WO2016104782A1 - 電極製造方法、電極及び二次電池 - Google Patents
電極製造方法、電極及び二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016104782A1 WO2016104782A1 PCT/JP2015/086403 JP2015086403W WO2016104782A1 WO 2016104782 A1 WO2016104782 A1 WO 2016104782A1 JP 2015086403 W JP2015086403 W JP 2015086403W WO 2016104782 A1 WO2016104782 A1 WO 2016104782A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0409—Methods of deposition of the material by a doctor blade method, slip-casting or roller coating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
- H01M50/584—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries
- H01M50/59—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries characterised by the protection means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode manufacturing method including an insulating layer laminated on an electrode active material layer, an electrode, and a secondary battery using the same.
- Electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries and electric double layer capacitors are being actively improved in size, weight, capacity, and life.
- a separator made of an insulator has been conventionally used.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrochemical cell having an inactive layer serving as a porous separator on an active material of an electrode.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique related to a separator made of a porous film having a communication hole formed by a resin material mainly composed of a synthetic resin and filler particles.
- This invention is made
- a method of manufacturing an electrode having a laminate in which an insulating layer is laminated on an electrode active material layer comprising: laminating an insulating layer on the electrode active material layer formed on a base
- An electrode manufacturing method comprising: laminating the insulating layer so that the thickness thereof is twice or more the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer.
- the surface roughness Rz is a ten-point average roughness measured by a measuring method based on JIS B0601 1994.
- the step of laminating the insulating layer on the electrode active material layer is a step including laminating the insulating layer by applying a composition containing an insulating material on the electrode active material layer.
- the composition is applied in such a thickness that the thickness of the insulating layer to be formed is twice or more the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer.
- Electrode manufacturing method (3) The electrode manufacturing method according to (1), wherein the surface roughness Rz is 35 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface roughness Rz is a ten-point average roughness measured by a measuring method based on JIS B0601 1994.
- the electrode according to (6), wherein the electrode active material layer on which the insulating layer is formed has a surface roughness Rz of 35 ⁇ m or less.
- the manufacturing method of a secondary battery including a process, wherein the thickness of the insulating layer is at least twice the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer.
- the surface roughness Rz is a ten-point average roughness measured by a measuring method based on JIS B0601 1994.
- a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is provided on a surface facing the other electrode.
- the electrode having the insulating layer is laminated on the electrode active material layer, and the electrode having the insulating layer has a ratio between the thickness t of the insulating layer and the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer. (T / Rz) is 2 or more, The secondary battery characterized by the above-mentioned.
- the insulating layer has a thickness of 2 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m.
- the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer is 17.5 ⁇ m or less, and the thickness of the insulating layer is 2 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m.
- the electrode manufacturing method of the present invention there is little occurrence of local stress concentration when the electrode expands or contracts with repeated temperature changes and charge / discharge during use, and the structure is also obtained when the insulating layer is thinned. It is possible to manufacture an electrode with improved reliability of mechanical strength.
- the electrode of the present invention is used as an electrode of a secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery, the structural strength of the insulating layer on the electrode surface is uniform in the plane direction even if lithium dendrite is generated between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the location where the dendrite easily penetrates the insulating layer (for example, the location where stress concentration occurs) is not localized, the durability and safety of the secondary battery can be improved.
- the method for producing an electrode according to the first aspect of the present invention is a method for producing an electrode having a laminate in which an insulating layer is laminated on an electrode active material layer.
- the insulating layer can function as a separator that insulates the positive electrode and the negative electrode in electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries and capacitors.
- 1st embodiment of the manufacturing method of the electrode which concerns on this invention includes the process of laminating
- the insulating layer is laminated so that its thickness is at least twice the surface roughness Rz (unit: ⁇ m) of the electrode active material layer.
- the step of laminating the insulating layer on the electrode active material layer can be performed, for example, by applying a composition containing an insulating material on the electrode active material layer and laminating the insulating layer. . At this time, the composition is applied so that the thickness of the insulating layer to be formed is at least twice the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer.
- the thickness of the formed insulating layer is a thickness (unit: ⁇ m) after the solvent contained in the coated composition is volatilized by drying.
- the thickness of the insulating layer after drying can be obtained as an arithmetic average by observing a cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode with an electron microscope, measuring the thickness at a plurality of locations (for example, 10 locations).
- a detailed measuring method will be described later as a measuring method of the thickness t of the insulating layer in the electrode of the second aspect of the present invention.
- the composition thicker than twice the surface roughness Rz (unit: ⁇ m) of the electrode active material layer.
- Coating the composition with the above thickness means that the surface roughness Rz (unit: ⁇ m) of the electrode active material layer and the thickness t (unit) of the composition after coating and before the drying step. : ⁇ m) means that the ratio (t / Rz) is larger than 2.
- the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer is a ten-point average roughness measured by a method according to JIS B0601 1994.
- the influence of the surface roughness Rz reflecting particularly convex portions on the surface of the electrode active material layer can be reduced. Even when the body is subjected to pressure treatment, it is possible to prevent occurrence of a portion where the insulating layer becomes extremely thin, and to suppress a decrease in insulation and cycle characteristics. These effects are remarkable when the insulating layer to be formed is thin, that is, when the thickness of the composition to be applied is thin, for example, when the thickness is about 35 ⁇ m or less, for example, about 20 ⁇ m or less. This is particularly noticeable.
- the surface roughness Rz of the surface of the electrode active material layer to which the composition is applied is preferably 35 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 17 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 6 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface roughness Rz of the coated surface is 35 ⁇ m or less, the effect of the surface roughness Rz of the coated surface in the case where the insulating layer to be formed is thin, that is, when the thickness of the composition to be coated is thinned is reduced.
- the thickness and density of the insulating layer can be made sufficiently uniform over the plane direction. Furthermore, the surface roughness of the formed insulating layer can be reduced.
- the thickness of the composition when applying the composition is preferably set in consideration of the thickness of the insulating layer to be formed.
- the thickness of the insulating layer to be formed is 2.0 to 30 times the surface roughness Rz of the surface of the electrode active material layer to which the composition is applied, that is, the coated surface.
- the thickness is 2.5 to 25 times, more preferably 3.0 to 20 times, and particularly preferably 4.0 to 15 times. preferable.
- the thickness of the insulating layer in the plane direction of the insulating layer is increased. It is possible to improve the uniformity of thickness.
- By applying the composition so as to have a thickness of 30 times or less of the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer it is possible to prevent the electrical resistance derived from the insulating layer from becoming too large.
- the thickness of the composition when applying the composition is not particularly limited as long as both insulation and mechanical strength can be achieved.
- the thickness of the insulating layer to be formed preferably satisfies the above ratio (t / Rz), and is preferably 2 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m, more preferably 4 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, still more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, and most preferably 10 ⁇ m to It is desirable to apply with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m.
- the composition so that the insulating layer to be formed has a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or more, an insulating layer having sufficient insulation is formed while ensuring an industrially established production rate. be able to.
- the electrical resistance derived from the insulating layer, that is, the internal resistance of the battery can be reduced.
- an insulating layer having a thickness t substantially equal to the applied thickness can be obtained if the composition has a viscosity that can be applied at a desired thickness.
- the thickness of the coated composition is reduced after drying, it is preferable to apply the composition at a thickness that is added to the reduced thickness.
- a method of applying the composition at a thickness of about 1.0 to 2.0 times the thickness t of the insulating layer to be formed can be mentioned.
- the viscosity of the composition is high or the coating thickness is large, the degree of drying differs between the surface and the inside of the coated composition. For this reason, a difference may arise in the surface, the inside, and a porous state.
- the composition is divided into a plurality of times, and coating and drying are repeated to form an insulating layer having a desired thickness.
- the difference in the porous state as described above may be positively generated in the insulating layer by only one coating.
- a method for coating the composition on the surface of the electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a roll coating method, a doctor blade method, a gravure coating method, and a screen printing method. It is done. You may employ
- a blade coating method in which coating is performed using a “scalar” such as a doctor blade method is preferable from the viewpoint that it is easy to apply uniformly and thinly.
- the blade coating method includes, for example, a method in which a composition is applied using a spatula on a curved coated surface fixed on a roll, and a composition using a spatula on a planar coated surface fixed on a flat plate. Includes methods of applying objects.
- the composition applied on the electrode active material layer includes at least an insulating material.
- the composition preferably contains insulating fine particles and a resin material (binder) as the insulating material.
- the composition may contain a solvent for dissolving or dispersing the insulating material, if necessary. By including the solvent in an appropriate amount, the density ⁇ , kinematic viscosity coefficient ⁇ , surface tension ⁇ and the like of the composition can be adjusted as desired. From the viewpoint of coating the composition uniformly and thinly, the composition is preferably in the form of a slurry (paste) having an appropriate viscosity.
- the type of insulating material constituting the insulating layer is not particularly limited, and an insulating material used for a conventional separator can be applied.
- the insulating material preferably includes, for example, insulating fine particles and a resin material.
- the resin material binds insulating fine particles to each other and can function as a base material constituting the porous structure of the insulating layer.
- the material constituting the insulating fine particles is not particularly limited as long as it is insulating, and may be either an organic compound or an inorganic compound. Specifically, for example, polymethyl methacrylate, styrene-acrylic acid copolymer, acrylonitrile resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, poly (lithium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate), polyacetal resin, epoxy resin, Organic compounds such as polyester resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, alumina, titania, zirconia, boron nitride, zinc oxide, tin dioxide, niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O) 5 ), inorganic compounds such as potassium fluoride, lithium fluoride, clay, zeolite, calcium carbonate and the like.
- insulating fine particles may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be used together.
- the material constituting the insulating fine particles contains an inorganic compound
- the melting point or softening temperature of the organic compound is preferably 150 ° C. or higher.
- the electrode of the present invention is incorporated in the battery, and when the battery generates excessive heat, it is possible to suppress a short circuit between the electrodes. .
- a resin porous separator may be provided between the insulating layer provided on one electrode and the other electrode on which the insulating layer is not formed. preferable.
- the resin porous separator has a function to stop the battery reaction by melting and closing the holes of the resin porous separator when excessive heat is generated in the battery.
- the melting point or softening temperature of the organic compound is preferably higher than the melting point of the resin porous separator.
- the melting point or softening temperature of the organic compound is more preferably 20 ° C. or higher, more preferably 40 ° C. or higher, than the melting point of the resinous porous separator.
- the average particle diameter of the insulating fine particles is not particularly limited as long as it is smaller than the thickness of the insulating layer to be formed.
- the range of 1 nm to 700 nm is preferable.
- the average particle diameter of the insulating fine particles can be measured by a wet method using a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring apparatus with the particle diameter as a sphere equivalent diameter.
- the average particle diameter is in the above range, the uniformity of the porous structure of the insulating layer and the insulating property can be kept good, and a desired air permeability can be easily obtained.
- the insulating fine particles having an average particle diameter in the range of 80% to 100% when the thickness of the insulating layer is 100%, It is preferable to contain 5% by volume or more based on all insulating fine particles. More preferably, it is 10 volume% or more, More preferably, it is 20 volume% or more.
- the content of the insulating fine particles contained in the composition is such that the content of the insulating fine particles contained in the insulating layer to be formed is preferably 15 to 95% by mass, more preferably based on the total mass of the insulating layer. Is preferably adjusted to 40 to 90% by mass, more preferably 60 to 85% by mass. Within the above range, it is possible to easily form an insulating layer having a uniform porous structure and insulating properties and having a desired air permeability.
- the insulating fine particles include fine particles made of an organic compound. It is preferable that 5% by mass or more of the fine particles made of an organic compound are included in the entire insulating fine particles.
- the fine particles made of an organic compound and the fine particles made of an inorganic compound are used as the insulating fine particles, the balance between the affinity for the electrolyte and the electrolyte and the strength of the insulating layer is excellent.
- the fine particles comprising an organic compound are preferably contained at 5 to 50% by mass, and more preferably 8 to 40% by mass.
- the insulating fine particles may be subjected to a known surface treatment for imparting lipophilicity or hydrophilicity to the surface, for example, a silane coupling agent having a desired functional group.
- a silane coupling agent having a desired functional group By the surface treatment, it may be easy to form a gap between the base material made of the resin material and the insulating fine particles.
- the type of the resin material (that is, the base material) that constitutes the porous structure of the insulating layer is not particularly limited, and a synthetic resin that constitutes a conventional separator can be applied.
- a synthetic resin that constitutes a conventional separator can be applied.
- polyolefin resin, fluororesin, poly Thermoplastic resins such as acrylonitrile resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polyimide resin, polyester resin, acrylic resin, polyethersulfone resin, polysulfone resin, polyamide resin, polyamideimide resin, polyphenylsulfone resin, and epoxy resin, phenol resin And thermosetting resins.
- Water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like are also included.
- the said synthetic resin may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be used together.
- a porous insulating layer can be obtained by applying the composition containing the composition on an electrode active material layer and drying the composition.
- the good solvent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water and organic solvents, and any solvent that can dissolve the resin material can be preferably used.
- the organic solvent include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and terpineol, and amide solvents such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylacetamide and N, N-dimethylformamide.
- suitable solvents include ketone solvents such as 2-butanone and cyclohexanone, and aromatic solvents such as toluene and xylene.
- the poor solvent is not particularly limited, and may be used after confirming in advance the solubility of the resin material to be used.
- the kind, properties, physical characteristics, and addition amount of the poor solvent, the pore diameter, air permeability, etc. of the separator can be adjusted.
- the boiling point of the poor solvent is preferably 10 to 20 ° C. higher than that of the good solvent.
- the content of the poor solvent with respect to the total mass of all the solvents contained in the composition is preferably 10 to 30% by mass.
- Suitable poor solvents to be used in combination with the above-mentioned preferred good solvents include, for example, glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and glycerin, alcohols such as octanol and decanol, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as nonane and decane, Examples include esters such as dibutyl phthalate.
- the order of mixing the resin material, the insulating fine particles and the solvent is not particularly limited, but it is easy to dissolve the resin material in a good solvent, add and mix the insulating fine particles, and then add a poor solvent. Can be prepared.
- the mixing method of each material is not particularly limited. For example, using a known mixer such as a bead mill or a Henschel mixer, the temperature is sufficiently lower than the boiling point of each solvent, for example, about room temperature, for 10 minutes to The method of mixing for about 24 hours is mentioned.
- the method of drying the composition (coating film) coated on the electrode active material layer is not particularly limited. For example, it is placed in an atmosphere at a temperature close to the boiling point of each solvent at a reduced pressure or normal pressure. And a method of naturally drying or air drying. By evaporating the solvent, a porous insulating layer is obtained.
- the insulating layer has a porous structure, and the insulating fine particles are arranged in pores (voids) communicating with each other that constitute the porous structure. If the insulating fine particles are completely in close contact with the base material, the insulating fine particles simply become a filler embedded in the base material, and the insulating layer can become a dense structure member that does not substantially function. However, since the insulating layer constituting the electrode of the present invention has at least a part where each insulating fine particle does not adhere to the base material, there is a gap between the base material and the insulating fine particle. It has a porous structure in which gaps communicate with each other.
- a solvent is unevenly distributed between the insulating fine particles dispersed in the resin solution constituting the composition and the resin interface, and the insulating fine particles It is considered that the resin (base material) does not completely adhere to the periphery of the substrate, and when the solvent evaporates (volatilizes), a gap is formed around the insulating fine particles or in the resin. These gaps are formed between the insulating fine particles.
- the content of the insulating fine particles in the composition is uniform in the composition in a state where the individual insulating fine particles are relatively close to each other.
- the insulating fine particles are preferably 0.3 to 20 parts by volume, more preferably 0.7 to 15 parts per 100 parts by volume of the solvent in the composition. It is preferably contained in a volume part, more preferably 1.0 to 10 volume parts.
- the resin material is preferably 50 to 1500 parts by volume, more preferably 100 to 1000 parts by volume, still more preferably 200 to 800 parts by volume with respect to 100 parts by volume of the insulating fine particles in the composition. It is desirable to be included.
- the resin material is preferably dissolved in the solvent or partially dispersed as particles in the composition.
- the particle diameter is preferably about 1/10 to 10 times that of the insulating fine particles. Within this range, a uniform dispersed state can be easily maintained when the composition is stored for a long period of time.
- a separately formed insulating film is disposed on the electrode active material layer.
- the insulating layer may be laminated on the electrode active material layer.
- a method of separately forming the insulating film for example, a method of forming an insulating layer (insulating film) on the base of a release sheet or the like by using the above composition in the same manner as described above. It is done.
- the insulating film thus formed can be peeled off from a base such as a release sheet, and the insulating layer can be laminated on the electrode active material layer.
- a base and an insulating film can be laminated
- pressure may be applied with a flat plate or roll having a smooth surface.
- the formation method and material of the electrode active material layer for applying the composition are not particularly limited, and the formation method and material of the electrode active material layer constituting the positive electrode or the negative electrode of a conventional secondary battery are applicable. For example, it can form by apply
- the type of the base on which the electrode active material layer is formed is not particularly limited, and may be the current collector or a base other than an electrode material such as a release sheet. If formed on the current collector, the electrode manufacturing process is efficient, and after forming the electrode active material layer and the insulating layer on the release sheet, the release sheet is removed and the desired current collector is formed. It can also be arranged.
- the surface roughness Rz is adjusted to 35 ⁇ m or less, or the above-mentioned range of the preferred surface roughness Rz It is preferable to adjust to.
- the smoothing method is preferably a method capable of uniformly smoothing the surface of the electrode active material layer, and includes a method of pressurizing the surface using a metal roll or a flat plate. Moreover, the method of equalizing the particle diameter of the particulate material constituting the electrode active material layer or reducing the particle diameter can also help reduce the surface roughness Rz.
- the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer is a ten-point average roughness measured by a method based on JIS B0601: 1994.
- a method for measuring the surface roughness Rz based on this JIS standard for example, a non-contact three-dimensional surface shape measuring device (“WYKO NT1100”, manufactured by Veeco) can be used.
- the cross section of the electrode may be calculated by observing the cross section of the electrode with, for example, an electron microscope so that a circle corresponding to the stylus radius is in contact with the unevenness of the active material.
- Rz is an average value of the surface roughness values measured by observing 10 appropriately selected locations.
- the electrode of the second aspect of the present invention is preferably an electrode produced by the method of the first aspect.
- 1st embodiment of the electrode which concerns on this invention is an electrode which has a laminated body by which the insulating layer was laminated
- the insulating layer can function as a separator that insulates the positive electrode and the negative electrode in electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries and capacitors.
- the electrode active material layer is preferably formed on a current collector.
- the electrode active material may be a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- the insulating layer has a porous structure.
- lithium ions contained in the electrolyte in contact with the insulating layer can diffuse inside and permeate the insulating layer.
- the insulating layer preferably includes a porous base material containing insulating fine particles. By forming a gap between the insulating fine particles and the base material, the base material can form a porous structure.
- the ratio represented by (t / Rz) is 2 or more. It is preferable.
- the electrode having the above relationship has an insulating layer with high structural strength reliability.
- the surface protrusion reflected by the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer may damage the insulating layer. Can be prevented.
- the surface roughness Rz is the thickness of the insulating layer t even when pressure is applied when forming a positive electrode / electrolyte / negative electrode electrode laminate during battery manufacture, or during initial charge.
- the thickness t and density of the insulating layer are relatively uniform with respect to the thickness of the insulating layer, a thin portion is locally generated in the insulating layer, or the arrangement of insulating fine particles constituting the insulating layer is defective. There is less fear.
- the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material constituting the electrode it is preferable to measure the surface of the electrode active material layer exposed by removing the laminated insulating layer.
- a method for removing the laminated insulating layer a method in which the surface roughness of the electrode active material layer is not substantially changed is employed. Specific removal methods include a method of physically or chemically peeling the insulating layer, a method of dissolving the insulating layer with a solvent, and the like.
- the surface roughness may be calculated based on a photograph of an arbitrary cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode taken with an electron microscope.
- the surface roughness Rz of the electrode active material layer on which the insulating layer is formed is preferably 35 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 17 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 6 ⁇ m or less. When the surface roughness Rz is in the above range, the reliability of the structural strength is further enhanced.
- the air permeability of the insulating layer is preferably such that lithium ions contained in the electrolyte in contact with the insulating layer can diffuse through the insulating layer and pass through the insulating layer, for example, about 1 to 600 seconds / 100 ml. Preferably there is. More preferred is 50 to 550 seconds / 100 ml, and still more preferred is 100 to 500 seconds / 100 ml.
- the air permeability is 1 second / 100 ml or more, ion movement between the positive electrode and the negative electrode occurs easily, and a smooth electrochemical reaction can be obtained.
- the air permeability is 600 seconds / 100 ml or less, a minute short circuit can be sufficiently prevented.
- the air permeability is determined by a Gurley tester method based on JIS P 8117.
- the air permeability of the insulating layer constituting the electrode it is preferable to measure the air permeability of the remaining insulating layer by removing the electrode active material layer that is the base of the insulating layer.
- a method for removing the electrode active material layer a method that does not substantially change the air permeability of the insulating layer is adopted.
- Specific examples of the removal method include a method of physically or chemically peeling the electrode active material layer, a method of dissolving the electrode active material layer with a solvent, and the like.
- the thickness t of the insulating layer constituting the electrode is not particularly limited, but preferably satisfies the above ratio (t / Rz), for example, preferably 2 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 28 ⁇ m, and further preferably 4 ⁇ m to 17 ⁇ m. 4 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m is most preferable.
- the insulating layer has a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or more, sufficient insulation can be secured. Further, even when lithium dendrite is generated, it is possible to suppress dendrite spines from penetrating the insulating layer.
- the insulating layer has a thickness of 35 ⁇ m or less, the electrical resistance derived from the insulating layer, that is, the internal resistance of the battery can be reduced. Moreover, by being in the above range, sufficient ionic conductivity and air permeability in the insulating layer can be obtained.
- the thickness t of the insulating layer constituting the electrode it can be measured from an SEM photograph in which a cross section in the thickness direction of the electrode is observed with a scanning electron microscope. Specifically, in the SEM photograph of the cross section, a boundary line between the insulating layer and the electrode active material layer is created by image processing or the like, and the distance between the boundary line and the surface of the insulating layer is defined as the thickness of the insulating layer. measure. First, in a single cross section at an arbitrary position of an electrode to be measured, 10 positions are measured along the plane direction of the insulating layer, for example, at an interval of 1 cm, and an arithmetic average thereof is obtained as a primary average thickness. Further, the primary average thickness is similarly determined in any other two cross sections of the same electrode. The arithmetic average value of the three primary average thicknesses obtained is defined as the thickness t ( ⁇ m) of the insulating layer in the measurement target electrode.
- the electrode of the second aspect of the present invention can be used as an electrode for various electrochemical devices.
- a primary battery, a secondary battery that can be charged and discharged, and an electric double layer capacitor are listed as suitable electrochemical devices.
- the structure of a lithium ion secondary battery is illustrated as an example of the electrochemical device provided with the electrode of the 2nd aspect of this invention as at least one electrode among a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the negative electrode can be produced by the electrode production method of the first aspect of the present invention described above using the following materials. it can.
- the negative electrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode current collector can be formed by applying and drying a negative electrode material containing a negative electrode active material, a binder resin, a conductive additive and a solvent on the negative electrode current collector. . Thereafter, an insulating layer is preferably formed on the negative electrode active material layer by the method described above.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include carbon materials such as lithium, graphite, graphene, hard carbon, and acetylene black.
- Examples of the conductive aid include carbon materials such as graphite, graphene, hard carbon, ketjen black, acetylene black, and carbon nanotube.
- Examples of the binder resin include polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, styrene butadiene rubber, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetal, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose, Examples thereof include polyacrylonitrile and polyimide.
- the solvent is preferably a non-aqueous solvent, for example, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and terpineol; linear or cyclic amides such as N-methylpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide; acetone and the like And aromatic compounds such as ketone, toluene and xylene.
- alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and terpineol
- linear or cyclic amides such as N-methylpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide
- aromatic compounds such as ketone, toluene and xylene.
- the material constituting the current collector include conductive metals such as copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, and stainless steel. Any of the negative electrode active material, the conductive additive, the binder resin, and the solvent may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used
- the positive electrode of the second aspect of the present invention When the electrode of the second aspect of the present invention is used as a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, the positive electrode can be produced by the electrode production method of the first aspect of the present invention described above using the following materials. it can.
- the positive electrode active material layer disposed on the positive electrode current collector can be formed by applying and drying a positive electrode material containing a positive electrode active material, a binder resin, a conductive additive and a solvent on the positive electrode current collector. . Thereafter, an insulating layer is preferably formed on the positive electrode active material layer by the method described above.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material include a metal represented by a general formula “LiM x O y (wherein M is a metal; x and y are composition ratios of metal M and oxygen O)”.
- An acid lithium compound is mentioned. Specifically, lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ), olivine type lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), sulfur, sulfur-carbon composite, etc. Can be illustrated.
- the metal acid lithium compound may have a plurality of types of M.
- p + q + r x.
- Specific examples include LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 and the like.
- binder resin examples of the binder resin, conductive additive, solvent and current collector constituting the positive electrode are the same as those in the negative electrode. Any of the positive electrode active material, the conductive additive, the binder resin, and the solvent may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- the electrolyte is not particularly limited, and for example, a known electrolyte, an electrolytic solution, and the like used in a known lithium ion secondary battery can be applied.
- the electrolytic solution include a mixed solution in which an electrolyte is used in a solid state or an electrolyte salt is dissolved in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent those having resistance against high voltage are preferable, for example, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, 1,2-dimethoxyethane,
- polar solvents such as 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrohydrafuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, and methyl acetate, or a mixture of two or more of these solvents.
- the electrolyte salt for example, in the case of a lithium ion secondary battery, LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 6 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiPF 6 SO 3 , LiN (SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 , Li ( Examples thereof include salts containing lithium, such as SO 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (COCF 3 ) 2, LiN (COCF 2 CF 3 ) 2 , and lithium bisoxalate borate (LiB (C 2 O 4 ) 2 .
- a complex such as an organic acid lithium salt-boron trifluoride complex, a complex hydride such as LiBH 4.
- salts or complexes may be a mixture of two or more.
- the electrolyte may be a gel electrolyte containing a polymer compound.
- the polymer compound include fluorine-based polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyacrylic polymers such as poly (meth) methyl acrylate.
- the method for assembling the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited.
- at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is the electrode according to the second aspect of the present invention including the above-described insulating layer, and is between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- An electrode laminate having the insulating layer disposed thereon is obtained, and the electrode laminate is sealed in an outer package (housing) such as an aluminum laminate bag, and an electrolyte is injected as necessary to form an electrode.
- an outer package such as an aluminum laminate bag
- an electrolyte is injected as necessary to form an electrode.
- a lithium ion secondary battery in which the insulating layer is impregnated with an electrolyte can be manufactured.
- ⁇ Formation of negative electrode active material layer 80 parts by mass of graphite, 15 parts by mass of hard carbon, and 5 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed, and the resulting mixture was dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a negative electrode material slurry.
- the prepared negative electrode slurry was applied to both sides of a copper foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) at a predetermined thickness, dried under reduced pressure at 100 ° C., ⁇ 0.1 MPa for about 10 hours, and then roll-pressed.
- the negative electrode base material in which the negative electrode active material layer was formed on both surfaces of the copper foil was obtained by the above process.
- the surface roughness Rz of the negative electrode active material layer in each test example is in the range of 0.8 ⁇ m to 40.7 ⁇ m by appropriately adjusting the press condition of the roll press and selecting the material as follows. It was adjusted.
- a copper foil having a surface roughness Rz of 3 ⁇ m is used, graphite having an average particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m, and an average particle diameter of 2.4 ⁇ m hard carbon was used.
- the surface roughness Rz of the negative electrode active material is in the range of 16.2 ⁇ m to 28.1 ⁇ m
- a copper foil having a surface roughness Rz of 6 ⁇ m is used, graphite having an average particle diameter of 1.5 ⁇ m, and an average particle diameter Used hard carbon of 4 ⁇ m.
- the surface roughness Rz of the negative electrode active material is in the range of 35.4 ⁇ m to 40.7 ⁇ m
- a copper foil having a surface roughness Rz of 10 ⁇ m is used, graphite having an average particle diameter of 3 ⁇ m, and an average particle diameter of 8 ⁇ m.
- Hard carbon was used.
- a mixed solvent containing 1 part by mass of ethylene glycol, 20 parts by mass of ethanol, 20 parts by mass of 2-propanol and 50 parts by mass of toluene was prepared.
- 20 parts by mass of polyvinyl butyral resin (butyralization degree is 38 mol%) obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol (average polymerization degree 1700, saponification degree 98 mol%) with n-butyraldehyde, and styrene butadiene 5 parts by mass of a copolymer (SBR) was added, 100 ml of a ceramic ball having a diameter of 2 mm was further added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at a rotation speed of 100 rpm using a ball mill (BM-10 manufactured by Seiwa Giken Kogyo Co., Ltd.).
- organic dispersion liquid (hereinafter referred to as “inorganic dispersion liquid”) was prepared.
- Examples 1 to 30, Comparative Examples 1 to 14 ⁇ Manufacture of negative electrode> Using each negative electrode substrate prepared above, the slurry composition is applied to an appropriate thickness on the negative electrode active material layer having the surface roughness Rz described in the following table, and further dried. Thus, a negative electrode formed by laminating an insulating layer having a thickness t was produced. The produced negative electrode was cut and formed into a negative electrode having a laminated portion (104 ⁇ 62 mm) of the negative electrode active material layer and a non-laminated portion (tab portion, about 2 ⁇ 2 cm) of the negative electrode active material layer.
- Tables 1 and 2 also show the ratio (t / Rz) in each negative electrode and the capacity retention ratio (%) as the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery using each negative electrode.
- the prepared positive electrode material slurry was applied to both sides of an aluminum foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) at a predetermined thickness, dried under reduced pressure at 100 ° C., ⁇ 0.1 MPa for 10 hours, and then roll-pressed.
- the positive electrode base material in which the positive electrode active material layer was formed on both surfaces of the aluminum foil was obtained by the above process.
- the obtained positive electrode base material was cut to obtain a positive electrode having a laminated portion (102 ⁇ 60 mm) of the positive electrode active material layer and a non-laminated portion (tab portion, about 2 ⁇ 2 cm) of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode individually prepared in each test example and the common positive electrode in each test example are arranged so that the insulating layer of the negative electrode is sandwiched therebetween, and the terminal tab of each electrode is arranged outside the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- the electrode laminates corresponding to the respective test examples were obtained by projecting in the direction and joining the tabs by ultrasonic welding.
- Example 31 ⁇ Production of negative electrode> Silicon monoxide (SiO, average particle size 5.0 ⁇ m, 70 parts by mass), VGCF (registered trademark) (5 parts by mass), SBR (5 parts by mass), and polyacrylic acid (10 parts by mass) are placed in a reagent bottle. Further, distilled water was added to adjust the concentration, and the mixture was mixed at 2000 rpm for 2 minutes using a self-revolving mixer. Acetylene black (5 parts by mass) and ketjen black (5 parts by mass) were added to this mixture, and mixed at 2000 rpm for 2 minutes using a self-revolving mixer.
- VGCF registered trademark
- the average aspect ratio (B) is 400, the average diameter (outer diameter) is 12.5 nm, and the average length is 5 ⁇ m.
- the prepared negative electrode material slurry was applied to a copper foil (thickness 15 ⁇ m, surface roughness Rz 3 ⁇ m) at a predetermined thickness, dried on a hot plate at 50 ° C., and then added using a roll press.
- a negative electrode active material layer having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was formed by appropriately adjusting the pressure conditions and pressing to obtain a negative electrode precursor.
- an electrolyte solution 50 ⁇ L / cm 2 described later is dropped on the negative electrode active material layer, a lithium foil having a thickness of 200 ⁇ m is stacked on the dropping surface, and left in this state for 48 hours, whereby a negative electrode precursor is obtained.
- the body was pre-doped with lithium to obtain a negative electrode.
- the lithium foil was removed from the negative electrode after pre-doping.
- the prepared positive electrode material slurry was applied to an aluminum foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) at a predetermined thickness, dried under reduced pressure at 90 ° C., ⁇ 0.1 MPa for 10 hours, and then pressed using a roll press. By appropriately adjusting the conditions and pressing, a positive electrode having an active material layer thickness of 15 ⁇ m and a surface roughness Rz of 1.5 ⁇ m was obtained on an aluminum foil.
- ⁇ Formation of insulating layer 100 parts by weight of dimethylformamide (DMF), 15 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride resin, and 100 ml of ceramic balls having a diameter of 2 mm were added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at a rotation speed of 100 rpm using a ball mill (BM-10, Seiwa Giken Kogyo Co., Ltd.). Thereafter, 8 parts by mass of alumina particles (TM-5D manufactured by Daimyo Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size 0.2 ⁇ m) was further added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 300 rpm using the ball mill, whereby inorganic particles were obtained.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- polyvinylidene fluoride resin 100 ml of ceramic balls having a diameter of 2 mm
- a dispersion liquid (hereinafter, inorganic dispersion liquid) was prepared, and the ceramic balls (diameter 2 mm) were removed to obtain a slurry composition. The operation so far was performed at 25 ° C.
- the slurry composition was applied at an appropriate thickness and further dried under reduced pressure at 95 ° C., ⁇ 0.1 MPa for 10 hours, and then 10 ⁇ m thick.
- a positive electrode in which an insulating layer was laminated was produced. The produced positive electrode was cut and formed into a positive electrode having a laminated portion (104 ⁇ 62 mm) of the positive electrode active material layer and a non-laminated portion (tab portion, about 2 ⁇ 2 cm) of the positive electrode active material layer.
- LOX-BF 3 lithium oxalate-boron trifluoride complex
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- the voltage value (constant current constant voltage charge) of 0.01 C (applied current value / battery rated capacity) at 25 ° C. was set to an upper limit voltage of 1.5 V, and the current value was set to 0.1. The process was continued until it converged to 001C. Then, in order to extract the gas generated in the cell, a part of the laminated film on the exterior was opened, and it was vacuum-sealed again, which was used for evaluation of charge / discharge characteristics.
- the evaluation of the capacity maintenance rate “ ⁇ ” is obtained when the ratio of t / Rz is larger than 2, and the evaluation of the capacity maintenance rate “ ⁇ ” is obtained when the ratio of t / Rz is larger than 4. It can be seen that when the ratio of t / Rz is larger than 8, an evaluation of the capacity retention rate “ ⁇ ” is obtained.
- the ratio of t / Rz in all the comparative examples was 2 or less, and when the thickness of the insulating layer t was 35 ⁇ m or less, the capacity maintenance rate “x” was evaluated. When the thickness of the insulating layer t exceeds 35 ⁇ m, the capacity retention rate may be evaluated even in the comparative example.
- a thick insulating layer is disadvantageous in this respect because it means that the internal resistance of the battery is high.
- the present invention can be used in the field of various electrochemical devices such as lithium ion secondary batteries.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2014年12月26日に、日本に出願された特願2014-266525号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
ここで、前記表面粗さRzはJIS B0601 1994に準拠した測定法で測定される十点平均粗さである。
(2)前記電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層する工程は、前記電極活物質層の上に絶縁材を含む組成物を塗工して前記絶縁層を積層することを含む工程であって、前記組成物を、形成される前記絶縁層の厚さが前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2倍以上となる厚さで塗工する工程である、前記(1)に記載の電極製造方法。
(3)前記表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、前記(1)に記載の電極製造方法。
(4)前記組成物を、形成される前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmとなる厚さで塗工する、前記(2)又は(3)に記載の電極製造方法。
(5)ブレードコーティング法によって前記組成物を塗工する、前記(2)~(4)の何れか一項に記載の電極製造方法。
(6)電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する電極であり、前記絶縁層の厚さtと、前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzとの比(t/Rz)が、2以上である電極。
ここで、前記表面粗さRzはJIS B0601 1994に準拠した測定法で測定される十点平均粗さである。
(7)前記絶縁層が形成された前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、前記(6)に記載の電極。
(8)前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、前記(6)又は(7)に記載の電極。
(9)正極と負極とその間に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する二次電池の製造方法であって、正極又は負極の何れか一方の電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層する工程を含み、前記絶縁層の厚さが前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2倍以上となる厚さである、二次電池の製造方法。
ここで、前記表面粗さRzはJIS B0601 1994に準拠した測定法で測定される十点平均粗さである。
(10)前記表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、前記(9)に記載の二次電池の製造方法。
(11)前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、前記(9)又は(10)に記載の二次電池の製造方法。
(12)正極、負極及び前記正極と負極との間に配置された電解質層を備える二次電池であって、前記正極及び負極の少なくとも一方の電極が、他方の電極に対向する面に設けられた電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層構造を有し、前記絶縁層を有する電極は、前記絶縁層の厚さtと、前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzとの比(t/Rz)が、2以上であることを特徴とする、二次電池。
(13)前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、前記(12)に記載の二次電池。
(14)前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、前記(12)又は(13)に記載の二次電池。
(15)前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzが17.5μm以下であり、前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、前記(12)に記載の二次電池。
(16)前記正極と前記負極との間に樹脂製多孔質セパレータを備える、前記(12)~(15)の何れか1項に記載の二次電池。
本発明の電極を例えばリチウムイオン二次電池等の二次電池の電極として使用した場合、リチウムデンドライトが正極と負極間に発生したとしても、電極表面の絶縁層の構造的強度は平面方向において均一であり、デンドライトが絶縁層を貫通し易い箇所(例えば、応力集中が起こる箇所)が局在しないため、二次電池の耐久性及び安全性を向上させることができる。
本発明の第一態様の電極の製造方法は、電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する電極の製造方法である。前記絶縁層は、二次電池、キャパシタ等の電気化学デバイスにおける正極と負極を絶縁するセパレータとして機能し得る。
前記電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層する工程は、例えば、前記電極活物質層の上に絶縁材を含む組成物を塗工して前記絶縁層を積層することによって行うことができる。この際、前記組成物を、形成される前記絶縁層の厚さが前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2倍以上となる厚さで塗工する。
上記の厚さで組成物を塗工することは、すなわち、電極活物質層の表面粗さRz(単位:μm)と、塗工後であって乾燥工程前の組成物の厚さt(単位:μm)との比(t/Rz)が、2よりも大きいことを意味する。
塗工面の表面粗さRzが35μm以下であると、形成する絶縁層を薄くした場合、すなわち塗工する前記組成物の厚さを薄くした場合、における塗工面の表面粗さRzの影響を少なくして、絶縁層の厚さ及び密度を平面方向に亘って充分均一にすることができる。さらに、形成される絶縁層の表面粗さを小さくすることもできる。
形成された前記絶縁層の厚さが、電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2.0倍以上の厚さになるように前記組成物を塗工することにより、絶縁層の平面方向において厚さの均一性を向上することが可能となる。電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの30倍以下の厚さになるように前記組成物を塗工することにより、絶縁層に由来する電気抵抗が大きくなり過ぎることを防止できる。
一方、1回のみの塗工で、上記のような多孔状態の違いを絶縁層内に積極的に生じさせてもよい。その他、固形分濃度、粘度、組成の異なる組成物を複数回に分けて多段的に積層することによって、厚さ方向に見て、多孔状態が多段的に変化する絶縁層を形成することもできる。
前記電極活物質層の上に塗工する前記組成物は、少なくとも絶縁材を含む。前記組成物は、前記絶縁材としての絶縁性微粒子及び樹脂材料(バインダー)を含むことが好ましい。
前記組成物は、必要に応じて、絶縁材を溶解又は分散させるための溶媒を含んでいてもよい。溶媒を適当な量で含むことにより、組成物の密度ρ、動粘性係数ν、表面張力σ等が所望となるように調整することができる。
前記組成物を均一に薄く塗工する観点から、前記組成物は適度な粘性を有するスラリー状(ペースト状)であることが好ましい。
前記絶縁性微粒子を構成する材料に、無機化合物を含む場合は、本発明の電極が電池に組み込まれた場合に、リチウムイオンが挿入されにくいような無機化合物を用いることが好ましい。換言すれば、リチウムイオンが絶縁層を透過することを妨げないような無機化合物を使用することが好ましい。
前記絶縁性微粒子を構成する材料に、有機化合物を含む場合は、有機化合物の融点あるいは軟化温度は、150℃以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは180℃以上、さらに好ましくは200℃以上である。有機化合物が上記のような融点あるいは軟化温度を有することにより、本発明の電極が、電池に組み込まれ、電池に過度な発熱が生じた際に、電極間の短絡を抑止する事が可能となる。
本発明の電極が、電池に組み込まれる場合は、一方の電極上に設けられた当該絶縁層と、絶縁層が形成されていない他の電極との間に、樹脂製多孔質セパレータを設けることが好ましい。
樹脂製多孔質セパレータは、電池に過度な発熱が生じた際に、前記樹脂製多孔質セパレータの孔が溶融して閉孔し、電池反応を停止させる機能を持つ。そのため、前記絶縁性微粒子を構成する材料に、無機化合物を含む場合は、樹脂製多孔質セパレータを備えることが好ましい。
前記絶縁性微粒子を構成する材料に、有機化合物が含まれる場合は、有機化合物の融点あるいは軟化温度は、前記樹脂製多孔質セパレータの融点より高いことが好ましい。これにより、電池に過度な発熱が生じた際に、電極間の短絡を抑止しつつ、前記樹脂製多孔質セパレータの孔が溶融して閉孔し、電池反応を停止させる機能を発現することが可能となる。有機化合物の融点あるいは軟化温度は、前記樹脂製多孔質セパレータの融点より20℃以上がより好ましく、さらに好ましくは40℃以上である。
積層時等の加圧時に、絶縁層が薄くなることを防止するために、絶縁層の厚みを100%としたときに、80%~100%の範囲の平均粒子径を持つ絶縁性微粒子を、全絶縁性微粒子に対し5体積%以上含有することが好ましい。より好ましくは10体積%以上、さらに好ましくは20体積%以上である。
前記合成樹脂は1種単独で使用されてもよいし、2種以上が併用されてもよい。
前記の絶縁膜を別途形成する方法としては、例えば、離型シート等の基台上に、前記の組成物を用いて、前記と同様の方法で絶縁層(絶縁膜)を形成する方法が挙げられる。このようにして形成された絶縁膜を離型シート等の基台から剥離し、前記電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層することができる。あるいは基台と絶縁膜とを、絶縁膜が電極活物質層側になるように積層し、その後、基台を剥離することができる。積層の際には、表面が平滑な平板ないしロールで加圧してもよい。
前記組成物を塗工する前記電極活物質層の形成方法及び材料は特に限定されず、従来の二次電池の正極又は負極を構成する電極活物質層の形成方法及び材料が適用可能である。例えば、集電材としてのアルミニウム箔又は銅箔の上に、後述する正極活物質又は負極活物質を含むスラリーを塗布して乾燥することによって形成することができる。
本発明の第二態様の電極は、第一態様の方法によって製造された電極であることが好ましい。本発明に係る電極の第一実施形態は、電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する電極である。
前記絶縁層は、二次電池、キャパシタ等の電気化学デバイスにおける正極と負極を絶縁するセパレータとして機能し得る。前記電極活物質層は、集電体の上に形成されていることが好ましい。前記電極活物質は、正極活物質であってもよいし、負極活物質であってもよい。
上記範囲の表面粗さRzであると、構造的強度の信頼性がより一層高くなる。
前記透気度は、JIS P 8117に基づくガーレー試験機法によって求められる。
本発明の第二態様の電極は、種々の電気化学デバイスの電極として使用することができる。例えば、一次電池、充放電することが可能な二次電池、電気二重層キャパシタが好適な電気化学デバイスとして挙げられる。
以下では、本発明の第二態様の電極を、正極及び負極のうち少なくとも一方の電極として備えた電気化学デバイスの一例として、リチウムイオン二次電池の構成を例示する。
本発明の第二態様の電極をリチウムイオン二次電池の負極として使用する場合、以下の材料を使用して、前述した本発明の第一態様の電極製造方法によって、当該負極を製造することができる。
前記導電助剤としては、例えばグラファイト、グラフェン、ハードカーボン、ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラック、カーボンナノチューブ等の炭素材料が挙げられる。
前記バインダー樹脂として、例えば、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸リチウム、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、スチレンブタジエンゴム、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルアセタール、ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリエチレングリコール、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリアクリルニトリル、ポリイミド等が挙げられる。
前記集電体を構成する材料としては、例えば、銅、アルミニウム、チタン、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼等の導電性を有する金属が挙げられる。
前記負極活物質、導電助剤、バインダー樹脂及び溶媒は、何れも一種が単独で使用されてもよいし、二種以上が併用されてもよい。
本発明の第二態様の電極をリチウムイオン二次電池の正極として使用する場合、以下の材料を使用して、前述した本発明の第一態様の電極製造方法によって、当該正極を製造することができる。
前記電解質は特に限定されず、例えば、公知のリチウムイオン二次電池で使用される公知の電解質、電解液等が適用可能である。電解液としては、電解質を固体状で用いたり、有機溶媒に電解質塩を溶解したりした混合溶液が例示できる。有機溶媒としては、高電圧に対する耐性を有するものが好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、γ-ブチロラクトン、スルホラン、ジメチルスルホキシド、アセトニトリル、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジエトキシエタン、テトロヒドラフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジオキソラン、メチルアセテートなどの極性溶媒、又はこれら溶媒の2種類以上の混合物が挙げられる。電解質塩としては、例えばリチウムイオン二次電池の場合、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiCF6、LiCF3CO2、LiPF6SO3、LiN(SO3CF3)2、Li(SO2CF2CF3)2、LiN(COCF3)2及びLiN(COCF2CF3)2、リチウムビスオキサレートボラート(LiB(C2O4)2等のリチウムを含む塩が挙げられる。また、有機酸リチウム塩-三フッ化ホウ素錯体、LiBH4等の錯体水素化物等の錯体が挙げられる。これらの塩又は錯体は、2種以上の混合物であってもよい。
電解質が溶媒を含む場合は、更に高分子化合物を含むゲル状電解質とされてもよい。前記高分子化合物としては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のフッ素系ポリマー、ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸メチル等のポリアクリル系ポリマーが挙げられる。
黒鉛80質量部と、ハードカーボン15質量部と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン5質量部とを混合して、得られた混合物をN-メチルピロリドン中に分散させて、負極材スラリーを調製した。
各試験例における負極活物質層の表面粗さRzは、ロールプレスの加圧条件を適宜調整すること、及び、下記の様に材料を選定することによって、0.8μm~40.7μmの範囲で調整した。
負極活物質の表面粗さRzが16.2μm~28.1μmの範囲の試験例においては、表面粗さRzが6μmの銅箔を用い、平均粒子径が1.5μmの黒鉛と、平均粒子径が4μmのハードカーボンを用いた。
負極活物質の表面粗さRzが35.4μm~40.7μmの範囲の試験例においては、表面粗さRzが10μmの銅箔を用い、平均粒子径が3μmの黒鉛と、平均粒子径が8μmのハードカーボンを用いた。
エチレングリコール1質量部、エタノール20質量部、2-プロパノール20質量部及びトルエン50質量部を含む混合溶剤を調製した。この混合溶剤に、ポリビニルアルコール(平均重合度1700、ケン化度98モル%)をn-ブチルアルデヒドを用いてアセタール化したポリビニルブチラール樹脂(ブチラール化度は38モル%)20質量部と、スチレンブタジエン共重合体(SBR)5質量部とを加え、さらに直径2mmのセラミックボールを100ml加え、ボールミル(セイワ技研工業社製 BM-10)を用い、回転数100rpmで1時間撹拌した。
その後、さらにアルミナ粒子(TM-5D 大明化学工業社製社製、平均粒子径0.2μm)75質量部を加えて、前記ボールミルを用いて、回転数300rpmで2時間撹拌することにより、無機粒子の分散液(以下、無機分散液)を作製した。
<負極の製造>
上記で作製した各負極基材を用いて、下記表に記載の表面粗さRzを有する負極活物質層の上に、上記スラリー組成物を適切な厚さで塗工して、さらに乾燥することにより、厚さtの絶縁層が積層されてなる負極を作製した。
作製した負極をカットして、負極活物質層の積層部分(104×62mm)と、負極活物質層の非積層部分(タブ部分、2×2cm程度)とを有する負極に成形して使用した。
ニッケル・コバルト・マンガン酸リチウム(Ni:Co:Mn=1:1:1)93質量部と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン3質量部と、導電助剤であるカーボンブラック4質量部とを混合して、得られた混合物をN-メチルピロリドン中に分散させて、正極材スラリーを調製した。
シュウ酸リチウム-三フッ化ホウ素錯体(LOX-BF3)を、エチレンカーボネート(EC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)及びガンマブチロラクトン(GBL)の混合物(EC:DEC:GBL=30:60:10、質量比)に溶解させ、リチウムイオンの濃度が1.0モル/kgである電解液を得た。
各試験例で個別に作製した負極と、各試験例で共通の正極とを、負極の絶縁層が間に挟まれるように重ね合せて配置し、各電極の端子用タブを負極及び正極の外方に突出させ、それぞれのタブを超音波溶接により接合して、各試験例に対応する電極積層体を得た。
<負極の作製>
一酸化ケイ素(SiO、平均粒子径5.0μm、70質量部)、VGCF(登録商標)(5質量部)、SBR(5質量部)、及びポリアクリル酸(10質量部)を試薬瓶に入れ、さらに蒸留水を添加して濃度調整した後、自公転ミキサーを用いて2000rpmで2分間混合した。この混合物にアセチレンブラック(5質量部)、ケッチェンブラック(5質量部)を加え、自公転ミキサーを用いて2000rpmで2分間混合した。この混合物を超音波ホモジナイザーで10分間分散処理した後、再度、自公転ミキサーを用いてこの分散物を2000rpmで3分間混合することにより、負極材スラリーを得た。
上記のVGCF(登録商標)(正式名称:vapor grown carbon fiber)は、昭和電工社製の気相法炭素繊維である。その平均のアスペクト比(B)は400であり、その平均の直径(外径)は12.5nmであり、その平均の長さは5μmである。
続いて、上記負極活物質層上に後述する電解液50μL/cm2を滴下し、その滴下面上に厚さ200μmのリチウム箔を重ねて、この状態で48時間静置することにより、負極前駆体にリチウムをプレドープし、負極を得た。プレドープ後にリチウム箔を負極から取り除いた。
ニッケル・コバルト・マンガン酸リチウム(Ni:Co:Mn=1:1:1)93質量部と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン3質量部と、導電助剤であるカーボンブラック4質量部とを混合して、得られた混合物をN-メチルピロリドン中に分散させて、正極材スラリーを調製した。
ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)100質量部とポリフッ化ビニリデン樹脂15質量部と直径2mmのセラミックボールを100ml加え、ボールミル(セイワ技研工業社製 BM-10)を用い、回転数100rpmで1時間撹拌した。
その後、さらにアルミナ粒子(TM-5D 大明化学工業社製社製、平均粒子径0.2μm)8質量部を加えて、前記ボールミルを用いて、回転数300rpmで2時間撹拌することにより、無機粒子の分散液(以下、無機分散液)を作製し、前記セラミックボール(直径2mm)を除去し、スラリー組成物を得た。ここまでの操作は、25℃で行った。
上記正極の正極活物質層の上に、上記スラリー組成物を適切な厚さで塗工して、さらに95℃、-0.1MPa、10時間の条件で減圧乾燥させた後、厚さ10μmの絶縁層が積層されてなる正極を作製した。
作製した正極をカットして、正極活物質層の積層部分(104×62mm)と、正極活物質層の非積層部分(タブ部分、2×2cm程度)とを有する正極に成形して使用した。
シュウ酸リチウム-三フッ化ホウ素錯体(LOX-BF3)10重量部と、エチレンカーボネート(EC)10重量部と、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)10重量部とを混合し溶解させ、組成物を調整した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)30重量部と、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)30重量部とポリフッ化ビニリデン樹脂10重量部とを混合し溶解させ、前記組成物に加えて混合し、ゲル状電解質を得た。
各電極の端子用タブを負極及び正極の外方に突出させ、それぞれのタブを超音波溶接により接合した。
前記負極に、前記ゲル電解質を25μmの厚さで塗工し、前記正極を、前記ゲル電解質と前記正極の絶縁層とが接するように重ね合せて配置し、電極積層体を得た。
実施例1等と同様に評価を実施した。結果を、表3に示す。
各試験例に対応するリチウムイオン二次電池について、25℃において0.2C(印加電流値/電池の定格容量)の定電流定電圧充電を、上限電圧4.2Vとして電流値が0.1Cに収束するまで行った後、0.2Cの定電流放電を2.7Vまで行った。この時の放電容量を初期値(100%)とした。その後、1Cでの充放電サイクルを繰り返し行い、50サイクルでの放電容量を求め、容量維持率([50サイクル目の放電容量(mAh)]/[1サイクル目の放電容量(mAh)])×100(%)を算出した。その結果を表1~表3に併記する。
Claims (16)
- 電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する電極の製造方法であって、
基台上に形成された前記電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層する工程を含み、
前記絶縁層を、その厚さが前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2倍以上となるように積層する、電極製造方法。
ここで、前記表面粗さRzはJIS B0601 1994に準拠した測定法で測定される十点平均粗さである。 - 前記電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層する工程は、
前記電極活物質層の上に絶縁材を含む組成物を塗工して前記絶縁層を積層することを含む工程であって、
前記組成物を、形成される前記絶縁層の厚さが前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2倍以上となる厚さで塗工する工程である、請求項1に記載の電極製造方法。 - 前記表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の電極製造方法。
- 前記組成物を、形成される前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmとなる厚さで塗工する、請求項2又は3に記載の電極製造方法。
- ブレードコーティング法によって前記組成物を塗工する、請求項2~4の何れか一項に記載の電極製造方法。
- 電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する電極であり、
前記絶縁層の厚さtと、前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzとの比(t/Rz)が、2以上である電極。
ここで、前記表面粗さRzはJIS B0601 1994に準拠した測定法で測定される十点平均粗さである。 - 前記絶縁層が形成された前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、請求項6に記載の電極。
- 前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、請求項6又は7に記載の電極。
- 正極と負極とその間に絶縁層が積層された積層体を有する二次電池の製造方法であって、
正極又は負極の何れか一方の電極活物質層の上に前記絶縁層を積層する工程を含み、
前記絶縁層の厚さが前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzの2倍以上となる厚さである、二次電池の製造方法。
ここで、前記表面粗さRzはJIS B0601 1994に準拠した測定法で測定される十点平均粗さである。 - 前記表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、請求項9に記載の二次電池の製造方法。
- 前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、請求項9又は10に記載の二次電池の製造方法。
- 正極、負極及び前記正極と負極との間に配置された電解質層を備える二次電池であって、前記正極及び負極の少なくとも一方の電極が、他方の電極に対向する面に設けられた電極活物質層の上に絶縁層が積層された積層構造を有し、
前記絶縁層を有する電極は、前記絶縁層の厚さtと、前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzとの比(t/Rz)が、2以上であることを特徴とする、二次電池。 - 前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzが35μm以下である、請求項12に記載の二次電池。
- 前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、請求項12又は13に記載の二次電池。
- 前記電極活物質層の表面粗さRzが17.5μm以下であり、前記絶縁層の厚さが2μm~35μmである、請求項12に記載の二次電池。
- 前記正極と前記負極との間に樹脂製多孔質セパレータを備える、請求項12~15の何れか1項に記載の二次電池。
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| EP3240085B1 (en) | 2020-02-26 |
| KR20170095821A (ko) | 2017-08-23 |
| EP3240085A1 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
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| JP6625559B2 (ja) | 2019-12-25 |
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| TWI702750B (zh) | 2020-08-21 |
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| US10770743B2 (en) | 2020-09-08 |
| TW201637268A (zh) | 2016-10-16 |
| JPWO2016104782A1 (ja) | 2017-11-02 |
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| CN107004890B (zh) | 2020-12-25 |
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