WO2016072398A1 - ゲルマニウム層をチャネル領域とする半導体装置およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
ゲルマニウム層をチャネル領域とする半導体装置およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H10D62/17—Semiconductor regions connected to electrodes not carrying current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. channel regions
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- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/22—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities
- H01L21/223—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities using diffusion into or out of a solid from or into a gaseous phase
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/28008—Making conductor-insulator-semiconductor electrodes
- H01L21/28255—Making conductor-insulator-semiconductor electrodes the insulator being formed after the semiconductor body, the semiconductor belonging to Group IV and not being elemental silicon, e.g. Ge, SiGe, SiGeC
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
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- H10D62/17—Semiconductor regions connected to electrodes not carrying current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. channel regions
- H10D62/213—Channel regions of field-effect devices
- H10D62/221—Channel regions of field-effect devices of FETs
- H10D62/235—Channel regions of field-effect devices of FETs of IGFETs
- H10D62/314—Channel regions of field-effect devices of FETs of IGFETs having vertical doping variations
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- H10D62/83—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials being Group IV materials, e.g. B-doped Si or undoped Ge
- H10D62/834—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials being Group IV materials, e.g. B-doped Si or undoped Ge further characterised by the dopants
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof, and relates to a semiconductor device having a germanium layer as a channel region and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Germanium (Ge) is a semiconductor having superior electronic properties compared to silicon (Si).
- MOSFETs Metal / Oxide / Semiconductor / Field / Effect / Transistors
- Patent Document 1 describes that a germanium layer is heat-treated in a reducing gas or inert gas atmosphere.
- the on-current can be increased by improving the channel mobility.
- the off-current can be suppressed by suppressing the junction current in the source region and the drain region.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of increasing the ratio of on-current to off-current and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present invention includes a channel region having a first conductivity type formed in a germanium layer, and a source region and a drain region having a second conductivity type formed in the germanium layer and different from the first conductivity type. And the oxygen concentration in the channel region is lower than the oxygen concentration at the junction interface between at least one of the source region and the drain region and the region having the first conductivity type surrounding the at least one region.
- This is a semiconductor device.
- the oxygen concentration in the channel region may be 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and the oxygen concentration in the bonding interface may be higher than 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the oxygen concentration in the channel region may be 5 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the first conductivity type may be a p-type
- the second conductivity type may be an n-type
- the present invention provides a step of forming a channel region having a first conductivity type formed in a germanium layer, and forming a source region and a drain region having a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type in the germanium layer. And the oxygen concentration in the channel region is lower than the oxygen concentration at the junction interface between at least one of the source region and the drain region and the region having the first conductivity type surrounding the at least one region. And a step of setting an oxygen concentration.
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising:
- the step of setting the oxygen concentration is performed in a reducing atmosphere in a state in which a region to be the channel region in the germanium layer is exposed and a surface of the germanium layer on the region to be the bonding interface is not exposed. It can be set as the structure including the process of heat-processing the said germanium layer.
- the heat treatment step may be a step of heat treating a germanium layer having an oxygen concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or more in the channel region and the bonding interface.
- a step of introducing oxygen into the region to be the channel region and the region to be the bonding interface may be included.
- the step of setting the oxygen concentration may include a step of selectively introducing oxygen into a region serving as the bonding interface with respect to a region serving as the channel region.
- the step of setting the oxygen concentration is performed so that the oxygen concentration in the channel region is 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less and the oxygen concentration at the bonding interface is higher than 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3. It can be set as the process which is a process of setting oxygen concentration.
- a semiconductor device capable of increasing the ratio of on-current to off-current can be provided.
- FIG. 1A to FIG. 1D are cross-sectional views showing a method for manufacturing a MOS structure used in the experiment.
- the substrate A and B illustrates the electron mobility mu eff with respect to the surface electron density N S.
- FIGS. 3 (a) and 3 (b) are diagrams showing a source current I S and the drain current I D with respect to the gate voltage V G of the n-FET in each substrate A and B.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the oxygen concentration with respect to the depth in the substrate B.
- 5 (a) and 5 (b) is a diagram showing a mobility mu eff the substrate B for the surface density N S of samples hydrogen annealing.
- FIG. 6 (a) and 6 (b) is a diagram showing a drain current I D of the substrate B with respect to the gate voltage V G of samples hydrogen annealing.
- Figure 7 is a diagram showing the electron mobility mu eff with respect to the surface electron density N S samples oxygen ions were implanted into the substrate A.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the oxygen concentration with respect to the depth from the surface of a sample obtained by implanting oxygen ions into the substrate A.
- FIG. FIG. 9A to FIG. 9D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a sample for evaluating the junction current.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the oxygen concentration with respect to the depth from the surface of the sample in which oxygen ions are implanted into the substrate A and the sample in which oxygen ions are not implanted.
- FIG. 11A is a diagram showing the junction current with respect to the junction voltage of the FET using the substrate A
- FIG. 11B is a diagram showing the reverse current.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an off-leak current with respect to the heat treatment temperature of the FET using the substrate A.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the junction current of the FET in which oxygen ions are implanted using the substrate A.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 15D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing an FET according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 16A to FIG. 16C are cross-sectional views illustrating the method for manufacturing the FET according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 17A to FIG. 17C are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing an FET according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the manufactured FET according to Example 5.
- Figure 19 is a diagram showing a source current I S and the drain current I D with respect to the gate voltage V G of Example 5.
- Figure 20 is a diagram showing the electron mobility mu eff with respect to the surface electron density N S Example 5.
- FIG. 1A to FIG. 1D are cross-sectional views showing a method for manufacturing a MOS structure used in the experiment.
- a single crystal germanium substrate 10 having a (111) plane as a main surface is prepared. If the germanium substrate 10 is p-type, the acceptor concentration N A is 2 ⁇ 10 16 cm -3. If the germanium substrate 10 is n-type, the donor concentration N D is 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm -3.
- a germanium oxide film 12 is formed on the germanium substrate 10.
- the germanium oxide film 12 is formed by heat-treating the germanium substrate 10 in an oxygen gas atmosphere.
- the formation conditions of the germanium oxide film 12 are an oxygen pressure of 70 atm and a substrate temperature of 500 ° C.
- the film thickness of the germanium oxide film 12 is about 5 nm to 6 nm.
- a metal film is formed as a gate electrode 14 on the surface of the germanium oxide film 12.
- the gate electrode 14 is a gold (Au) film.
- the split CV method is a method in which the number of carriers is derived from the integration of CV measurement, and the mobility is obtained from the number of carriers and IV measurement.
- the source region 16 and the drain region 18 are formed in the germanium substrate 10.
- the source region 16 and the drain region 18 are formed using an ion implantation method.
- the germanium substrate 10 is p-type, and the source region 16 and the drain region 18 are n-type.
- the germanium substrate 10 is n-type, and the source region 16 and the drain region 18 are p-type.
- heat treatment is performed on the germanium substrate 10 in a nitrogen gas atmosphere as activation annealing.
- the source region 16 and the drain region 18 and the region surrounding the source region 16 and the drain region 18 have different conductivity types, and a pn junction is formed.
- phosphorus (P) is ion-implanted to form the source region 16 and the drain region 18.
- the implantation conditions are an implantation energy of 50 keV and an implantation dose of 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 2 .
- boron (B) is ion-implanted to form the source region 16 and the drain region 18.
- the implantation conditions are an implantation energy of 20 keV and an implantation dose of 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 2 .
- a germanium oxide film 12 is formed as a gate insulating film on the germanium substrate 10 as in FIG.
- a gate electrode 14 is formed on the germanium oxide film 12.
- the gate electrode 14 is an aluminum (Al) film.
- An insulating film 24 is formed on the germanium substrate 10.
- the insulating film 24 is an yttrium oxide film and a silicon oxide film from the germanium substrate 10 side. Openings are formed in the insulating film 24 on the source region 16 and the drain region 18.
- a source electrode 26 and a drain electrode 28 are formed so as to be in contact with the source region 16 and the drain region 18 through the openings, respectively.
- the source electrode 26 and the drain electrode 28 are aluminum films.
- the substrate A and B illustrates the electron mobility mu eff with respect to the surface electron density N S.
- the electron mobility mu eff of the substrate A is N S becomes maximum around 0.2 ⁇ 10 12 cm -2, which is about 1700 cm 2 / Vs.
- Electron mobility mu eff of the substrate B is N S becomes maximum around 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm -2, which is about 300 cm 2 / Vs.
- Mobility mu eff of the substrate A is higher than the substrate B on all N S. Thus, the reason why the mobility is different between the substrates A and B is unknown.
- FIGS. 3 (a) and 3 (b) are diagrams showing a source current I S and the drain current I D with respect to the gate voltage V G of the n-FET in each substrate A and B.
- the gate length L and the gate width W in the n-FET manufactured using the substrate A are 400 ⁇ m and 90 ⁇ m, respectively, and the gate length L and the gate width W in the n-FET manufactured using the substrate B are 100 ⁇ m and 120 ⁇ m, respectively.
- the size of the source region 16 and the drain region 18 is 130 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m 2 .
- the active annealing was performed under conditions of a temperature of 500 ° C. and a time of 10 minutes.
- the pinch-off voltage for both substrates A and B is about ⁇ 1V.
- Gate voltage V G is the source current I S and the drain current I D of the positive region corresponds to the on-current.
- Gate voltage V G is the source current I S and the drain current I D in the following areas -1V corresponds to the off-state current. FETs with higher on-current and smaller off-current have better performance.
- the substrate A has a larger on-current than the substrate B. This is because the mobility of the substrate A is higher than that of the substrate B as shown in FIG.
- the substrate B has a smaller off-current than the substrate A. This is presumably because the substrate B has a smaller leakage current at the pn junction than the substrate A.
- the substrate A is preferable for the on-current, and the substrate B is preferable for the off-current. If an off current of about the same level as that of the substrate B can be realized with an on current of the same level as that of the substrate A, the FET characteristics can be improved.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the oxygen concentration with respect to the depth in the substrate B.
- heat treatment was performed in an atmosphere of atmospheric hydrogen gas (100%) with the surface of the substrate B exposed before FIG. 1B.
- the heat treatment temperatures are 700 ° C. and 850 ° C., and the heat treatment time is 15 minutes.
- the black squares indicate the SIMS analysis results after the hydrogen treatment of the substrate B, the black triangles after the 700 ° C. hydrogen heat treatment, and the black circles after the 850 ° C. hydrogen treatment.
- the detection limit for oxygen is about 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the oxygen concentration becomes very large in a region where the depth is shallower than about 0.3 to 0.4 ⁇ m. This is because oxygen adsorbed on the surface of the germanium substrate is observed.
- the depth from the surface is at least 5 ⁇ m, and the oxygen concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the oxygen concentration of the substrate A was below the detection limit.
- the substrate B has a higher oxygen concentration than the substrate A. From this, it was estimated that there is some relationship between the low mobility and low junction leakage current in the substrate B and the oxygen concentration in the germanium substrate 10.
- the oxygen concentration in the substrate B decreases to 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the oxygen concentration is about 5 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and when the depth is 1 ⁇ m or less, the oxygen concentration is about 3 to 4 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the oxygen concentration further decreases.
- the depth is 4 ⁇ m or less, and the oxygen concentration is about 5 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the depth is 1.5 ⁇ m or less and the oxygen concentration is about 2 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- a heat-treated temperature was changed, a hydrogen-treated sample was prepared, and the mobility was measured.
- the sample manufacturing process is shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, and a heat treatment for 15 minutes is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere before FIG. 1B.
- FIG. 5 (a) and 5 (b) is a diagram showing a mobility mu eff the substrate B for the surface density N S of samples hydrogen annealing.
- Substrate B in FIG. 5 (a) is a p-type
- the surface density N S is the surface electron density
- mobility mu eff is the electron mobility.
- Substrate B shown in FIG. 5 (b) is n-type
- the surface density N S is the surface hole density
- mobility mu eff is a Hall mobility.
- the hydrogen heat treatment temperatures are 650 ° C. (white squares), 700 ° C. (white triangles) and 850 ° C. (white circles), and the heat treatment time is 15 minutes.
- the reference sample (black circle) is not heat-treated, the film thickness of the germanium oxide film is 15 nm, and the film formation temperature of the germanium oxide film is higher than that of the other samples.
- the maximum electron mobility ⁇ eff is about 300 cm 2 / Vs.
- the maximum mobility ⁇ eff is improved to about 600 cm 2 / Vs.
- the maximum mobility ⁇ eff is further improved to about 800 cm 2 / Vs.
- the maximum mobility ⁇ eff is about 1200 cm 2 / Vs, which is almost the same as that of the substrate A.
- the maximum hole mobility ⁇ eff for each sample is 500 to 700 cm 2 / Vs. As the heat treatment temperature increases, the maximum hole mobility increases. Improvement of hole mobility by hydrogen heat treatment is not as remarkable as electron mobility.
- the heat treatment temperature was changed, and a hydrogen heat treated FET sample was produced.
- the sample manufacturing process is shown in FIGS. 1A to 1D, and a heat treatment for 15 minutes is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere before FIG. 1B.
- the gate length L and gate width W of the fabricated FET are 200 ⁇ m and 90 ⁇ m, respectively.
- the size of the source region 16 and the drain region 18 is 130 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m 2 .
- FIG. 6A shows an n-FET
- FIG. 6B shows a p-FET.
- the drain voltage V D is 0.5V.
- the on-current I D when V G is around 2 V
- the off-current I D when V G is near ⁇ 1V
- the FET characteristics similar to those of the substrate A in FIG. As shown in FIG. 6B, in the p-FET, there is almost no change in FET characteristics due to hydrogen heat treatment.
- the on-state current and the off-state current are increased by the hydrogen heat treatment. This is probably because the hydrogen heat treatment improved the mobility and increased the junction leakage current.
- the effect of hydrogen heat treatment is larger for n-FETs than for p-FETs.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 750 ° C. or higher, more preferably 800 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 850 ° C. or higher. Since the melting point of germanium is about 938 ° C., the heat treatment temperature is preferably 925 ° C. or less, more preferably 900 ° C. or less.
- FIG. 4 is compared with FIG. 6 (a) and FIG. 6 (b), when the temperature of the hydrogen heat treatment increases and the oxygen concentration in the substrate B decreases, the on-current and off-current increase.
- the temperature of the hydrogen heat treatment is 850 ° C.
- the on-current and the off-current are approximately the same as those of the substrate A shown in FIG.
- the on-current increases because the mobility is improved, and the off-current increases because the junction leakage current increases.
- the reason why the oxygen concentration decreases when the heat treatment temperature of the hydrogen heat treatment is increased is not clear, but for example, oxygen in the germanium substrate 10 may be removed by the reducing gas.
- oxygen ions are ion-implanted into the germanium substrate 10 of the substrate A and heat-treated.
- a sample in which the heat treatment atmosphere was a nitrogen gas atmosphere and a sample in which a hydrogen gas atmosphere was used were prepared. Manufacturing steps other than ion implantation and heat treatment are the same as those in FIGS. 1A to 1C.
- oxygen ions were implanted into the germanium substrate 10 under conditions of an implantation energy of 100 keV and an implantation dose of 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 . Thereafter, in order to recover the damage caused by the ion implantation, heat treatment was performed at 750 ° C.
- FIG.1 (b) and FIG.1 (c) was performed.
- Figure 7 is a diagram showing the electron mobility mu eff with respect to the surface electron density N S samples oxygen ions were implanted into the substrate A.
- the reference sample is not ion-implanted with oxygen and is not heat-treated.
- the reference sample has a maximum mobility of about 1200 cm 2 / Vs.
- the maximum mobility is about 500 cm 2 / Vs.
- the maximum mobility is about 800 cm 2 / Vs in the sample subjected to the heat treatment in the hydrogen gas atmosphere after the oxygen ion implantation.
- mobility is lowered when oxygen ions are implanted. After the oxygen ion implantation, the mobility is not improved much by nitrogen heat treatment, but the mobility is improved by performing the hydrogen heat treatment.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the oxygen concentration with respect to the depth from the surface of a sample obtained by implanting oxygen ions into the substrate A.
- FIG. A solid line, a broken line, and a dotted line show the SIMS analysis result of the reference sample before the hydrogen heat treatment, the SIMS analysis result of the sample after the hydrogen heat treatment at 700 ° C., and the calculation result of the ion-implanted oxygen ions, respectively.
- the depth is shallower than 150 nm, oxygen adsorbed on the surface of the germanium substrate is observed. Further, since the measurement speed is different, the detection limit and the behavior in a shallow region are different from those in FIG.
- the oxygen concentration of the substrate A before implanting oxygen ions is about 8 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 , which is the detection limit.
- oxygen ions are implanted into the germanium substrate 10 so that the oxygen concentration becomes a peak of 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 at a depth of about 150 nm.
- the oxygen concentration is 3 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 at maximum.
- the oxygen concentration is the detection limit.
- FIG. 8 it can be seen that the oxygen concentration in the germanium substrate 10 is reduced by subjecting the germanium substrate 10 implanted with oxygen to a hydrogen heat treatment.
- the mobility is higher in the hydrogen heat treatment than in the nitrogen heat treatment. From this, it is considered that the oxygen in the substrate 10 is removed by the hydrogen heat treatment, and the mobility is improved.
- the oxygen in the substrate B is removed and the oxygen concentration is reduced.
- the mobility of the substrate B becomes approximately the same as the mobility of the substrate A as shown in FIG.
- the on-current and off-current of the substrate B are approximately the same as those of the substrate A. From this, it is considered that the mobility and the junction leakage current are different between the substrates A and B because the oxygen concentration in the substrate is related.
- FIG. 9A to FIG. 9C are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a sample for evaluating the junction current.
- oxygen ions are implanted into a p-type single crystal germanium substrate 10 having a (111) plane as a main surface to form an oxygen ion implanted region 20.
- the oxygen ion implantation conditions are an implantation energy of 100 keV and an implantation dose of 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 .
- a silicon oxide film is formed as a cap and heat treatment is performed at 750 ° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Thereby, the oxygen ion implantation region 20 having a depth of about 300 nm is formed.
- an n-type region 22 is formed in the oxygen ion implanted region 20.
- the n-type region 22 is formed by ion implantation of phosphorus ions.
- the implantation conditions are an implantation energy of 30 keV and an implantation dose of 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 or 1 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 2 .
- heat treatment is performed at 600 ° C. for 30 seconds in a nitrogen gas atmosphere as activation annealing. Thereby, the n-type region 22 having a depth of about 50 nm is formed.
- the size of the n-type region 22 is 80 ⁇ 80 ⁇ m 2 .
- an insulating film 24 is formed on the oxygen ion implantation region 20 in the germanium substrate 10.
- the insulating film 24 is an yttrium oxide film and a silicon oxide film from the substrate 10 side.
- An opening is formed in the insulating film 24 on the n-type region 22.
- a source electrode 26 and a drain electrode 28 are formed in contact with the n-type region 22 through the opening.
- the source electrode 26 and the drain electrode 28 are aluminum films.
- FIG. 9D is a cross-sectional view of a sample for evaluating the FET characteristics.
- the oxygen ion implantation region 20 is formed in the germanium substrate 10 as in FIG. 9A.
- An n-type region 22 shown in FIG. 9C is formed as the source region 16 and the drain region 18.
- Other configurations are the same as those in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the oxygen concentration with respect to the depth from the surface of the sample in which oxygen ions are implanted into the substrate A and the sample in which oxygen ions are not implanted.
- the oxygen concentration of the sample into which oxygen is not implanted is about the measurement limit (1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 ).
- the oxygen concentration is about 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 at a depth of about 250 nm.
- FIG. 11A is a diagram showing the junction current with respect to the junction voltage of the FET using the substrate A
- FIG. 11B is a diagram showing the reverse current. It is a measurement result of the junction current of a sample in which oxygen is not ion-implanted (a sample having a dose of 0) and samples having an oxygen dose of 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 and 1 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 2 .
- the sample in which oxygen is injected has a junction current in the reverse direction that is about two orders of magnitude smaller than the sample in which oxygen is not injected.
- the sample in which oxygen is injected has a higher breakdown voltage V BV in the reverse direction than the sample in which oxygen is not injected.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an off-leakage current with respect to the heat treatment temperature of the FET using the substrate A.
- the heat treatment temperature is a heat treatment temperature for activation annealing after phosphorus implantation in FIG.
- the off-leakage current is a drain current having a gate voltage of ⁇ 1 V in the FET sample. As shown in FIG. 12, the sample in which oxygen is injected has an off-leakage current in the reverse direction that is about two orders of magnitude smaller than the sample in which oxygen is not injected.
- the sample into which oxygen is ion-implanted has a junction current two orders of magnitude smaller, a breakdown voltage is higher, and an off-leakage current is two orders of magnitude smaller than a sample into which oxygen is not implanted.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the junction current of the FET in which oxygen ions are implanted using the substrate A.
- the measured sample is a sample having an oxygen dose of 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 2 .
- the activation annealing is performed at 600 ° C. for 30 seconds.
- the junction current was measured at temperatures of 300K, 250K, 200K and 150K.
- the reverse junction current decreases to such an extent that the digit changes as the temperature decreases. This indicates that the reverse junction current is not due to a simple tunnel current.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device according to the first embodiment.
- a source region 36 and a drain region 38 are formed in the germanium layer 30.
- a gate insulating film 32 is formed on the germanium layer 30 between the source region 36 and the drain region 38.
- a gate electrode 34 is formed on the gate insulating film 32.
- An insulating film 40 is formed on the germanium layer 30 other than the gate electrode 34. Openings are formed in the insulating film 40 on the source region 36 and the drain region 38.
- a source electrode 42 and a drain electrode 44 are formed so as to be in contact with the source region 36 and the drain region 38 through the openings, respectively.
- the channel region 50, the source region 36, and the drain region 38 in the germanium layer 30 under the gate electrode 34 and the gate insulating film 32 have opposite conductivity types.
- Source region 36 and drain region 38 and germanium layer 30 form a pn junction.
- a low oxygen concentration region 48 having a low oxygen concentration is formed in the channel region.
- a high oxygen concentration region 46 having an oxygen concentration higher than that of the low oxygen concentration region 48 is formed at the pn junction interface 52.
- the germanium layer 30 may be a single crystal germanium substrate or a single crystal or polycrystalline germanium film formed on a substrate (for example, a silicon substrate).
- the germanium layer 30 is, for example, n-type or p-type germanium. Further, the germanium layer 30 may contain silicon to such an extent that the effect of the above experiment can be obtained.
- the composition ratio of silicon may be about 10% or less of the whole.
- the main surface of the germanium layer 30 may be any surface, for example, a (100) surface, a (111) surface, or a (110) surface.
- the (100) plane, (111) plane, and (110) plane include crystal planes equivalent to these. Further, the main surface may be off about several degrees from these surfaces. That is, the normal direction of the main surface may be inclined within a range of several degrees or less, preferably 1 degree or less from the ⁇ 111> direction and the ⁇ 110> direction.
- the gate insulating film 32 a germanium oxide film, a high dielectric constant insulating film, or a stacked film of a germanium oxide film and a high dielectric constant insulating film can be used.
- the high dielectric constant insulating film a rare earth metal oxide film such as hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide or yttrium oxide can be used.
- the film thickness of the gate insulating film 32 is preferably 2 nm or less, more preferably 1.5 nm or less, and further preferably 1.0 nm or less.
- a conductive layer such as a metal or a semiconductor can be used.
- the germanium oxide film may include a substance having a lower oxygen potential than germanium oxide, such as yttrium oxide or scandium oxide.
- the substance having an oxygen potential lower than that of germanium oxide may be germanium nitride or aluminum oxide.
- the germanium oxide film may include an alkaline earth element, a rare earth element, and at least one oxide of aluminum.
- the gate insulating film 32 can be thinned.
- EOT Equivalent oxide thickness: Equivalent1Oxide Thickness
- the germanium layer 30 is p-type, and the source region 36 and the drain region 38 are n-type.
- the germanium layer 30 is n-type, and the source region 36 and the drain region 38 are p-type.
- the performance can be improved by using the germanium layer 30 having the (111) plane as a main surface.
- the performance can be improved by using the germanium layer 30 having the (100) plane or the (110) plane as a main surface.
- the insulating film 40 is a film that protects the surface of the germanium layer 30.
- a film including a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride film can be used.
- the source electrode 42 and the drain electrode 44 are electrodes in ohmic contact with the source region 36 and the drain region 38, respectively.
- a metal film such as aluminum is used.
- the channel region 50 having the first conductivity type is formed in the germanium layer 30.
- a source region 36 and a drain region 38 having a second conductivity type (a conductivity type different from the first conductivity type) are formed in the germanium layer 30.
- the oxygen concentration in the channel region 50 is lower than the oxygen concentration at the junction interface 52 between the source region 36 and the drain region 38 and the germanium layer 30 that is a region surrounding the source region 36 and the drain region 38. Since the oxygen concentration in the channel region 50 is low, the mobility of the channel region 50 can be improved. Thereby, the on-current can be increased. Since the oxygen concentration at the junction interface 52 is high, junction leakage current can be suppressed. As a result, the on-current can be reduced. Therefore, the ratio of the on current to the off current can be increased. Thus, FET characteristics can be improved.
- the high oxygen concentration region 46 only needs to include the junction interface 52, and may include the entire source region 36 and drain region 38. Further, the oxygen concentration in the channel region only needs to be lower than the oxygen concentration in at least one junction interface between the source region 36 and the drain region 38.
- the oxygen concentration in the channel region 50 is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and 3 ⁇ 10 15 cm. -3 or less is more preferable.
- the oxygen concentration at the bonding interface 52 is preferably higher than 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3, more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or higher, and 5 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or higher. Even more preferred.
- the first conductivity type is p-type and the second conductivity type is n-type.
- FIG. 15A to FIG. 15D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing an FET according to the second embodiment.
- a germanium layer 30 is prepared.
- the germanium layer 30 has an oxygen concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less like the substrate A, for example.
- oxygen is introduced near the surface of the germanium layer 30 to form a high oxygen concentration region 46.
- the high oxygen concentration region 46 is formed by ion implantation of oxygen ions, for example.
- a cap 54 having an opening 56 is formed on the germanium layer 30.
- the cap 54 is, for example, a silicon oxide film.
- Heat treatment is performed in a reducing gas atmosphere with the surface of the germanium layer 30 exposed through the opening 56. Thereby, oxygen in the high oxygen concentration region 46 under the opening 56 is removed, and a low oxygen concentration region 48 is formed. The oxygen in the high oxygen concentration region 46 covered with the cap 54 is not removed.
- the reducing gas only needs to contain a gas such as hydrogen gas.
- a gas containing 100% hydrogen gas or a mixed gas of hydrogen gas and inert gas can be used.
- the inert gas is, for example, a gas that does not oxidize, and is a rare gas or a nitrogen gas.
- the reducing gas may not contain hydrogen gas.
- the gas may be any gas that hardly contains oxygen and hardly reacts with the germanium layer 30 by the heat treatment and that removes oxygen in the germanium layer 30 by the heat treatment.
- nitrogen gas containing almost no oxygen may be used.
- the gas to be heat-treated contains almost no oxygen.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 700 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 800 ° C. or higher.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 1 minute or more, more preferably 5 minutes or more, and further preferably 15 minutes or more.
- a source region 36 and a drain region 38 are formed in the high oxygen concentration region 46.
- the gate insulating film 32 and the gate electrode 34 are formed so that the channel region 50 (see FIG. 14) is included in the low oxygen concentration region 48.
- An insulating film 40 is formed on the high oxygen concentration region 46 in the germanium layer 30.
- a source electrode 42 and a drain electrode 44 are formed so as to be in contact with the source region 36 and the drain region 38 through the opening of the insulating film 40, respectively. As a result, the same FET as in the first embodiment is formed.
- Example 2 as shown in FIGS. 15B and 15C, the oxygen concentration in the region that becomes the channel region 50 becomes lower than the oxygen concentration in the region that becomes the bonding interface 52 (see FIG. 14). Set the oxygen concentration. Thereby, the FET characteristics can be improved as in the first embodiment.
- the region that becomes the channel region 50 in the germanium layer 30 is exposed and the surface of the germanium layer 30 on the region that becomes the bonding interface 52 (see FIG. 14) is not exposed.
- the germanium layer 30 is heat-treated in a neutral atmosphere. Thereby, the low oxygen concentration region 48 can be easily formed.
- oxygen may be introduced into the region to be the channel region 50 and the region to be the bonding interface 52 before the heat treatment step.
- the high oxygen concentration region 46 can be easily formed.
- FIG. 16A to FIG. 16C are cross-sectional views illustrating the method for manufacturing the FET according to the third embodiment.
- a germanium layer 30 is prepared.
- the germanium layer 30 has an oxygen concentration higher than 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 , for example, like the substrate B.
- oxygen in a region that becomes the channel region 50 is removed, and a low oxygen concentration region 48 is formed.
- FIG. 16C thereafter, the same process as in FIG. 15D of Example 2 is performed. Other steps are the same as those in the second embodiment, and a description thereof will be omitted.
- Example 3 by using the germanium layer 30 having a high oxygen concentration like the substrate B, the step of introducing oxygen can be omitted.
- FIG. 17A to FIG. 17C are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing an FET according to the fourth embodiment.
- a germanium layer 30 is prepared.
- the germanium layer 30 has an oxygen concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less like the substrate A, for example.
- oxygen is not introduced into the region that becomes the channel region 50, but oxygen is introduced into the region that becomes the bonding interface 52.
- FIG. 17C thereafter, the same process as in FIG. 15D of Example 2 is performed. Other steps are the same as those in the first embodiment, and the description is omitted.
- Example 4 oxygen is selectively introduced into the region that becomes the junction interface 52 with respect to the region that becomes the channel region 50. Thereby, the heat processing in reducing gas atmosphere like FIG.15 (c) of Example 1 is omissible.
- Example 5 is an example in which an n-FET was fabricated using the method shown in FIGS. 15A to 15D of Example 2.
- FIG. FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the manufactured FET according to Example 5.
- a p-type substrate A having (100) as the main surface and an acceptor concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 was used as the germanium layer 30 .
- the oxygen ion implantation conditions are an implantation energy of 100 keV and a dose of 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 .
- a cap for heat treatment in a hydrogen gas atmosphere is a silicon oxide film.
- the hydrogen heat treatment conditions are heat treatment at a heat treatment temperature of 750 ° C. and a heat treatment time of 15 minutes.
- the ion implantation conditions for forming the source region 36 and the drain region 38 are that the ions are phosphorus, the implantation energy is 50 keV, and the dose is 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 2 .
- the conditions for the activation annealing are a nitrogen gas atmosphere, a heat treatment temperature of 600 ° C., and a heat treatment time of 30 seconds.
- the gate insulating film 32 As the gate insulating film 32, a germanium oxide film having an EOT of 4 nm was used. An aluminum film was used as the gate electrode 34, the source electrode 42, and the drain electrode 44. As the insulating film 40, an yttrium oxide film 40a and a silicon oxide film 40b were used.
- the prototype FET has a gate length L of 200 ⁇ m and a gate width W of 90 ⁇ m.
- Figure 19 is a diagram showing a source current I S and the drain current I D with respect to the gate voltage V G of Example 5. As shown in FIG. 19, when the drain-source voltage V DS is 0.5 V and 1 V at room temperature, the ratio of the on-current I ON to the off-current I OFF is about 10 5 .
- the subthreshold coefficient SS is 74 mV / dec.
- Figure 20 is a diagram showing the electron mobility mu eff with respect to the surface electron density N S Example 5.
- the comparative example was produced by the same method as in Example 5 except that no heat treatment was performed in a hydrogen gas atmosphere.
- a line Si indicates a general mobility in the silicon MOSFET.
- the comparative example has lower mobility than SiMOSFET.
- Example 5 compared with a Si MOSFET, N S is up to 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm -2, a high mobility.
- the maximum mobility is 1412 cm 2 / Vs.
- the germanium MOSFETs reported so far the on-off ratio is 10 5 , the subthreshold coefficient is 74 mV / dec, and the electron mobility is 1412 cm 2 / Vs, which are the highest values.
- the MOSFET has been described as an example, but a semiconductor device other than the MOSFET may be used.
- the channel region 50 is included in the low oxygen concentration region 48 and almost all of the pn junction interface 52 is included in the high oxygen concentration region 46 . Some of them are not included in the low oxygen concentration region 48, and some of the pn junction interface 52 may not be included in the high oxygen concentration region 46.
- a part of the channel region 50 on the pn junction interface 52 side may be included in the high oxygen concentration region 46.
- a part of the pn junction interface 52 on the channel region 50 side may be included in the low oxygen concentration region 48.
- a region contributing to an increase in on-current is preferably included in the low oxygen concentration region 48.
- a region contributing to suppression of off-current in the pn junction interface 52 is preferably included in the high oxygen concentration region 46.
- the structure of the FET may be another structure.
- an LDD (Lightly Doped Drain) structure or a Fin-FET structure may be used.
- a GOI (Germanium On Insulator) structure may be used.
- Example 3 When the FET is produced, it is difficult to detect the oxygen concentration in the channel region near the surface of the germanium substrate, but the depth under the gate insulating film 32 is considered to be almost the same as the oxygen concentration of about 1 ⁇ m. Further, as shown in FIG. 4, in the germanium layer under the gate insulating film 32, the oxygen concentration at 1 ⁇ m from the surface is lower than the oxygen concentration at 5 ⁇ m from the surface and lower than 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 .
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Abstract
Description
12 酸化ゲルマニウム膜
14 ゲート電極
16 ソース領域
18 ドレイン領域
20 酸素イオン注入領域
24 絶縁膜
26 ソース電極
28 ドレイン電極
30 ゲルマニウム層
32 ゲート絶縁膜
34 ゲート電極
36 ソース領域
38 ドレイン領域
40 絶縁膜
42 ソース電極
44 ドレイン電極
46 高酸素濃度領域
48 低酸素濃度領域
50 チャネル領域
52 接合界面
54 キャップ
56 開口
Claims (10)
- ゲルマニウム層内に形成された第1導電型を有するチャネル領域と、
前記ゲルマニウム層内に形成され、前記第1導電型と異なる第2導電型を有するソース領域およびドレイン領域と、
を具備し、
前記チャネル領域における酸素濃度は、前記ソース領域およびドレイン領域の少なくとも一方の領域と前記少なくとも一方の領域を囲む前記第1導電型を有する領域との接合界面における酸素濃度より低いことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 前記チャネル領域における酸素濃度は1×1016cm-3以下であり、前記接合界面における酸素濃度は1×1016cm-3より高いことを特徴とする請求項1記載の半導体装置。
- 前記チャネル領域における酸素濃度は5×1015cm-3以下であることを特徴とする請求項2記載の半導体装置。
- 前記第1導電型はp型であり、前記第2導電型はn型であることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれか一項記載の半導体装置。
- ゲルマニウム層内に形成された第1導電型を有するチャネル領域を形成する工程と、
前記ゲルマニウム層内に前記第1導電型と異なる第2導電型を有するソース領域およびドレイン領域を形成する工程と、
前記チャネル領域における酸素濃度が前記ソース領域およびドレイン領域の少なくとも一方の領域と前記少なくとも一方の領域を囲む前記第1導電型を有する領域との接合界面における酸素濃度より低くなるように酸素濃度を設定する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記酸素濃度を設定する工程は、
前記ゲルマニウム層内の前記チャネル領域となる領域が露出し、前記接合界面となる領域上の前記ゲルマニウム層の表面が露出しない状態で還元性雰囲気において前記ゲルマニウム層を熱処理する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項5記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記熱処理する工程は、前記チャネル領域および前記接合界面の酸素濃度が1×1016cm-3以上のゲルマニウム層を熱処理する工程であることを特徴とする請求項6記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理する工程の前に、前記チャネル領域となる領域および前記接合界面となる領域に酸素を導入する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項6または7記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記酸素濃度を設定する工程は、
前記チャネル領域となる領域に対し前記接合界面となる領域に選択的に酸素を導入する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項5記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記酸素濃度を設定する工程は、
前記チャネル領域における酸素濃度が1×1016cm-3以下となり、前記接合界面における酸素濃度が1×1016cm-3より高くなるように前記酸素濃度を設定する工程であることを特徴とする請求項5から9のいずれか一項記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
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| US15/523,603 US10109710B2 (en) | 2014-11-05 | 2015-11-02 | Semiconductor device having germanium layer as channel region and method for manufacturing the same |
| CN201580059170.XA CN107112238B (zh) | 2014-11-05 | 2015-11-02 | 具有作为沟道区域的锗层的半导体器件及其制造方法 |
| KR1020177011179A KR101911764B1 (ko) | 2014-11-05 | 2015-11-02 | 게르마늄층을 채널 영역으로 하는 반도체 장치 및 그 제조 방법 |
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| JP5581464B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-24 | 2014-08-27 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | ゲルマニウム層上に酸化ゲルマニウムを含む膜を備える半導体構造およびその製造方法 |
| WO2015064338A1 (ja) * | 2013-10-31 | 2015-05-07 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | ゲルマニウム層を熱処理する半導体基板の製造方法および半導体装置の製造方法 |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110310993A (zh) * | 2018-03-21 | 2019-10-08 | 三星电子株式会社 | 半导体装置及其形成方法 |
| CN110310993B (zh) * | 2018-03-21 | 2023-09-26 | 三星电子株式会社 | 半导体装置及其形成方法 |
| US11862476B2 (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2024-01-02 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method of forming a semiconductor device including an active region with variable atomic concentration of oxide semiconductor material |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP6316981B2 (ja) | 2018-04-25 |
| KR20170065581A (ko) | 2017-06-13 |
| CN107112238B (zh) | 2020-10-02 |
| JPWO2016072398A1 (ja) | 2017-08-03 |
| CN107112238A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
| TW201630076A (zh) | 2016-08-16 |
| US20170317170A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
| KR101911764B1 (ko) | 2018-10-26 |
| US10109710B2 (en) | 2018-10-23 |
| TWI650820B (zh) | 2019-02-11 |
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