WO2016080443A1 - リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite and a method for producing the same.
- lithium ion secondary batteries used therefor are increasingly required to have higher capacities.
- the capacity increase of the positive electrode is delayed compared to the negative electrode, and even in the high capacity type Li (Ni, Mn, Co) O 2 type material that has been actively researched and developed recently, the capacity is 250 to 300 mAh. / G or so.
- sulfur has a high theoretical capacity of about 1670 mAh / g and is one of the promising candidates for high-capacity electrode materials.
- sulfur alone does not contain lithium, lithium or an alloy containing lithium must be used for the negative electrode, and there is a drawback that the selection range of the negative electrode is narrow.
- lithium sulfide contains lithium
- alloys such as graphite and silicon can be used for the negative electrode, and the selection range of the negative electrode is dramatically expanded, and dendrites are generated by using metallic lithium. The risk of short circuits can be avoided.
- lithium sulfide is eluted into the electrolytic solution as lithium polysulfide at the time of charge and discharge, and moves to the negative electrode and segregates (for example, Non-Patent Document 1). Etc.), and it is difficult to express the high capacity inherent in lithium sulfide.
- the positive electrode layer design that keeps the eluted polysulfide in the positive electrode, the electrolyte solution that protects the negative electrode, and the elution may occur. It is necessary to take measures such as substituting for a solid electrolyte.
- a method for suppressing elution of lithium polysulfide a method of forming a bond with a different element so that a sulfur atom is not liberated during Li insertion and desorption reaction is conceivable.
- a transition metal element capable of imparting conductivity to insulating lithium sulfide is suitable, and examples thereof include compounds such as Li x Fe y S z described in Patent Document 1. It is done.
- the introduction of a large amount of different elements increases the chemical formula amount of the electrode active material and decreases the relative Li content, so that the theoretical capacity decreases.
- Patent Document 1 since an equimolar amount of FeS 2 is combined with Li 2 S, the Fe content is 17% and the Li content is 33%, and the theoretical capacity estimated from the contained Li amount is This is about 320 mAh / g, which is significantly lower than the theoretical capacity of lithium sulfide (about 1170 mAh / g). Therefore, it is necessary to suppress the amount of different elements to be added in a small amount for the production of a high-capacity electrode material.
- Non-Patent Document 2 when the Fe content of the Li 2 S—FeS 2 composite is reduced from 16% to 3%, the theoretical capacity increases from about 350 mAh / g to about 930 mAh / g. On the contrary, the capacity obtained when the battery is actually charged / discharged is reduced from about 250 mAh / g to about 3 mAh / g.
- the amount of Fe added to form an Fe-S bond and impart conductivity is considered to be sufficient even if Fe is about 10% or less. This is probably because it was introduced into the lithium crystal lattice and no Fe-S bond was generated. In other words, the lithium sulfide itself has hardly changed during the compositing process, and the introduced Fe atom exists as a side reaction product such as Li 2 FeS 2, so that it does not contribute to the improvement of the utilization rate of the composite. Conceivable. This is because the composite is produced only by heat treatment, and it is difficult to form a Fe—S bond by introducing a different element into the lithium sulfide crystal lattice only by heat treatment.
- the addition of carbon can be performed to add conductivity, but it is difficult to form a CS bond that reduces free sulfur only by heat treatment, so the addition of a transition metal element is essential.
- Non-Patent Document 3 after mixing Li 2 S and FeS 2 (or FeS) and carbon powder about 10% after heat-treated, by 8 hours mechanical milling using a pulverizer, Li x Fe A method for producing a y S z -C composite has been disclosed, and it has been reported that a high capacity is exhibited even when the Fe content is 2 to 10 atomic%.
- the inventors of the present invention heat-treated Li 2 S and FeS 2 (or FeS), mixed about 10% carbon powder, and then mechanically milled for 8 hours using a pulverizer to obtain Li x Fe.
- a patent application has been filed for a method of producing a y S z -C complex (International Application No. 2014/073871).
- Non-Patent Document 3 Fe—S bonds are formed by addition of Fe, and free sulfur is reduced to improve the utilization rate of the electrode material, but the Fe content is a low composition range of 2 to 6 atomic%.
- Fe—S bonds having a long bond distance and a weak bond strength are included, in normal charge / discharge, the lithium sulfide skeleton structure collapses as Li is desorbed and inserted, and does not exhibit high capacity. Therefore, when the conventional method is adopted, pretreatment (step preliminary charge / discharge) in which the capacity is increased stepwise and charge / discharge is repeated in a composition region having a low Fe content is required. Since this stage preliminary charging / discharging requires about 5 days to 1 week, it is desirable from the viewpoint of the manufacturing process to exhibit a high capacity (particularly a high discharge capacity) without such pretreatment.
- the present invention has been made in view of the current state of the prior art described above, and its main object is to provide an electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries (particularly lithium ion secondary batteries) without performing step preliminary charge / discharge. It is an object to provide a composite exhibiting a high capacity (particularly a high discharge capacity) useful as a positive electrode active material.
- phosphorus atoms and iron atoms are sulfided by a method of subjecting a mixture containing a lithium-containing compound, an iron-containing compound, a phosphorus-containing compound, a sulfur-containing compound, and a carbon-containing compound to an electric current sintering treatment and a mechanical milling treatment. It has been found that a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon complex introduced into the lithium crystal lattice can be obtained.
- the present inventors have found that the composite obtained by this method has improved conductivity up to the inside of the crystal due to the presence of iron in the crystal lattice of lithium sulfide, and the utilization rate of lithium sulfide is improved, resulting in high capacity. Furthermore, it has been found that the formation of PS and Fe-S bonds significantly reduces free sulfur and improves cycle characteristics.
- the present invention has been completed as a result of further research based on these findings. That is, the present invention includes the following configurations. Item 1.
- the crystallite size calculated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li 2 S obtained by powder X-ray diffraction measurement is 80 nm or less.
- the Li content in the composite is 30 to 55 atomic%
- the Fe content is 2 to 7 atomic%
- the P content is 1 to 5 atomic%
- the S content is 25 to 40 atomic%
- the C content is 8 to Item 2.
- the complex according to Item 1, which is 25 atom%.
- Item 3. Item 3.
- a method for producing a composite according to Item 1 or 2 The manufacturing method which performs an electric current sintering process and a mechanical milling process with respect to the mixture containing a lithium containing compound, an iron containing compound, a phosphorus containing compound, a sulfur containing compound, and a carbon containing compound.
- the electric current sintering process and the mechanical milling process are After performing an electric current sintering process on the mixture containing the lithium-containing compound, the iron-containing compound, the phosphorus-containing compound, and the sulfur-containing compound, Item 4.
- the production method according to Item 3 wherein the obtained electrically sintered product is subjected to mechanical milling treatment together with a carbon-containing compound.
- Item 5 The production method according to Item 3.
- the mixture containing the lithium-containing compound, iron-containing compound, phosphorus-containing compound, and sulfur-containing compound is a mixture of lithium sulfide and iron phosphide sulfide, and / or a mixture of lithium sulfide, iron sulfide, and phosphorus.
- the production method according to 4. Item 6.
- Item 6. The production method according to any one of Items 3 to 5, wherein the electric current sintering treatment and / or mechanical milling treatment is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- Item 9. An electrode active material for a lithium battery, comprising the composite according to Item 1 or 2, or the composite obtained by the production method according to any one of Items 3 to 8.
- Item 10. Item 10.
- a lithium battery comprising the lithium battery electrode active material according to Item 9 as a constituent element.
- Item 11. The lithium battery according to Item 10, which is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Item 12. An all-solid lithium ion secondary battery comprising the lithium battery electrode active material according to Item 9 and a lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte as constituent elements.
- Item 13. Item 13.
- the all-solid lithium ion secondary battery according to Item 12 wherein the lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte is at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer solid electrolyte, a sulfide solid electrolyte, and an oxide solid electrolyte.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) is a fine particle having a crystallite size of 80 nm or less, particularly 50 nm or less, and an iron atom and a phosphorus atom are in the lithium sulfide crystal lattice.
- This is a composite in which the metastable phase introduced into is stabilized and carbon is uniformly dispersed.
- the phosphorus atom and iron atom incorporated in the lithium sulfide crystal lattice form a bond with sulfur, and the conductivity is improved to the inside. Ratio) is high, and the high capacity characteristics inherent in lithium sulfide can be sufficiently exhibited.
- the composite of the present invention is an electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries such as non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary batteries and all solid-state lithium ion secondary batteries. It is a highly useful material as an active material (especially a positive electrode active material).
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) having such excellent performance can be produced relatively easily. .
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of samples obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the charging / discharging characteristic of the lithium secondary battery which uses the sample obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 as a positive electrode active material.
- 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of samples obtained in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the charging / discharging characteristic of the lithium secondary battery which uses the sample obtained in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 as a positive electrode active material.
- 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of samples obtained in Examples 3 and 4.
- FIG. 6 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a sample obtained in Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the charging / discharging characteristic of the lithium secondary battery which uses the sample obtained by the comparative example 3 as a positive electrode active material. It is a graph which shows the charging / discharging characteristic of the all-solid-state lithium ion secondary battery which uses the sample obtained in Example 5 as a positive electrode active material.
- Lithium-Iron-Phosphorus-Sulfur-Carbon Composite The composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) has additive elements such as phosphorus atoms and iron atoms arranged in a lithium sulfide crystal lattice. PS bonds and Fe-S bonds are formed and free sulfur is not included. Therefore, when Li is desorbed and inserted, it elutes into the electrolyte as lithium polysulfide and does not move to the negative electrode, and does not deposit on the negative electrode. , Fe and C are included so that conductivity is imparted and excellent charge / discharge characteristics are exhibited.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) has a main phase composed of lithium sulfide in powder X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the abundance of the lithium sulfide phase is 90 mol% or more, preferably 95 mol% or more, based on the entire composite.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) contains a small amount of impurities up to about 10 mol% (particularly up to about 5 mol%) in addition to the lithium sulfide crystal phase. If the impurity content is at this level, the influence on the charge / discharge characteristics is limited.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) has a metastable phase of lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite that is stably present. It consists of crystallites. More specifically, the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) has a crystallite size of 80 nm or less, preferably 60 nm or less (particularly 1 to 50 nm).
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) is manufactured by a manufacturing method including mechanical milling as in the manufacturing method of the present invention described later, mechanical milling It is possible to refine the crystallite.
- crystallite size of the composite of the present invention is determined from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane indicating the maximum intensity of the lithium sulfide peak observed as the main phase in powder X-ray diffraction measurement. Calculated based on the formula.
- the abundance ratio of each element in the composite of the present invention is not particularly limited, and PS bonds and Fe-S bonds are present to the extent that free sulfur is not generated.
- Fe amount and P amount that can be formed exist, Li amount that the theoretical capacity estimated from the contained Li amount is about 600 mAh / g or more exists, and Fe amount and C amount that can secure conductivity exist. It is preferable.
- the Li content in the formed composite of the present invention is 30 to 55 atomic% (especially 35 to 50 atomic%, more preferably 39 to 47).
- Atomic percent Fe content is 2 to 7 atomic percent (especially 2 to 6 atomic percent, further 2.5 to 5.5 atomic percent), P content is 1 to 5 atomic percent (especially 2 to 5 atomic percent, 2.5 to 4.5 atomic%), S content is 25 to 40 atomic% (especially 30 to 35 atomic%, further 32 to 35 atomic%), and C content is 8 to 25 atomic% (especially 10 to 10%). 20 atom%, and preferably 14 to 17 atom%).
- lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite phosphorus atoms and iron atoms are arranged in a lithium sulfide crystal lattice to form PS bonds and Fe-S bonds.
- phosphorus and iron-containing lithium sulfide which are metastable phases, are formed into submicron particles, and phosphorus and iron-containing lithium sulfide, which are originally metastable phases, are stabilized.
- the composite of the present invention having such characteristics has phosphorus atoms and iron atoms, which are additive elements, arranged in a lithium sulfide crystal lattice to form PS bonds and Fe- Since S bond is formed and almost no free sulfur is contained, it is suppressed that it is eluted into the electrolyte as lithium polysulfide when Li is desorbed and inserted, and it is prevented from moving to or depositing on the negative electrode, resulting in good cycle characteristics. is there. Further, since it contains Fe and C, good conductivity is imparted. In particular, since Fe forms a Fe-S bond in the lithium sulfide crystal lattice, the utilization factor inside the lithium sulfide crystal is improved. Thus, the material has a high capacity.
- the composite of the present invention is not particularly limited and is a lithium-containing compound, an iron-containing compound, or a phosphorus-containing compound.
- the mixture containing a sulfur-containing compound and a carbon-containing compound can be obtained by subjecting the mixture to an electric current sintering process and a mechanical milling process. According to this method, the particles are refined, the metastable phase in which phosphorus atoms and iron atoms are incorporated in the lithium sulfide phase is stabilized, and a composite in which carbon is uniformly dispersed is obtained. Can do.
- this method will be specifically described.
- Raw material powder In this invention, a lithium containing compound, an iron containing compound, a phosphorus containing compound, a sulfur containing compound, and a carbon containing compound are used as a raw material.
- each of the lithium-containing compound, the iron-containing compound, the phosphorus-containing compound, the sulfur-containing compound, and the carbon-containing compound there is no particular limitation on the type of each of the lithium-containing compound, the iron-containing compound, the phosphorus-containing compound, the sulfur-containing compound, and the carbon-containing compound, and each of the lithium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon elements is included. 5 or more kinds of compounds can be mixed and used, or a part or all of a raw material is a compound containing two or more elements of lithium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur and carbon simultaneously. Can also be used.
- raw material compounds are preferably compounds that do not contain metal elements other than lithium, iron, and phosphorus.
- elements other than lithium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon contained in the raw material compound are separated and volatilized by heat treatment described below (preferably heat treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere). desirable.
- Such raw material compounds include lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) and the like as lithium-containing compounds.
- the iron-containing compound include metallic iron (Fe), iron sulfide (FeS, FeS 2 and the like), iron sulfate (FeSO 4 ), iron phosphide sulfide (FePS 3 ), and the like.
- the phosphorus-containing compound Phosphorus (P), iron phosphide sulfide (FePS 3 ), lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), etc. can be exemplified.
- Sulfur-containing compounds include sulfur (S), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), benzothiophene (C 8 H 6 S), iron sulfide (FeS, FeS 2 ), iron phosphide sulfide (FePS 3 ) and the like.
- carbon-containing compounds include carbon (C), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), benzothiophene ( C 8 H 6 S) and the like can be exemplified.
- lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) which is composed of only the constituent elements of the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite), which can be reacted with a small number of raw materials.
- carbon (C) for example, graphite, mesoporous carbon, hard carbon (non-graphitizable carbon material) and the like can be used.
- the shape of these raw material compounds is not particularly limited, and is preferably a powder having an average particle size of about 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter of the raw material compound is determined as the particle diameter at which the cumulative frequency is 50% by particle size distribution measurement by dry laser diffraction / scattering.
- an average particle diameter can also be controlled by using a raw material compound with a large particle diameter and grind
- the mixing ratio of the raw materials comprising the lithium-containing compound, iron-containing compound, phosphorus-containing compound, sulfur-containing compound and carbon-containing compound is not particularly limited, and the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus) that is the final product -Sulfur-carbon composite) has a Fe amount and a P amount sufficient to form PS bonds and Fe-S bonds to the extent that free sulfur is not generated, and a theoretical capacity estimated from the contained Li amount is about 600 mAh / g or more. It is preferable that the amount of Li is as large as possible, and the amount of Fe and the amount of C are sufficient to ensure conductivity.
- the Li content in the formed composite of the present invention is 30 to 55 atomic% (especially 35 to 50 atomic%, more preferably 39 to 47).
- Atomic percent Fe content is 2 to 7 atomic percent (especially 2 to 6 atomic percent, further 2.5 to 5.5 atomic percent)
- P content is 1 to 5 atomic percent (especially 2 to 5 atomic percent, 2.5 to 4.5 atomic%)
- S content is 25 to 40 atomic% (especially 30 to 35 atomic%, further 32 to 35 atomic%)
- C content is 8 to 25 atomic% (especially 10 to 10%). 20 atom%, and preferably 14 to 17 atom%).
- the ratio of each element contained in a raw material compound can be made the same as the ratio of each element in the target composite.
- (I) Electric current sintering process it is preferable to first perform an electric current sintering process to the mixture containing a lithium containing compound, an iron containing compound, a phosphorus containing compound, and a sulfur containing compound as an electric current sintering process.
- the above-described raw material mixture is filled in a conductive mold (conductive container), and a DC pulse current is preferably passed through the conductive mold (conductive container) (discharge plasma).
- a method called a sintering method, a pulsed current sintering method, a plasma activated sintering method, etc. causes heating of a conductive mold (conductive container) by Joule heat, and a conductive mold (conductive container)
- the raw material mixture in () is heated, each element diffuses and moves, and an intermediate in which each element is mixed with each other at the atomic level can be suitably produced.
- the atmosphere during the electric current sintering treatment is preferably a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the current sintering process may be performed under normal pressure, but it is preferable to perform the current sintering process under pressure.
- the carbon-containing compound used as the raw material compound can be added at this stage, and can also be added during the mechanical milling process described later, but the material is reduced (composition changes) at the stage of the electric current sintering process. In order to suppress this more, it is preferable to add it at the time of the mechanical milling process mentioned later.
- the material of the conductive mold is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material.
- carbon conductive carbon material
- metal or its alloy oxide, etc. (iron, oxidized) Iron, aluminum, tungsten carbide, etc.), carbon and / or a mixture of iron oxide and silicon nitride can be suitably used.
- the electric current sintering treatment is preferably performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar or N 2, or in a reducing atmosphere such as H 2 in order to further suppress oxidation of sulfide.
- a reduced pressure state in which the oxygen concentration is sufficiently low for example, a reduced pressure in which the oxygen partial pressure is about 20 Pa or less (particularly 1 to 20 Pa) can be used.
- the inside of the container can be made a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the conductive mold (conductive container) may not be completely sealed.
- the container is accommodated in the reaction chamber, A non-oxidizing atmosphere can be obtained.
- the reaction chamber has an inert gas atmosphere, a reducing gas atmosphere, or the like of about 0.01 MPa or more (particularly about 0.05 to 0.2 MPa).
- the heating temperature in the electric current sintering process usually reduces the amount of sulfur (free sulfur) that does not bind to transition metals and typical elements, while allowing the constituent elements to interdiffuse more and mix with each other at the atomic level.
- the temperature range be 400 to 1300 ° C.
- the time for maintaining the above heating temperature range is preferably about 0 to 30 minutes from the viewpoint of further suppressing defects caused by volatilization of elements such as Li, P, and S, and increasing the capacity. If the temperature range is reached, the energization may be stopped immediately and the product may be allowed to cool.
- the pressure when pressurizing the raw material powder from the viewpoint of strengthening the contact between the raw material compounds and making the atomic interdiffusion during heating more sufficient, and making the reaction between the atoms in the raw material compound more sufficient, for example, about 5 to 60 MPa is preferable, and about 10 to 50 MPa is more preferable.
- the apparatus for conducting the current sintering is not particularly limited as long as the raw material mixture can be heated, cooled, pressurized, and the like and can apply a current necessary for discharge.
- a commercially available electric current sintering apparatus discharge plasma sintering apparatus
- Such an electric current sintering apparatus and its principle are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-251070.
- FIG. 1 showing a schematic diagram of the electric current sintering apparatus.
- the electric sintering apparatus used by this invention is not restricted only to the apparatus demonstrated below.
- the 1 has a sintering die (electron conductive container) 3 loaded with a sample 2 and a pair of upper and lower punches 4 and 5.
- the punches 4 and 5 are supported by punch electrodes 6 and 7, respectively, and a pulse current is supplied through the punch electrodes 6 and 7 while pressing the sample 2 loaded on the sintering die 3 as necessary. can do.
- the material of the sintering die 3 is not limited, and examples thereof include a carbon material such as graphite.
- the energization part including the conductive container 3, energization punches 4 and 5, and punch electrodes 6 and 7 is accommodated in a water-cooled vacuum chamber 8.
- the control mechanism 15 can adjust to a predetermined atmosphere. Therefore, it is preferable to adjust the inside of the chamber to a non-oxidizing atmosphere using the atmosphere control mechanism 15.
- the control device 12 drives and controls the pressurization mechanism 13, the pulse power supply 11, the atmosphere control mechanism 15, the water cooling mechanisms 16 and 10, and the temperature measurement device 17.
- the control device 12 is configured to drive the pressurizing mechanism 13 so that the punch electrodes 6 and 7 pressurize the raw material mixture at a predetermined pressure.
- a pulsed ON-OFF direct current having a pulse width of about 2 to 3 milliseconds and a period of about 3 to 300 Hz can be used.
- the specific current value varies depending on the type and size of the conductive mold (conductive container), and it is preferable to determine the specific current value so as to be in the temperature range described above. For example, when a graphite mold with an inner diameter of 15 mm is used, approximately 200 to 1000 A is preferable, and when a graphite mold with an inner diameter of 100 mm is used, approximately 1000 to 8000 A is preferable.
- the raw material mixture filled in the conductive container 3 can be pressurized through the punch electrodes 6 and 7.
- the mechanical milling method is a method in which a raw material is mixed and reacted while mechanical energy is applied. According to this method, a mechanical impact or friction is applied to the raw material and the raw material is mixed. Since each compound contained is vigorously contacted and refined, a metastable phase is easily obtained.
- the above-described mechanical milling treatment can form a metastable lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur compound that is difficult to produce only by the heat treatment in the electric current sintering process, and can be finely and stably exist. Furthermore, favorable electroconductivity can be provided by carbon provision from a carbon-containing compound.
- a ball mill for example, a ball mill, a vibration mill, a turbo mill, a disk mill or the like can be used, and a vibration mill is preferable.
- a non-oxidizing atmosphere e.g., Ar, inert gas atmosphere such as N 2
- a reducing atmosphere such as H 2 or the like.
- a reduced pressure state in which the oxygen concentration is sufficiently low for example, a reduced pressure in which the oxygen partial pressure is about 20 Pa or less (particularly 1 to 20 Pa) can be used.
- the temperature at the time of performing a mechanical milling process is preferable from a viewpoint which suppresses volatilization of sulfur more and tends to form the composite with the high content ratio of the target sulfur.
- the mechanical milling time is not particularly limited, and it is preferable to perform the mechanical milling treatment until the crystallite size of the obtained composite is 80 nm or less, particularly 60 nm or less, and further 50 nm or less.
- Lithium ion secondary battery utilizes the above-described excellent characteristics to provide a lithium primary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a metallic lithium It can be effectively used as an electrode active material (especially a positive electrode active material) of lithium batteries (particularly lithium ion secondary batteries) such as secondary batteries.
- the composite of the present invention is a material containing lithium in the structure, it is a material that can be charged and discharged from charge, and is excellent. Therefore, it is useful as an electrode active material (especially positive electrode active material) for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using the composite of the present invention is a non-aqueous solution using a non-aqueous solvent electrolyte as an electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous solvent electrolyte as an electrolyte.
- the structures of the non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary battery and the all solid state lithium ion secondary battery are the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) as an electrode active material (especially a positive electrode active material). Except for the use, it can be the same as a known lithium ion secondary battery.
- the basic of the present invention is the same as that of the above-described composite (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) as an electrode active material (especially a positive electrode active material).
- the general structure can be the same as that of a known non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary battery.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) described above is used as the positive electrode active material, for example, the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite).
- a conductive material, and a binder can be supported on a positive electrode current collector such as Al, Ni, stainless steel, or carbon cloth.
- a positive electrode current collector such as Al, Ni, stainless steel, or carbon cloth.
- the conductive material for example, carbon materials such as graphite, cokes, carbon black, and acicular carbon can be used.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) is used as the negative electrode active material, conventionally known materials can be used as the positive electrode.
- both materials containing lithium and materials not containing lithium can be used.
- lithium metal, tin, silicon, alloys containing these, SiO, and the like can be used.
- These negative electrode active materials can also be supported on a negative electrode current collector made of Al, Cu, Ni, stainless steel, carbon, or the like, using the above-described conductive material, binder, or the like, if necessary.
- the composite of the present invention lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite
- the separator is made of, for example, a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, a fluororesin, nylon, aromatic aramid, inorganic glass, or the like, and a material such as a porous film, a nonwoven fabric, or a woven fabric can be used.
- solvents for the nonaqueous electrolyte known solvents can be used as solvents for nonaqueous solvent secondary batteries such as carbonates, ethers, nitriles, and sulfur-containing compounds.
- examples of the lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte include, for example, a polymer solid electrolyte such as a polyethylene oxide polymer compound, a polymer compound containing at least one of a polyorganosiloxane chain and a polyoxyalkylene chain, and a sulfide.
- a physical solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, or the like can also be used.
- the composite of the present invention (lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite) is used as the positive electrode active material
- the composite of the present invention (lithium- A positive electrode mixture containing an iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite)
- a conductive material for example, a carbon material such as graphite, cokes, carbon black, and acicular carbon can be used as in the case of the non-aqueous solvent secondary battery.
- the shape of the non-aqueous electrolyte lithium ion secondary battery and the all solid state lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited, and any of a cylindrical shape, a rectangular shape, and the like can be adopted.
- Example 1 Commercial sponge iron (Fe) (manufactured by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size of about 30 ⁇ m), commercial red phosphorus (P) (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd., average particle size of about 20 ⁇ m), and commercially available sulfur ( S) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., average particle size of about 20 ⁇ m) was mixed so that the molar ratio was 1: 2: 6, and then heat treated at 550 ° C. to thereby obtain iron phosphide sulfide (FePS 3 ). Was made.
- FePS 3 iron phosphide sulfide
- This FePS 3 and commercially available lithium sulfide (Li 2 S, manufactured by Mitsuwa Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle diameter of about 16 ⁇ m) are placed in an argon gas atmosphere glove box (dew point) so that the molar ratio is 1: 4.
- the mixture was weighed at ⁇ 80 ° C. and thoroughly mixed in a mortar, and then filled into a graphite mold having an inner diameter of 15 mm.
- the graphite mold filled with the raw material was accommodated in an electric current sintering machine.
- the energized part including the graphite mold and the electrode part is accommodated in a vacuum chamber. After the vacuum (about 20 Pa) is deaerated in the chamber, high-purity argon gas (oxygen concentration: about 0.2 ppm) is brought to atmospheric pressure. Filled.
- a pulse current of about 600 A (pulse width 2.5 milliseconds, period 28.6 Hz) was applied while pressurizing the raw material filled in the graphite mold at about 30 MPa.
- the vicinity of the graphite mold was heated at a heating rate of about 150 ° C./min, and reached 600 ° C. 4 minutes after the start of pulse current application.
- the current application and pressurization were stopped and the mixture was allowed to cool naturally.
- the graphite jig was transferred to a glove box with an argon gas atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 80 ° C., and the reaction product of FePS 3 and Li 2 S was taken out of the mold and pulverized in a mortar.
- the mixture was placed in a zirconia pot under an argon gas atmosphere and treated for 8 hours by a mechanical milling method using a vibrating cup mill (model MC-4A) manufactured by Ito Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- the ratio (atomic%) of each element used for the raw material was 39.2% for Li, 4.9% for Fe, 4.9% for P, 34.3% for S, and C 16. It was 6%.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- a peak derived from Li 2 S was observed as the main phase, and a FeP peak was observed as a small amount of impurities other than that.
- the abundance ratio (mol%) of FeP estimated by Rietveld analysis was about 7.6% (that is, the abundance ratio of Li 2 S was 92.4 mol%).
- the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li 2 S was about 42 nm. From the above, a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite with a main phase of lithium sulfide and a crystallite size of 50 nm or less could be produced by this method.
- the resulting composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery, lithium metal as a negative electrode, aluminum mesh as a current collector, and LiPF 6 as an electrolyte solution dissolved in an ethylene carbonate / dimethyl carbonate mixture. Then, a charge / discharge test was performed by starting charging with constant current measurement at a cutoff of 1.0-3.0 V at a current density of 46.7 mA / g.
- Fig. 3 shows the charge / discharge characteristics. As shown in FIG. 3, the initial discharge capacity was about 780 mAh / g, which was significantly higher than the value (initial discharge capacity about 370 mAh / g) of the sample measured in Comparative Example 1 described later. In addition, although the sample of Example 1 compared with the sample of the comparative example 1 had a little charge capacity, it was able to draw out high discharge capacity irrespective of charge capacity.
- Comparative Example 1 A composite powder was produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 1 except that the raw material used was FeS 2 instead of FePS 3 . That is, commercially available iron sulfide (FeS 2 ) (manufactured by Alfa Aesar, average particle size of about 6 ⁇ m) and commercially available lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) (manufactured by Mitsuwa Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size of about 16 ⁇ m) After mixing so that the molar ratio is 1: 4, it is treated at 600 ° C.
- FeS 2 iron sulfide
- Li 2 S lithium sulfide
- acetylene black (AB) powder manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., average particle size of about 0.04 ⁇ m.
- AB acetylene black
- Were mixed at a weight ratio of FeS 2 —Li 2 S reactant: AB 9: 1, and this was treated by mechanical milling for 8 hours to prepare a composite.
- the ratio (atomic%) of each element used for the raw material (included in the composite) was Li 44.9%, Fe 5.6%, S 33.7%, and C 15.8%.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- the composite of Comparative Example 1 consisted of only a peak derived from Li 2 S, and the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane was about 29 nm. .
- a charge / discharge test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge characteristics are as shown in FIG. 3, which is an initial discharge capacity of about 370 mAh / g, which is significantly lower than the case of the composite obtained in Example 1 (initial discharge capacity of about 780 mAh / g). It was. From the above, in the lithium-iron-sulfur-carbon composite that does not contain phosphorus, a composite with lithium sulfide as the main phase and a crystallite size of 50 nm or less can be produced, but when used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery, A high capacity value (particularly a high discharge capacity value) could not be obtained.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, except that the molar ratio of FePS 3 and lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) was 1: 5 and the heat treatment with an electric sintering machine was performed at 1200 ° C., lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur- A carbon composite was prepared. In addition, the ratio (atomic%) of each element used for the raw material (included in the composite) was Li 42.0%, Fe 4.2%, P 4.2%, S 33.6%, C 16 0.0%.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- a peak derived from Li 2 S was observed as the main phase, and a FeP peak was observed as a small amount of impurities other than that.
- the abundance ratio (mol%) of FeP estimated by Rietveld analysis was about 4.4% (that is, the abundance ratio of Li 2 S was 95.6 mol%).
- the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li 2 S was about 47 nm. From the above, a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite with a main phase of lithium sulfide and a crystallite size of 50 nm or less could be produced by this method.
- Example 2 A charge / discharge test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge characteristics are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 5, the initial discharge capacity was about 830 mAh / g, which was significantly higher than the value (initial discharge capacity of about 370 mAh / g) for the sample measured in Comparative Example 2 described later. Note that the sample of Example 2 was able to draw a high discharge capacity regardless of the charge capacity, although the charge capacity was slightly smaller than that of the sample of Comparative Example 2.
- Comparative Example 2 A composite powder was prepared in exactly the same manner as in Example 2 except that the raw material used was commercially available iron sulfide (FeS 2 ) (Alfa Aesar, average particle size of about 6 ⁇ m) instead of FePS 3 .
- the ratio (atomic%) of each element used in the raw material (included in the composite) was 47.1% for Li, 4.7% for Fe, 33.0% for S, and 15.2% for C.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- the composite of Comparative Example 2 consisted of only a peak derived from Li 2 S, and the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane was about 27 nm. .
- Example 2 A charge / discharge test was conducted in the same manner as in Example 2 except that this composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge characteristics are shown in FIG.
- the initial discharge capacity was about 370 mAh / g, which was significantly lower than that of the composite obtained in Example 2 (initial discharge capacity of about 830 mAh / g).
- a composite with lithium sulfide as the main phase and a crystallite size of 50 nm or less can be produced, but when used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery, A high capacity value (particularly a high discharge capacity value) could not be obtained.
- Example 3 A lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the molar ratio of FePS 3 and lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) was 1: 6. In addition, the ratio (atomic%) of each element used for the raw material (included in the composite) was Li 44.0%, Fe 3.7%, P 3.7%, S 33.0%, C 15 It was 6%.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- a peak derived from Li 2 S was observed as the main phase, and a FeP peak was observed as a small amount of impurities in the other phases.
- the abundance ratio (mol%) of FeP estimated by Rietveld analysis was about 0.1% (that is, the abundance ratio of Li 2 S was 99.9 mol%).
- the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li 2 S was about 41 nm. From the above, a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite with a main phase of lithium sulfide and a crystallite size of 50 nm or less could be produced by this method.
- Example 2 A charge / discharge test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge characteristics are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 7, the initial discharge capacity is about 810 mAh / g, which is a high discharge capacity equivalent to the values of the samples measured in Examples 1 and 2 (initial discharge capacities of about 780 and 830 mAh / g, respectively). Indicated.
- Example 4 As a raw material, a powder obtained by mixing iron sulfide (FeS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and red phosphorus (P) so as to have a molar ratio of 1: 4: 0.5 is obtained at 600 ° C. by an electric current sintering method.
- a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the heat treatment was performed for 10 minutes.
- the ratio (atomic%) of each element used for the raw material (included in the composite) was Li 43.4%, Fe 5.4%, P 2.7%, S 32.5%, C 16 0.0%.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- a peak derived from Li 2 S was observed as the main phase, and other peaks were observed as FeP and FeS as small amounts of impurities.
- the abundance ratio (mol%) of FeP and FeS estimated by Rietveld analysis was about 2.2% and about 1.6%, respectively (that is, the abundance ratio of Li 2 S was 96.2 mol%).
- the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li 2 S was about 36 nm. From the above, a lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite with a main phase of lithium sulfide and a crystallite size of 50 nm or less could be produced by this method.
- Example 1 A charge / discharge test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that this composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge characteristics are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 7, the initial discharge capacity was about 680 mAh / g, a high discharge capacity equivalent to the value of the sample measured in Example 1 (initial discharge capacity about 780 mAh / g).
- Comparative Example 3 is the same as Example 4 except that the molar ratio of iron sulfide (FeS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and red phosphorus (P) used as raw materials is 1: 4: 1. A lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite was prepared. In addition, the ratio (atomic%) of each element used for the raw material was Li 41.9%, Fe 5.2%, P 5.2%, S 31.4%, and C 16.2%.
- FeS 2 iron sulfide
- Li 2 S lithium sulfide
- P red phosphorus
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained sample is shown in FIG.
- a peak derived from Li 2 S was observed as the main phase, and a FeP peak was observed as an impurity other than that.
- the abundance ratio (mol%) of FeP estimated by Rietveld analysis was about 10.2% (that is, the abundance ratio of Li 2 S was 89.8 mol%).
- the crystallite size estimated from the half width of the diffraction peak based on the (111) plane of Li 2 S was about 30 nm.
- Example 4 A charge / discharge test was performed in the same manner as in Example 4 except that this composite powder was used as a positive electrode material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the charge / discharge characteristics are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 9, the initial discharge capacity was about 230 mAh / g, which was significantly lower than the value of the sample measured in Example 4 (initial discharge capacity of about 680 mAh / g).
- the composite when used as a positive electrode material for a secondary battery, a high capacity value (particularly a high discharge capacity value) could not be obtained.
- Example 5 The lithium-iron-phosphorus-sulfur-carbon composite obtained in Example 1 was used as a positive electrode material, an indium metal was used as a negative electrode, and an all-solid battery was assembled using 75Li 2 S / 25P 2 S 5 as an electrolyte. A test was conducted.
- a pellet battery having a diameter of 10 mm was produced by pressure-molding S ⁇ 25P 2 S 5 electrolyte / indium foil. This was subjected to a charge / discharge test at the start of charging by constant current measurement at a current density of 11.7 mA / g (74 ⁇ A / cm 2 ) at a cutoff of 0.4 to 3.0 V.
- Fig. 10 shows the charge / discharge characteristics. As shown in FIG. 10, the initial discharge capacity is about 310 mAh / g, and the discharge capacity after 5 cycles is about 280 mAh / g (capacity maintenance rate is about 90%), which is relatively reversibly cycled. It was.
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Abstract
Description
項1.リチウム、鉄、リン、硫黄及び炭素を構成元素として含む複合体であって、
硫化リチウム(Li2S)を90モル%以上含み、
粉末X線回折測定によって得られたLi2Sの(111)面に基づく回折ピークの半価幅から算出される結晶子サイズが80nm以下である、
複合体。
項2.複合体中のLi含有量が30~55原子%、Fe含有量が2~7原子%、P含有量が1~5原子%、S含有量が25~40原子%、C含有量が8~25原子%である、項1に記載の複合体。
項3.項1又は2に記載の複合体の製造方法であって、
リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、硫黄含有化合物、及び炭素含有化合物を含む混合物に対して、通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理を施す、製造方法。
項4.前記通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理が、
リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、及び硫黄含有化合物を含む混合物に対して通電焼結処理を行った後に、
得られた通電焼結物を炭素含有化合物とともにメカニカルミリング処理を施す処理である、項3に記載の製造方法。
項5.前記リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、及び硫黄含有化合物を含む混合物が、硫化リチウムとリン化硫化鉄との混合物、及び/又は硫化リチウムと硫化鉄とリンとの混合物である、項4に記載の製造方法。
項6.前記通電焼結処理及び/又はメカニカルミリング処理が、非酸化性雰囲気下において行われる、項3~5のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
項7.前記通電焼結処理及び/又はメカニカルミリング処理が、導電性を有する型内において行われる、項3~6のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
項8.前記通電焼結処理及び/又はメカニカルミリング処理が、加圧下に行われる、項3~7のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
項9.項1若しくは2に記載の複合体、又は項3~8のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法により得られた複合体を含有する、リチウム電池用電極活物質。
項10.項9に記載のリチウム電池用電極活物質を構成要素として含有する、リチウム電池。
項11.リチウムイオン二次電池である、項10に記載のリチウム電池。
項12.項9に記載のリチウム電池用電極活物質と、リチウムイオン伝導性固体電解質とを構成要素として含有する、全固体リチウムイオン二次電池。
項13.前記リチウムイオン導電性固体電解質が、ポリマー系固体電解質、硫化物系固体電解質及び酸化物系固体電解質よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、項12に記載の全固体リチウムイオン二次電池。
本発明の複合体(リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体)は、添加元素であるリン原子及び鉄原子が硫化リチウム結晶格子内に配置してP-S結合及びFe-S結合を形成し、遊離硫黄を含まないため、Liの脱離及び挿入時に多硫化リチウムとして電解液に溶出して負極に移動することも負極に析出することもなく、また、Fe及びCを含むため導電性が付与されており、優れた充放電特性を示す。
本発明の複合体(リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体)は、特に制限されず、リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、硫黄含有化合物及び炭素含有化合物を含む混合物に対して、通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理を施すことによって得ることができる。この方法によれば、粒子が微細化されて、リン原子及び鉄原子が硫化リチウム相内に取り込まれた準安定相が安定化され、さらに、炭素が均一に分散した状態の複合体を得ることができる。以下、この方法について具体的に説明する。
本発明では、原料として、リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、硫黄含有化合物、及び炭素含有化合物を用いる。
本発明の製造方法においては、上記原料化合物を用いて、リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、硫黄含有化合物及び炭素含有化合物を含む混合物を得た後に、通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理を施す。通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理の順序については、特に制限されるわけではないが、まず通電焼結処理を行い、次いで、メカニカルミリング処理を施すことが好ましい。
本発明では、まず、通電焼結処理として、リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物及び硫黄含有化合物を含む混合物に、通電焼結処理を施すことが好ましい。具体的には、上記した原料混合物を、導電性を有する型(導電性容器)に充填し、該導電性を有する型(導電性容器)に、好ましくは直流パルス電流を通電すること(放電プラズマ焼結法、パルス通電焼結法、プラズマ活性化焼結法等と呼ばれる方法)により、ジュール熱による導電性を有する型(導電性容器)の加熱が起こり、導電性を有する型(導電性容器)内の原料混合物が加熱されて、各元素が拡散移動し、原子レベルで各元素が相互に混合した中間体を好適に作製することができる。この通電焼結処理の際の雰囲気は、非酸化性雰囲気下とすることが好ましい。また、常圧下に通電焼結処理を施してもよいが、加圧下に通電焼結処理を施すことが好ましい。原料化合物として用いる炭素含有化合物は、この段階で添加することもでき、後述するメカニカルミリング処理の際に添加することもできるが、通電焼結処理の段階で材料が還元する(組成が変化する)ことをより抑制するため、後述するメカニカルミリング処理の際に添加することが好ましい。
上記した通電焼結処理で得られた中間体を、メカニカルミリング処理を施し、混合、粉砕及び反応させることによって、本発明の目的とする複合体(リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体)を得ることができる。通電焼結工程で用いた原料に、所定量の炭素含有化合物が含まれていない場合には、メカニカルミリング処理を施す前に、中間体と炭素含有化合物とを混合した後にメカニカルミリング処理を施すことができる。
本発明の複合体(リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体)は、上記した優れた特性を利用して、リチウム一次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池、金属リチウム二次電池等のリチウム電池(特にリチウムイオン二次電池)の電極活物質(特に正極電活物質)として有効に利用できる。特に、本発明の複合体(リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体)は、構造中にリチウムを含有する材料であるため、充電から充放電を行うことができる材料であり、しかも、優れたサイクル特性を有することから、リチウムイオン二次電池用の電極活物質(特に正極活物質)として有用である。本発明の複合体(リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体)を電極活物質(特に正極活物質)として使用するリチウムイオン二次電池は、電解質として非水溶媒系電解液を用いる非水電解質リチウムイオン二次電池、及びリチウムイオン伝導性固体電解質を用いる全固体型リチウムイオン二次電池のいずれも採用できる。
市販のスポンジ状鉄(Fe)(純正化学(株)製、平均粒径約30μm)、市販の赤リン(P)(キシダ化学(株)製、平均粒径約20μm)、及び市販の硫黄(S)(和光純薬工業(株)製、平均粒径約20μm)をモル比が1:2:6となるように混合後、550℃で熱処理することにより、リン化硫化鉄(FePS3)を作製した。このFePS3と市販の硫化リチウム(三津和化学薬品(株)製、Li2S、平均粒径約16μm)とを、モル比が1:4となるよう、アルゴンガス雰囲気のグローブボックス内(露点-80℃)で秤量し、乳鉢で充分に混合後、内径15mmの黒鉛型材に充填した。
用いる原料がFePS3の代わりにFeS2であること以外は実施例1と全く同様にして複合体粉末を作製した。すなわち、市販の硫化鉄(FeS2)(Alfa Aesar製、平均粒径約6μm)と市販の硫化リチウム(Li2S)(三津和化学薬品(株)製、平均粒径約16μm)とを、モル比が1:4となるよう混合後、通電焼結法で600℃で処理し、これに市販のアセチレンブラック(AB)粉末(電気化学工業(株)製、平均粒径約0.04μm)を、FeS2-Li2S反応物:AB=9:1の重量比となるよう混合し、これをメカニカルミリング法により8時間処理して複合体を作製した。原料に用いた(複合体中に含まれる)各元素の比率(原子%)は、Li 44.9%、Fe 5.6%、S 33.7%、C 15.8%であった。
FePS3と硫化リチウム(Li2S)のモル比を1:5とし、通電焼結機による熱処理を1200℃で行うこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体を作製した。なお、原料に用いた(複合体中に含まれる)各元素の比率(原子%)は、Li 42.0%、Fe 4.2%、P 4.2%、S 33.6%、C 16.0%であった。
用いる原料がFePS3の代わりに市販の硫化鉄(FeS2)(Alfa Aesar製、平均粒径約6μm)であること以外は実施例2と全く同様にして複合体粉末を作製した。原料に用いた(複合体中に含まれる)各元素の比率(原子%)は、Li 47.1%、Fe 4.7%、S 33.0%、C 15.2%であった。
FePS3と硫化リチウム(Li2S)とのモル比を1:6とすること以外は、実施例2と同様にして、リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体を作製した。なお、原料に用いた(複合体中に含まれる)各元素の比率(原子%)は、Li 44.0%、Fe 3.7%、P 3.7%、S 33.0%、C 15.6%であった。
原料として、硫化鉄(FeS2)、硫化リチウム(Li2S)、赤リン(P)をモル比が1:4:0.5となるよう混合した粉末を用い、通電焼結法により600℃で10分間熱処理したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、リチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体を作製した。なお、原料に用いた(複合体中に含まれる)各元素の比率(原子%)は、Li 43.4%、Fe 5.4%、P 2.7%、S 32.5%、C 16.0%であった。
原料として用いる硫化鉄(FeS2)、硫化リチウム(Li2S)、赤リン(P)のモル比が1:4:1であること以外は、実施例4と同様にして、比較例3のリチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体を作製した。なお、原料に用いた各元素の比率(原子%)は、Li 41.9%、Fe 5.2%、P 5.2%、S 31.4%、C 16.2%であった。
実施例1で得られたリチウム-鉄-リン-硫黄-炭素複合体を正極材料に用い、負極にインジウム金属、電解質に75Li2S・25P2S5を用いて全固体電池を組み上げ、充放電試験を行った。
2 試料
3 焼結ダイ(導電性容器)
4,5 パンチ
6,7 パンチ電極
8 水冷真空チャンバー
9,9’ 冷却水路
10,16 水冷却機構
11 焼結用電源
12 制御装置
13 加圧機構
14 位置計測機構
15 雰囲気制御機構
17 温度計測装置
Claims (13)
- リチウム、鉄、リン、硫黄及び炭素を構成元素として含む複合体であって、
硫化リチウム(Li2S)を90モル%以上含み、
粉末X線回折測定によって得られたLi2Sの(111)面に基づく回折ピークの半価幅から算出される結晶子サイズが80nm以下である、
複合体。 - 複合体中のLi含有量が30~55原子%、Fe含有量が2~7原子%、P含有量が1~5原子%、S含有量が25~40原子%、C含有量が8~25原子%である、請求項1に記載の複合体。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の複合体の製造方法であって、
リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、硫黄含有化合物、及び炭素含有化合物を含む混合物に対して、通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理を施す、製造方法。 - 前記通電焼結処理及びメカニカルミリング処理が、
リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、及び硫黄含有化合物を含む混合物に対して通電焼結処理を行った後に、
得られた通電焼結物を炭素含有化合物とともにメカニカルミリング処理を施す処理である、請求項3に記載の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム含有化合物、鉄含有化合物、リン含有化合物、及び硫黄含有化合物を含む混合物が、硫化リチウムとリン化硫化鉄との混合物、及び/又は硫化リチウムと硫化鉄とリンとの混合物である、請求項4に記載の製造方法。
- 前記通電焼結処理及び/又はメカニカルミリング処理が、非酸化性雰囲気下において行われる、請求項3~5のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記通電焼結処理及び/又はメカニカルミリング処理が、導電性を有する型内において行われる、請求項3~6のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記通電焼結処理及び/又はメカニカルミリング処理が、加圧下に行われる、請求項3~7のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1若しくは2に記載の複合体、又は請求項3~8のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法により得られた複合体を含有する、リチウム電池用電極活物質。
- 請求項9に記載のリチウム電池用電極活物質を構成要素として含有する、リチウム電池。
- リチウムイオン二次電池である、請求項10に記載のリチウム電池。
- 請求項9に記載のリチウム電池用電極活物質と、リチウムイオン伝導性固体電解質とを構成要素として含有する、全固体リチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記リチウムイオン導電性固体電解質が、ポリマー系固体電解質、硫化物系固体電解質及び酸化物系固体電解質よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、請求項12に記載の全固体リチウムイオン二次電池。
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| CN113526565A (zh) * | 2021-07-09 | 2021-10-22 | 天津大学 | 一种快速合成钴酸锂正极材料的方法及应用 |
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| JP2018095492A (ja) * | 2016-12-09 | 2018-06-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 硫化物固体電解質の製造方法 |
| JP7282116B2 (ja) | 2018-04-10 | 2023-05-26 | エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド | リン化鉄の製造方法、リン化鉄を含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びこれを備えたリチウム二次電池 |
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| US11349113B2 (en) | 2018-04-10 | 2022-05-31 | Lg Energy Solution, Ltd. | Method of producing iron phosphide, positive electrode for lithium secondary battery comprising iron phosphide, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
| JP2021531228A (ja) * | 2018-09-18 | 2021-11-18 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 硫化鉄の製造方法、これより製造された硫化鉄を含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びこれを備えたリチウム二次電池 |
| JP7098043B2 (ja) | 2018-09-18 | 2022-07-08 | エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド | 硫化鉄の製造方法、これより製造された硫化鉄を含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びこれを備えたリチウム二次電池 |
| US12155073B2 (en) | 2018-09-18 | 2024-11-26 | Lg Energy Solution, Ltd. | Method for preparing iron sulfide, cathode comprising iron sulfide prepared thereby for lithium secondary battery, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
| JP7285026B2 (ja) | 2019-08-30 | 2023-06-01 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | リン含有低結晶性バナジウム硫化物 |
| WO2021039820A1 (ja) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-04 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | リン含有低結晶性バナジウム硫化物 |
| JPWO2021039820A1 (ja) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-04 | ||
| JP2022070161A (ja) * | 2020-10-26 | 2022-05-12 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 硫化物系正極活物質、蓄電素子用正極及び蓄電素子 |
| WO2023167132A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-03 | 2023-09-07 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 硫化リチウム-鉄-炭素複合体 |
| JPWO2023167132A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-03 | 2023-09-07 | ||
| JP7778420B2 (ja) | 2022-03-03 | 2025-12-02 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 硫化リチウム-鉄-炭素複合体 |
| WO2024009978A1 (ja) * | 2022-07-04 | 2024-01-11 | 出光興産株式会社 | 複合粉末、正極合材及びアルカリ金属イオン電池 |
| WO2024096075A1 (ja) * | 2022-11-04 | 2024-05-10 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 鉄含有多硫化リチウム |
| JPWO2024096075A1 (ja) * | 2022-11-04 | 2024-05-10 | ||
| JP7797056B2 (ja) | 2022-11-04 | 2026-01-13 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 鉄含有多硫化リチウム |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20170084271A (ko) | 2017-07-19 |
| EP3222585A4 (en) | 2018-05-23 |
| JPWO2016080443A1 (ja) | 2017-09-07 |
| KR102350807B1 (ko) | 2022-01-14 |
| US10367196B2 (en) | 2019-07-30 |
| EP3222585A1 (en) | 2017-09-27 |
| CN107074585B (zh) | 2018-12-25 |
| JP6501272B2 (ja) | 2019-04-17 |
| US20180006298A1 (en) | 2018-01-04 |
| CN107074585A (zh) | 2017-08-18 |
| EP3222585B1 (en) | 2019-07-31 |
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