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WO2015009592A1 - Concentrateur solaire pourvu de microréflecteurs - Google Patents

Concentrateur solaire pourvu de microréflecteurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015009592A1
WO2015009592A1 PCT/US2014/046465 US2014046465W WO2015009592A1 WO 2015009592 A1 WO2015009592 A1 WO 2015009592A1 US 2014046465 W US2014046465 W US 2014046465W WO 2015009592 A1 WO2015009592 A1 WO 2015009592A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substrate
sunlight
photovoltaic cells
tir
top surface
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2014/046465
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jacques Gollier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Corning Inc
Original Assignee
Corning Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Corning Inc filed Critical Corning Inc
Priority to US14/904,539 priority Critical patent/US20160172521A1/en
Publication of WO2015009592A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015009592A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
    • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
    • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H10F77/48—Back surface reflectors [BSR]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/60—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or compensating for temperature fluctuations
    • H10F77/63—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling
    • H10F77/68—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling using gaseous or liquid coolants, e.g. air flow ventilation or water circulation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to solar concentrators for photovoltaic -based solar panels, and in particular to a solar concentrator that utilizes microreflectors.
  • Solar power sources include solar panels that include photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert solar energy into electrical energy by the photoelectric effect.
  • PV photovoltaic
  • solar concentrators can be used to collect sunlight that would not otherwise be incident upon the PV cells and direct it to the PV cells.
  • the two main types of solar concentrators are based on parabolic reflectors and Fresnel refractive lenses.
  • a shortcoming of many solar concentrators is that they add substantial size and cost to the solar panel. Accordingly, there is a need for solar concentrators that can be formed as an integral part of or otherwise be combined with a solar panel while also minimizing the size and cost of the solar panel. Also, conventional solar concentrators present some practical problems, not the least of which is that because they are exposed to harsh environments, their efficiency rapidly decreases as a function of time. Furthermore, cleaning a solar panel that has many non-flat elements is time consuming and labor intensive.
  • An aspect of the disclosure is directed to a solar concentrator for concentrating sunlight onto photovoltaic cells of a solar panel.
  • the solar concentrator includes: a substantially planar substrate that is substantially transparent to the sunlight, the substrate having top and bottom surfaces, wherein the photovoltaic cells are arranged spaced apart from each other and in contact with the bottom surface; one or more microreflectors arranged between the photovoltaic cells and in contact with the bottom surface, the microreflectors having angled facets that receive the sunlight through the substrate and reflect the sunlight to the top surface at a reflectance angle that is greater than a total-internal reflection (TIR) critical angle for the substrate top surface.
  • TIR total-internal reflection
  • the solar panel includes: a substantially planar substrate that is substantially transparent to the sunlight and that has top and bottom surfaces; photovoltaic cells arranged spaced apart from each other and in contact with the bottom surface;
  • microreflectors arranged between the photovoltaic cells and in contact with the bottom surface, the microreflectors having angled facets that receive a first portion of the sunlight through the substrate and reflect the first portion of the sunlight to the top surface at a reflectance angle that is greater than a total-internal reflection (TIR) critical angle for the substrate top surface, and wherein the first portion of the sunlight reflected by TIR at the substrate top surface is directed to one or more of the photovoltaic cells. A second portion of the sunlight is directly received by the photovoltaic cells.
  • TIR total-internal reflection
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of concentrating sunlight onto photovoltaic cells of a solar panel wherein the photovoltaic cells are arranged spaced apart and in contact with a bottom surface of a substrate.
  • the method includes: passing the sunlight through the substrate to irradiate the photovoltaic cells, wherein a portion of the sunlight does not irradiate the photovoltaic cells; reflecting the portion of the sunlight back through the substrate to the top surface of the substrate at a reflectance angle that is greater than a total- internal reflection (TIR) critical angle for the substrate top surface; and directing the TIR light from the top substrate surface to one or more of the photovoltaic cells.
  • TIR total- internal reflection
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of concentrating sunlight onto photovoltaic cells of a solar panel wherein the photovoltaic cells are arranged spaced apart and in contact with a bottom surface of a substrate having a chamber.
  • the method includes: passing the sunlight through the substrate and chamber to irradiate the photovoltaic cells, wherein a portion of the sunlight does not irradiate the photovoltaic cells; reflecting the portion of the sunlight back through the substrate and chamber to the top surface of the substrate at a reflectance angle that is greater than a total-internal reflection (TIR) critical angle for the substrate top surface; directing the TIR light from the top substrate surface and through the chamber to one or more of the photovoltaic cells; and flowing a cooling liquid through the chamber to cool the photovoltaic cells.
  • TIR total-internal reflection
  • FIG. 1 is an elevated view of an example photovoltaic -based solar panel according to the disclosure, shown being illuminated with sunlight;
  • FIG. 2 is a close-up cross-sectional view as taken in the y-z plane of a portion of the solar panel of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a top-down view of an example solar panel showing an example configuration of the array of PV cells and the array of micro reflectors that reside between the PV cells, as seen through the transparent substrate;
  • FIG. 4 is a close-up view similar to FIG. 2 but illustrating an example wherein the light rays reflected by microreflector and by the top surface of the substrate are made incident upon the immediately adjacent PV cells;
  • FIG. 5 is a close-up view similar to FIG. 2 and shows an example microreflector with a 30°-60°-90° geometry
  • FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 5 and shows farther-away view and illustrates how light rays reflected by the microreflector undergo symmetrical reflection in opposite directions at + ⁇ and - ⁇ , and also illustrates an example substrate formed by two thin sheets;
  • FIG. 8 is a plot of the collection efficient CE (%) as a function of the light ray incidence angle a, with the different curves representing different PV cells;
  • FIG. 9 is a close-up view similar to FIG. 5 and shows how the difference in refractive indices n m and n s between the microreflector and the substrate causes reflected light from the microreflector to refract at the interface between the substrate bottom surface and the top surface of the microreflector;
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment similar to that shown in FIG. 6, wherein the substrate comprises two thin sheets that define a chamber shown as containing flowing liquid;
  • FIG. 1 1 is similar to FIG. 1 and illustrates an embodiment of a cooled solar panel that employs the solar concentrator configuration of FIG. 10.
  • Cartesian coordinates are shown in some of the Figures for the sake of reference and are not intended to be limiting as to direction or orientation.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevated view of an example photovoltaic -based solar panel 10 according to the disclosure, shown being illuminated with sunlight (light rays) 20 from the sun 30.
  • FIG. 2 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a portion of solar panel 10 of FIG. 1 as taken in the y-z plane.
  • Solar panel 10 includes a generally planar substrate 50.
  • substrate 50 has a solid body 51 with generally planar and parallel top and bottom surfaces 52 and 54 that define a substantially constant substrate thickness D.
  • Substrate body 51 is substantially transparent to sunlight 20 and has a refractive index n s .
  • thickness D is in the range 5 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 20 mm, while in another example the thickness D is in the range 6 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 12 mm, while in yet another example the thickness D is in the range 7 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 10 mm.
  • substrate 50 is made from a chemically strengthened glass, such as formed by an ion-exchange process.
  • substrate 50 is made of Gorilla® glass, made by Corning, Inc. of Corning NY.
  • Solar panel 10 includes an array 60 of photovoltaic (PV) cells 62 arranged in contact with bottom surface 54 of substrate 50. PV cells 62 are spaced apart and have a dimension B. In an example, PV cells 62 are square so that they have an area of B 2 .
  • Solar panel 10 also includes a microreflector array 70 that includes microreflector elements ("microreflectors") 72 disposed between PV cells 62 and that are in contact with bottom surface 54. In an example embodiment, microreflectors 72 have a dimension A.
  • an index-matching fluid (not shown) can be used to enhance the optical contact between microreflectors 72 and bottom surface 54 of substrate 50, as well as the optical contact between PV cells 62 and the bottom surface. Thus, the presence of an index- matching fluid does not obviate the condition that the microreflectors 72 and PV cells 62 are "in contact" with substrate bottom 54.
  • Substrate 50 and microreflectors 72 constitute a solar concentrator 90.
  • FIG. 2 includes a close-up inset that shows a portion of an example microreflector 72 that includes a body 81 of refractive index n m and that has a planar top surface 82 and a bottom surface 84.
  • Bottom surface 84 includes facets 86 each having a facet angle ⁇ , as shown in the close-up inset of FIG. 1 and as discussed in greater detail. Facets 86 also have additional facet angles ⁇ and p (see FIG. 5), and facet angle ⁇ is considered herein as the main facet angle.
  • facets 86 are large relative to visible wavelengths of light (nominally, 500 nm), e.g., 2 microns are larger, or 10 microns or larger, or 50 microns or larger. Having facets 86 that are substantially larger than the wavelength of visible light serves to avoid diffraction effects, allowing the microreflectors to operate mainly based on the principle of specular reflection.
  • microreflectors 72 are fabricated using a diamond turning process.
  • the diamond turning process includes fabricating a master that has the negative of bottom surface 84.
  • the master is then used to replicate bottom surface 84 on a transparent substrate (film) through roll-to-roll process.
  • the processed film can then be bonded to bottom surface 54 of substrate 50.
  • Typical feature sizes (e.g., facets 86) that can be formed using the above diamond turning process is on the order of 50 microns and larger.
  • microreflectors 72 Regardless of the process used to fabricate microreflectors 72, one important parameter that can affect collector system performance is facet roughness. Processes like diamond turning and roll-to-roll replication tend to introduce some surface roughness. The surface roughness can end up scattering a portion of light 20A. In example where it is preferred to control the amount of light scattering to be below 20% (i.e., the specular reflection component is at least 80%), the surface roughness needs to be less than about 20 nm RMS ( Root Mean Square ).
  • FIG. 3 is a top-down view of an example configuration of solar panel 10 that shows an example configuration for array 60 of PV cells 62 and array 70 of microreflectors 72 as viewed through substrate 50.
  • the spaced-apart PV cells 62 form a checkerboard pattern, and the microreflectors 72 reside within the spaces between the PV cells.
  • the arrows AR are explained below.
  • a (first) portion 20A of sunlight 20 passes through substrate 50 and is incident upon microreflectors 72 while another (second) portion 20B of the sunlight is directly received by (i.e., irradiates) PV cells 62 through substrate 50.
  • the sunlight portion 20B that is directly received by PV cells 62 through substrate 50 is absorbed thereby and converted to electrical energy (e.g., an electrical current).
  • the sunlight portion 20A that is incident upon microreflectors 72 needs to be redirected to be incident upon one or more of PV cells 62 so that this sunlight portion can also be converted into electrical energy.
  • the sunlight portions 20A and 20B are also referred to below as light rays 20A and 20B, respectively.
  • the facet angle ⁇ needs to be greater than a critical facet angle ⁇ that results in total-internal reflection (TIR) of light rays 20A for at least a range of angles around normal incidence to top surface 82.
  • TIR total-internal reflection
  • the critical facet angle ⁇ is determined by the TIR angle for light rays 20A that reflect by TIR from the microreflector facets 86.
  • Light rays 20A that reflect from facets 86 are directed to the substrate top surface 52 and are shown as undergoing TIR at the top surface.
  • the reflectance angle ⁇ must be greater than the critical reflectance angle 9c for TIR, i.e., ⁇ > 9c.
  • the critical angle 9c arcsin(l/3 ⁇ 4), wherein 1 is the index of air, which is assumed to be the medium residing above substrate top surface 52.
  • n s 1.5, so that 9c ⁇ 42°.
  • FIG. 4 is a close-up view of a portion of solar panel 10 similar to FIG. 2 but illustrating an example wherein the light rays 20A reflected by microreflector 72 and by the top surface 52 of substrate 50 are made incident upon the immediately adjacent PV cells 62.
  • the configuration for microreflector 72 that allows for light rays 20A to be directed in two different directions is explained below.
  • some light rays 20A undergo a single reflection from facet 86 and are directed generally in the +y direction at a reflectance angle +9, while some light rays 20A undergo a second reflection from sidewall 88 and are directed generally in the -y direction at a reflectance angle -9.
  • the single-reflection and double-reflection light rays 20A are generally symmetrical, i.e., the have generally the same absolute reflectance angle 9.
  • FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 5 and shows farther-away view illustrating how light rays 20A undergo symmetrical reflection in opposite directions at reflectance angles +9 and -9.
  • FIG. 6 also shows an example substrate 50 that includes two thin sheets 55A and 55B that define a chamber 57 therebetween.
  • at least one of sheets 55A and 55B is made from a chemically strengthened glass, such as formed by an ion-exchange process.
  • at least one of sheets 55A and 55B is made of Gorilla® glass, made by Corning, Inc. of Corning NY.
  • chamber 57 can contain a fluid, e.g., a gas or a liquid.
  • the reflectance angle ⁇ be made as large as possible, consistent with the condition that light rays 20A be made incident upon a PV cell 62. If the reflectance angle ⁇ is made too large, microreflector 72 will generate double reflections that send the reflected light rays 20A off in a direction wherein ⁇ ⁇ 9c, or at reflectance angles that do not result in the light rays being incident upon a PV cell 62.
  • the white arrows AR illustrate the directions of reflected light 20A as reflected by microreflectors 72.
  • microreflectors 72 located at the corners of PV cells 62 have diagonally oriented facets 86 to create the diagonally oriented reflections.
  • FIG. 8 is a plot of the collection efficient CE (%) as a function of the incidence angle a of light rays 20 at top surface 52 of substrate 50.
  • the collection efficiency CE is the amount of optical power that is incident upon PV cells 62 (through direct illumination as well as via reflection from microreflectors 72) as compared to the total amount of incident optical power.
  • the symbols 0 and ⁇ represent the amount of sunlight 20A reflected to PV cells 32 that are immediately adjacent the microrefiector 72, while the symbols ⁇ and o are for the next-over PV cells.
  • the symbol ⁇ plots the total collection efficiency CE as the sum of the values of the other plots.
  • microreflectors 72 have a refractive index n m ⁇ n s .
  • microreflectors 72 can be made from resin that has a refractive index n m up to about 1.6 at visible wavelengths.
  • FIG. 9 is a close-up view similar to FIG. 5 and shows how the difference in refractive indices n m and n s causes reflected light rays 20A to refract at the interface between bottom surface 54 of substrate 50 and top surface 82 of microrefiector 72.
  • FIG. 9 also illustrates an example embodiment wherein microreflectors optionally include a reflective coating 87 deposited on bottom surface 84 to provide for enhanced reflection from facets 86, particularly in the case where the TIR condition is not satisfied.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment similar to that shown in FIG. 6, wherein substrate 50 comprises two thin sheets 55A and 55B that define chamber 57 therebetween.
  • chamber 57 can be filled with a liquid 59, such as a cooling liquid (e.g., water, glycerin, oil, or suitable combinations thereof).
  • Liquid 59 has a refractive index HL.
  • Arrow AF indicates a flow direction of liquid 59 to effectuate cooling of PV cells 62 by carrying away heat that diffuses through lower sheet 55B and into the liquid.
  • FIG. 1 1 is similar to FIG. 1 and illustrates an example cooled solar panel 10 that employs the cooled solar concentrator 90 of FIG. 10.
  • the cooled solar panel 10 includes a liquid source 100 fluidly connected to chamber 57 via input and output conduits 102 and 104.
  • solar panel 10 is configured with multiple chambers 57 and multiple pairs of input and output conduits 102 and 104.
  • This problem can also be alleviated by using an index-matching fluid between bottom sheet 55B and PV cells 62 as well as micro reflectors 72.

Landscapes

  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un concentrateur solaire pour un panneau solaire, ce concentrateur comprenant un substrat transparent pourvu de cellules photovoltaïques agencées à distance les unes des autres et en contact avec la partie inférieure du substrat. Des microréflecteurs agencés entre les cellules photovoltaïques et en contact avec la partie inférieure du substrat reçoivent une partie de la lumière du soleil incidente sur le panneau solaire et la redirigent à travers le substrat. La partie de la lumière du soleil réfléchie est réfléchie à partir de la surface supérieure du substrat par réflexion totale interne, et cette lumière est dirigée vers une ou plusieurs des cellules photovoltaïques.
PCT/US2014/046465 2013-07-18 2014-07-14 Concentrateur solaire pourvu de microréflecteurs Ceased WO2015009592A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/904,539 US20160172521A1 (en) 2013-07-18 2014-07-14 Solar concentrator with microreflectors

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361847806P 2013-07-18 2013-07-18
US61/847,806 2013-07-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015009592A1 true WO2015009592A1 (fr) 2015-01-22

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TW (1) TW201504586A (fr)
WO (1) WO2015009592A1 (fr)

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TWI718284B (zh) * 2016-04-07 2021-02-11 美商零質量純水股份有限公司 太陽能加熱單元
US11545591B2 (en) * 2019-12-12 2023-01-03 Hamad Musabeh Ahmed Saif Alteneiji Light trapping dynamic photovoltaic module
US20240128387A1 (en) * 2022-10-18 2024-04-18 Nate DeVault Systems and methods to convert solar radiation into electricity
IT202300012810A1 (it) * 2023-06-21 2024-12-21 Enel Green Power Italia S R L Modulo fotovoltaico plastico con resistenza a sollecitazioni ed efficienza di conversione migliorate

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US20080185033A1 (en) * 2007-02-06 2008-08-07 Kalejs Juris P Solar electric module
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JP3259692B2 (ja) * 1998-09-18 2002-02-25 株式会社日立製作所 集光型太陽光発電モジュール及びその製造方法並びに集光型太陽光発電システム
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US4235643A (en) * 1978-06-30 1980-11-25 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Solar cell module
US20080185033A1 (en) * 2007-02-06 2008-08-07 Kalejs Juris P Solar electric module
US20100059099A1 (en) * 2008-09-05 2010-03-11 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Photoelectric conversion device
US20100175740A1 (en) * 2009-01-12 2010-07-15 Skyline Solar, Inc. Solar collector with end modifications

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US20160172521A1 (en) 2016-06-16
TW201504586A (zh) 2015-02-01

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