordinated or bonded to the anion group or electron withdrawing group of the polyanion.
- one or less oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is used in one molecule, it is more preferable because aggregation and gelation can be reduced.
- the molecular weight of the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is preferably in the range of 50 to 2,000 in view of easy solubility in an organic solvent.
- the amount of the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is preferably an anion group or an electron withdrawing group in the polyanion of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer in order to adjust the pH to 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less.
- the weight ratio is 0.1 to 50, and more preferably 1.0 to 30.0.
- the amount of the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is 50 or less in the above weight ratio, it is easy to adjust to the above pH range, and the excess oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is highly conductive. Since it does not easily precipitate in the molecular solution, it is easy to prevent the conductivity and mechanical properties of the resulting conductive coating film from being lowered.
- the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound may be a compound having any molecular structure as long as it has an oxirane group or oxetane group in the molecule.
- the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound those having 4 or less carbon atoms are preferable, and when having an OH group, 5 or more carbon atoms may be used.
- water is frequently used in the production process, it is preferable to avoid using a compound containing an alkoxysilyl group having a functional group that reacts with hydrolysis or water as much as possible.
- an alkoxysilyl group-containing compound may also be used because it is dispersed or soluble in a solvent while maintaining its characteristics.
- Monofunctional oxirane group-containing organic compounds include propylene oxide (propylene oxide), 2,3-butylene oxide, isobutylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,2-epoxyhexane, 1,2-epoxyheptane, 1, 2-epoxypentane, 1,2-epoxyoctane, 1,2-epoxydecane, 1,3-butadiene monooxide, 1,2-epoxytetradecane, glycidyl methyl ether, 1,2-epoxyoctadecane, 1,2-epoxy Hexadecane, ethyl glycidyl ether, glycidyl isopropyl ether, tert-butyl glycidyl ether, 1,2-epoxyeicosane, 2-
- polyfunctional oxirane group-containing organic compound examples include 1,7-octadiene diepoxide, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, 4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 1,2: 3,4-diepoxybutane, 1,2- Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diglycidyl, isocyanuric acid triglycidyl neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, 1,2: 3,4-diepoxybutane, polyethylene glycol # 200 diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol di Glycidyl ether, tripropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, 1, - hexanediol diglycidyl ether,
- organic compound containing a polyfunctional oxetane group examples include xylylene bisoxetane, 3-ethyl-3 ⁇ [(3-ethyloxetane-3-yl) methoxy] methyl ⁇ oxetane, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis ⁇ [3 -Ethyl-3-oxetanyl] methyl ⁇ ester and the like.
- the solvent constituting the conductive polymer solution includes water, an organic solvent, or a mixture thereof.
- a preferable water content in the solvent containing water is 60 to 100%.
- organic solvents that can be included in the solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethylenephosphonium triamide, acetonitrile, and benzonitrile.
- Polar solvents phenols typified by cresol, phenol, xylenol, etc .; alcohols typified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, etc .; ketones typified by acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc .; ethyl acetate , Esters represented by propyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc .; hydrocarbons represented by hexane, heptane, benzene, toluene, xylene, etc .; carboxylic acids represented by formic acid, acetic acid, etc .; ethylene carbonate, propylene Carbonate compounds typified by carbonates; ether compounds typified by dioxane, diethyl ether, etc .; chain ethers typified by ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, propylene glycol dialkyl ether, polyethylene glycol
- organic solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- organic solvents alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, and hydrocarbons can be more suitably used from the viewpoint of easy mixing with various organic substances.
- a conductive polymer solution is used for a capacitor, a solid conductive polymer is dispersed and solubilized in a solvent to produce a paint, and the capacitor element is immersed therein, dried, and part or all of the solvent Remove. Therefore, when an organic solvent is included in the solvent, a solvent having a low boiling point is preferably selected. Thereby, the drying time at the time of formation of a conductive polymer layer can be shortened, and productivity can be improved.
- Binder The conductive polymer solution increases the scratch resistance and hardness of the conductive polymer layer, and improves the adhesion between the layer and the other layers in the capacitor.
- a resin having a binder function also referred to as a binder or a binder resin
- the binder preferably includes an alkoxysilyl group.
- Suitable binders are alkoxysilane, a condensate of alkoxysilane, a reaction product of a condensate of alkoxysilane and a reactive resin capable of reacting with it, and has a function of binding ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymers to each other. .
- the alkoxysilane condensate is obtained by heating and dehydrating alkoxysilane.
- alkoxysilane what has an organic functional group (For example, an epoxy group, a mercapto group, an amino group, a carboxy group, etc.) is preferable.
- the organic functional group may be directly bonded to the silicon atom, or may be bonded to the silicon atom via a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- alkoxysilane having an organic functional group examples include ⁇ -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropyltributoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, ⁇ -Methacryloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, ⁇ -acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -acryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, ⁇ -methacryloxymethyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -acryloxymethyl Trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltributoxysilane, vinylmethyldimethoxysilane, 5-hexenyltrimethoxysilane, 9-decenyltri Toxisilane, styryl
- ⁇ - (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -glycidoxypropyl are used in terms of higher solvent resistance.
- Triethoxysilane and ⁇ -glycidoxymethyldimethoxysilane are more preferable.
- the alkoxysilane which has the said organic functional group may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the alkoxysilane may have no organic functional group.
- examples of the tetraalkoxysilane having no organic functional group include tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, and tetrabutoxysilane. Among these, tetramethoxysilane or tetraethoxysilane is preferable because the alkoxysilane group is easily hydrolyzed.
- One kind of alkoxysilane having no organic functional group may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the reactive resin has a functional group capable of reacting with a condensate of alkoxysilane.
- the functional group capable of reacting with the alkoxysilane condensate is specifically a functional group capable of reacting with silanol produced by hydrolysis of the alkoxysilane condensate, or an organic functional group possessed by the alkoxysilane condensate. It is a functional group that reacts. Examples of such a functional group include a carboxy group, a sulfonic acid group, a nitrile group, a hydroxy group, a nitrile group, an amino group, an alkoxysilyl group, and a silanol group.
- an epoxy group is preferable from the viewpoint of solvent resistance.
- the reactive resin include an epoxy resin, a urethane resin, an acrylic resin, an alkyd resin, a silicone resin, a fluororesin, and a polyester resin.
- at least one selected from the group consisting of an epoxy resin, a urethane resin, and a polyester resin is preferable, and an epoxy resin is more preferable from the viewpoints of reactivity with alkoxysilanes and adhesion to a substrate.
- the content of the binder in the conductive polymer solution is preferably 200 to 9,000 parts by mass when the total of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer and the polyanion is 100 parts by mass, and 500 to 6,000. More preferably, it is part by mass. If the content of the binder is 200 parts by mass or more, the solvent resistance of the resulting conductive coating film can be further increased, and if it is 9,000 parts by mass or less, sufficient conductivity can be ensured.
- the conductive polymer solution preferably has one or more conductivity improvers selected from the following compounds in order to further improve the conductivity of the coating film.
- Nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound (2.2) Compound having two or more hydroxy groups (2.3) Compound having two or more carboxy groups (2.4) One or more A compound having a hydroxy group and one or more carboxy groups (2.5) A compound having an amide group (2.6) A compound having an imide group (2.7) A lactam compound (2.8) and others
- Nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound As the nitrogen-containing aromatic cyclic compound, pyridines containing one nitrogen atom and derivatives thereof, and imidazoles containing two nitrogen atoms are preferable. And derivatives thereof, pyrimidines and derivatives thereof, pyrazines and derivatives thereof, triazines containing three nitrogen atoms and derivatives thereof, and the like. From the viewpoint of solvent solubility and the like, pyridines and derivatives thereof, imidazoles and derivatives thereof, and pyrimidines and derivatives thereof are preferable.
- pyridines and derivatives thereof include pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 4-ethylpyridine, N-vinylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,4 , 6-trimethylpyridine, 3-cyano-5-methylpyridine, 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 6-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, 4-aminopyridine, 2,3-diaminopyridine, 2 , 6-diaminopyridine, 2,6-diamino-4-methylpyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine, 4-pyridinemethanol, 2,6-dihydroxypyridine, 2,6-pyridinedimethanol, methyl 6-hydroxynicotinate, 2 -Hydroxy-5-pyridinemethanol, ethyl 6-hydroxynicotinate, 4 Pyridinemethanol, 4-pyridineethanol, 2-phenylpyridine, 3-methylquinoline, 3-ethylquinoline, quinolinol, 2, 2,4
- imidazoles and derivatives thereof include imidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 2-propylimidazole, 2-undecylimidazole, 2-phenylimidazole, N-methylimidazole, N-vinylimidazole, and N-allylimidazole.
- Examples include imidazole and 2- (2-pyridyl) benzimidazole.
- pyrimidines and derivatives thereof include 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine, 2-amino-6-chloro-4-methoxypyrimidine, 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine, 2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine, 2-aminopyrimidine, 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine, 4,6 -Dihydroxypyrimidine, 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, 2,4-dimethoxypyrimidine, 2,4,5-trihydroxypyrimidine, 2,4-pyrimidinediol, etc. Is mentioned.
- triazines and derivatives thereof include 1,3,5-triazine, 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine, and 2,4-diamino.
- (2.2) Compound having two or more hydroxy groups examples include propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, glycerin, diglycerin, D-glucose, D-glucitol, isoprene glycol, dimethylolpropionic acid, butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylol
- Polyhydric aliphatic alcohols such as propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, thiodiethanol, glucose, tartaric acid, D-glucaric acid and glutaconic acid; polymeric alcohols such as cellulose, polysaccharide and sugar alcohol; 1,4-dihydroxyben 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, 2,3-di
- Compound having two or more carboxy groups include maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, malonic acid, 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid.
- Aliphatic carboxylic acid compounds such as acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid, D-glucaric acid, glutaconic acid, citric acid; phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 5-sulfoisophthalic acid, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid , Methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 4,4'-oxydiphthalic acid, biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, etc.
- Aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives with at least one carboxy group attached Things diglycolic acid, oxy two acid, thiodiacetic acid (thiodiacetic acid), thiodiacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, etc. imino acid are exemplified.
- (2.4) Compound having one or more hydroxy groups and one or more carboxy groups As the compound having one or more hydroxy groups and one or more carboxy groups, tartaric acid, glyceric acid, dimethylolbutanoic acid, Examples include dimethylolpropanoic acid, D-glucaric acid, and glutaconic acid.
- amide compound A compound having an amide group (hereinafter referred to as “amide compound”) has an amide bond represented by —CO—NH— (the CO moiety is a double bond) in the molecule. It is a monomolecular compound. That is, as the amide compound, for example, a compound having functional groups at both ends of the bond, a compound in which a cyclic compound is bonded to one end of the bond, urea and urea derivatives in which the functional groups at both ends are hydrogen Etc.
- amide compound examples include acetamide, malonamide, succinamide, maleamide, fumaramide, benzamide, naphthamide, phthalamide, isophthalamide, terephthalamide, nicotinamide, isonicotinamide, 2-fluamide, formamide, N-methylformamide, propionamide , Propioluamide, butyramide, isobutylamide, methacrylamide, palmitoamide, stearylamide, oleamide, oxamide, glutaramide, adipamide, cinnamamide, glycolamide, lactamide, glyceramide, tartaramide, citrulamide, glyoxylamide, pyruvamide, acetoacetamide, dimethyl Acetamide, benzylamide, anthranilamide, ethylenediamine Laacetamide, diacetamide, triacetamide, dibenzamide, tribenzamide, rhodanine, urea, 1-acetyl-2-thiourea,
- Acrylamide can also be used as the amide compound.
- Acrylamide includes N-methylacrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide, N-ethylacrylamide, N-ethylmethacrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, N, N-dimethylmethacrylamide, N, N-diethylacrylamide, N, Examples thereof include N-diethyl methacrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylamide, N-methylol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide and the like.
- the molecular weight of the amide compound is preferably 46 to 10,000, more preferably 46 to 5,000, and particularly preferably 46 to 1,000.
- (2.6) Compound having an imide group As a compound having an imide group (hereinafter referred to as “imide compound”), from the skeleton, phthalimide and phthalimide derivatives, succinimide and succinimide derivatives, benzimide and benzimide derivatives, maleimide and maleimide derivatives , Naphthalimide and naphthalimide derivatives.
- an imide compound is classified into an aliphatic imide, an aromatic imide, etc. according to the kind of functional group of both terminal, an aliphatic imide is preferable from a soluble viewpoint.
- the aliphatic imide compound is classified into a saturated aliphatic imide compound having an unsaturated bond between carbons in the molecule and an unsaturated aliphatic imide compound having an unsaturated bond between carbons in the molecule.
- the saturated aliphatic imide compound is a compound represented by R 1 —CO—NH—CO—R 2 , and is a compound in which both R 1 and R 2 are saturated hydrocarbons.
- cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide allantoin, hydantoin, barbituric acid, alloxan, glutarimide, succinimide, 5-butylhydantoic acid, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 1-methylhydantoin, 1,5 , 5-trimethylhydantoin, 5-hydantoin acetic acid, N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide, semicarbazide, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-6-methylsuccinimide, bis [2- (succinimideoxycarbonyloxy) Ethyl] sulfone, ⁇ -methyl- ⁇ -propylsuccinimide, cyclohexylimide and the like.
- the unsaturated aliphatic imide compound is a compound represented by R 1 —CO—NH—CO—R 2 and one or both of R 1 and R 2 are one or more unsaturated bonds.
- R 1 —CO—NH—CO—R 2 and one or both of R 1 and R 2 are one or more unsaturated bonds.
- Specific examples thereof include 1,3-dipropylene urea, maleimide, N-methylmaleimide, N-ethylmaleimide, N-hydroxymaleimide, 1,4-bismaleimide butane, 1,6-bismaleimide hexane, 1,8 -Bismaleimide octane, N-carboxyheptylmaleimide and the like.
- the molecular weight of the imide compound is preferably 60 to 5,000, more preferably 70 to 1,000, and particularly preferably 80 to 500.
- Lactam Compound A lactam compound is an intramolecular cyclic amide of an aminocarboxylic acid, and a part of the ring is —CO—NR 3 — (R 3 is hydrogen or an arbitrary substituent). . However, one or more carbon atoms in the ring may be replaced with an unsaturated or heteroatom.
- the lactam compound include pentano-4-lactam, 4-pentanelactam-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, hexano-6-lactam, 6-hexane lactam and the like.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- hydroxy group-containing carboxylic acid ester compounds such as hydroxyethyl acrylate and ethyl lactate
- hydroxy group-containing ether compounds such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and propylene glycol monoethyl ether May be used as a conductivity improver.
- the content of the conductivity improver is preferably 10 to 10,000 parts by mass and preferably 30 to 5,000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total amount of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer and the polyanion. Is more preferable. If the content of the conductivity improver is not less than the lower limit and not more than the upper limit, the conductivity can be further improved.
- the conductive polymer solution according to this embodiment can be manufactured by the following method as an example.
- the conductive polymer / polyanion complex aqueous dispersion is an aqueous solution or aqueous dispersion in which a monomer for a conductive polymer and a dopant coexist. Polymerization is carried out in the presence of an oxidizing agent. However, not only polymerization from such a monomer but also a commercially available conductive polymer / dopant aqueous dispersion may be used.
- Examples of commercially available conductive polymer / dopant aqueous dispersions include Heraeus PEDOT / PSS aqueous dispersion (trade name: Clevios), Agfa PEDOT / PSS aqueous dispersion (trade name: Orgacon), and the like. be able to.
- an oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is added to the aqueous dispersion so that the pH of the finally obtained conductive polymer solution is in the range of 2.0 to 6.0, followed by stirring. To do.
- the cyclic ether of the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is opened, and OH of the anion group that does not contribute to the dope in the polyanion reacts therewith.
- the obtained reaction solution is concentrated, filtered or dried to obtain a conductive polymer.
- the obtained solid conductive polymer is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent to obtain a conductive polymer solution.
- the conductive polymer may be phase-inverted into a water-insoluble solvent phase and, if necessary, after steps such as dehydration, the conductive polymer may be dissolved or dispersed in the solvent.
- the conductive polymer in the polyanion state doped with the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer already in the solid state is water and / or After adding an appropriate amount of a solvent in which the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is dissolved, the anion is preferably reacted with the oxirane group or oxetane group. Thereafter, the reaction solution is concentrated, filtered or dried. Thereafter, the obtained concentrate or solid is preferably dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.
- the conductive polymer is phase-inverted to the water-insoluble solvent phase, and dehydration is performed as necessary.
- the conductive polymer may be dissolved or dispersed in a solvent after the steps such as the above. According to this method, since the freeze-dried conductive polymer is used as a raw material, the time for the concentration step can be shortened.
- the amount of the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound is such that the pH of the finally obtained conductive polymer solution is in the range of 2.0 to 6.0.
- propylene oxide is added to a PEDOT-PSS-based conductive polymer solution
- glycidol is added to the PEDOT-PSS-based conductive polymer solution, it is preferably 3.5 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably 4 to 50 parts per 1 part by weight of the PEDOT-PSS-based conductive polymer. Add parts by weight.
- the PEDOT-PSS conductive polymer is added.
- 3 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably 4 to 25 parts by weight are added to 1 part by weight.
- Capacitor The capacitor according to this embodiment is made of an anode made of a porous body of valve metal, a dielectric layer formed by oxidizing the anode surface, and a conductive material provided on the opposite side of the dielectric layer from the anode. And a solid electrolyte layer formed between the dielectric layer and the cathode.
- the solid electrolyte layer is a reaction product of a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, a polyanion doped in the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, an anion that does not contribute to doping in the polyanion, and an oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound. It is a layer provided with the conductive polymer containing.
- the capacitor includes a conductive polymer solution or a compound obtained by removing the solvent from the solution.
- Capacitor Manufacturing Method A capacitor according to this embodiment includes a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, a polyanion doped in the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, an anion that does not contribute to doping in the polyanion, an oxirane group, and / or Or it manufactures through the process of apply
- the capacitor is impregnated with the conductive polymer solution, and the solvent constituting the conductive polymer solution is removed.
- the capacitor manufacturing method includes a ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, a polyanion doped in the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer, an anion that does not contribute to doping in the polyanion, an oxirane group, and / or A step of preparing a conductive polymer dispersion containing a reaction product with an organic compound containing an oxetane group, a step of oxidizing a surface of an anode made of a porous body of a valve metal to form a dielectric layer, and a dielectric layer And forming a solid electrolyte layer by applying the conductive polymer dispersion on the surface of the dielectric layer and drying it.
- a solvent, an additive for improving conductivity, a binder, a silane coupling agent, water and the like are mixed, stirred, and dissolved by heating as necessary.
- the stability of the conductive polymer dispersion can be improved by performing a dispersion treatment with a bead mill, a high-pressure disperser, ultrasonic waves, or the like. Among them, the dispersion treatment using a high-pressure disperser is more preferable because the dispersion stability can be easily improved.
- the high-pressure dispersion treatment uses a high-pressure disperser to cause the solution to be dispersed to collide against each other at high pressure, or to pass through an orifice or slit at high pressure to remove the polyanion or conductive polymer solution.
- a high-pressure disperser for example, a commercially available high pressure disperser such as a high pressure homogenizer can be suitably used.
- the high-pressure homogenizer is an apparatus including, for example, a high-pressure generating unit that pressurizes a solution to be dispersed, and an opposing collision unit, an orifice unit, or a slit unit that performs dispersion.
- a high-pressure pump such as a plunger pump is preferably used.
- high-pressure pumps such as a series type, a double type, and a triple type, and any type can be adopted.
- the treatment pressure is preferably 50 MPa or more, more preferably 100 MPa or more.
- 130 MPa or more is particularly preferable.
- the processing pressure is preferably 300 MPa or less.
- the above-mentioned orifice refers to a mechanism in which a thin plate (orifice plate) having a fine hole such as a circular shape is inserted into the straight pipe and the flow path of the straight pipe is rapidly narrowed.
- the above-mentioned slit refers to a mechanism in which a pair of members made of a strong material such as metal or diamond are arranged with a slight gap.
- the pressure difference is particularly preferably 130 MPa or more.
- the pressure difference is 300 MPa or less, it is difficult for the high pressure disperser to have a problem with the pressure resistance and durability. Therefore, the pressure difference is preferably 300 MPa or less.
- Specific examples of the high-pressure homogenizer include a trade name Nanoviter manufactured by Yoshida Kikai Kogyo Co., a trade name Microfluidizer manufactured by Microfluidics, and an optimizer manufactured by Sugino Machine.
- the number of high-pressure dispersion treatments is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1 to several tens of times. This is because if the number of times of distributed processing is too large, an effect corresponding to the number of times of processing is not exhibited even if the number of times of processing is increased.
- a high shear force is generated in the case of an oncoming collision or when passing through a rapidly narrowed flow path, thereby increasing the dispersibility of the polyanion or complex contained in the solution to be dispersed. be able to.
- high-pressure dispersion treatment is performed by a high-pressure disperser, the temperature of the liquid after treatment increases in principle.
- the temperature of the solution to be dispersed before the dispersion treatment is preferably 0 to 60 ° C., more preferably 0 to 40 ° C., particularly preferably 0 to 30 ° C. when the dispersion medium is water. If the temperature of the solution to be subjected to the dispersion treatment before the dispersion treatment is set to 60 ° C. or lower, modification of the ⁇ -conjugated conductive polymer or polyanion can be prevented. Further, the solution after the high-pressure dispersion treatment may be cooled by passing through a heat exchanger having a refrigerant temperature of ⁇ 30 to 20 ° C.
- Electrolytic oxidation process In the capacitor manufacturing method according to this embodiment, first, in the electrolytic oxidation process, the surface of the anode made of a valve metal is electrolytically oxidized and subjected to chemical conversion treatment to form a dielectric layer.
- Examples of the method for electrolytically oxidizing the anode surface include a method in which a voltage is applied in an electrolytic solution such as an ammonium adipate aqueous solution to anodize the anode surface.
- a cathode formed from a conductor such as an aluminum foil is disposed opposite to the surface of the dielectric layer via a separator.
- a solid electrolyte layer is formed between the dielectric layer and the cathode.
- a method for forming the solid electrolyte layer a method in which an element having a dielectric layer and a cathode is immersed in the conductive polymer solution, and a method in which the conductive polymer solution is applied to the surface of the dielectric layer with a known coating apparatus. And a method of spraying the conductive polymer solution onto the surface of the dielectric layer with a known spraying device. Moreover, you may make it a pressure reduction state as needed at the time of immersion or application
- the capacitor may be filled with an electrolytic solution between the dielectric layer and the cathode as necessary.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as the electric conductivity is high, and examples thereof include a well-known electrolyte dissolved in a well-known electrolyte solution.
- the solvent for the electrolytic solution examples include alcohol solvents such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and glycerin, lactone solvents such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -valerolactone, Examples thereof include amide solvents such as N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide and N-methylpyrrolidinone, nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile and 3-methoxypropionitrile, water and the like.
- alcohol solvents such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and glycerin
- lactone solvents such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -valerolactone
- amide solvents such as N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl
- electrolyte examples include adipic acid, glutaric acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, maleic acid, toluic acid, enanthic acid, malonic acid, formic acid, 1,6-decanedicarboxylic acid, 5,6 -Decane dicarboxylic acid such as decanedicarboxylic acid, octane dicarboxylic acid such as 1,7-octane dicarboxylic acid, organic acid such as azelaic acid and sebacic acid, or polyhydric alcohol of boric acid obtained from boric acid, boric acid and polyhydric alcohol Complex compounds, inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, and silicic acid are used as anionic components, and primary amines (methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, etc.), secondary amines (dimethylamine, diethyl
- the DC voltage to be applied is not particularly limited, but in terms of reducing the leakage current, it is preferably 30% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and more preferably 80% or more of the rated voltage of the obtained capacitor. It is particularly preferred.
- the rated voltage is a value determined by an applied voltage (formation voltage) or the like when electrolytically oxidizing the anode. Usually, the rated voltage is not more than the formation voltage.
- the voltage applied in the application step is preferably 20% or more, more preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 40% or more of the formation voltage in the electrolytic oxidation step because the leakage current becomes smaller. It is particularly preferred.
- the environmental temperature at which the application step is performed is preferably 30 ° C. or more, more preferably 40 to 200 ° C., particularly preferably 80 to 180 ° C., and most preferably 100 to 160 ° C., since leakage current can be further reduced.
- the application process time is appropriately adjusted according to the DC voltage to be applied and the environmental temperature. For example, in order to further reduce the leakage current, it is preferable to extend the application time as the applied DC voltage is lower. Specifically, when the DC voltage to be applied is less than 50% of the rated voltage of the capacitor, it is preferable to set the application time to 5 minutes or more in order to reduce the leakage current. When the DC voltage to be applied is high, the application time may be shortened.
- the leakage current can be reduced even if the application time is less than 5 minutes. Further, in order to reduce the leakage current, it is preferable to extend the application time as the environmental temperature is lower. If the environmental temperature is high, the application time may be shortened.
- Ion exchange water was added, and about 2,000 ml of solution was removed by ultrafiltration. The above ultrafiltration operation was repeated three times. Furthermore, about 2,000 ml of ion-exchanged water was added to the obtained filtrate, and about 2,000 ml of solution was removed by ultrafiltration. This ultrafiltration operation was repeated three times. Water in the obtained solution was removed under reduced pressure to obtain colorless solid polystyrene sulfonic acid.
- Example 1 To 85 g of the PEDOT-PSS aqueous solution obtained in Production Example 2, 8.0 g of glycidol and 15 g of water were added and stirred at 50 ° C. for 8 hours to prepare a solution. The pH of the obtained solution was 2.10. (Example 2) A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 8.0 g to 12.0 g. The pH of the obtained solution was 2.18. (Example 3) To 60 g of the PEDOT-PSS aqueous solution obtained in Production Example 2, 5.75 g of glycidol and 40 g of water were added and stirred at 50 ° C. for 8 hours to prepare a solution.
- Example 4 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 5.75 g to 12.0 g. The pH of the obtained solution was 2.32.
- Example 5 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 3, except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 5.75 g to 17.5 g, and stirring at 50 ° C. for 8 hours was changed to stirring at 50 ° C. for 4 hours.
- the pH of the obtained solution was 3.08.
- Example 6 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 5 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 17.5 g to 23.0 g.
- Example 7 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 5 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 17.5 g to 28.0 g. The pH of the obtained solution was 3.81.
- Example 8) A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 5 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 17.5 g to 34.5 g. The pH of the obtained solution was 4.11.
- Example 9 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 4 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 12.0 g to 46.6 g. The pH of the obtained solution was 4.11.
- Example 10 To 60 g of the PEDOT-PSS aqueous solution obtained in Production Example 2, 5.96 g of propylene oxide and 40 g of water were added and stirred at 50 ° C. for 8 hours to prepare a solution. The pH of the obtained solution was 2.45.
- Example 11 To 60 g of the PEDOT-PSS aqueous solution obtained in Preparation Example 2, 8.66 g of 2- ⁇ 2- [2- (2-butoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -ethoxy ⁇ -oxirane and 40 g of water were added, and the mixture was heated at 50 ° C. Stir for 8 hours to make a solution. The pH of the obtained solution was 2.10.
- Example 12 To 60 g of the PEDOT-PSS aqueous solution obtained in Production Example 2, 68.6 g of glycidol and 40 g of water were added and stirred at 50 ° C. for 8 hours to prepare a solution. The pH of the obtained solution was 4.30.
- Example 13 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 12 except that the amount of glycidol added was changed from 68.6 g to 114.4 g. The pH of the obtained solution was 4.01.
- Example 14 A solution was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 11 except that the amount of 2- ⁇ 2- [2- (2-butoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -ethoxy ⁇ -oxirane was changed from 8.66 g to 5.0 g. . The pH of the obtained solution was 2.05.
- Example 15 To 40 g of the PEDOT-PSS aqueous solution obtained in Production Example 2, 5.0 g of 2- ⁇ 2- [2- (2-butoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -ethoxy ⁇ -oxirane and 60 g of water were added at 50 ° C. Stir for 8 hours to make a solution. The pH of the obtained solution was 2.13.
- Table 1 and Table 2 show the production conditions and solution characteristics of each Example and each Comparative Example.
- Comp. Is an organic compound containing an oxirane group and / or oxetane group
- CP is a conductive polymer solution
- Gl is glycidol
- PO is propylene oxide
- BEE is 2- ⁇ 2- [2- (2-butoxy-ethoxy) -Ethoxy] -ethoxy ⁇ -oxirane
- IZ means imidazole, respectively.
- Comp. / CP indicates the ratio of the oxirane group and / or oxetane group-containing organic compound to the conductive polymer in the conductive polymer solution.
- Table 3 shows the performance evaluation of capacitors using the conductive polymer solutions of the examples and comparative examples.
- the present invention can be effectively used for capacitors and the like.
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Abstract
Description
この実施の形態に係る導電性高分子溶液は、導電性高分子と、溶媒とを有する。該導電性高分子は、π共役系導電性高分子と、そのπ共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンと、そのポリアニオンの内ドープに寄与しないアニオンとオキシラン基又はオキセタン基と反応した化合物と、を含む。加えて、導電性高分子溶液のpHは、2.0以上6.0以下である。ここで、上記溶媒は、水、有機溶剤、さらにはそれらの混合物であっても良い。また、導電性高分子溶液は、バインダをさらに含んでいても良い。本願で用いられるポリアニオンをドーパントとしている導電性高分子は、好ましくは、おおよそ数十ナノメータの粒子径を持つ微粒子から形成される。かかる微粒子は、界面活性剤の作用をも持つポリアニオンの存在によって可視光領域において透明であって、溶媒中に微粒子が溶解しているように見える。実際には、当該微粒子は溶媒中に分散しているが、本願では、この状態を「分散可溶化」の状態と称している。
(1)π共役系導電性高分子
π共役系導電性高分子は、主鎖がπ共役系で構成されている有機高分子であれば好適に使用できる。π共役系導電性高分子としては、例えば、ポリピロール類、ポリチオフェン類、ポリアセチレン類、ポリフェニレン類、ポリフェニレンビニレン類、ポリアニリン類、ポリアセン類、ポリチオフェンビニレン類、及びこれらの共重合体等が挙げられる。重合の容易さ、空気中での安定性の点からは、ポリピロール類、ポリチオフェン類及びポリアニリン類が好ましい。
ポリアニオンは、アニオン性化合物であれば、特に制約無く用いることができる。アニオン性化合物とは、分子中に、π共役系導電性高分子への化学酸化ドーピングが起こりうるアニオン基を有する化合物である。アニオン基としては、製造の容易さ及び高い安定性の観点から、リン酸基、カルボキシ基、スルホ基、などが好ましい。これらのアニオン基の内、π共役系導電性高分子へのドープ効果に優れる理由から、スルホ基あるいはカルボキシ基がより好ましい。
ポリアニオンの内でドープに寄与しないアニオンと、オキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物との反応生成物は、前述のπ共役系導電性高分子とポリアニオンとの複合体に、オキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物を添加して反応させることにより得られる。例えば、π共役系導電性高分子とそれにドープしたポリアニオンとの複合体溶液と、オキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物とを混合し、0℃から100℃の温度で攪拌混合することにより得られる。必要により、メタノール、エタノール等の水溶性溶媒や界面活性剤を加えた混合溶媒中で反応を行っても良い。反応後は、エバポレーター等で溶媒や水、用いたオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物の一部を除き、必要な濃度に調整しても良い。
(オキシラン基含有有機化合物)
単官能オキシラン基含有有機化合物としては、プロピレンオキサイド(酸化プロピレン)、2,3-ブチレンオキサイド、イソブチレンオキサイド、1,2-ブチレンオキサイド、1,2-エポキシヘキサン、1,2-エポキシヘプタン、1,2-エポキシペンタン、1,2-エポキシオクタン、1,2-エポキシデカン、1,3-ブタジエンモノオキサイド、1,2-エポキシテトラデカン、グリシジルメチルエーテル、1,2-エポキシオクタデカン、1,2-エポキシヘキサデカン、エチルグリシジルエーテル、グリシジルイソプロピルエーテル、tert-ブチルグリシジルエーテル、1,2-エポキシエイコサン、2-(クロロメチル)-1,2-エポキシプロパン、グリシドール、エピクロルヒドリン、エピブロモヒドリン、ブチルグリシジルエーテル、1,2-エポキシヘキサン、1,2-エポキシ-9-デカン、2-(クロロメチル)-1,2-エポキシブタン、2-エチルヘキシルグリシジルエーテル、1,2-エポキシ-1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H-トリフルオロブタン、アリルグリシジルエーテル、テトラシアノエチレンオキサイド、グリシジルブチレート、1,2-エポキシシクロオクタン、グリシジルメタクリレート、1,2-エポキシシクロドデカン、1-メチル-1,2-エポキシシクロヘキサン、1,2-エポキシシクロペンタデカン、1,2-エポキシシクロペンタン、1,2-エポキシシクロヘキサン、1,2-エポキシ-1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H-ヘプタデカフルオロブタン、3,4-エポキシテトラヒドロフラン、グリシジルステアレート、3-グリシジルオキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン、エポキシ琥珀酸、グリシジルフェニルエーテル、イソホロンオキサイド、α-ピネンオキサイド、2,3-エポキシノルボルネン、ベンジルグリシジルエーテル、ジエトキシ(3-グリシジルオキシプロピル)メチルシラン、3-[2-(パーフルオロヘキシル)エトキシ]-1,2-エポキシプロパン、1,1,1,3,5,5,5-ヘプタメチル-3-(3-グリシジルオキシプロピル)トリシロキサン、9,10-エポキシ-1,5-シクロドデカジエン、4-tert-ブチル安息香酸グリシジル、2,2-ビス(4-グリシジルオキシフェニル)プロパン、2-tert-ブチル-2-[2-(4-クロロフェニル)]エチルオキシラン、スチレンオキサイド、グリシジルトリチルエーテル、2-(3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシル)エチルトリメトキシシラン、2-フェニルプリピレンオキサイド、コレステロール-5α,6α-エポキシド、スチルベンオキサイド、p-トルエンスルホン酸グリシジル、3-メチル-3-フェニルグリシド酸エチル、N-プロピル-N-(2,3-エポキシプロピル)ペルフルオロ-n-オクチルスルホンアミド、(2S,3S)-1,2-エポキシ-3-(tert-ブトキシカルボニルアミノ)-4-フェニルブタン、3-ニトロベンゼンスルホン酸(R)-グリシジル、3-ニトロベンゼンスルホン酸-グリシジル、パルテノリド、N-グリシジルフタルイミド、エンドリン、デイルドリン、4-グリシジルオキシカルバゾール、7,7-ジメチルオクタン酸[オキシラニルメチル]、2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-オキシラン、2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシランなどを例示できる。これらの例示物の中では、酸化プロピレン、グリシドール、2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-オキシランおよび2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシランがより好ましい。
単官能オキセタン基含有有機化合物としては、3-エチル-3-ヒドロキシメチルオキセタン(=オキセタンアルコール)、2-エチルヘキシルオキセタン、(3-エチル-3-オキセタニル)メチルアクリレート、(3-エチル-3-オキセタニル)メタアクリレートなどを例示できる。
導電性高分子溶液を構成する溶媒は、水、有機溶剤、あるいはそれらの混合物を含む。水を含む溶媒中の好ましい水の含有率は、60~100%である。溶媒に、溶媒に含み得る有機溶剤としては、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ヘキサメチレンホスホニウムトリアミド、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル等に代表される極性溶媒; クレゾール、フェノール、キシレノール等に代表されるフェノール類; メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール等に代表されるアルコール類; アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等に代表されるケトン類; 酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル等に代表されるエステル類; ヘキサン、ヘプタン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等に代表される炭化水素類; ギ酸、酢酸等に代表されるカルボン酸; エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等に代表されるカーボネート化合物; ジオキサン、ジエチルエーテル等に代表されるエーテル化合物; エチレングリコールジアルキルエーテル、プロピレングリコールジアルキルエーテル、ポリエチレングリコールジアルキルエーテル、ポリプロピレングリコールジアルキルエーテル等に代表される鎖状エーテル類; 3-メチル-2-オキサゾリジノン等に代表される複素環化合物; アセトニトリル、グルタロジニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、ベンゾニトリル等に代表されるニトリル化合物などを好適に例示できる。これらの有機溶剤は、単独で用いても良く、あるいは2種以上を混合して用いても良い。これらの有機溶剤の内、種々の有機物との易混合性の観点から、アルコール類、ケトン類、エーテル類、エステル類、炭化水素類をより好適に用いることができる。導電性高分子溶液をキャパシタに用いる場合、固形の導電性高分子を溶媒に分散可溶化させて塗料を製造し、その中にキャパシタ用素子を浸漬し、乾燥して、溶媒の一部若しくは全部を除去する。したがって、溶媒に有機溶剤を含む場合には、溶媒としては、沸点の低いものを好適に選択する。これにより、導電性高分子層の形成時の乾燥時間を短縮でき、もって生産性を高めることができる。
(1)バインダ
導電性高分子溶液は、導電性高分子層の耐傷性や硬度を高くし、該層とキャパシタ内の他の層との密着性を向上させる観点から、好適には、バインダの機能を持つ樹脂(バインダ、あるいはバインダ樹脂とも称する)を含んでも良い。バインダは、好ましくは、アルコキシシリル基を含む。好適なバインダは、アルコキシシラン、アルコキシシランの縮合物、該アルコキシシランの縮合物とそれに反応可能な反応性樹脂との反応物であり、π共役系導電性高分子同士を結着させる機能を持つ。
導電性高分子溶液は、塗膜の導電性をさらに向上させるべく、下記の化合物から選ばれる1種以上の導電性向上剤を有するのが好ましい。
(2.1)窒素含有芳香族性環式化合物
(2.2)2個以上のヒドロキシ基を有する化合物
(2.3)2個以上のカルボキシ基を有する化合物
(2.4)1個以上のヒドロキシ基及び1個以上のカルボキシ基を有する化合物
(2.5)アミド基を有する化合物
(2.6)イミド基を有する化合物
(2.7)ラクタム化合物
(2.8)その他
窒素含有芳香族性環式化合物としては、好適には、一つの窒素原子を含有するピリジン類及びその誘導体、二つの窒素原子を含有するイミダゾール類及びその誘導体、ピリミジン類及びその誘導体、ピラジン類及びその誘導体、三つの窒素原子を含有するトリアジン類及びその誘導体等が挙げられる。溶媒溶解性等の観点からは、ピリジン類及びその誘導体、イミダゾール類及びその誘導体、ピリミジン類及びその誘導体が好ましい。
2個以上のヒドロキシ基を有する化合物としては、例えば、プロピレングリコール、1,3-ブチレングリコール、1,4-ブチレングリコール、グリセリン、ジグリセリン、D-グルコース、D-グルシトール、イソプレングリコール、ジメチロールプロピオン酸、ブタンジオール、1,5-ペンタンジオール、1,6-ヘキサンジオール、1,9-ノナンジオール、ネオペンチルグリコール、トリメチロールエタン、トリメチロールプロパン、ペンタエリスリトール、ジペンタエリスリトール、チオジエタノール、グルコース、酒石酸、D-グルカル酸、グルタコン酸等の多価脂肪族アルコール類; セルロース、多糖、糖アルコール等の高分子アルコール; 1,4-ジヒドロキシベンゼン、1,3-ジヒドロキシベンゼン、2,3-ジヒドロキシ-1-ペンタデシルベンゼン、2,4-ジヒドロキシアセトフェノン、2,5-ジヒドロキシアセトフェノン、2,4-ジヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、2,6-ジヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、3,4-ジヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、3,5-ジヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、2,4’-ジヒドロキシジフェニルスルフォン、2,2’,5,5’-テトラヒドロキシジフェニルスルフォン、3,3’,5,5’-テトラメチル-4,4’-ジヒドロキシジフェニルスルフォン、ヒドロキシキノンカルボン酸及びその塩類、2,3-ジヒドロキシ安息香酸、2,4-ジヒドロキシ安息香酸、2,5-ジヒドロキシ安息香酸、2,6-ジヒドロキシ安息香酸、3,5-ジヒドロキシ安息香酸、1,4-ヒドロキノンスルホン酸及びその塩類、4,5-ヒドロキシベンゼン-1,3-ジスルホン酸及びその塩類、1,5-ジヒドロキシナフタレン、1,6-ジヒドロキシナフタレン、2,6-ジヒドロキシナフタレン、2,7-ジヒドロキシナフタレン、2,3-ジヒドロキシナフタレン、1,5-ジヒドロキシナフタレン-2,6-ジカルボン酸、1,6-ジヒドロキシナフタレン-2,5-ジカルボン酸、1,5-ジヒドロキシナフトエ酸、1,4-ジヒドロキシ-2-ナフトエ酸フェニルエステル、4,5-ジヒドロキシナフタレン-2,7-ジスルホン酸及びその塩類、1,8-ジヒドロキシ-3,6-ナフタレンジスルホン酸及びその塩類、6,7-ジヒドロキシ-2-ナフタレンスルホン酸及びその塩類、1,2,3-トリヒドロキシベンゼン(ピロガロール)、1,2,4-トリヒドロキシベンゼン、5-メチル-1,2,3-トリヒドロキシベンゼン、5-エチル-1,2,3-トリヒドロキシベンゼン、5-プロピル-1,2,3-トリヒドロキシベンゼン、トリヒドロキシ安息香酸、トリヒドロキシアセトフェノン、トリヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、トリヒドロキシベンゾアルデヒド、トリヒドロキシアントラキノン、2,4,6-トリヒドロキシベンゼン、テトラヒドロキシ-p-ベンゾキノン、テトラヒドロキシアントラキノン、ガリック酸メチル(没食子酸メチル)、ガリック酸エチル(没食子酸エチル)等の芳香族化合物、ヒドロキノンスルホン酸カリウム等が挙げられる。
2個以上のカルボキシ基を有する化合物としては、マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸、シトラコン酸、マロン酸、1,4-ブタンジカルボン酸、コハク酸、酒石酸、アジピン酸、D-グルカル酸、グルタコン酸、クエン酸等の脂肪族カルボン酸類化合物; フタル酸、テレフタル酸、イソフタル酸、テトラヒドロ無水フタル酸、5-スルホイソフタル酸、5-ヒドロキシイソフタル酸、メチルテトラヒドロ無水フタル酸、4,4’-オキシジフタル酸、ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物、ベンゾフェノンテトラカルボン酸二無水物、ナフタレンジカルボン酸、トリメリット酸、ピロメリット酸等の、芳香族性環に少なくとも一つ以上のカルボキシ基が結合している芳香族カルボン酸類化合物; ジグリコール酸、オキシ二酪酸、チオ二酢酸(チオジ酢酸)、チオ二酪酸、イミノ二酢酸、イミノ酪酸等が挙げられる。
1個以上のヒドロキシ基及び1個以上のカルボキシ基を有する化合物としては、酒石酸、グリセリン酸、ジメチロールブタン酸、ジメチロールプロパン酸、D-グルカル酸、グルタコン酸等が挙げられる。
アミド基を有する化合物(以後、「アミド化合物」という)は、-CO-NH-(COの部分は二重結合)で表されるアミド結合を分子中に有する単分子化合物である。すなわち、アミド化合物としては、例えば、上記結合の両末端に官能基を有する化合物、上記結合の一方の末端に環状化合物が結合された化合物、上記両末端の官能基が水素である尿素及び尿素誘導体などが挙げられる。アミド化合物の具体例としては、アセトアミド、マロンアミド、スクシンアミド、マレアミド、フマルアミド、ベンズアミド、ナフトアミド、フタルアミド、イソフタルアミド、テレフタルアミド、ニコチンアミド、イソニコチンアミド、2-フルアミド、ホルムアミド、N-メチルホルムアミド、プロピオンアミド、プロピオルアミド、ブチルアミド、イソブチルアミド、メタクリルアミド、パルミトアミド、ステアリルアミド、オレアミド、オキサミド、グルタルアミド、アジプアミド、シンナムアミド、グリコールアミド、ラクトアミド、グリセルアミド、タルタルアミド、シトルアミド、グリオキシルアミド、ピルボアミド、アセトアセトアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、ベンジルアミド、アントラニルアミド、エチレンジアミンテトラアセトアミド、ジアセトアミド、トリアセトアミド、ジベンズアミド、トリベンズアミド、ローダニン、尿素、1-アセチル-2-チオ尿素、ビウレット、ブチル尿素、ジブチル尿素、1,3-ジメチル尿素、1,3-ジエチル尿素及びこれらの誘導体等が挙げられる。
イミド基を有する化合物(以後、「イミド化合物」という)としては、その骨格より、フタルイミド及びフタルイミド誘導体、スクシンイミド及びスクシンイミド誘導体、ベンズイミド及びベンズイミド誘導体、マレイミド及びマレイミド誘導体、ナフタルイミド及びナフタルイミド誘導体などが挙げられる。
ラクタム化合物とは、アミノカルボン酸の分子内環状アミドであり、環の一部が-CO-NR3-(R3は水素または任意の置換基)である化合物である。ただし、環の一個以上の炭素原子が不飽和やヘテロ原子に置き換わっていてもよい。ラクタム化合物としては、例えば、ペンタノ-4-ラクタム、4-ペンタンラクタム-5-メチル-2-ピロリドン、5-メチル-2-ピロリジノン、ヘキサノ-6-ラクタム、6-ヘキサンラクタム等が挙げられる。
上記以外に、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO); ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート、乳酸エチル等のヒドロキシ基含有カルボン酸エステル化合物; エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル等のヒドロキシ基含有エーテル化合物を、導電性向上剤に使用しても良い。
この実施の形態に係る導電性高分子溶液は、一例として、以下の方法によって製造することができる。
導電性高分子/ポリアニオン錯体水分散体は、導電性高分子用のモノマーとドーパントとが共存した水溶液または水分散体の状態に、酸化剤の存在下で重合を行う。ただし、このようなモノマーからの重合のみならず、市販の導電性高分子/ドーパント水分散体を用いても良い。市販の導電性高分子/ドーパント水分散体としては、例えば、Heraeus社のPEDOT/PSS水分散体(商品名: Clevios)、アグファ社のPEDOT/PSS水分散体(商品名: Orgacon)などを挙げることができる。次に、上記水分散体に、最終的に得られる導電性高分子溶液のpHが2.0~6.0の範囲になるようにオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物を添加後、撹拌する。この結果、オキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物の環状エーテルが開環し、そこに、ポリアニオン中のドープに寄与していないアニオン基のOHが反応する。その後、得られた反応液を濃縮、濾別あるいは乾固すると、導電性高分子が得られる。その後、得られた固形の導電性高分子を、溶媒中に可溶若しくは分散させて、導電性高分子溶液を得る。その他の添加物を加える場合には、予め溶媒中に当該添加物を混合し、あるいは導電性高分子と共に当該添加物を溶媒に混合するのが好ましい。また、上記水分散体に、オキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物を溶剤と共に添加後、好ましくはアニオンとオキシラン基若しくはオキセタン基とを反応させている間若しくは反応後に、水に不溶の有機溶剤を加えて、水不溶の溶剤相に導電性高分子を転相させ、必要に応じて脱水などの工程を経た後に、溶媒中に、導電性高分子を可溶若しくは分散させても良い。
既に固体となっているπ共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンの状態の導電性高分子に、水及び/またはオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物が溶解する溶媒を適量添加後、好ましくはアニオンとオキシラン基若しくはオキセタン基とを反応させる。その後、反応液を濃縮、濾別あるいは乾固する。その後、好適には、得られた濃縮物あるいは固体を、溶媒中に可溶若しくは分散させる。また、上記製造において、アニオンとオキシラン基若しくはオキセタン基とを反応させた後、水に不溶の有機溶剤を加えて、水不溶の溶剤相に導電性高分子を転相させ、必要に応じて脱水などの工程を経た後に、導電性高分子を、溶媒中に可溶若しくは分散させても良い。この方法によれば、凍結乾燥された導電性高分子を原料として用いているので、特に、濃縮する工程の時間を短縮できる。
この実施の形態に係るキャパシタは、弁金属の多孔質体からなる陽極と、陽極表面が酸化されて形成された誘電体層と、誘電体層における陽極と反対側に設けられた導電物質製の陰極と、誘電体層及び陰極の間に形成された固体電解質層とを備えるキャパシタである。固体電解質層は、π共役系導電性高分子と、π共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンと、ポリアニオン中のドープに寄与しないアニオンとオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物との反応物を含む導電性高分子を備える層である。キャパシタは、導電性高分子溶液若しくはその溶液から溶媒を除去した化合物を含む。
この実施の形態に係るキャパシタは、π共役系導電性高分子と、π共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンと、ポリアニオン中のドープに寄与していないアニオンとオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物との反応物を含む導電性高分子溶液を誘電体層表面に塗布し、それを乾燥させて固体電解質層を形成する工程を経て製造される。この工程は、キャパシタに、導電性高分子溶液を含浸させ、導電性高分子溶液を構成する溶媒を除去する工程である。次に、本発明のキャパシタの製造方法をより詳細に説明する。この実施の形態に係るキャパシタの製造方法は、π共役系導電性高分子と、π共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンと、ポリアニオン中のドープに寄与していないアニオンとオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物との反応物を含む導電性高分子分散液を調製する工程と、弁金属の多孔質体からなる陽極の表面を酸化して誘電体層を形成する工程と、誘電体層に対向する位置に陰極を形成する工程と、誘電体層表面に前記導電性高分子分散液を塗布し、乾燥させて固体電解質層を形成する工程と、を有する。
π共役系導電性高分子と、π共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンと、ポリアニオン中のドープに寄与していないアニオンとオキシラン基及び/又はオキセタン基含有有機化合物との反応物を含む導電性高分子溶液の調製方法は前記したとおりである。こうして得られた溶液に、ヒドロキシ基含有芳香族性化合物、水溶性高分子化合物または水分散性高分子化合物、スルホ基含有ジカルボン酸、分子内に4個以上の水酸基を有する脂肪族化合物、高沸点溶媒、導電性向上のための添加剤、バインダ、シランカップリング剤、水等を混合、攪拌し、必要により加熱溶解する。さらに、ビーズミル、高圧分散機、超音波等により分散処理を行うことにより、導電性高分子分散液の安定性を改良することができる。その中でも高圧分散機による分散処理は、簡便に分散安定性を改良することができるため、より好ましい。
高圧分散処理は、高圧分散機を用いて、分散処理する溶液を高圧で対向衝突させたり、オリフィスやスリットに高圧で通したりして、ポリアニオンや導電性高分子溶液を分散する処理のことである。高圧分散機としては、例えば、高圧ホモジナイザー等の市販の高圧分散機を好適に使用できる。高圧ホモジナイザーは、例えば、分散処理する溶液などを加圧する高圧発生部と、分散を行う対向衝突部やオリフィス部あるいはスリット部とを備える装置である。高圧発生部としては、プランジャーポンプ等の高圧ポンプが好適に用いられる。高圧ポンプには、一連式、二連式、三連式などの各種の形式があるが、いずれの形式も採用できる。高圧分散処理において分散処理する溶液を高圧で対向衝突させる場合には、高圧分散処理効果がより発揮されることから、その処理圧力は50MPa以上であることが好ましく、100MPa以上であることがより好ましく、130MPa以上であることがとりわけ好ましい。また、300MPaを超える処理圧力では高圧分散機の耐圧性や耐久性に問題が生じやすいため、処理圧力は300MPa以下であることが好ましい。
この実施の形態に係るキャパシタの製造方法では、まず、電解酸化工程にて、弁金属からなる陽極の表面を電解酸化し、化成処理して誘電体層を形成する。陽極表面を電解酸化する方法としては、例えば、アジピン酸アンモニウム水溶液などの電解液中にて、電圧を印加して陽極表面を陽極酸化する方法などが挙げられる。
次に、誘電体層の表面に、セパレータを介して、アルミニウム箔等の導電体から形成された陰極を対向配置させる。
次に、固体電解質層の形成工程にて、誘電体層と陰極との間に、固体電解質層を形成する。固体電解質層の形成方法としては、誘電体層及び陰極を有する素子を上記導電性高分子溶液に浸漬させる方法、誘電体層の表面に上記導電性高分子溶液を公知の塗布装置により塗布する方法、誘電体層の表面に上記導電性高分子溶液を公知の噴霧装置により噴霧する方法などが挙げられる。また、浸漬または塗布時、必要に応じて、減圧状態にしてもよい。上記導電性高分子溶液の浸漬または塗布後には、熱風乾燥など公知の乾燥方法により乾燥することが好ましい。
次に、印加工程にて、陽極と陰極との間に直流電圧を印加する処理を施して、コンデンサを得る。印加する直流電圧は特に制限されないが、漏れ電流をより小さくするという点では、得られるコンデンサの定格電圧の30%以上であることが好ましく、50%以上であることがより好ましく、80%以上であることが特に好ましい。ここで、定格電圧は、陽極を電解酸化する際の印加電圧(化成電圧)などによって決まる値である。通常、定格電圧は、化成電圧以下とされる。また、印加工程にて印加する電圧は、漏れ電流がより小さくなることから、電解酸化工程における化成電圧の20%以上であることが好ましく、30%以上であることがより好ましく、40%以上であることが特に好ましい。
(製造例1)可溶化高分子の合成
1,000mlのイオン交換水に206gのスチレンスルホン酸ナトリウムを溶解し、80℃で攪拌しながら、予め10mlの水に溶解した1.14gの過硫酸アンモニウム酸化剤溶液を20分間滴下し、この溶液を12時間攪拌した。得られたスチレンスルホン酸ナトリウム含有溶液に10質量%に希釈した硫酸を1,000ml添加し、限外ろ過法によりポリスチレンスルホン酸含有溶液の約1,000ml溶液を除去し、残液に2,000mlのイオン交換水を加え、限外ろ過法により約2,000ml溶液を除去した。上記の限外ろ過操作を3回繰り返した。さらに、得られたろ液に約2,000mlのイオン交換水を添加し、限外ろ過法により約2,000mlの溶液を除去した。この限外ろ過操作を3回繰り返した。得られた溶液中の水を減圧除去して、無色の固形状のポリスチレンスルホン酸を得た。
(製造例2)π共役系導電性高分子とポリアニオンを含む導電性高分子溶液の合成
14.2gの3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェンと、36.7gのポリスチレンスルホン酸を2,000mlのイオン交換水に溶かした溶液とを20℃で混合させた。これにより得られた混合溶液を20℃に保ち、掻き混ぜながら、200mlのイオン交換水に溶かした29.64gの過硫酸アンモニウムと8.0gの硫酸第二鉄の酸化触媒溶液とをゆっくり添加し、3時間攪拌して反応させた。得られた反応液に2,000mlのイオン交換水を加え、限外ろ過法により約2,000ml溶液を除去した。この操作を3回繰り返した。そして、得られた溶液に200mlの10質量%に希釈した硫酸と2,000mlのイオン交換水とを加え、限外ろ過法により約2,000mlの溶液を除去し、これに2,000mlのイオン交換水を加え、限外ろ過法により約2,000ml溶液を除去した。この操作を3回繰り返した。さらに、得られた溶液に2,000mlのイオン交換水を加え、限外ろ過法により約2,000mlの溶液を除去した。この操作を5回繰り返し、2.0%のポリスチレンスルホン酸ドープポリ(3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン)溶液(PEDOT-PSS水溶液)を得た。
(実施例1)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液85gに対し、グリシドール8.0g、水15gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.10であった。
(実施例2)
グリシドールの添加量を8.0gから12.0gに変更した以外を実施例1と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.18であった。
(実施例3)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液60gに対し、グリシドール5.75g、水40gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.18であった。
(実施例4)
グリシドールの添加量を5.75gから12.0gに変更した以外を実施例3と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.32であった。
(実施例5)
グリシドールの添加量を5.75gから17.5gに変更し、50℃で8時間の攪拌を50℃で4時間の撹拌に変更した以外を、実施例3と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは3.08であった。
(実施例6)
グリシドールの添加量を17.5gから23.0gに変更した以外を実施例5と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは3.48であった。
(実施例7)
グリシドールの添加量を17.5gから28.0gに変更した以外を実施例5と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは3.81であった。
(実施例8)
グリシドールの添加量を17.5gから34.5gに変更した以外を実施例5と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは4.11であった。
(実施例9)
グリシドールの添加量を12.0gから46.6gに変更した以外を実施例4と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは4.11であった。
(実施例10)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液60gに対し、酸化プロピレン5.96g、水40gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.45であった。
(実施例11)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液60gに対し、2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシラン8.66g、水40gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.10であった。
(実施例12)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液60gに対し、グリシドール68.6g、水40gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは4.30であった。
(実施例13)
グリシドールの添加量を68.6gから114.4gに変更した以外を実施例12と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは4.01であった。
(実施例14)
2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシランの添加量を8.66gから5.0gに変更した以外を実施例11と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.05であった。
(実施例15)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液40gに対し、2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシラン5.0g、水60gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.13であった。
(比較例1)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液60gに対し、イミダゾール0.176g、水40gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.48であった。
(比較例2)
イミダゾールの添加量を0.176gから0.32gに変更した以外を比較例1と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは6.83であった。
(比較例3)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液85gに対し、イミダゾール0.25g、水15gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは2.31であった。
(比較例4)
イミダゾールの添加量を0.25gから0.45gに変更した以外を比較例3と同条件で溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは6.89であった。
(比較例5)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液85gに対し、水15gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは1.82であった。
(比較例6)
製造例2で得たPEDOT-PSS水溶液60gに対し、水40gを加えて、50℃で8時間攪拌し、溶液を作製した。得られた溶液のpHは1.70であった。
(キャパシタ用素子の製造)
エッチドアルミニウム箔(陽極箔)に陽極リード端子を接続した後、アジピン酸アンモニウム10質量%水溶液中で150Vの電圧を印加し、化成(酸化処理)して、アルミニウム箔の両面に誘電体層を形成して陽極箔を得た。次に、陽極箔の両面に、陰極リード端子を溶接させた対向アルミニウム陰極箔を、セルロース製のセパレータを介して積層し、これを円筒状に巻き取ってキャパシタ用素子を得た。
(キャパシタの製造)
上記各実施例及び各比較例にて製造した導電性高分子溶液に、上記で得たキャパシタ用素子を減圧下で浸漬した後、120℃の熱風乾燥機により10分間乾燥し誘電体層表面上に、導電性高分子複合体を含む固体電解質層を形成させた。さらに、アルミニウム製のケースに、キャパシタ用素子を装填し、封口ゴムで封止しキャパシタを作製した。
得られたキャパシタについて、LCRメータ2345(エヌエフ回路設計ブロック社製)を用いて、120Hzでの静電容量及び誘電正接(tanσ)、及び100kHzでのESRを測定した。
表3、表4及び表5に、各実施例及び各比較例の導電性高分子溶液を用いたキャパシタの性能評価を示す。
実施例1~15と比較例1~6とを比較すると、各実施例のキャパシタは、各比較例のキャパシタに比べ、より低いESR及びより高い静電容量を有していた。このことから、酸化プロピレン、グリシドールあるいは2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシランを用いて溶液のpHを2.0~6.0の範囲にすることで、キャパシタの性能を低ESR及び高静電容量にすることができると考えられる。
Claims (6)
- 導電性高分子と溶媒とを有する導電性高分子溶液であって、
前記導電性高分子は、
π共役系導電性高分子と、
前記π共役系導電性高分子にドープしたポリアニオンと
前記ポリアニオンの内ドープに寄与しないアニオンとオキシラン基又はオキセタン基と反応した化合物と、を含み、
溶液のpHが2.0以上6.0以下である導電性高分子溶液。 - 前記π共役系導電性高分子がポリエチレンジオキシチオフェンである請求項1に記載の導電性高分子溶液。
- 前記ポリアニオンがポリスチレンスルホン酸である請求項1または請求項2に記載の導電性高分子溶液。
- 前記オキシラン基又はオキセタン基を含む有機化合物が、酸化プロピレン、グリシドール、2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-オキシラン及び2-{2-[2-(2-ブトキシ-エトキシ)-エトキシ]-エトキシ}-オキシランから選ばれる1種または2種以上である請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の導電性高分子溶液。
- 弁金属の多孔質体からなる陽極と、陽極表面が酸化されて形成された誘電体層と、その誘電体層における前記陽極と反対側に設けられた導電性の陰極と、前記誘電体層及び前記陰極の間に形成された固体電解質層とを具備するキャパシタにおいて、
請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の導電性高分子溶液若しくはその溶液から前記溶媒を除去した化合物を含むキャパシタ。 - 請求項5に記載のキャパシタに、請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の導電性高分子溶液を含浸させ、前記導電性高分子溶液を構成する溶媒を除去するキャパシタの製造方法。
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| EP3349228A4 (en) | 2019-05-29 |
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