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WO2015120113A1 - Dispositifs électromagnétiques avec refroidissement intégré - Google Patents

Dispositifs électromagnétiques avec refroidissement intégré Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015120113A1
WO2015120113A1 PCT/US2015/014553 US2015014553W WO2015120113A1 WO 2015120113 A1 WO2015120113 A1 WO 2015120113A1 US 2015014553 W US2015014553 W US 2015014553W WO 2015120113 A1 WO2015120113 A1 WO 2015120113A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electromagnetic device
generator
motor
electrical conductors
electrical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2015/014553
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Irving N. Weinberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Weinberg Medical Physics LLC
Original Assignee
Weinberg Medical Physics LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Weinberg Medical Physics LLC filed Critical Weinberg Medical Physics LLC
Publication of WO2015120113A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015120113A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/08—Cooling; Ventilating
    • H01F27/10—Liquid cooling
    • H01F27/18—Liquid cooling by evaporating liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
    • H02K9/19—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating for machines with closed casing and closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil
    • H02K9/20—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating for machines with closed casing and closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil wherein the cooling medium vaporises within the machine casing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2220/00—Electrical machine types; Structures or applications thereof
    • B60L2220/50—Structural details of electrical machines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility

Definitions

  • Disclosed embodiments are directed to the field of electromagnetic devices for generation of magnetic fields, transport, electrical energy, or other applications.
  • This invention incorporates material first disclosed by I.N. Weinberg et al in US application 13/242,386, entitled “Flexible methods of fabricating electromagnets and resulting electromagnet elements”.
  • coolant channels were fabricated as part of an electromagnetic coil, with micro-channel fractal cooling networks as an example of one possible configuration of the coolant channels.
  • Expanding gases can be used to cool materials, via the Joule-Thompson principle, as described in the 2005 scientific article by Y-J Hong et al, entitled “The Performance of Joule Thompson Refrigerator” published in the journal Cryocoolers, vol. 13, pages 497-502, and the 1984 patent application CA1199190 by William A. Little, entitled “Fast cooldown miniature refrigerators” (the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • micron-sized channels bring gas into an expansion chamber, and are arrayed so that a counter-cooling flow can precool gas coming into the chamber.
  • Disclosed embodiments provide an apparatus, and a method of constructing such an apparatus, that conducts and insulates materials with intervening coolant channels.
  • the conducting materials may form an electromagnet.
  • gas can travel through at least some of the coolant channels and expand as it travels through these and other coolant channels.
  • the coolant channels may be arrayed in a counter-cooling pattern to pre-cool gas that enters the electromagnet.
  • Figure 1 is an illustration of a small-cross section of a larger three-dimensional device provided in accordance with a disclosed embodiment.
  • Figure 2 is an illustration of a small-cross section of a larger three-dimensional device provided in accordance with another disclosed embodiment.
  • the disclosed embodiments provide an apparatus (and a method of constructing said apparatus) comprising conducting and insulating materials with intervening coolant channels, whereby the conducting materials form an electromagnet, and gas can travel through some of the coolant channels and expand as it travels through these and other coolant channels.
  • the coolant channels may be arrayed in a counter-cooling pattern as in Little, in order to pre- cool gas that enters the electromagnet.
  • electromagnet is broadly used, and is intended to include any device in which magnetic fields arise as a result of electrical currents. Specifically, application to any motors, transformers, magnetic gradient generators, induction heaters, coils to create and manipulate plasma, coil actuators, magnetic levitation systems, and electrical generators that contain conductors in which electrical currents flow are included in the term "electromagnet".
  • electromagnet The expansion of the gas in the coolant channels results in cooling of the electromagnet so that the resistance of the electromagnet is reduced, thereby increasing overall efficiency of the electromagnet. If the electromagnet is part of a motor, then the motor's efficiency is also increased.
  • Figure 1 illustrates an example of the disclosed embodiments.
  • the figure is two- dimensional but is intended to represent a small-cross section of a larger three-dimensional device.
  • Conducting path 100 is surrounded in part by insulating layer 120, thereby comprising an insulated conducting path 130.
  • conducting path 140 is surrounded in part by Insulating layer 150, thereby comprising an insulated conducting path 160.
  • Gas-filled channel 170 exists between 130 and 160. The expansion of gas in channel 170 cools conducting paths 100 and 140 in order to decrease resistance and thereby increase efficiency of the electromagnetic device comprised of many such segments.
  • Figure 1 shows the gas-filled channel 170 having an expanding area
  • some or all of the channels in the device may be of non-expanding cross-section. As the gas travels through the channels it will expand and cool nearby conducting paths. Counter-current gas channels are not shown in Figure 1 but can be included in the device to increase cooling efficiency.
  • FIG. 2 shows another example of the disclosed embodiments.
  • An electromagnetic coil 200 may be activated via contacts 210 and 220.
  • Coolant for example, liquid nitrogen
  • cooling channel 230 which interleaves with electromagnet coil 200
  • inlet 240 and removed by outlet 250 by a compressor (not shown).
  • dry nitrogen could be introduced via inlet 240 and liquefied within the region 260, which may contain expanding and shrinking portions as needed to remove heat from the coolant.
  • the electromagnet may be contained within container 270, which may have a vacuum wall as is typical for a cryogenic storage Dewar. Electromagnetic energy may be converted to kinetic energy and transmitted to wheels via magnetic gear 280, which does not need to contact coil 200.
  • electromagnet 200 may interleave with each other in order to reduce resistance at high frequencies due to the skin effect, as may be done with Litz wires.
  • apparatus may be constructed wholly or in part using additive manufacturing techniques, as in the prior invention by Weinberg entitled “Flexible Methods of Fabricating Electromagnets", submitted in US provisional patent application 61/451,978.
  • Disclosed embodiment have particular utility in that the use of supplied liquid coolants may be reduced or eliminated, replaced by the use of gas (for example, dry air).
  • gas for example, dry air
  • the gas may be supplied to the electromagnetic device from a tank or cylinder containing pressurized air, or the gas may be pressurized as needed by a compressor.
  • the gas may be filtered for water or carbon dioxide or other contaminants as needed before it enters the electromagnet.
  • an automobile employing an electric drive might be recharged at a filling station with nitrogen at high pressure, and have the nitrogen circulate through the motor in liquid form in order to increase the power available from the electrical motors of the automobile.
  • a gas to be used as coolant according to the disclosed embodiments could be removed from the air by the automobile itself, and compressed in the automobile in order to supply the electromagnet in the motor. It should be understood that uses of the invention also extend to other types of vehicles, such as airplanes, surface and underwater sea vessels, whether manned or unmanned.
  • nitrogen has been used as an example of a liquefiable gas.
  • other liquefiable gases may be suitable as a coolant, including nitrogen with intermixed gases (e.g., argon), argon, or carbon dioxide.
  • the electromagnet could be filled with liquid nitrogen that had been produced on site at the filling station or elsewhere.
  • liquid nitrogen costs less than 40 cents per gallon, which is much less than gasoline.
  • the liquid nitrogen could circulate as a coolant through the electromagnet and have the heat removed from the coolant in a separate device, or the heat could be removed in a section of the electromagnet that allowed expansion or evaporation of the liquid nitrogen.
  • An attractive attribute of liquid nitrogen is that it has low viscosity (0.158 cP) as compared to other liquids (e.g., water, with a viscosity of 0.894 at room temperature).
  • a calculation of the potential benefit for an electric or hybrid car can be seen as follows: Assuming a 10 kg mass of copper in a motor coil, with wire width of 1 mm and coil loops of approximately 10-cm width, a length of about 1 km of wire is used, having a resistance at room temperature of 17 ohms. Cooling the copper down to 77-degrees-K results in a resistance of about 2 ohms. If 100 amps is run through the coil, the ohmic losses are 170 kW at room temperature and 22 kW at the lower temperature. Keeping the coil at 77-degrees-K requires spending at least 22 kW on cooling the coil, and with inefficiencies of cooling, probably twice that much. However, the overall power loss (which affects the battery's ability to move the car) is still about half of what it would have been without cooling.
  • Disclosed embodiments also have particular utility in that it is possible to generate higher magnetic fields with the electromagnet than would otherwise be possible using a given source of electrical current. This capability is particularly useful in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that operated without the need for liquid helium. It would also be useful in image-guided therapy, where a magnetic field for imaging may be switched rapidly with a means of delivering therapy. Such application is discussed in the U.S. Patent Application US 13/586489, entitled “MRI-guided nanoparticle cancer therapy apparatus and methodology", by I.N. Weinberg and P. Stepanov (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Inductive heaters work by running high currents to generate a magnetic field that induces heating of an electrically conductive (e.g., tungsten) or semiconductive (e.g., silicon) material through eddy currents in such material.
  • Inductive heaters are thermally isolated from the substance they are heating (i.e., not in direct contact); therefore, they can be cooled to very low temperatures in order to lower their electrical resistance without compromising their ability to heat the material.
  • coils used to create, manipulate, and confine plasma are similarly thermally isolated from the plasma and would similarly benefit from cooling in order to lower their electrical resistance.
  • Another application of the disclosed embodiments may be in reducing the resistance of transformer coils.
  • the coils In voltage transformers, it is advantageous for the coils to have a high number of turns, since this improves the electromagnetic coupling between the two coils. Large number of turns means that the coil wire length is considerable and, therefore, prone to having large electrical resistances. Reducing the electrical resistance through cooling by used of the disclosed embodiments is advantageous.
  • the apparatus may be constructed using flexible methods disclosed by I.N. Weinberg et al in US application 13/242,386, entitled "Flexible methods of fabricating electromagnets and resulting electromagnet elements".
  • a paste may be extruded onto a substrate and cured by heat in situ in order to create a conducting path for electricity. Some or all of the conducting path may then be coated with a material, and the material may be cured in place to form an insulator. Examples of such materials include plastic, aluminum nitride, or diamond-like carbon, or diamond films. Cooling channels may be established in the part via overhanging or roof-like conductor/insulator structures. This process may be continued through additive manufacturing in order to build up an electromagnet.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Linear Motors (AREA)

Abstract

On décrit un appareil et un procédé de construction d'un tel appareil, des matériaux conducteurs ou isolants comportant des canaux de refroidissement intermédiaires, lesdits matériaux conducteurs formant un électro-aimant. Le fluide de refroidissement peut être de l'azote liquide, et l'appareil peut être un dispositif IRM, un générateur, un transformateur, un dispositif chauffant à induction, un moteur, un véhicule automobile, un véhicule aérien ou un véhicule maritime.
PCT/US2015/014553 2014-02-05 2015-02-05 Dispositifs électromagnétiques avec refroidissement intégré Ceased WO2015120113A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201461935939P 2014-02-05 2014-02-05
US61/935,939 2014-02-05

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015120113A1 true WO2015120113A1 (fr) 2015-08-13

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Family Applications (1)

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WO (1) WO2015120113A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103580726A (zh) * 2012-08-07 2014-02-12 国民技术股份有限公司 用户识别卡、蓝牙设备及访问用户识别卡的方法

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6157281A (en) * 1996-07-24 2000-12-05 Odin Technologies, Ltd. Permanent magnet assemblies for use in medical applications
US6354087B1 (en) * 1998-05-22 2002-03-12 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Method and apparatus for cooling superconductor
US20030130131A1 (en) * 1999-11-15 2003-07-10 Brotz Gregory R. Superconductive geomagnetic aircraft
US7667358B2 (en) * 2004-12-24 2010-02-23 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Cooling structure of superconducting motor
US7821164B2 (en) * 2007-02-15 2010-10-26 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for a superconducting generator driven by wind turbine
US20110156590A1 (en) * 2008-09-03 2011-06-30 Akitoshi Okino Plasma Temperature Control Apparatus and Plasma Temperature Control Method
US20130061608A1 (en) * 2010-05-14 2013-03-14 L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Method for the Refrigerated Transportation of a Stock in a Vehicle Implementing a Liquid Combustible Gas Tank and a Liquid Nitrogen Tank
US8543178B2 (en) * 2007-11-02 2013-09-24 Ajax Tocco Magnethermic Corporation Superconductor induction coil

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6157281A (en) * 1996-07-24 2000-12-05 Odin Technologies, Ltd. Permanent magnet assemblies for use in medical applications
US6354087B1 (en) * 1998-05-22 2002-03-12 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Method and apparatus for cooling superconductor
US20030130131A1 (en) * 1999-11-15 2003-07-10 Brotz Gregory R. Superconductive geomagnetic aircraft
US7667358B2 (en) * 2004-12-24 2010-02-23 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Cooling structure of superconducting motor
US7821164B2 (en) * 2007-02-15 2010-10-26 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for a superconducting generator driven by wind turbine
US8543178B2 (en) * 2007-11-02 2013-09-24 Ajax Tocco Magnethermic Corporation Superconductor induction coil
US20110156590A1 (en) * 2008-09-03 2011-06-30 Akitoshi Okino Plasma Temperature Control Apparatus and Plasma Temperature Control Method
US20130061608A1 (en) * 2010-05-14 2013-03-14 L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Method for the Refrigerated Transportation of a Stock in a Vehicle Implementing a Liquid Combustible Gas Tank and a Liquid Nitrogen Tank

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103580726A (zh) * 2012-08-07 2014-02-12 国民技术股份有限公司 用户识别卡、蓝牙设备及访问用户识别卡的方法

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