WO2016208480A1 - 非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物及びその利用 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物及びその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016208480A1 WO2016208480A1 PCT/JP2016/067888 JP2016067888W WO2016208480A1 WO 2016208480 A1 WO2016208480 A1 WO 2016208480A1 JP 2016067888 W JP2016067888 W JP 2016067888W WO 2016208480 A1 WO2016208480 A1 WO 2016208480A1
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- negative electrode
- organic hollow
- hollow particles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a slurry composition for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode obtained by applying the slurry composition for a negative electrode to a current collector, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including the negative electrode And an organic hollow particle used in a slurry composition for a negative electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Patent Document 1 proposes that the cycle characteristics are improved by having a negative electrode active material layer containing hollow or porous inorganic particles in a negative electrode in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Patent Document 2 proposes that in a secondary battery, cycle characteristics are improved by using a battery electrode containing an electrode active material and crosslinked polymer particles.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a slurry composition used for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode having improved cycle characteristics, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode obtained by applying the slurry composition to a current collector, It is providing the organic hollow particle used for the slurry composition for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries provided with a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode.
- the present inventor has made various studies, and as a result, used a negative electrode obtained by using a slurry composition for a negative electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing specific organic hollow particles for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. As a result, the inventors have found that the above-described problems can be solved, and have reached the present invention.
- the slurry composition for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention includes organic hollow particles whose outer shell is made of a thermoplastic resin, a negative electrode binder, and a negative electrode active material.
- the ratio (d1 / d2) between (d1) and the outer diameter (d2) is more than 0.7 and not more than 0.999.
- the slurry composition for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention preferably satisfies at least one of the following structural requirements (1) to (5).
- the thermoplastic resin is a polymer of a polymerizable component containing a nitrile monomer.
- the organic hollow particle is an expanded body of thermally expandable microspheres composed of an outer shell made of a thermoplastic resin and a foaming agent contained therein and vaporized by heating.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles is 0.01 to 0.5.
- the volume-based cumulative 50% particle diameter (D50) of the organic hollow particles is 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the content of the organic hollow particles in the negative electrode slurry composition is 0.001 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention is obtained by applying the negative electrode slurry composition to a current collector.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes the above-described negative electrode, positive electrode, non-aqueous electrolyte, and separator.
- the organic hollow particles used in the slurry composition for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention have an outer shell made of a thermoplastic resin, and the ratio of the inner pore diameter (d1) to the outer pore diameter (d2) of the organic hollow particles ( d1 / d2) is more than 0.7 and not more than 0.999.
- the organic hollow particles of the present invention further satisfy at least one constituent requirement among the above (1) to (4).
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention are excellent in cycle characteristics.
- the organic hollow particles used in the slurry composition for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of organic hollow particles A.
- FIG. It is the schematic which shows an example of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 1 of the present invention includes a battery container 6 as shown in FIG.
- the battery container 6 has a cylindrical shape.
- the shape of the battery container is not limited to a cylindrical shape.
- the shape of the departure container may be, for example, a flat shape.
- An electrode body 2 impregnated with a nonaqueous electrolyte is accommodated in the battery container 6.
- the electrode body 2 is formed by winding a negative electrode 3, a positive electrode 4, and a separator 5 disposed between the negative electrode 3 and the positive electrode 4.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer of the present invention has voids introduced by organic hollow particles.
- a production process including a step of applying a slurry composition for a negative electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, which will be described in detail later (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “slurry composition for negative electrode”) on a negative electrode current collector, and drying. It can be manufactured by a method. Specifically, after preparing the negative electrode slurry composition, the negative electrode slurry composition is applied onto the negative electrode current collector.
- the slurry composition for negative electrode may be applied only to one surface of the negative electrode current collector, or may be applied to both surfaces. Since the slurry composition for negative electrodes is excellent in dispersibility, uniform application
- coating is easy. Moreover, a more uniform negative electrode active material layer can be produced by filtering the negative electrode slurry composition before coating.
- the coating amount of the negative electrode slurry composition on the negative electrode current collector is preferably 10 to 20 mg / cm 2 .
- the negative electrode current collector for example, a metal, carbon, a conductive polymer, or the like can be used, and a metal is preferably used.
- a metal copper, aluminum, platinum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, stainless steel, other alloys and the like are usually used. Among these, it is preferable to use copper, aluminum, or an aluminum alloy in terms of conductivity and voltage resistance.
- high-purity aluminum disclosed in JP 2001-176757 A can be suitably used.
- the current collector is in the form of a film or a sheet, and the thickness thereof is appropriately selected depending on the purpose of use, but is preferably 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 10 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the coating method there is no restriction
- a film of the negative electrode slurry composition is formed on the surface of the current collector.
- membrane of the slurry composition for negative electrodes can be suitably set according to the thickness of the target negative electrode active material layer.
- a solvent such as water is removed from the negative electrode slurry composition film by drying.
- a negative electrode active material layer including a negative electrode binder, a negative electrode active material, and organic hollow particles and including a water-soluble polymer and / or a conductive auxiliary agent used as necessary is formed on the surface of the current collector.
- a water electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode is obtained.
- the drying temperature and drying time are not particularly limited. For example, you may heat-process at 120 degreeC or more for 1 hour or more. Examples of the drying method include drying by warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- After forming the negative electrode active material layer on the surface of the current collector it is preferable to apply pressure treatment to the negative electrode active material layer using a die press or a roll press. By the pressure treatment, the porosity of the negative electrode can be lowered.
- the negative electrode active material layer includes a curable polymer, the polymer may be cured after the formation of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode slurry composition of the present invention includes a negative electrode binder, a negative electrode active material, and organic hollow particles. If necessary, a water-soluble polymer or a conductive aid may be included.
- the content of the organic hollow particles in the negative electrode slurry composition is preferably 0.001 to 10 parts by weight, more preferably 0.01 to 5 parts by weight, and still more preferably 0.001 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. 05 to 3.5 parts by weight. When there is too much content of the organic hollow particle in the slurry composition for negative electrodes, the output characteristic of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery obtained may fall.
- the slurry composition for negative electrodes of this invention may contain the hollow particle and porous particle which consist of inorganic materials.
- the hollow particles and porous particles made of an inorganic material include inorganic hollow bodies such as silica and titania; inorganic porous particles such as porous alumina oxide and the like.
- the method or order of dispersing or dissolving the negative electrode binder, the negative electrode active material, the organic hollow particles, and the water-soluble polymer and / or the conductive additive added as necessary in the solvent is not particularly limited.
- the negative electrode binder is preferably an aqueous binder, and an SBR binder, a polyacrylate binder, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode active material a material that can normally occlude and release lithium can be used in the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material include a carbon material, a material alloyed with lithium, and a metal oxide such as tin oxide.
- the material to be alloyed with lithium include one or more metals selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, tin and aluminum, or one or more types selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, tin and aluminum. The thing which consists of an alloy containing a metal is mentioned.
- the carbon material examples include natural graphite, artificial graphite, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber (MCF), mesocarbon microbead (MCMB), coke, hard carbon, fullerene, and carbon nanotube.
- MCF mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber
- MCMB mesocarbon microbead
- coke hard carbon
- fullerene fullerene
- carbon nanotube carbon nanotube
- graphite such as artificial graphite and natural graphite is preferable.
- the negative electrode active material preferably used for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a negative electrode active material containing a metal.
- a negative electrode active material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of tin, silicon, germanium and lead is preferable. The negative electrode active material containing these elements can reduce the irreversible capacity.
- the water-soluble polymer is not particularly limited, but for example, cellulosic polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylcellulose, as well as ammonium salts or alkali metal salts thereof, alginates such as propylene glycol alginate, and alginic acid.
- cellulosic polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylcellulose, as well as ammonium salts or alkali metal salts thereof, alginates such as propylene glycol alginate, and alginic acid.
- Alginates such as sodium, polyacrylic acid, and polyacrylic acid (or methacrylic acid) salts such as sodium polyacrylic acid (or methacrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, modified polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polycarboxylic acid, oxidation Starch, phosphate starch, casein, various modified starches, chitin, chitosan derivatives, xanthan gum, polycarboxylic acid Chloride, polyoxyalkylene-based surfactant and the like.
- “(modified) poly” means “unmodified poly” or “modified poly”.
- These water-soluble polymers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a cellulose polymer is preferable, and carboxymethyl cellulose or an ammonium salt or an alkali metal salt thereof is particularly preferable.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material, but a conductive particulate material is preferable.
- conductive carbon black such as furnace black, acetylene black, and ketjen black
- natural graphite And graphite such as artificial graphite
- carbon fibers such as polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, and vapor grown carbon fiber.
- the average particle diameter when the conductive additive is a particulate material is not particularly limited, but is preferably smaller than the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material, from the viewpoint of expressing sufficient conductivity with a smaller amount of use.
- the thickness is preferably 0.001 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 0.03 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the organic hollow particles used in the slurry composition for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode have an outer shell made of a thermoplastic resin.
- the organic hollow particles are preferably composed of an outer shell and a hollow portion surrounded by the outer shell.
- the organic hollow particles are (almost) spherical and have a hollow portion corresponding to a large cavity inside. If the shape of the organic hollow particles is exemplified by familiar articles, a soft tennis ball can be mentioned.
- the hollow part is (substantially) spherical and is in contact with the inner surface of the outer shell.
- the hollow portion is basically filled with gas and may be in a liquefied state. In general, the hollow portion is preferably one large hollow portion, but a plurality of hollow portions may be present in the organic hollow particles.
- the ratio of the inner hole to the outer hole of the organic hollow particles is calculated by the ratio (d1 / d2) between the inner hole diameter (d1) and the outer hole diameter (d2).
- the ratio (d1 / d2) is more than 0.7 and not more than 0.999, preferably 0.75 to 0.995, more preferably 0.78 to 0.990, and still more preferably 0.80 to 0.985. Particularly preferred is 0.85 to 0.980.
- the ratio (d1 / d2) is 0.7 or less, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is lowered.
- the ratio (d1 / d2) is more than 0.999, the organic hollow particles are destroyed during the preparation of the slurry composition for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode, and the effect of improving the cycle characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is achieved. May decrease.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 0.5, more preferably 0.012 to 0.49, particularly preferably 0.04 to 0.48, and most preferably 0.31 to 0.47.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles is less than 0.01, the strength of the organic hollow particles is reduced due to the thin outer shell, and the organic hollow particles are destroyed when adjusting the slurry composition for the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The effect of improving the cycle characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be reduced.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles exceeds 0.5, the ratio of the volume of the outer shell to the volume of the organic hollow particles increases, and the cycle characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be deteriorated.
- the volume-based cumulative 50% particle diameter (D50) of the organic hollow particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 1.0 to 35 ⁇ m, still more preferably 2.0 to It is 20 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 2.5 to 15 ⁇ m, most preferably 3.0 to 10. If D50 is less than 0.1 ⁇ m, uniform dispersion may be difficult. On the other hand, when D50 exceeds 50 ⁇ m, the cycle characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be deteriorated.
- the volume-based cumulative particle size is a cumulative particle size obtained by laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measurement on a volume basis, and the measurement method will be described in detail in the following examples.
- the organic hollow particles may further comprise fine particle fillers attached to the outer surface of the outer shell.
- the organic hollow particles to which the fine particle filler is attached may be referred to as “organic hollow particles A” for simplicity.
- the term “adhesion” used herein may simply mean that the fine particle fillers (11 and 12) are adsorbed on the outer surface of the outer shell (8) of the organic hollow particles A (10).
- the thermoplastic resin constituting the nearby outer shell may be softened or melted by heating, and the fine particle filler may sink into the outer surface of the outer shell of the organic hollow particle A and be fixed (12). is there.
- the particle shape of the fine particle filler may be indefinite or spherical.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles A is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 0.7, more preferably 0.03 to 0.6, particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.5, Most preferably, it is 0.07 to 0.30.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles A is smaller than 0.01, the organic hollow particles A are destroyed during preparation of the slurry composition for the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and the cycle characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the organic hollow particles A May decrease.
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles A is greater than 0.7, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is reduced.
- the ratio between the average particle diameter of the fine particle filler and the average particle diameter of the organic hollow particles A is preferably from the viewpoint of the adhesion of the fine particle filler. 1 or less, more preferably 0.8 or less, particularly preferably 0.6 or less.
- Various particles can be used as the fine particle filler, and any of inorganic and organic materials may be used.
- the shape of the fine particle main body include a spherical shape, a needle shape, and a plate shape.
- inorganic substances constituting the fine particle filler include limestone (heavy calcium carbonate), quartz, silica (silica), wollastonite, gypsum, apatite, magnetite, zeolite, clay (montmorillonite, saponite, hectorite, beidellite, and steven.
- Minerals such as sight, nontronite, vermiculite, halloysite, talc, mica, mica, etc .; in the periodic table of elements, metal oxides of groups 1 to 16 (titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, Molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide (including magnetic iron oxide, indium oxide, etc.), metal hydroxide (aluminum hydroxide, gold hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, etc.), metal carbonate ( Calcium carbonate (light calcium carbonate), hydrogen carbonate Cium, sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate), iron carbonate, etc., sulfate metal salts (aluminum sulfate, cobalt sulfate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, copper sulfate, nickel sulfate, barium sulfate, etc.), other metal salts (titanate (titanic acid) Barium, magnesium titanate, potassium titanate, etc
- Inorganic substances constituting the fine particle filler are also synthetic calcium carbonate, ferrite, zeolite, silver ion supported zeolite, zirconia, alum, lead zirconate titanate, alumina fiber, cement, zonotlite, silicon oxide (silica, silicate, glass, (Including glass fiber), silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon sulfide; conductive carbon black such as furnace black, acetylene black and ketjen black; graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber, pitch carbon Carbon fibers such as fibers and vapor grown carbon fibers; carbon nanotubes, graphite, ketjen black, activated carbon, bamboo charcoal, charcoal, fullerene and the like may be used.
- the inorganic material constituting the fine particle filler includes conductive carbon black such as furnace black, acetylene black, and ketjen black; graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber From the viewpoint of improving the performance of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a particulate material having conductivity such as carbon fiber such as vapor grown carbon fiber;
- Organic substances constituting the fine particle filler are sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium polyacrylate, carboxyvinyl polymer, polyvinyl methyl ether, ( Examples thereof include polyamide resins such as (meth) acrylic resins and nylon resins, silicone resins, urethane resins, polyethylene resins, polypropylene resins, and fluorine resins.
- polyamide resins such as (meth) acrylic resins and nylon resins, silicone resins, urethane resins, polyethylene resins, polypropylene resins, and fluorine resins.
- the inorganic substance or organic substance constituting the fine particle filler may be treated with a surface treatment agent such as a silane coupling agent, paraffin wax, fatty acid, resin acid, urethane compound, fatty acid ester, etc., or may be untreated.
- a surface treatment agent such as a silane coupling agent, paraffin wax, fatty acid, resin acid, urethane compound, fatty acid ester, etc., or may be untreated.
- An organic hollow particle is an expanded body of thermally expandable microspheres composed of an outer shell made of a thermoplastic resin and a foaming agent encapsulated therein and vaporized by heating, and the thermally expandable microspheres are heated and expanded. Can be obtained.
- the thermoplastic resin is a polymer of a polymerizable component described later.
- the maximum expansion temperature of the thermally expandable microspheres used as the raw material for the organic hollow particles is preferably 70 to 250 ° C., more preferably 80 to 200 ° C., and particularly preferably 90 to 150 ° C. If the maximum expansion temperature is outside the range of 70 to 250 ° C., the active material may be peeled off from the electrode, and the battery life may be shortened.
- the ash content of the organic hollow particles is preferably 10% by weight or less, more preferably 9.5% by weight or less, further preferably 9.0% by weight or less, still more preferably 8.5% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 8.% by weight. 0 wt% or less, most preferably 7.5 wt% or less.
- the battery life may be reduced in the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing organic hollow particles. It is considered that the ash content of the organic hollow particles is derived from a metal compound or the like. Moreover, the minimum with the preferable ash content of an organic hollow particle is 0 weight%.
- the silicon content of the organic hollow particles is preferably 5% by weight or less, more preferably 4.5% by weight or less, further preferably 4% by weight or less, still more preferably 3.5% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 3. 0 wt% or less, most preferably 2.5 wt% or less. If the silicon content exceeds 5% by weight, the negative electrode of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the organic hollow particles are blended may swell with the electrolytic solution, and the active material may peel off. Moreover, the minimum with preferable silicon content of an organic hollow particle is 0 weight%.
- Method for producing organic hollow particles for example, a step of thermally expanding thermally expandable microspheres composed of an outer shell made of a thermoplastic resin and a foaming agent encapsulated therein and vaporized by heating (expansion step) ). Prior to the expansion step, it is necessary to manufacture thermally expandable microspheres.
- a method for manufacturing the thermally expandable microspheres for example, an oily mixture containing a polymerizable component and a foaming agent is dispersed.
- a production method including a step (polymerization step) of polymerizing a polymerizable component using a polymerization initiator can be mentioned. Therefore, the organic hollow particles can be produced through a polymerization step and an expansion step in this order.
- the foaming agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that is vaporized by heating.
- propane for example, propane, (iso) butane, (iso) pentane, (iso) hexane, (iso) heptane, (iso) octane, ( Hydrocarbons having 3 to 13 carbon atoms such as (iso) nonane, (iso) decane, (iso) undecane, (iso) dodecane, (iso) tridecane; (iso) hexadecane, (iso) eicosane and the like having more than 13 carbon atoms
- Examples of the hydrocarbon include 20 or less.
- the blowing agent is preferably a hydrocarbon having a boiling point of less than 60 ° C.
- a hydrocarbon having a boiling point exceeding 60 ° C. is used, the active material may be peeled off from the electrode, and the battery life may be shortened.
- the polymerizable component is a component that becomes a thermoplastic resin that forms the outer shell of the thermally expandable microsphere by polymerization.
- the polymerizable component is a component which essentially includes a monomer component and may contain a crosslinking agent.
- the monomer component generally includes a component called a (radical) polymerizable monomer having one polymerizable double bond.
- nitrile monomers include acrylonitrile (AN), methacrylonitrile (MAN), and fumaronitrile.
- the weight ratio of the nitrile monomer in the polymerizable component is not particularly limited, but is preferably 80% by weight or more, more preferably 93% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 98% by weight or more.
- the upper limit of the weight ratio of the nitrile monomer is preferably 100% by weight. When the weight ratio of the nitrile monomer is less than 80% by weight, the retention of the foaming agent contained in the organic hollow particles is poor, and the foaming agent may be gradually released.
- nitrile monomer is essentially acrylonitrile (AN) and / or methacrylonitrile (MAN), it has excellent retention of the foaming agent encapsulated in the thermally expanded microcapsules and the organic hollow particles that are the raw materials of the organic hollow particles. This is preferable.
- the polymerizable component may contain a monomer other than the nitrile monomer as the monomer component.
- the monomer other than the nitrile monomer is not particularly limited.
- vinyl halide monomers such as vinyl chloride; vinylidene halide monomers such as vinylidene chloride; vinyl acetate, propionic acid Vinyl ester monomers such as vinyl and vinyl butyrate; carboxyl group-containing monomers such as (meth) acrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid and cinnamic acid; carboxylic anhydrides such as maleic acid, itaconic acid and fumaric acid Monomers: methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl (meta ) Ac
- Polymerizable components include (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers, carboxyl group-containing monomers, styrene monomers, vinyl ester monomers, acrylamide monomers, maleimide monomers, and vinylidene chloride. It is preferable that at least one selected from the group consisting of When the polymerizable component contains a nitrile monomer and a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer, it is preferable from the viewpoints of retention of the foaming agent in the heat-expandable microsphere and heat resistance.
- the polymerizable component may contain a polymerizable monomer (crosslinking agent) having two or more polymerizable double bonds in addition to the monomer component.
- a polymerizable monomer crosslinking agent
- crosslinking agent By polymerizing using a cross-linking agent, a decrease in the retention rate of the encapsulated foaming agent at the time of thermal expansion is suppressed, and thermal expansion can be effectively performed.
- a polymerizable monomer having three or more polymerizable double bonds becomes brittle when the outer shell of the thermally expandable microsphere is too strong, and the elasticity of the organic hollow particles obtained by thermal expansion is weak. It may be damaged.
- the crosslinking agent is not particularly limited.
- aromatic divinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene and divinylnaphthalene, allyl methacrylate, triacryl formal, triallyl isocyanate, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) ) Acrylate, triethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1,9-nonanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1,10-decanediol di (meth) acrylate, PEG # 200 di (meth) acrylate, PEG # 400 di (meth) acrylate, PEG # 600 di (meth) acrylate, neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, trime Roll propane tri (meth) acrylate, EO-modified trimethylolprop
- the amount of the crosslinking agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1 part by weight, particularly preferably 0. 3 to 0.9 parts by weight.
- Polymerization of the polymerizable component may be performed using a polymerization initiator, and an oil-soluble polymerization initiator is preferable.
- the oily mixture may further contain a chain transfer agent and the like.
- the aqueous dispersion medium may further contain a dispersion stabilizer and the like.
- the dispersion stabilizer is not particularly limited.
- examples thereof include iron, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and the like.
- These dispersion stabilizers may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the dispersion stabilizer is preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable component.
- colloidal silica is preferable, and thermally expandable microspheres having a small particle diameter can be obtained stably.
- Colloidal silica is widely marketed in the form of a dispersion containing colloidal silica, ie, a colloidal silica dispersion. “Quatron” manufactured by Fuso Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. “Adelite” manufactured by ADEKA Co., Ltd., Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Various grades of physical properties such as average particle diameter and specific surface area of colloidal silica can be easily selected from commercially available products such as “Silica Doll” manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, “Snowtex” manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., and “Ludox” manufactured by Dupont. Can be obtained.
- the effective concentration of colloidal silica contained in the colloidal silica dispersion is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 40% by weight, more preferably 13 to 30% by weight, still more preferably 14 to 25% by weight, and even more preferably. Is more than 15% by weight and less than 23% by weight, particularly preferably 16 to 22% by weight, most preferably 17 to 21% by weight. If the effective concentration of colloidal silica is outside the range of 10 to 40% by weight, the thermally expandable microspheres may not be obtained efficiently.
- the average particle size of the colloidal silica is usually 1.0 to 20 nm, preferably 2.0 to 15 nm, more preferably 3.0 to 13 nm, and still more preferably 3.4 to 10 nm. More preferably, it is 3.6 to 6.0 nm, particularly preferably 3.8 to 5.5 nm, and most preferably 4.0 to 5.0 nm.
- the average particle diameter of colloidal silica is less than 1.0 nm, the oil droplets of the oily mixture dispersed in the aqueous dispersion medium in the polymerization step may become unstable, and aggregates may be generated.
- the average particle diameter of colloidal silica is more than 20 nm, it is necessary to add a large amount in order to stabilize the oil droplets of the oily mixture dispersed in the aqueous dispersion medium in the polymerization step.
- the heat-expandable microspheres having a large ash content are used for paint applications, dispersion failure may occur.
- the dispersion stabilizing aid is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a polymer type dispersion stabilizing aid, a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant. An activator etc. can be mentioned. These dispersion stabilizing aids may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- dispersion stabilizing aid examples include, for example, a condensation product of diethanolamine and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, a condensation product of urea and formaldehyde, a water-soluble nitrogen-containing compound, polyethylene oxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, gelatin, methylcellulose, polyvinyl Examples include alcohol, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sorbitan ester, various emulsifiers, and the like.
- water-soluble nitrogen-containing compounds examples include polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethyleneimine, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, polydialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as polydimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, and polydimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide.
- examples include dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamide, polyacrylamide, polycationic acrylamide, polyamine sulfone, polyallylamine and the like.
- polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferable.
- the blending amount of the dispersion stabilizing aid used in the polymerization step is preferably 0.10 to 5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 4 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total of the polymerizable component and the foaming agent. More preferably, it is 0.20 to 3 parts by weight.
- the blending amount of the dispersion stabilizing auxiliary is out of the range of 0.10 to 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total of the polymerizable component and the foaming agent, the oil of the oily mixture dispersed in the aqueous dispersion medium in the polymerization step Drops may become unstable and aggregates may be generated.
- the oily mixture is emulsified and dispersed in an aqueous dispersion medium so that spherical oil droplets having a predetermined particle diameter are prepared.
- the method for emulsifying and dispersing the oily mixture include, for example, a method of stirring with a homomixer (for example, manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and the like, and a static dispersion device such as a static mixer (for example, manufactured by Noritake Engineering Co., Ltd.). And general dispersion methods such as a method using a film, a membrane emulsification method, and an ultrasonic dispersion method.
- suspension polymerization is started by heating the dispersion in which the oily mixture is dispersed as spherical oil droplets in the aqueous dispersion medium.
- the polymerization temperature is freely set depending on the kind of the polymerization initiator, but is preferably controlled in the range of 30 to 100 ° C., more preferably 40 to 90 ° C.
- the time for maintaining the reaction temperature is preferably about 0.1 to 20 hours.
- the initial polymerization pressure is not particularly limited, but is 0 to 5.0 MPa, more preferably 0.1 to 3.0 MPa in terms of gauge pressure.
- the expansion step is not particularly limited as long as it is a step of heating and expanding the thermally expandable microspheres, and may be either a dry heating expansion method or a wet heating expansion method.
- the dry heating expansion method include the method described in JP-A-2006-213930, particularly the internal injection method.
- As another dry heating expansion method there is a method described in JP-A-2006-96963.
- Examples of the wet heating expansion method include the method described in JP-A-62-201231.
- a step of mixing thermally expandable microspheres and a fine particle filler for example, a step of mixing thermally expandable microspheres and a fine particle filler (mixing step), and a mixture obtained in the mixing step is used to exceed the softening point of the thermoplastic resin.
- a production method including a step of heating to a temperature to expand the thermally expandable microspheres and attaching the fine particle filler to the outer surface of the outer shell (attachment step).
- the mixing step is a step of mixing the thermally expandable microspheres and the fine particle filler.
- the weight ratio of the fine particle filler and the thermally expandable microsphere in the mixing step is not particularly limited, but is preferably 90/10 to 60/40, more preferably 85. / 15 to 65/35, particularly preferably 80/20 to 70/30.
- the fine particle filler / heat-expandable microsphere (weight ratio) is larger than 90/10, the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles A is increased, and the effect of lowering the specific gravity may be reduced.
- the fine particle filler / heat-expandable microsphere (weight ratio) is smaller than 60/40, the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles A is lowered, and handling such as dusting may be deteriorated.
- the apparatus used for the mixing step is not particularly limited, and can be performed using an apparatus having an extremely simple mechanism such as a container and a stirring blade. Moreover, you may use the powder mixer which can perform a general rocking
- the mixture containing the thermally expandable microspheres and the fine particle filler obtained in the mixing step is heated to a temperature above the softening point of the thermoplastic resin constituting the outer shell of the thermally expandable microsphere. It is a process.
- the thermally expandable microspheres are expanded and the fine particle filler is attached to the outer surface of the outer shell.
- Heating may be performed using a general contact heat transfer type or direct heating type mixed drying apparatus.
- the function of the mixing type drying apparatus is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to be able to adjust the temperature and disperse and mix the raw materials, and optionally equipped with a decompression device and a cooling device for speeding up drying.
- a Ladige mixer made by Matsubo Co., Ltd.
- solid air Hosokawa Micron Co., Ltd.
- the heating temperature condition depends on the type of thermally expandable microspheres, but the optimum expansion temperature is good, preferably 60 to 250 ° C., more preferably 70 to 230 ° C., still more preferably 80 to 220 ° C. is there.
- the positive electrode of the electrochemical element is formed by laminating a positive electrode active material layer on a current collector.
- a positive electrode active material for the positive electrode of the electrochemical device, a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder, a solvent used for preparing the positive electrode, a water-soluble polymer used as necessary, and a positive electrode slurry composition containing other components such as a conductive additive. It can be obtained by applying to the surface of the electric body and drying. That is, the positive electrode active material layer is formed on the current collector by applying the slurry composition for the positive electrode to the surface of the current collector and drying it.
- an active material that can be doped and dedoped with lithium ions is used, which is roughly classified into an inorganic compound and an organic compound.
- the positive electrode active material made of an inorganic compound include transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, lithium-containing composite metal oxides of lithium and transition metals, and the like.
- the transition metal include Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo.
- Transition metal oxides include MnO, MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , TiO 2 , Cu 2 V 2 O 3 , amorphous V 2 O—P 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , V 2 O.
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide examples include a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a layered structure, a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a spinel structure, and a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having an olivine structure.
- a conductive polymer such as polyacetylene or poly-p-phenylene can be used.
- An iron-based oxide having poor electrical conductivity may be used as a positive electrode active material covered with a carbon material by allowing a carbon source material to be present during reduction firing. These compounds may be partially element-substituted.
- the positive electrode active material may be a mixture of the above inorganic compound and organic compound.
- the positive electrode binder examples include resins such as polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), polyacrylic acid derivatives, and polyacrylonitrile derivatives.
- resins such as polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), polyacrylic acid derivatives, and polyacrylonitrile derivatives.
- a soft polymer such as an acrylic soft polymer, a diene soft polymer, an olefin soft polymer, a vinyl soft polymer, and the like.
- the binder for positive electrodes may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the water-soluble polymer and conductive auxiliary used as necessary in the positive electrode slurry composition the water-soluble polymer and conductive auxiliary that can be used in the negative electrode slurry composition can be used. .
- a solvent used for producing the positive electrode either water or an organic solvent may be used.
- the organic solvent include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ketones such as ethyl methyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and ⁇ -butyrolactone Esters such as ⁇ -caprolactone; Acylonitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; Ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol diethyl ether: Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; N Amides such as -methylpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide; among them, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is preferred.
- NMP N-methyl
- a solvent may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Of these, water is preferably used as the solvent.
- the amount of the solvent may be adjusted so that the viscosity of the positive electrode slurry composition is suitable for application. Specifically, the solid content concentration of the positive electrode slurry is preferably adjusted to 30 to 90% by weight, more preferably 40 to 80% by weight.
- the same current collector as the current collector used for the negative electrode of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be used.
- the method for applying the positive electrode slurry composition to the surface of the current collector is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the method include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- Examples of the drying method include drying with warm air, hot air, and low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the drying time is preferably 5 to 30 minutes, and the drying temperature is preferably 40 to 180 ° C.
- the positive electrode active material layer after applying and drying the positive electrode slurry composition on the surface of the current collector, it is preferable to subject the positive electrode active material layer to a pressure treatment using, for example, a die press or a roll press, if necessary. .
- the porosity of the positive electrode active material layer can be lowered.
- the porosity is preferably 5% or more, more preferably 7% or more, preferably 30% or less, more preferably 20% or less.
- the porosity is too small, it is difficult to obtain a high volume capacity, and the positive electrode active material layer is easily peeled off from the current collector.
- the porosity when the porosity is too large, the charging efficiency and the discharging efficiency are lowered.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes a curable polymer, it is preferable to cure the polymer after the positive electrode active material layer is formed.
- An inorganic particle layer may be disposed between the positive electrode active material layer and the separator.
- the inorganic particle layer is preferably disposed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the inorganic particle layer refers to a layer composed of inorganic particles, a binder, a dispersant, and the like.
- the material constituting the inorganic particles include rutile type titanium oxide (rutile type titania), aluminum oxide (alumina), zirconium oxide (zirconia), magnesium oxide (magnesia) and the like.
- the inorganic particles are preferably aluminum oxide, rutile titanium oxide, and the like.
- the content of inorganic particles in the inorganic particle layer is preferably 70 to 99.9% by weight, more preferably 90 to 99% by weight, and more preferably 95 to 99% by weight.
- the average primary particle diameter of the inorganic particles is preferably 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less. A preferred lower limit of the average primary particle size is 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the kind of binder contained in an inorganic particle layer is not specifically limited.
- the binder contained in the inorganic particle layer is preferably a binder that satisfies at least one of the following properties (1) to (4).
- (1) The dispersibility of the inorganic particles in the inorganic particle layer can be secured (pre-aggregation prevention).
- the adhesion between the positive electrode active material layer and the inorganic particle layer can be secured.
- the space between the inorganic particles due to swelling when the inorganic particle layer absorbs the nonaqueous electrolyte can be filled. (4) Suppressing elution of the non-aqueous electrolyte from the inorganic particle layer.
- an aqueous binder is preferable.
- the material constituting the binder include, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), modified products and derivatives thereof, copolymers containing acrylonitrile units, poly Examples include acrylic acid derivatives.
- the binder may be composed of only one type, or may be composed of two or more types. For example, when it is desired to exhibit the characteristics (1) and (3) by adding a small amount of a binder to the inorganic particle layer, the binder is preferably a copolymer containing an acrylonitrile unit.
- the amount of the binder contained in the inorganic particle layer is preferably 30 parts by weight or less, more preferably 10 parts by weight or less, more preferably 5 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the inorganic particles.
- a preferable lower limit of the amount of the binder contained in the inorganic particle layer is 0.1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the inorganic particles.
- the thickness of the inorganic particle layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.5 to 4 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m. When the thickness of the inorganic particle layer is more than 4 ⁇ m, the load characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be lowered and the energy density may be lowered. When the thickness of the inorganic particle layer is less than 0.5 ⁇ m, the effect obtained by the inorganic particle layer may be insufficient.
- Examples of the method of arranging the inorganic particle layer on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer include a method of applying a slurry made of inorganic particles, a binder, a solvent, and the like on the surface of the positive electrode active material and drying it.
- Specific examples of the slurry application method include a die coating method, a gravure coating method, a dip coating method, a curtain coating method, and a spray coating method. Among these, gravure coating method, die coating method and the like are preferable.
- the solid content concentration in the slurry is preferably in the range of 3 to 30% by weight.
- the solid content concentration in the slurry is preferably in the range of 5 to 70% by weight.
- the solvent contained in the slurry water is preferable.
- the binder in the slurry is difficult to move into the positive electrode active material layer in the coating process. Therefore, expansion of the positive electrode active material layer by the binder can be suppressed. Thereby, the fall of the energy density of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be suppressed. Water is also preferable in terms of reducing the environmental load.
- the separator is not particularly limited as long as it can suppress a short circuit due to contact between the negative electrode and the positive electrode and can impregnate a nonaqueous electrolyte to obtain lithium ion conductivity.
- a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, a microporous film or nonwoven fabric containing an aromatic polyamide resin, a porous resin coat containing an inorganic ceramic powder, or the like can be used.
- microporous membranes made of polyolefin resins (polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyvinyl chloride), and resins such as mixtures or copolymers thereof; polyethylene terephthalate, polycycloolefin, polyether sulfone, polyamide, Examples thereof include a microporous film made of a resin such as polyimide, polyimide amide, polyaramid, polycycloolefin, nylon, and polytetrafluoroethylene; a polyolefin fiber woven or non-woven fabric thereof; an aggregate of insulating substance particles, and the like.
- the microporous membrane made of polyolefin resin Is preferred.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte for example, a known non-aqueous electrolyte can be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a solute, a non-aqueous solvent, and the like.
- LiXF y As the solute of the nonaqueous electrolyte, for example, LiXF y (wherein X is P, As, Sb, B, Bi, Al, Ga or In, and y is 6 when X is P, As or Sb) , when X is B, Bi, Al, Ga or an in, y is 4), lithium perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid imide LiN (C m F 2m + 1 SO 2) (CnF 2n + 1 SO2) (wherein, m and n each independently is an integer of 1-4), lithium perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid methide LiC (C p F2 q + 1 SO 2) (C r F 2r + 1 SO 2) ( wherein, p, q and r each independently LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiClO 4 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , and Li 2 B 12 Cl 12 .
- LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 and the like are preferable because they are easily soluble in non-aqueous solvents and exhibit a high degree of dissociation.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain one type of solute or may contain a plurality of types of solutes. Since the lithium ion conductivity increases as the supporting electrolyte having a higher degree of dissociation is used, the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted depending on the type of the supporting electrolyte.
- the concentration of the supporting electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.5 to 2.5 M depending on the type of the supporting electrolyte. If the concentration of the supporting electrolyte is too low or too high, the ionic conductivity may decrease.
- the nonaqueous solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate; chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC).
- Esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and methyl formate
- ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran
- sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide.
- a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate is preferably used as a non-aqueous solvent having a low viscosity, a low melting point, and a high lithium ion conductivity.
- the mixing ratio of cyclic carbonate to chain carbonate may be in the range of 1: 9 to 5: 5 by volume ratio.
- the non-aqueous solvent may be a mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate and ethers such as 1,2-dimetaxethane and 1,2-diethoxyethane.
- an ionic liquid can be used as a nonaqueous solvent for the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the cation species and anion species of the ionic liquid are not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of low viscosity, electrochemical stability, and hydrophobicity, for example, a pyridinium cation, an imidazolium cation, or a quaternary ammonium cation is preferably used as the cation.
- an ionic liquid containing a fluorine-containing imide anion is preferably used as the anion.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may be a gel polymer electrolyte obtained by impregnating a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide or polyacrylonitrile with an electrolytic solution, or an inorganic solid electrolyte such as LiI or Li 3 N.
- a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide or polyacrylonitrile
- an inorganic solid electrolyte such as LiI or Li 3 N.
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used in combination or in whole or in whole or in part of which hydrogen is replaced with fluorine.
- additives to the electrolyte.
- examples of the additive include carbonates such as vinylene carbonate (VC); sulfur-containing compounds such as ethylene sulfite (ES); and fluorine-containing compounds such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
- An additive may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the amount of the nonaqueous electrolyte in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is preferably 1.0 g / Ah or more and 3.0 g / Ah or less with respect to the design capacity.
- the amount of the nonaqueous electrolyte with respect to the design capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is within this range, high charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the amount of the nonaqueous electrolyte relative to the design capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is too small, it is difficult to sufficiently supply the nonaqueous electrolyte into the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte when the amount of the nonaqueous electrolyte with respect to the design capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 1 is too large, the nonaqueous electrolyte is excessively held in the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the ratio of the nonaqueous electrolyte in the negative electrode and the positive electrode is controlled. Can be difficult. Furthermore, when the amount of the nonaqueous electrolyte with respect to the design capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 1 is too large, the amount of gas generated due to decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte increases, and the storage characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 1 and the high temperature are increased. Cycle characteristics may be degraded.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery As a specific method for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, for example, a positive electrode and a negative electrode are overlapped via a separator, and this is wound in accordance with the shape of the battery, folded into a battery container, and put into a battery container. The method of inject
- the shape of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be any of a coin shape, a button shape, a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a flat shape, and the like.
- the material of the battery container is not particularly limited as long as it inhibits the penetration of moisture into the battery, and is not particularly limited, such as a metal or a laminate such as aluminum.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment can provide a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics.
- a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (HEROS & RODOS manufactured by SYMPATEC) was used.
- the dispersion pressure of the dry dispersion unit was 5.0 bar and the degree of vacuum was 5.0 mbar, which was measured by a dry measurement method.
- the volume-based cumulative particle diameter means the diameter of a particle with respect to a predetermined ratio of a distribution obtained by accumulating all particles from the smaller side in the volume order.
- the laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device measures the distribution of the volume-based cumulative particle size, and the measured value of the volume-based cumulative 50% particle size (D50) can be confirmed with the software of the measuring device.
- the volume-based cumulative 50% particle size (D50) is taken as the average particle size.
- the cumulative particle diameter based on the number means the diameter of particles having a predetermined number ratio in a distribution in which all particles are arranged in order of particles and accumulated from the smaller side.
- the number-based cumulative particle size can be converted from the volume-based cumulative particle size by software of the measuring device.
- the organic hollow particles A if there is a fine particle filler that is adsorbed and not immobilized on the organic hollow particles, the value of the volume-based cumulative particle diameter becomes small, which is greatly different from the value of the actual organic hollow particles. End up.
- the particle diameter of the organic hollow particles A was measured after performing a pretreatment for removing the adsorbed fine particle filler.
- a pretreatment 1 part by weight of the organic hollow particles A is dispersed in 100 parts by weight of isopropanol and allowed to stand for 2 hours. The floated particles are collected and dried.
- the ash content of thermally expandable microspheres and organic hollow particles The dried thermally expandable microspheres or organic hollow particles W p (g) are put in a crucible, heated with an electric heater, ignited by igniting at 700 ° C. for 30 minutes, and the obtained ash product W q (g ) Is weighed.
- the ash content C A (% by weight) of the thermally expandable microspheres or organic hollow particles is calculated by the following calculation formula (D) from W p (g) and W q (g).
- C A (W q / W p ) ⁇ 100 (D)
- the displacement start temperature in the positive direction is defined as the expansion start temperature (T s ), and the temperature when the maximum displacement is indicated is defined as the maximum expansion temperature (T max ).
- the true specific gravity of the organic hollow particles is measured by the following measuring method.
- the true specific gravity is measured by an immersion method (Archimedes method) using isopropyl alcohol in an atmosphere having an environmental temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
- the volumetric flask having a capacity of 100 cc was emptied and dried, and the weight of the volumetric flask (WB 1 ) was weighed.
- the weight (WB 2 ) of the measuring flask filled with 100 cc of isopropyl alcohol is weighed.
- volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cc was emptied and dried, and the weight of the volumetric flask (WS 1 ) was weighed.
- the weighed volumetric flask is filled with about 50 cc of particles, and the weight (WS 2 ) of the volumetric flask filled with organic hollow particles is weighed.
- the weight (WS 3 ) after accurately filling the meniscus with isopropyl alcohol to prevent bubbles from entering the volumetric flask filled with particles is weighed.
- the WB 1, WB 2, WS 1 , WS 2 and WS 3 obtained by introducing the following expression to calculate the true specific gravity (d c) of the organic hollow particles.
- d c ⁇ (WS 2 ⁇ WS 1 ) ⁇ (WB 2 ⁇ WB 1 ) / 100 ⁇ / ⁇ (WB 2 ⁇ WB 1 ) ⁇ (WS 3 ⁇ WS 2 ) ⁇
- a flat box with a bottom of 12 cm in length, 13 cm in width, and 9 cm in height is made of aluminum foil, and 1.0 g of thermally expandable microspheres are uniformly placed therein, and obtained by measuring the expansion start temperature. The temperature is increased by 5 ° C. from the starting temperature of expansion, heated at each temperature for 1 minute, and then the true specific gravity of the expanded thermally expandable microspheres (hollow particles) is measured according to the above measurement method. Among them, the one showing the lowest true specific gravity is the true specific gravity at the time of maximum expansion.
- the true specific gravity d p of the outer shell resin (thermoplastic resin constituting the outer shell) is measured by dispersing 10 g of thermally expandable microspheres in 200 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide and then treating with an ultrasonic disperser for 30 minutes. After immersing for 24 hours at room temperature, vacuum drying was performed at 120 ° C. for 5 hours to isolate the outer shell resin. The true specific gravity of the outer shell resin was measured for the obtained outer shell resin in the same manner as the method for measuring the true specific gravity.
- monomer components acrylonitrile 180 g, methacrylonitrile 105 g, methyl methacrylate 15 g
- cross-linking agent A trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 1.5 g
- blowing agent isobutane 30 g, isopentane 30 g
- Polymerization initiator A (2,2′-azobis (2.4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2.0 g
- organic hollow particles can be produced by the wet heating expansion method described in JP-A-62-201231 as follows.
- Example A1 Production of organic hollow particles by wet heating expansion method
- this slurry is fed from a slurry introduction tube to a foaming tube (diameter 16 mm, volume 120 ml, made of SUS304TP) at a flow rate of 5 L / min, and further steam ( (Temperature: 147 ° C., pressure: 0.3 MPa) was supplied from the steam introduction pipe, mixed with the slurry, and wet-heated and expanded.
- the slurry temperature (foaming temperature) after mixing was adjusted to 115 ° C.
- the obtained slurry containing the hollow organic particles was allowed to flow out from the protruding portion of the foamed tube, mixed with cooling water (water temperature 15 ° C.), and cooled to 50-60 ° C.
- the cooled slurry liquid was dehydrated with a centrifugal dehydrator to obtain an organic hollow particle composition 1 (water contained 90% by weight) containing 10% by weight of the wet organic hollow particles 1.
- the obtained organic hollow particles were isolated and the physical properties were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example A2 Wet organic hollow particles in the same manner except that the thermally expandable microspheres obtained in Production Example 1 were changed to the thermally expandable microspheres obtained in Production Example 2 in the wet heating expansion method described in Example A1.
- the obtained organic hollow particles were isolated and the physical properties were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example A3 20 parts by weight of the thermally expandable microspheres obtained in Production Example 3 and 80 parts by weight of Ketjen Black (manufactured by Lion Corporation, carbon ECP600JD: primary particle diameter 34 nm) were added to and mixed with the separable flask. Next, the temperature was raised to 140 ° C. over 5 minutes with stirring to obtain fine particle-attached organic hollow particles 3. The obtained organic hollow particles were isolated and the physical properties were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example A4 Wet organic hollow particles in the same manner except that the thermally expandable microspheres obtained in Production Example 1 were changed to the thermally expandable microspheres obtained in Production Example 4 in the wet heating expansion method described in Example A1. An organic hollow particle composition 4 containing 10% by weight of 4 (water containing 90% by weight) was obtained. The obtained organic hollow particles were isolated and the physical properties were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3.
- a slurry composition for a lithium secondary battery negative electrode is prepared using the organic hollow particles obtained above, and the life characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery are evaluated.
- a slurry composition for negative electrode comprising 15 parts by weight) and 50 parts by weight of ion exchange water was prepared.
- LiCoO 2 having a volume average particle diameter of 12 ⁇ m as a positive electrode active material
- 2 parts by weight of acetylene black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo, HS-100
- a polyvinylidene fluoride binder manufactured by Kureha, # 7208
- An N-methylpyrrolidone solution having an effective concentration of 8% by weight was mixed with 25 parts by weight of N-methylpyrrolidone to obtain a positive electrode slurry composition having a total solid content of 70% by weight.
- This positive electrode slurry composition was applied onto an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m so that the film thickness after drying was 150 ⁇ m, dried at 60 ° C. for 2 minutes, and then heat-treated at 120 ° C. for 2 minutes. Created a sheet.
- an aluminum packaging exterior was prepared as the battery exterior.
- the positive electrode obtained above was cut into a 4 cm ⁇ 4 cm square and placed so that the slurry uncoated side was in contact with the aluminum packaging exterior.
- a separator manufactured by Celgard, Cellguard 2500
- the negative electrode sheet obtained above was cut into a square of 4.2 cm ⁇ 4.2 cm, and placed on the separator so that the negative electrode active material side was in contact with the separator.
- laminate-type nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery laminate-type nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery
- Example 1 Subsequently, 6 parts by weight of the organic hollow particles 1 obtained above were added to the negative electrode slurry composition described in Comparative Example 1 and mixed uniformly to prepare an organic hollow particle-containing negative electrode slurry composition.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was prepared in the same manner except that the organic hollow particle-containing negative electrode slurry composition prepared above was used instead of the negative electrode slurry composition in Comparative Example 1.
- the battery was repeatedly charged and discharged. A decrease in capacity retention rate (%) was suppressed, and improvement in cycle characteristics was confirmed.
- Example 2 In Example 1, instead of the organic hollow particles 1, the organic hollow particles-containing negative electrode slurry composition and the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery were prepared in the same manner except that the organic hollow particles and the addition amount shown in Table 4 were changed. did. Table 4 shows the results of evaluating the cycle characteristics of the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Example 3 In Example 1, in place of the organic hollow particles 1, hollow silica (manufactured by Nittetsu Mining Co., Ltd., Silinax (registered trademark), primary particle diameter 80 to 130 nm) was used in the same manner except that 0.5 parts by weight was used. Thus, a hollow particle-containing negative electrode slurry and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery were prepared. Table 4 shows the results of evaluating the cycle characteristics of the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 4 using the organic hollow particles of the present invention and the slurry composition for negative electrode are Comparative Examples 1 to 3 not including the organic hollow particles of the present invention. Compared to the above, it has excellent cycle characteristics.
- the slurry composition for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention can be used for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery negative electrode.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、非水電解質二次電池で負極に中空状あるいは多孔質上の無機粒子を含む負極活物質層を有することによってサイクル特性が向上することが提案されている。
また、特許文献2には、二次電池において、電極活物質と架橋ポリマー粒子を含有する電池電極を用いることでサイクル特性が向上することが提案されている。
本発明の目的は、改善されたサイクル特性を有する非水電解質二次電池負極に用いられるスラリー組成物、該スラリー組成物を集電体に塗布して得られる非水電解質二次電池負極、該負極を備える非水電解質二次電池及び非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物に用いられる有機中空粒子を提供することである。
(1)前記熱可塑性樹脂が、ニトリル系単量体を含有する重合性成分の重合体である。
(2)前記有機中空粒子が、熱可塑性樹脂からなる外殻とそれに内包され且つ加熱することによって気化する発泡剤とから構成される熱膨張性微小球の膨張体である。
(3)前記有機中空粒子の真比重が0.01~0.5である。
(4)前記有機中空粒子の体積基準の累積50%粒子径(D50)が0.1~50μmである。
(5)負極用スラリー組成物中の前記有機中空粒子の含有量が、前記負極活物質100重量部に対して0.001~10重量部である。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池負極及び非水電解質二次電池は、サイクル特性に優れる。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物に用いられる有機中空粒子によれば、優れたサイクル特性を有する非水電解質二次電池負極及び非水電解質二次電池を得ることができる。
電池容器6内には、非水電解質を含浸した電極体2が収納されている。
電極体2は、負極3と、正極4と、負極3及び正極4の間に配置されているセパレータ5とが巻回されてなる。
負極は、負極集電体と、負極集電体の少なくとも一方の表面の上に配された負極活物質層とを有する。
本発明の負極活物質層は、有機中空粒子により導入された空隙を有する。
例えば、後で詳しく述べる非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物(以下、「負極用スラリー組成物」ということがある。)を、負極集電体上に塗布し、乾燥する工程を含む製造方法により製造することができる。
具体的には、負極用スラリー組成物を調製後、この負極用スラリー組成物を負極集電体上に塗布する。負極用スラリー組成物は、負極集電体の片面だけに塗布してもよいし、両面に塗布してもよい。負極用スラリー組成物は分散性に優れるので、均一な塗布が容易である。また、塗工前に負極用スラリー組成物をろ過することで、更に均一な負極活物質層を作製できる。負極集電体上への負極用スラリー組成物の塗布量は、好ましくは10~20mg/cm2、である。
その後、乾燥により、負極用スラリー組成物の膜から水等の溶媒を除去する。これにより、負極用バインダー、負極活物質及び有機中空粒子を含み、必要に応じて用いられる水溶性高分子及び/又は導電助剤を含む負極活物質層が集電体の表面に形成され、非水電解質二次電池負極が得られる。
集電体の表面に負極活物質層を形成した後で、金型プレス又はロールプレスなどを用い、負極活物質層に加圧処理を施すことが好ましい。加圧処理により、負極の空隙率を低くすることができる。
さらに、負極活物質層が硬化性の重合体を含む場合は、負極活物質層の形成後にこの重合体を硬化させてもよい。
本発明の負極用スラリー組成物は、負極用バインダー、負極活物質及び有機中空粒子を含むものである。必要に応じて、水溶性高分子や導電助剤を含んでもよい。
負極用スラリー組成物中の有機中空粒子の含有量は、負極活物質100重量部に対して好ましくは0.001~10重量部、より好ましくは0.01~5重量部、さらに好ましくは0.05~3.5重量部である。負極用スラリー組成物中の有機中空粒子の含有量が多すぎると、得られる非水電解質二次電池の出力特性が低下することがある。また、負極用スラリー組成物中の有機中空粒子の含有量が前記範囲外であると、非水電解質二次電池の寿命特性が低下することがある。
本発明の負極用スラリー組成物は、無機材料からなる中空粒子及び多孔質粒子を含有していてもよい。無機材料からなる中空粒子及び多孔質粒子としては、例えば、シリカ、チタニアなどの無機中空体;多孔質酸化アルミナなどの無機多孔質粒子等が挙げられる。
負極活物質としては、例えば、炭素材料、リチウムと合金化する材料、酸化スズなどの金属酸化物などが挙げられる。リチウムと合金化する材料としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、スズ及びアルミニウムからなる群から選ばれた1種以上の金属、またはシリコン、ゲルマニウム、スズ及びアルミニウムからなる群から選ばれた1種以上の金属を含む合金からなるものが挙げられる。炭素材料の具体例としては、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、メソフェーズピッチ系炭素繊維(MCF)、メソカーボンマイクロビーズ(MCMB)、コークス、ハードカーボン、フラーレン、カーボンナノチューブなどが挙げられる。非水電解質二次電池の高容量化と寿命特性とのバランスを図ることができる観点から、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛等の黒鉛が好ましい。
また、非水電解質二次電池に好ましく用いられる負極活物質の別の例としては、金属を含む負極活物質が挙げられる。特に、スズ、ケイ素、ゲルマニウム及び鉛からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む負極活物質が好ましい。これらの元素を含む負極活物質は、不可逆容量を小さくできる。
これらの水溶性高分子は、それぞれ単独でまたは2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。これらの中でも、セルロース系ポリマーが好ましく、カルボキシメチルセルロースまたはそのアンモニウム塩もしくはアルカリ金属塩が特に好ましい。
非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物に用いられる有機中空粒子は、その外殻が熱可塑性樹脂から構成される。有機中空粒子は、外殻およびそれに囲まれた中空部から構成されると好ましい。有機中空粒子は、(ほぼ)球状で、内部に大きな空洞に相当する中空部を有している。有機中空粒子の形状を身近な物品で例示するならば、軟式テニスボールを挙げることができる。
中空部は、(ほぼ)球状であり、外殻の内表面と接している。中空部は、基本的には気体で満たされており、液化した状態であってもよい。中空部は、通常は、大きな中空部1つであることが好ましいが、有機中空粒子中に複数あってもよい。
微粒子充填剤の平均粒子径と有機中空粒子Aの平均粒子径との比率(微粒子充填剤の平均粒子径/有機中空粒子Aの平均粒子径)は、微粒子充填剤の付着性の観点から好ましくは1以下、さらに好ましくは0.8以下、特に好ましくは0.6以下である。
微粒子充填剤を構成する無機物としては、たとえば、石灰石(重質炭酸カルシウム)、石英、珪石(シリカ)、ウオラスナイト、石膏、アパタイト、マグネタイト、ゼオライト、クレイ(モンモリロナイト、サポナイト、ヘクトライト、バイデライト、スティブンサイト、ノントロナイト、バーミキュライト、ハロイサイト、タルク、雲母、マイカ等)等の鉱物;元素の周期率表において、1族~16族の金属酸化物(酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化アルミニウム、酸化マンガン、酸化モリブデン、酸化タングステン、酸化バナジウム、酸化スズ、酸化鉄(磁性酸化鉄を含む)、酸化インジウム等)、金属水酸化物(水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化金、水酸化マグネシウム等)、炭酸金属塩(炭酸カルシウム(軽質炭酸カルシウム)、炭酸水素カルシウム、炭酸水素ナトリウム(重曹)、炭酸鉄等)、硫酸金属塩(硫酸アルミニウム、硫酸コバルト、硫酸水素ナトリウム、硫酸銅、硫酸ニッケル、硫酸バリウム等)、その他の金属塩(チタン酸塩(チタン酸バリウム、チタン酸マグネシウム、チタン酸カリウム等)、ホウ酸塩(ホウ酸アルミニウム、ホウ酸亜鉛等)、燐酸塩(リン酸カルシウム、燐酸ナトリウム、燐酸マグネシウム等)、硝酸塩(硝酸ナトリウム、硝酸鉄、硝酸鉛等))等の金属化合物等が挙げられる。
上記のうち、微粒子充填剤を構成する無機物としては、ファーネスブラック、アセチレンブラック、及びケッチェンブラック等の導電性カーボンブラック;天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛等の黒鉛;ポリアクリロニトリル系炭素繊維、ピッチ系炭素繊維、気相法炭素繊維等の炭素繊維;等の導電性を有する粒子状の材料が非水電解質二次電池性能の向上の観点から好ましい。
微粒子充填剤を構成する無機物や有機物は、シランカップリング剤、パラフィンワックス、脂肪酸、樹脂酸、ウレタン化合物、脂肪酸エステル等の表面処理剤で処理されていてもよく、未処理のものでもよい。
有機中空粒子の原料となる熱膨張性微小球の最大膨張温度は、好ましくは70~250℃、さらに好ましくは80~200℃、特に好ましくは90~150℃である。最大膨張温度が、70~250℃の範囲外にあると電極からの活物質の剥がれが発生し電池寿命が短くなることがある。
有機中空粒子の製造方法としては、たとえば、熱可塑性樹脂からなる外殻と、それに内包され且つ加熱することによって気化する発泡剤とから構成される熱膨張性微小球を加熱膨張させる工程(膨張工程)を含む製造方法を挙げることができる。また、膨張工程に先立って、熱膨張性微小球を製造しておく必要があり、この熱膨張性微小球の製造方法としては、たとえば、重合性成分および発泡剤を含有する油性混合物を分散させた水性分散媒中で、重合開始剤を用いて重合性成分を重合させる工程(重合工程)を含む製造方法を挙げることができる。したがって、有機中空粒子は、順に、重合工程、膨張工程を経て製造することができる。
上記発泡剤は、沸点が60℃未満の炭化水素であることが好ましい。沸点が60℃を超える炭化水素を用いると、電極からの活物質の剥がれが発生し電池寿命が短くなることがある。
単量体成分は、一般には、重合性二重結合を1個有する(ラジカル)重合性単量体と呼ばれている成分を含む。
ニトリル系単量体としては、たとえば、アクリロニトリル(AN)、メタクリロニトリル(MAN)、フマロニトリル等を挙げることができる。
ニトリル系単量体がアクリロニトリル(AN)および/またはメタクリロニトリル(MAN)を必須とすると、有機中空粒子の原料である熱膨張マイクロカプセルや有機中空粒子に内包する発泡剤の保持性に優れているために好ましい。
ニトリル系単量体以外の単量体としては、特に限定はないが、たとえば、塩化ビニル等のハロゲン化ビニル系単量体;塩化ビニリデン等のハロゲン化ビニリデン系単量体;酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、酪酸ビニル等のビニルエステル系単量体;(メタ)アクリル酸、エタクリル酸、クロトン酸、ケイ皮酸等のカルボキシル基含有単量体;マレイン酸、イタコン酸、フマル酸等の無水カルボン酸系単量体;メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、n-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-エチルヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ステアリル(メタ)アクリレート、フェニル(メタ)アクリレート、イソボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、シクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ベンジル(メタ)アクリレート、2-ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート等の(メタ)アクリル酸エステル系単量体;アクリルアミド、置換アクリルアミド、メタクリルアミド、置換メタクリルアミド等の(メタ)アクリルアミド系単量体;N-フェニルマレイミド、N-シクロヘキシルマレイミド等のマレイミド系単量体;スチレン、α-メチルスチレン等のスチレン系単量体;エチレン、プロピレン、イソブチレン等のエチレン不飽和モノオレフイン系単量体;ビニルメチルエーテル、ビニルエチルエーテル、ビニルイソブチルエーテル等のビニルエーテル系単量体;ビニルメチルケトン等のビニルケトン系単量体;N-ビニルカルバゾール、N-ビニルピロリドン等のN-ビニル系単量体;ビニルナフタリン塩等を挙げることができる。なお、(メタ)アクリルは、アクリルまたはメタクリルを意味する。
重合性成分がニトリル系単量体および(メタ)アクリル酸エステル系単量体を含むと、熱膨張性微小球内の発泡剤の保持性、耐熱性の観点から好ましい。
重合性成分の重合は、重合開始剤を用いて行うとよく、油溶性の重合開始剤が好ましい。
水性分散媒は、分散安定剤等をさらに含有していてもよい。
コロイダルシリカの平均粒子径については、透過型電子顕微鏡(株式会社日立製作所製、H-800)により、倍率25万倍で写真撮影して得られる写真投影図における、任意の500個のコロイダルシリカ粒子について、その投影面積円相当径(粒子の投影面積と同じ面積を持つ円の直径)を測定し、その平均値を平均粒子径とした。
前記分散安定補助剤として、たとえば、ジエタノールアミンと脂肪族ジカルボン酸との縮合生成物、尿素とホルムアルデヒドとの縮合生成物、水溶性窒素含有化合物、ポリエチレンオキサイド、テトラメチルアンモニウムヒドロキシド、ゼラチン、メチルセルロース、ポリビニルアルコール、ジオクチルスルホサクシネート、ソルビタンエステル、各種乳化剤等が挙げられる。
油性混合物を乳化分散させる方法としては、たとえば、ホモミキサー(たとえば、特殊機化工業株式会社製)等により攪拌する方法や、スタティックミキサー(たとえば、株式会社ノリタケエンジニアリング社製)等の静止型分散装置を用いる方法、膜乳化法、超音波分散法等の一般的な分散方法を挙げることができる。
重合温度は、重合開始剤の種類によって自由に設定されるが、好ましくは30~100℃、さらに好ましくは40~90℃の範囲で制御される。反応温度を保持する時間は、0.1~20時間程度が好ましい。重合初期圧力については特に限定はないが、ゲージ圧で0~5.0MPa、さらに好ましくは0.1~3.0MPaの範囲である。
乾式加熱膨張法としては、特開2006-213930号公報に記載されている方法、特に内部噴射方法を挙げることができる。また、別の乾式加熱膨張法としては、特開2006-96963号公報に記載の方法等がある。湿式加熱膨張法としては、特開昭62-201231号公報に記載の方法等がある。
混合工程における微粒子充填剤と熱膨張性微小球との重量比率(微粒子充填剤/熱膨張性微小球)については、特に限定はないが、好ましくは90/10~60/40、さらに好ましくは85/15~65/35、特に好ましくは80/20~70/30である。微粒子充填剤/熱膨張性微小球(重量比率)が90/10より大きい場合は、有機中空粒子Aの真比重が大きくなり、低比重化効果が小さくなることがある。一方、微粒子充填剤/熱膨張性微小球(重量比率)が60/40より小さい場合は、有機中空粒子Aの真比重が低くなり、粉立ち等のハンドリングが悪化することがある。
加熱の温度条件については、熱膨張性微小球の種類にもよるが最適膨張温度とするのが良く、好ましくは60~250℃、より好ましくは70~230℃、さらに好ましくは80~220℃である。
電気化学素子の正極は、正極活物質層を集電体上に積層してなる。電気化学素子の正極は、正極活物質、正極用バインダー、正極の作製に用いる溶媒、必要に応じて用いられる水溶性高分子、導電助剤等のその他の成分を含む正極用スラリー組成物を集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより得ることができる。即ち、正極用スラリー組成物を集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより集電体に正極活物質層が形成される。
無機化合物からなる正極活物質としては、遷移金属酸化物、遷移金属硫化物、リチウムと遷移金属とのリチウム含有複合金属酸化物などが挙げられる。上記の遷移金属としては、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Mo等が使用される。
遷移金属酸化物としては、MnO、MnO2、V2O5、V6O13、TiO2、Cu2V2O3、非晶質V2O-P2O5、MoO3、V2O5、V6O13等が挙げられ、中でもサイクル安定性と容量からMnO、V2O5、V6O13、TiO2が好ましい。遷移金属硫化物としては、TiS2、TiS3、非晶質MoS2、FeS等が挙げられる。リチウム含有複合金属酸化物としては、層状構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物、スピネル構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物、オリビン型構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物などが挙げられる。
溶媒の量は、正極用スラリー組成物の粘度が塗布に好適な粘度になるように調整すればよい。具体的には、正極用スラリーの固形分濃度が、好ましくは30~90重量%、より好ましくは40~80重量%となるように調整して用いられる。
乾燥方法としては、例えば、温風、熱風、低湿風による乾燥、真空乾燥、(遠)赤外線や電子線などの照射による乾燥法などが挙げられる。乾燥時間は好ましくは5分~30分であり、乾燥温度は好ましくは40~180℃である。
さらに、正極活物質層が硬化性の重合体を含む場合は、正極活物質層の形成後に重合体を硬化させることが好ましい。
無機粒子を構成する材料としては、例えば、ルチル型酸化チタン(ルチル型チタニア)、酸化アルミニウム(アルミナ)、酸化ジルコニウム(ジルコニア)、酸化マグネシウム(マグネシア)などが挙げられる。非水電解質二次電池内における無機粒子層の安定性の観点からは、無機粒子としては、酸化アルミニウム、ルチル型酸化チタンなどが好ましい。
無機粒子の平均一次粒子径は、好ましくは1μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.8μm以下である。平均一次粒子径の好ましい下限は0.1μmである。
(1)無機粒子層中における無機粒子の分散性を確保(再凝集防止)できる。(2)非水電解質二次電池の製造工程において、正極活物質層と無機粒子層との密着性を確保できる。(3)無機粒子層が非水電解質を吸収した際の膨潤による無機粒子間の隙間を充填できる。(4)無機粒子層からの非水電解質の溶出を抑制する。
例えば、無機粒子層中にバインダーを少量添加することによって、上記(1)及び(3)の特性を発揮させたい場合などには、バインダーは、アクリロニトリル単位を含む共重合体であることが好ましい。
無機粒子層の厚みは、特に限定はないが、好ましくは4μm以下、より好ましくは0.5~4μm、さらに好ましくは0.5~2μmである。無機粒子層の厚みが4μm超であると、非水電解質二次電池の負荷特性の低下、エネルギー密度の低下を引き起こすことがある。無機粒子層の厚みが0.5μm未満の場合には無機粒子層によって得られる効果が不十分になることがある。
スプレーコート法、ディップコート法、カーテンコート法などを採用する場合、スラリー中の固形分濃度は、3~30重量%の範囲であることが好ましい。また、ダイコート法、グラビアコート法などを採用する場合、スラリー中の固形分濃度は、5~70重量%の範囲であることが好ましい。
セパレータは、負極と正極との接触による短絡を抑制でき、かつ非水電解質を含浸して、リチウムイオン伝導性が得られるものであれば特に限定されない。セパレータは、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂や、芳香族ポリアミド樹脂を含んでなる微孔膜または不織布;無機セラミック粉末を含む多孔質の樹脂コート;などを用いることができる。具体例を挙げると、ポリオレフィン系(ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリブテン、ポリ塩化ビニル)、及びこれらの混合物あるいは共重合体等の樹脂からなる微多孔膜;ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリシクロオレフィン、ポリエーテルスルフォン、ポリアミド、ポリイミド、ポリイミドアミド、ポリアラミド、ポリシクロオレフィン、ナイロン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等の樹脂からなる微多孔膜;ポリオレフィン系の繊維を織ったもの又はその不織布;絶縁性物質粒子の集合体等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、セパレータ全体の膜厚を薄くすることができ、非水電解質二次電池内の活物質比率を上げて体積あたりの容量を上げることができるため、ポリオレフィン系の樹脂からなる微多孔膜が好ましい。
非水電解質としては、例えば、公知の非水電解質を用いることができる。非水電解質は、溶質、非水系溶媒などを含む。
非水電解質の溶質としては、例えば、LiXFy(式中Xは、P、As、Sb、B、Bi、Al、GaまたはInであり、XがP、AsまたはSbのときyは6であり、XがB、Bi、Al、Ga、またはInのときはyは4である)、リチウムペルフルオロアルキルスルホン酸イミドLiN(CmF2m+1SO2)(CnF2n+1SO2)(式中、m及びnはそれぞれ独立して1~4の整数である)、リチウムペルフルオロアルキルスルホン酸メチドLiC(CpF2q+1SO2)(CrF2r+1SO2)(式中、p、q及びrはそれぞれ独立して1~4の整数である)、LiCF3SO3、LiClO4、Li2B10Cl10、及びLi2B12Cl12などが挙げられる。溶質としては、これらの中でも、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiC(CF3SO2)3,LiC(C2F5SO2)3などが非水系溶媒に溶けやすく高い解離度を示すため好ましい。
電解液における支持電解質の濃度は、支持電解質の種類に応じて、0.5~2.5Mの濃度で用いることが好ましい。支持電解質の濃度が低すぎても高すぎても、イオン導電度が低下する可能性がある。
非水系溶媒は、環状カーボネートと、1,2-ジメタキシエタン、1,2-ジエトキシエタンなどのエーテル類との混合溶媒であってもよい。
非水電解質二次電池の具体的な製造方法としては、例えば、正極と負極とをセパレータを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口する方法が挙げられる。さらに、必要に応じてエキスパンドメタル;ヒューズ、PTC素子などの過電流防止素子;リード板などを入れ、電池内部の圧力上昇、過充放電を防止してもよい。非水電解質二次電池の形状は、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型など、何れであってもよい。電池容器の材質は、電池内部への水分の侵入を阻害するものであればよく、金属製、アルミニウムなどのラミネート製など特に限定されない。
本実施の形態に係る非水電解質二次電池はサイクル特性に優れた非水電解質二次電池を得ることができる。
以下の実施例および比較例では、次に示す要領で物性を測定した。
レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(SYMPATEC社製 HEROS & RODOS)を使用した。乾式分散ユニットの分散圧は5.0bar、真空度は5.0mbarで乾式測定法により測定した。
体積基準の累積粒子径とは、全粒子を体積順に小さい側から積算して累積した分布の所定の比率に対する粒子の直径を意味する。
レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置は、原理上、体積基準の累積粒子径の分布を測定しており、測定装置のソフトウェアで体積基準の累積50%粒子径(D50)の測定値を確認できる。本特許では、体積基準の累積50%粒子径(D50)を平均粒子径とする。
個数基準の累積粒子径とは、全粒子を粒子順に並べ、小さい側から積算して累積した分布の所定の個数比率の粒子の直径を意味する。個数基準の累積粒子径は、測定装置のソフトウェアで、体積基準の累積粒子径から換算することができる。
有機中空粒子Aの場合は、吸着されて有機中空粒子に固定化されていない微粒子充填剤が存在すると、体積基準の累積粒子径の値が小さくなり、実際の有機中空粒子の値と大きく異なってしまう。そのため、有機中空粒子Aの粒子径の測定では、吸着された状態の微粒子充填剤を除去する前処理を行った後に粒子径を測定することにした。なお、前処理は、有機中空粒子Aの1重量部をイソプロパノール100重量部に分散させて2時間静置し、浮上した粒子を回収し、乾燥するものである。
まず、乾燥後の熱膨張性微小球又は有機中空粒子の含水率CW(%)を、カールフィッシャー水分計(MKA-510N型、京都電子工業株式会社製)を測定装置として用いて測定をする。ついで、乾燥後の熱膨張性微小球又は有機中空粒子1.0(g)を直径80mm、深さ15mmのステンレス製蒸発皿に入れ、その重量W3(g)を測定する。アセトニトリルを30ml加え均一に分散させ、2時間室温で放置した後、110℃で2時間乾燥後の重量W4(g)を測定した。発泡剤の内包率CR2(重量%)は下記の計算式(C)で算出される。
CR2=((W3-W4)/1.0)×100-CW (C)
乾燥した熱膨張性微小球又は有機中空粒子Wp(g)をるつぼに入れ、電熱器にて加熱を行い、700℃で30分間強熱して灰化させ、得られた灰化物Wq(g)を重量測定する。熱膨張性微小球又は有機中空粒子の灰分CA(重量%)は、Wp(g)およびWq(g)から下記の計算式(D)で算出される。
CA=(Wq/Wp)×100 (D)
エタノールおよび水を95:5の割合で均一溶液を調製し水酸化カリウムを溶解させアルカリ分解液を調製する。熱膨張性微小球又は有機中空粒子1.0gにアルカリ分解液10mLを加え、電気ヒーターにより380℃で30分間以上加熱後、着火し炭化、電気炉にて灰化させる。その後、灰化させた試料に炭酸ナトリウムおよび炭酸カリウムを等量で混合した試薬0.5gを添加し溶融、冷却後、超純水により50mlにメスアップして試料を調製する。得られた試料中のケイ素含有量をICP発光分析装置(島津製作所社製、ICP-8100)により測定し、その測定結果から、熱膨張性微小球又は有機中空粒子に含まれるケイ素の含有量(重量%)を算出する。
測定装置としてDMA(DMA Q800型、TA instruments社製)を使用した。熱膨張性微小球0.5mgを直径6.0mm(内径5.65mm)、深さ4.8mmのアルミカップに入れ、熱膨張性微小球層の上部にアルミ蓋(5.6mm、厚み0.1mm)をのせて試料を準備する。その試料に上から加圧子により0.01Nの力を加えた状態でサンプル高さを測定する。加圧0.01Nの力を加えた状態で、20℃から300℃まで10℃/minの昇温速度で加熱し、加圧子の垂直方向における変位量を測定する。正方向への変位開始温度を膨張開始温度(Ts)とし最大変位量を示した時の温度を最大膨張温度(Tmax)とする。
有機中空粒子(有機中空粒子Aを含む)の真比重は、以下の測定方法で測定する。まず、真比重は環境温度25℃、相対湿度50%の雰囲気下においてイソプロピルアルコールを用いた液浸法(アルキメデス法)により測定する。
具体的には、容量100ccのメスフラスコを空にし、乾燥後、メスフラスコ重量(WB1)を秤量した。秤量したメスフラスコにイソプロピルアルコールをメニスカスまで正確に満たした後、イソプロピルアルコール100ccの充満されたメスフラスコの重量(WB2)を秤量する。また、容量100ccのメスフラスコを空にし、乾燥後、メスフラスコ重量(WS1)を秤量した。秤量したメスフラスコに約50ccの粒子を充填し、有機中空粒子の充填されたメスフラスコの重量(WS2)を秤量する。そして、粒子の充填されたメスフラスコに、イソプロピルアルコールを気泡が入らないようにメニスカスまで正確に満たした後の重量(WS3)を秤量する。そして、得られたWB1、WB2、WS1、WS2およびWS3を下式に導入して、有機中空粒子の真比重(dc)を計算する。
dc={(WS2-WS1)×(WB2-WB1)/100}/{(WB2-WB1)-(WS3-WS2)}
アルミ箔で縦12cm、横13cm、高さ9cmの底面の平らな箱を作製し、その中に熱膨張性微小球1.0gを均一になるように入れ、上記膨張開始温度の測定により得られた膨張開始温度から5℃ずつ温度を上昇させ、各温度で1分間加熱した後、膨張した熱膨張性微小球(中空微粒子)の真比重を上記測定方法にしたがって測定する。それらの中で最低真比重を示したものを最大膨張時の真比重とする。
外殻樹脂(外殻を構成する熱可塑性樹脂)の真比重dpの測定は、熱膨張性微小球10gをN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド200mlに分散させた後に超音波分散機30分間で処理し、室温で24時間浸漬した後、120℃で5時間真空加熱乾燥し、外殻樹脂を単離した。得られた外殻樹脂を上記真比重の測定方法と同様にして外殻樹脂の真比重を測定した。
有機中空粒子の理論平均膜厚<t>を下式にしたがって算出した。
<t>=<x>/2〔1-{1-dc(1-G/100)/dp}1/3〕
<x>:有機中空粒子の平均粒子径(μm)
dc:有機中空粒子の平均真比重(g/cc)
dp:外殻を構成する熱可塑性樹脂の平均真比重(g/cc)
G:発泡剤の内包率(重量%)
内孔径(d1)と外孔径(d2)との比(d1/d2)を下式にしたがって算出した。
d1=<x>-2<t>
d2=<x>
d1/d2=(<x>-2<t>)/<x>=1-2<t>/<x>
イオン交換水600gに、コロイダルシリカ分散液A(平均粒子径5nm、比表面積550m2/g、コロイダルシリカ有効濃度20重量%)200gおよびアジピン酸-ジエタノールアミンの縮合物(有効濃度50重量%)3.0gを加えた後、得られた混合物のpHを3.0に調整し、水性分散媒を調製した。このとき20℃における水性分散媒の粘度は4.4mPa・sであった。
これとは別に、単量体成分(アクリロニトリル180g、メタクリロニトリル105g、メタクリル酸メチル15g)、架橋剤A(トリメチロールプロパントリメタクリレート1.5g)、発泡剤(イソブタン30g、イソペンタン30g)、および、重合開始剤A(2,2’-アゾビス(2.4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)2.0g)を混合して油性混合物を調製した。
製造例2~4では、製造例1でそれぞれの配合を表1に示す割合に変更した以外は、製造例1と同様にして熱膨張性微小球を得た。それぞれの製造例に示す配合で得られた熱膨張性微小球の物性を評価して表1に示した。
表1においては、表2に示す略号が使用されている。
〔実施例A1〕
(湿式加熱膨張法による有機中空粒子の製造)
製造例1で得られた熱膨張性微小球を5重量%含有する水分散液(スラリー)を調製した。特開昭62-201231号公報記載の湿式加熱膨張法に従い、このスラリーをスラリー導入管から発泡管(直径16mm、容積120ml、SUS304TP製)に5L/minの流量を示すように送り込み、さらに水蒸気(温度:147℃、圧力:0.3MPa)を蒸気導入管より供給し、スラリーと混合して、湿式加熱膨張した。なお、混合後のスラリー温度(発泡温度)を115℃に調節した。
得られた有機中空粒子を含むスラリーを発泡管突出部から流出させ、冷却水(水温15℃)と混合して、50~60℃に冷却した。冷却したスラリー液を遠心脱水機で脱水して、湿化した有機中空粒子1を10重量%含有する有機中空粒子組成物1(水は90重量%含有)を得た。
得られた有機中空粒子を単離し、物性を評価した結果を表3に示した。
実施例A1記載の湿式加熱膨張法において製造例1で得られた熱膨張性微小球を製造例2で得られた熱膨張性微小球に変更する以外は同様にして、湿化した有機中空粒子2を10重量%含有する有機中空粒子組成物2(水は90重量%含有)を得た。
得られた有機中空粒子を単離し、物性を評価した結果を表3に示した。
製造例3で得られた熱膨張性微小球20重量部と、ケッチェンブラック(ライオン株式会社製、カーボンECP600JD:一次粒子径34nm)80重量部とをセパラブルフラスコに添加混合した。次いで、攪拌しながら5分間かけて加熱温度140℃まで昇温して、微粒子付着有機中空粒子3を得た。
得られた有機中空粒子を単離し、物性を評価した結果を表3に示した。
〔実施例A4〕
実施例A1記載の湿式加熱膨張法において製造例1で得られた熱膨張性微小球を製造例4で得られた熱膨張性微小球に変更する以外は同様にして、湿化した有機中空粒子4を10重量%含有する有機中空粒子組成物4(水は90重量%含有)を得た。
得られた有機中空粒子を単離し、物性を評価した結果を表3に示した。
特開平8-250124の実施例6に記載の方法で、有機中空粒子5を作成した。得られた有機中空粒子を単離し、物性を評価した結果を表3に示した。
〔比較例1〕
負極活物質としてグラファイト(大阪ガス製 MCMB2528)100重量部、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(第一工業製薬製、セロゲン7A)1.0重量部、SBRバインダー(日本ゼオン製、BM-400B 有効濃度40重量%)15重量部、イオン交換水50重量部からなる負極用スラリー組成物を作成した。その後厚み20μmの銅箔上にコンマコーターを用いて150μmの厚みで塗布する。これを120℃で1時間真空乾燥し、圧力約1×102~3×102N/mm2となるようにプレスした後に、真空乾燥機で、120℃で12時間乾燥して、厚み80μmの負極シートを作成した。
セパレータ(セルガード製、セルガード2500)を5cm×5cmの正方形に切り出し、正極の正極活物質層の面上に配置した。さらに、上記で得られた負極シートを4.2cm×4.2cmの正方形に切り出し、セパレータの上に、負極活物質側がセパレータに接するように配置した。電解液(エチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート/ビニレンカーボネート=体積比68.5/30/1.5の混合溶媒に電解質1MのLiPF6を含有)を空気が残らないようにアルミ包材外装中に注入し、さらに、アルミ包材の開口を密封するために、150℃のヒートシールをしてアルミ包材外装を閉口し、ラミネート型の非水電解質二次電池(ラミネート型セル)を製造した。
ラミネート型セルの非水電解質二次電池を25℃環境下で24時間精置した後に、25℃の環境下で、4.2V、1Cの充電、3.0V、1Cの放電にて充放電の操作を行い、初期容量C0を測定した。さらに60℃環境下で、4.2V、1Cの充電、3.0V、1Cの放電にて充放電を繰り返し、所定回数充放電を繰り返した後の容量Cnを測定した。サイクル特性ΔCを下式より算出した。
ΔC(%)=Cn/C0×100
続いて、上記で得られた有機中空粒子1を6重量部、比較例1に記載の負極用スラリー組成物に添加し均一混合し、有機中空粒子含有負極用スラリー組成物を作成した。
比較例1において負極用スラリー組成物の代わりに、上記で作成した有機中空粒子含有負極用スラリー組成物を用いる以外は、同様にして非水電解質二次電池を作成した。
得られた非水電解質二次電池のサイクル特性を評価した結果、有機中空粒子を添加していない比較例1で得られた非水電解質二次電池のサイクル特性と比較して繰り返し充放電後の容量維持率(%)の低下が抑制されておりサイクル特性の向上が確認された。
実施例1において、有機中空粒子1の代わりに、表4に示す有機中空粒子及び添加量に変更した以外は、同様にして有機中空粒子含有負極用スラリー組成物及び非水電解質二次電池を作成した。得られた非水電解質二次電池のサイクル特性を評価した結果を表4に示した。
実施例1において、有機中空粒子1の代わりに、中空シリカ(日鉄鉱業株式会社製、シリナックス(登録商標)、一次粒子径80~130nm)を0.5重量部使用する以外は、同様にして中空粒子含有負極用スラリー及び非水電解質二次電池を作成した。得られた非水電解質二次電池のサイクル特性を評価した結果を表4に示した。
2 電極体
3 負極
4 正極
5 セパレータ
6 電池容器
7 有機中空粒子
8 熱可塑性樹脂からなる外殻
9 中空部
10 微粒子付着有機中空粒子
11 微粒子(吸着された状態)
12 微粒子(めり込み、固定化された状態)
Claims (11)
- 外殻が熱可塑性樹脂からなる有機中空粒子と、負極用バインダーと、負極活物質とを含み、
前記有機中空粒子の内孔径(d1)と外孔径(d2)の比(d1/d2)が、0.7超0.999以下である、
非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物。 - 前記熱可塑性樹脂が、ニトリル系単量体を含有する重合性成分を重合して得られる樹脂である、請求項1に記載の負極用スラリー組成物。
- 前記有機中空粒子が、熱可塑性樹脂からなる外殻とそれに内包される且つ加熱することによって気化する発泡剤とから構成される熱膨張性微小球の膨張体である、請求項1又は2に記載の負極用スラリー組成物。
- 前記有機中空粒子の真比重が0.01~0.5である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の負極用スラリー組成物。
- 前記有機中空粒子の体積基準の累積50%粒子径(D50)が0.1~50μmである、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の負極用スラリー組成物。
- 負極用スラリー組成物中の前記有機中空粒子の含有量が、前記負極活物質100重量部に対して0.001~10重量部である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の負極用スラリー組成物。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の負極用スラリー組成物を集電体に塗布してなる、非水電解質二次電池負極。
- 請求項7に記載の負極と、正極と、非水電解質と、セパレータとを備える、非水電解質二次電池。
- 非水電解質二次電池負極用スラリー組成物に用いられる有機中空粒子であって、
外殻が熱可塑性樹脂からなり、
前記有機中空粒子の内孔径(d1)と外孔径(d2)の比(d1/d2)が、0.7超0.999以下である、有機中空粒子。 - 前記熱可塑性樹脂が、ニトリル系単量体を含有する重合性成分の重合体である、請求項9に記載の有機中空粒子。
- 前記有機中空粒子が、熱可塑性樹脂からなる外殻とそれに内包され且つ加熱することによって気化する発泡剤とから構成される熱膨張性微小球の膨張体である、請求項9又は10に記載の有機中空粒子。
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| CN113725407A (zh) * | 2020-05-25 | 2021-11-30 | 住友橡胶工业株式会社 | 硫类活性物质、电极、非水电解质二次电池及制造方法 |
| JP2022510820A (ja) * | 2018-12-06 | 2022-01-28 | ネダーランゼ・オルガニサティ・フォーア・トゥーゲパスト-ナトゥールヴェテンシャッペリーク・オンデルゾエク・ティーエヌオー | 伸縮性があり圧縮性のある機能層を含むバッテリーセル及び製造プロセス |
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| CN107735891A (zh) | 2018-02-23 |
| CN107735891B (zh) | 2021-12-24 |
| KR102707155B1 (ko) | 2024-09-13 |
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