WO2015088280A1 - 이미지 센서의 단위 화소 - Google Patents
이미지 센서의 단위 화소 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015088280A1 WO2015088280A1 PCT/KR2014/012279 KR2014012279W WO2015088280A1 WO 2015088280 A1 WO2015088280 A1 WO 2015088280A1 KR 2014012279 W KR2014012279 W KR 2014012279W WO 2015088280 A1 WO2015088280 A1 WO 2015088280A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H10F30/28—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices being characterised by field-effect operation, e.g. junction field-effect phototransistors
- H10F30/282—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET], e.g. MISFET [metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor] phototransistors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
- H10F39/80373—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor characterised by the gate of the transistor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
- H10F39/80377—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor characterised by the channel of the transistor, e.g. channel having a doping gradient
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an image sensor, and more particularly, to a unit pixel of an image sensor having high sensitivity.
- Image sensors are sensors that convert light into electrical signals.
- Representative image sensors include APS (Active Pixel Sensor) and PPS (Passive Pixel Sensor) using CMOS.
- Photodiodes used in such image sensors accumulate incident light and convert it into electrical signals.
- a typical photodiode outputs a low current for a small amount of light, so the exposure time needs to be increased to accumulate a lot of charge to enable signal processing. Therefore, it is difficult to apply an image sensor using a general photodiode to a high speed camera.
- the amount of incident light is small in a dark environment, there is a problem in the quality of the image generated using the image sensor.
- a unit pixel formed on a substrate and converting incident light into an electrical signal.
- the unit pixel is applied with a power supply voltage, a source having a silicide layer for a metal contact formed thereon, and formed to be spaced apart from the source, a drain formed with a silicide layer for a metal contact formed therebetween, and formed between a source and a drain to flow a current.
- It has a nonsal structure in which a channel, an insulating layer formed on the channel, and a silicide layer is not formed on the top to facilitate light absorption, and is formed on the insulating layer so as to be located between the source and the drain.
- a floating gate for controlling an amount of current flowing through the channel into an electric field by an electron-hole pair generated by light, wherein the body of the unit pixel is floated, and the electric field is concentrated to the source and electron to the drain side by the power supply voltage applied to the source. Concentrated holes cause the electric field to act on the channel.
- the insulating layer may be formed to extend under the floating gate.
- the thickness of the insulating layer may be 7nm to 10nm.
- the insulating layer may be formed of a high-K insulator.
- the floating gate may be intrinsically doped.
- the thickness of the floating gate may be 100nm to 1um.
- the lower edge of the floating gate may be formed in a plane to disperse electrons.
- the insulating layer may be formed between the source and the drain and formed in the trench with both sides inclined.
- the source may include a lightly doped drain (LDD) region formed under one side of the floating gate, a P + region formed on one side of the LDD region, and a silicide layer formed on at least a portion of the P + region for metal contact. It may include.
- LDD lightly doped drain
- the LDD region may be formed at a predetermined depth under one side of the floating gate to be spaced apart from the insulating layer.
- the LDD region may be formed at a low doping concentration to lower the electric field with the floating gate.
- the substrate may be an epitaxial wafer.
- the substrate may be an SOI wafer.
- a unit pixel formed on a substrate and converting incident light into an electrical signal.
- the unit pixel may include a light receiving unit for outputting pixel current by the incident light and a select transistor for controlling the output of the pixel current, wherein the light receiving unit is formed to be spaced apart from the source, a source having a silicide layer for metal contact formed thereon, and A drain formed with a silicide layer for metal contact, a channel formed between the source and the drain, through which a current flows, an insulating layer formed on the upper portion of the channel, and a nonsal structure having no silicide layer formed thereon to facilitate light absorption.
- a floating gate formed on the insulating layer so as to be positioned between the source and the drain, the floating gate controlling an amount of current flowing through the channel by an electron-hole pair generated by incident light. Floating, the electric field is concentrated on the source side by the supply voltage applied to the source and drain side It is generated by the concentration of the hole to.
- the light receiving portion may be formed in the N-well formed on the substrate.
- the light receiver may further include a reset terminal formed in the N-well and receiving a reset signal.
- the semiconductor device may further include a drain formed in the N-well, a source formed in the substrate, a source receiving a power voltage, and a reset gate positioned between the drain and the source and receiving a reset signal.
- the body of the select transistor may be connected to ground.
- the light receiving unit and the select transistor may share a body.
- the electronic device may further include a charge pump for applying a high voltage to the gate of the select transistor.
- it may further include a polarization induction structure formed spaced apart from the upper portion of the floating gate.
- 1 is an exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of a unit pixel of an image sensor.
- FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram schematically illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram for describing an operating principle of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a light receiving unit of a unit pixel.
- FIG. 5 is an exemplary view showing in detail the structure of the corner portion of the gate shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is another exemplary view illustrating in detail a structure of a corner portion of the gate illustrated in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating another structure of a light receiving unit of a unit pixel.
- FIG. 8 is an exemplary view showing in detail the structure of the corner portion of the gate shown in FIG.
- 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 are exemplary views illustrating a process of manufacturing a light receiving unit of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 4.
- 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 are exemplary views illustrating a process of forming a lower edge of a gate of a unit pixel into a plane.
- 22, 23, 24, and 25 are exemplary diagrams illustrating another process of forming the lower edge of the gate of the unit pixel into a plane.
- 26, 27, 28, and 29 are exemplary diagrams illustrating another process of forming a lower edge of a gate of a unit pixel into a plane.
- FIG. 30 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 30.
- FIG. 32 is an exemplary diagram for describing a structure for potentially separating an N-Well of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1 or 30.
- 33 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 33.
- 35 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 35.
- 37 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 37.
- 39 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 40 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 39.
- 41 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 42 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 41.
- 43 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 44 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 43.
- 45 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 46 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 45.
- 47 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- FIG. 48 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 47.
- FIG. 49 is a diagram illustrating a circuit of a unit pixel of an image sensor implemented on an SOI substrate.
- 1 is an exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of a unit pixel of an image sensor.
- the unit pixel 100 photoelectrically converts light to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 100 includes a PMOS 110 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and an NMOS 120 connected to the PMOS 110 to serve as a switch.
- the PMOS 110 controls the magnitude of the pixel current flowing through the channel formed between the source and the drain by the electric field by the floating gate polarized by the incident light
- the NMOS 120 is a unit transistor to output the pixel current as the select transistor.
- Select 100 and determine the exposure time.
- the NMOS 120 performs a switching operation by the SEL control signal applied to the control gate, and the SEL control signal may be a voltage signal larger than the power supply voltage VDD.
- the NMOS may be a native or medium Vt transistor having a low Vth.
- the source of the PMOS 110 is coupled to the power supply voltage VDD and the drain is coupled to the drain of the NMOS 120.
- the body of the PMOS 110 is formed as a floating body, and the body of the NMOS 120 is connected to the ground voltage GND. Meanwhile, the body or P-well of the NMOS 120 may also be formed as a floating body in the pixel region.
- the source of the NMOS 120 outputs a pixel current, and the output pixel current may be applied to an I-V converter (IVC).
- IVC I-V converter
- PMOS 110 and NMOS 120 may be implemented through a general MOSFET process.
- the operation of the unit pixel 100 is as follows.
- the power supply voltage VDD is applied to the source of the PMOS 110 formed on the same substrate as the NMOS 120, the PN junction surface is formed in all regions where the N-well and the p-type substrate face and are electrically neutral due to reverse bias.
- the depletion region in a state is formed thick.
- the P voltage is induced by the electric field between the source and the drain of the PMOS 110.
- photons are incident on the lower junction surface of the N-well in which the floating gate and the depletion region are generated, thereby generating an electron hole pair (EHP).
- EHP electron hole pair
- a P-channel is completed between an N-well disposed under the floating gate, that is, a drain and a source.
- a voltage is applied to the gate of the NMOS 120 connected to the PMOS 110 and a channel is formed between the source and the drain formed in the NMOS 120 to receive the signal charge formed in the PMOS 110 to output the pixel current.
- one photon generates one electron-hole pair, while the PMOS 110 of the unit pixel 100 induces a channel current of the PMOS in which one photon is amplified.
- the current gain of the photocurrent reaches 100 to 1000, so that the image can be realized even in low light where a small amount of light is incident, and the charge accumulation time can be reduced by 100 to 1000 times compared to the conventional sensor.
- the charge accumulation time is sufficient only by a delay of several tens of clocks rather than one frame or one line, thus eliminating long integration time, thereby enabling high speed video.
- FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram schematically illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the PMOS 110 is formed in the N-well 140 formed on the P-type substrate 150, and the body is floated.
- the NMOS 120 is formed on the P-type substrate 150, and the body is connected to the ground voltage GND.
- the PMOS 110 is an insulating layer positioned between the first P + region 111 and the second P + region 112 formed between the N-well 140 and the first P + region 111 and the second P + region 112. It consists of a floating gate 113 formed on the top.
- the NMOS 120 includes an insulating layer disposed between the first N + region 121 and the second N + region 122, the first N + region 121, and the second N + region 122 formed on the P-type substrate 150.
- the control gate 123 is formed on the upper portion, and the third P + region 114 formed on the P-type substrate 150.
- the first P + region 111 operates as a source of the PMOS 110, and a power supply voltage VDD is applied.
- the second P + region 112 operates as a drain of the PMOS 110.
- the first N + region 121 operates as a drain of the NMOS 120 and is connected to the drain of the PMOS 110.
- the second N + region 122 operates as a source of the NMOS 120 and is connected to the IVC to output pixel current.
- the control gate 123 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the first N + region 121 and the second N + region 122.
- the third P + region 114 is connected to the ground voltage GND.
- the ground voltage GND may be a reference voltage for the NMOS 120 to operate as a switch. In addition, it may serve to be isolated between the unit pixels.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first to third P + regions 111, 112 and 113, the first and second N + regions 121 and 122, and the control gate 123, but the floating gate ( On top of 113, no silicide layer is formed to suppress reflection of light and to facilitate absorption and transmission of light.
- the silicide layer since the silicide layer is formed for the purpose of ohmic contact, the silicide layer may serve as a site for supplying free electrons to the floating gate 113.
- the nonsal structure that does not form the silicide layer on the floating gate 113 may facilitate the absorption and transmission of light and may also remove the influence of free electrons.
- the IVC connected to the column line in common outside the pixel may convert the output pixel current into a voltage by driving a capacitor or a resistor.
- FIG. 3 is an exemplary diagram for describing an operating principle of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the floating gate 113 may be formed of polysilicon doped with N-, and may be formed with a thickness of 100 nm to 1 ⁇ m to widen the absorption wavelength band of light.
- the floating gate 113 When manufactured according to a general MOSFET process, the floating gate 113 is formed to have a thickness of 200 to 300 nm and absorbs most of short wavelengths of 400 nm or less, but transmits a long wavelength band of visible light, for example, 500 to 1,100 nm. Therefore, the thickness of the floating gate 113 may be increased in order to increase the absorption of the long wavelength band having high transmittance. Due to the increase in the thickness of the floating gate 113, the probability of generating EHP in the floating gate 113 due to light may be increased.
- polysilicon may be stacked and vertically connected to each other to be used as a gate, thereby increasing the thickness of the floating gate 113.
- PIP polysilicon-insulator-polysilicon
- the floating gate 113a shown on the left side shows electron distribution in a state where light is not irradiated.
- the floating gate 113a is doped with N- to form a buried channel between the PMOS source and the PMOS drain, which minimizes noise generation due to surface current.
- the lower left side faces the PMOS source side
- the lower right side faces the PMOS drain side.
- the floating gate 113b shown in the center represents a state in which light is incident, EHP is generated, electrons and holes are polarized, and are distributed by an external electric field.
- EHP is generated
- electrons and holes are polarized, and are distributed by an external electric field.
- electrons separated from the hole can move freely outside the grain boundaries of the polysilicon, and due to the field effect of the PMOS source, the lower left corner of the floating gate 113b, i.e., close to the PMOS source Are concentrated.
- an electric field is formed at the lower left of the floating gate 113b, and as the number of electrons concentrated increases, the electric field also becomes stronger.
- the hole is pushed by the hole carriers of the PMOS source and the lower channel, so that the polarization phenomenon occurs inside the floating gate 113b while the carrier moves to the upper right side of the floating gate 113b, that is, away from the PMOS source. .
- the polarized electrons and holes are recombined so as to be in thermal equilibrium, and are in the same state as the left side 113a.
- the right side is the floating gate 113c in which polarization occurs.
- the greater the intensity of the incident light the greater the EHP generation, and thus the greater the polarization.
- the electric field effect is applied to the lower surface of the floating gate 113c and the upper surface of the channel due to the polarization of the floating gate 113c, the electric charge of the lower surface of the floating gate 113c increases according to the intensity of the incident light, thereby causing a large electric field. Effect.
- the channel between the PMOS source and the PMOS drain expands to increase the amount of current flowing through the channel.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a light receiving unit of a unit pixel.
- an N-well 205 is formed by injecting N-type impurities into the P-type substrate 200.
- the N-well 205 includes a source and a drain, and an insulating layer on the N-well. After this is formed, a PMOS with a floating gate formed of polysilicon is formed. P + impurities are implanted into the N-well 205 to form a source 210a which is a first P + region and a drain 210b which is a second P + region.
- the source 210a and the drain 210b are structures corresponding to each other and may be formed by the same process. Silicide layers 235a and 235b for metal contact are formed on the source 210a and the drain 210b, respectively.
- the insulating layer 230 is positioned between the silicide layers 235a and 235b, and the floating gate 240 is formed of polysilicon on the insulating layer 230.
- Lightly-doped drain (LDD) 215a and 215b are formed on the right side of the source 210a and the left side of the drain 210b, respectively.
- Spacers 245a and 245b are formed on side surfaces of the floating gate 240 to prevent P + impurity implantation into the LDDs 215a and 215b.
- the N-well 205 may include a channel layer 225 in which a buried channel is formed and a carrier departure preventing layer 220 having a lower doping concentration in order to prevent carriers generated in the channel from entering an adjacent MOS.
- the left side of the source 210a and the right side of the drain 210b are regions 250a and 250b that electrically separate the PMOS constituting the light-receiving portion from other adjacent MOSs, for example, Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS) or Shallow Trench. It may be formed respectively by the isolation (STI) method.
- the passivation layer 255 is formed on the light receiving unit.
- an epitaxial wafer may be used for uniformity of the N-well 205.
- the light receiving unit shown in FIG. 4 uses the principle that charge polarization occurs due to the interaction between the EHP excited by the light and the bias terminal, and a channel is formed under the floating gate 240 by the electric field due to the amount of polarized charge.
- the bias stage is the source 210a in the case of PMOS.
- Vt in the structure shown in FIG. 4 is influenced by the doping concentration of the N-well 205. Therefore, if the characteristic of each unit pixel is not uniform in the pixel array for the image sensor, a problem may occur that the image quality may be degraded.
- an epitaxial wafer may be used. Since Vt is proportional to the doping concentration, the doping concentration of the N-well 205 may be adjusted for the operation of the light receiving unit.
- the insulating layer 230 may be formed of a high-k dielectric to prevent a change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 240 by tunneling.
- High-K Dielectric may be, for example, Al 2 O 3 , HfSiO x , HfSiON (nitrided hafnium silicates), or the like.
- the insulating layer 230 may be formed of a low-k dielectric to prevent a change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 240 by tunneling.
- a low-k dielectric such as 0.11um, low-K materials, fluorine silicon glass (FSG) or undoped silicon dioxide (USG) are used to reduce gate leakage.
- FSG fluorine silicon glass
- USG undoped silicon dioxide
- the doping concentration of the LDDs 215a and 215b may be lowered to prevent the change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 240 due to tunneling.
- the general LDD doping concentration is 1x10 15 or less, but since the doping concentration of LDD varies depending on the process, the doping concentration may be lowered to be below the doping concentration applied in the process.
- the doping concentrations of the LDDs 215a and 215b are lowered, a voltage drop due to a relatively high resistance may occur, thereby lowering an electric field between the LDD 215a and the gate 240.
- the PMOS may be light doped to be P ⁇ .
- FIG. 5 is an exemplary view showing in detail the structure of the corner portion of the gate shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 5, a structure of a lower left side of the source 210a and the floating gate 240 that operate as a bias stage is illustrated. Since the structures of the lower right side of the drain 210b and the floating gate 240 are configured in the same manner, redundant description thereof will be omitted.
- the thickness D1 of the insulating layer 230 may be increased to prevent a change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 240 due to tunneling.
- the insulating layer 230 may be formed of, for example, silicon oxide (SiO 2 ).
- an afterimage effect may occur due to the outflow and inflow delay of the electrons, and may also cause a memory effect.
- the memory effect is a phenomenon in which an electric charge is continuously trapped in the defects site of the floating gate 240 or inside the insulating layer 230, and thus the image is exposed to light even when the power is turned off and on. Accordingly, tunneling may be prevented by increasing the thickness D1 of the insulating layer 230 to increase the distance between the lower left corner of the floating gate 240 where the electrons are concentrated and the LDD 215a.
- the thickness of the insulating layer is 7 nm or less, and the thickness of the insulating layer 230 may be increased by about 20%, for example, 7 nm to 10 nm.
- the thickness of the insulating layer 230 may be, for example, 4nm ⁇ 6nm.
- the floating gate 240 may be a nonsal structure having no silicide layer formed thereon in order to suppress reflection of light and to facilitate absorption and transmission of light.
- a silicide protective layer (not shown) is formed on the floating gate 240 when the silicide layer is formed on the source 210a and the drain 210b. It may be formed wider than the area of 240.
- the silicide protection layer may extend to the extent that the silicide layers 235a and 235b formed on the drain 210a and the source 210b do not have a problem with the metal contact. Therefore, the length of the insulating layer 230 may be increased by D2.
- a silicide layer may be formed on a portion of the upper portion of the floating gate 240, or one side of the lower portion of the floating gate 240 may not contact the silicide layers 235a and 235b formed on the source 210a or the drain 210b.
- the silicide layer is formed on a part of the upper portion of the floating gate 240 due to a mismatch of the mask, the incident light may be prevented.
- the free gate may act as a site for supplying free electrons, thereby causing a problem in the uniformity between pixels. You can.
- the conventional JUST method of matching the area of the mask and the floating gate may cause a yield problem during mass production, and a silicide layer may be formed on a part of the floating gate, which may cause inter-pixel uniformity problems.
- the floating gate 240 may be formed thick to increase absorption of light.
- the floating gate 240 absorbs most of short wavelengths of 400 nm or less, but the long wavelength band of visible light, for example, 500 to 1,100 nm, absorbs only a portion and transmits a considerable amount. Therefore, the thickness of the floating gate 240 may be increased to increase the absorption rate of the long wavelength band having high transmittance. Due to an increase in the thickness of the floating gate 240, EHP generation in the floating gate 240 due to incident light may be increased.
- floating gate 240 may be doped to be close to intrinsic. Floating gate 240 may be doped to be intrinsically close when doping against the polarity of floating gate 240 to form a buried channel.
- the floating gate of the PMOS may be doped with N-type impurities
- the floating gate of the NMOS may be doped with P-type impurities to form a buried channel.
- intrinsic does not mean only when the concentration of the impurity is a specific concentration, for example, 1e10 / cm 3 or less, and may include a case where the concentration of the N-type impurity and the concentration of the P-type impurity are substantially the same.
- the amount of charge polarization due to EHP generation can be kept to a minimum when light is not incident.
- the electric field between the LDDs 215a and 215b and the floating gate 240 may be lowered.
- FIG. 6 is another exemplary view illustrating in detail a structure of a corner portion of the gate illustrated in FIG. 4.
- a structure of the drain 210a and the lower left side of the floating gate 240 that operate as a bias stage is illustrated. Since the structures of the lower right side of the source 210b and the floating gate 240 are configured in the same manner, redundant description thereof will be omitted.
- the LDD 215a may be deeply formed in order to prevent a change in charge amount of the floating gate 240 due to tunneling.
- the LDD acceptor implant energy is increased to form the LDD 215a.
- the LDD 215a may be formed at a depth where the top surface thereof does not contact the insulating layer 230. For this reason, the distance D3 between the LDD 215a from the lower left corner of the floating gate 240 increases, and the occurrence of the tunneling phenomenon can be suppressed.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating another structure of a light receiving unit of a unit pixel.
- the light receiving unit of the unit pixel is formed of an N-well 305 formed by injecting N-type impurities into the P-type substrate 300, a source and a drain formed in the N-well 305, and between the source and the drain. It is a PMOS composed of a floating gate 340 formed on an insulating layer located.
- the source 310a and the drain 310b are formed by injecting P + impurities into the N-well 305.
- the source 310a and the drain 310b are structures corresponding to each other and may be formed by the same process. Silicide layers 335a and 335b for metal contact are formed on the source 310a and the drain 310b, respectively.
- the insulating layer 330 is positioned between the silicide layers 335a and 335b, and the floating gate 340 is formed of polysilicon on the insulating layer 330.
- the lower edge of the floating gate 340 may be formed in a plane shape.
- LDDs 315a and 315b are formed on the right side of the source 310a and the left side of the drain 310b, respectively.
- Spacers 345a and 345b are formed on the side of the floating gate 340 to prevent P + impurity implantation into the LDDs 315a and 315b.
- the N-well 305 may include a channel layer 325 in which a buried channel is formed and a carrier departure preventing layer 320 having a lower doping concentration in order to prevent carriers generated in the channel from entering an adjacent MOS. It is formed at the bottom.
- the left side of the source 310a and the right side of the drain 310b are regions 350a and 350b which electrically separate the PMOS constituting the light receiving unit from other adjacent MOSs, and may be formed, for example, in a LOCOS or STI scheme. have.
- an epitaxial wafer may be used for uniformity of the N-well 305.
- the insulating layer 330 may be formed of a high-k dielectric to prevent a change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 340 due to tunneling.
- the insulating layer 330 may be formed of a low-k dielectric to prevent a change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 340 due to tunneling.
- the doping concentration of the LDDs 315a and 315b may be lowered in order to prevent a change in the amount of charge of the floating gate 340 due to tunneling.
- the floating gate 340 may be a nonsal structure having no silicide layer formed thereon in order to suppress reflection of light and to facilitate absorption and transmission of light.
- the floating gate 340 may be formed thick to increase absorption of light.
- floating gate 340 may be doped close to intrinsic.
- FIG. 8 is an exemplary view illustrating in detail the structure of the gate edge portion illustrated in FIG. 7. Referring to FIG. 8, a structure of the lower left side of the source 310a and the floating gate 340 that operate as the bias stage is illustrated. Since the structures of the drain 310b and the lower right side of the floating gate 340 are configured in the same manner, redundant description thereof will be omitted.
- the lower left corner of the floating gate 340 may be formed as a surface 341. 9 to 16, a shallow trench is formed between the source 310a and the drain 310b, and then an insulating layer 330 is formed, or as shown in FIGS. 17 to 5E, the floating gate 340.
- the edge of the floating gate 340 may be formed as a surface 341 by forming a protrusion on the portion of the insulating layer 330 at which the edge of the bottom surface is formed and then forming the floating gate 340.
- the insulating layer 330 may include the first insulating layer 331, the second insulating layer 332, and the third insulating layer. 333.
- the first insulating layer 331 is positioned between the bottom surface of the floating gate 340 and the channel layer 325 and is formed at a depth D4 inside the substrate as compared with the third insulating layer 333.
- the second insulating layer 332 connects the first insulating layer 331 and the third insulating layer 333, and connects the surface 341 of the lower left side of the gate 340 and the inclined surface 316a of the LDD 315a. According to the thickness D5.
- the third insulating layer 333 is parallel to the silicide layer 335a and has a length D2.
- the thickness D1 and the thickness D5 may be substantially the same, so that the distance from the LDD is not substantially changed, but the strength of the electric field applied to the LDD may be weakened, as compared with the case where the lower left side of the floating gate 340 is an edge. .
- the lower left corner of the floating gate 340 When the lower left corner of the floating gate 340 is formed as the surface 341, electrons are not concentrated and distributed along the surface 341, so that a phenomenon in which an electric field is strongly displayed at a specific portion may be improved.
- a hot carrier caused by a thermal effect may cause leakage or electrons trapped in a defect.
- the proposed unit pixel has a structure in which a very small amount of current is controlled by photons, and thus, an afterimage effect may occur due to tunneling or hot carrier. Therefore, in order to prevent this, the lower left corner of the floating gate 340 in which the electric field may be concentrated may be formed in a plane.
- 9 to 16 are diagrams illustrating a process of manufacturing a light receiving unit of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 7.
- an N-well 305 is formed on the P-type substrate 300.
- the N-well 305 may be formed by implanting P or the like.
- the silicon nitride layer 400 is formed on the upper surface of the P-type substrate 300 on which the N-well 305 is formed.
- a portion of the silicon nitride layer 400 stacked on the top surface of the N-well 305 is removed to form the opening 410.
- the N-well 305 located in the opening 410 is etched to form the trench 415.
- the silicon nitride layer 400 is removed and the insulating layers 331, 332, and 333 are formed on the upper surface of the P-type substrate 300 on which the trench 415 is formed.
- the insulating layers 331, 332, and 333 are also formed on the lower surface and the inclined surface of the trench 415.
- LOCOS 420a and 420b are formed on the left and right sides of the trench 415, respectively.
- the channel layer 325 is formed by performing an implant for adjusting the Vt of the N-well.
- the gate 340 is formed of polysilicon in the trench 415 in which the insulating layers 331, 332, and 333 are formed.
- the gate top may be flattened when the gate is formed.
- the gate formed by a typical MOSFET process is etched roundly on top.
- the photoresist may be more widely deposited in consideration of etching of polysilicon located at the lower ends of the photoresist due to etchant.
- dry etching and wet etching may be mixed to planarize the upper etching surface of the gate.
- P- impurity is implanted into the top of the N-well to form LDDs 315a and 315b. Thereafter, P + impurities are implanted to form the source 310a and the drain 310b.
- P-type impurities may also be implanted into the gate when P- and P + impurities are implanted, and the N-type impurities may be implanted through a separate process to substantially dope the gate substantially intrinsic.
- a separate mask may be used to prevent the gate is doped to the P-type during P- impurity and / or P + impurity implantation.
- silicide layers 335a and 335b for metal contact are formed on the source 310a and the drain 310b.
- the silicide layers 335a and 335b are formed after removing the insulating layer over the source 310a and the drain 310b. At this time, the silicide layer is not formed on the gate 340 of the PMOS.
- a metal for outputting an electric signal from the unit pixel is wired.
- the metal 430 is connected to the source 310a and the drain 310b of the PMOS to transmit an electrical signal to the outside.
- the location of the contact may be spaced as far as possible from the gate 340.
- the electric field applied to the gate 340 may be reduced.
- a polarization inducing structure may be formed of a metal around the gate 340 for shading to facilitate polarization.
- the polarization inducing structure may be composed of a metal 440 around the gate 340 disposed at a position where an electric field may be applied to the upper right side of the gate 340, and the metal 440 contacts the drain 301b. I never do that.
- the metal 440 may be connected to the ground voltage GND to concentrate the holes toward the upper right side of the gate 340.
- the metal 440 may be connected to VDD to push holes to the lower left of the gate 340 to increase the recombination rate and the coupling rate of the electron-holes.
- the drain 310b is floated to bring the source 310a and the drain 310b into equilibrium with the same value.
- charge polarization may be formed up and down, unlike in FIG. 3C. Therefore, using the polarization induction structure, when the select transistor NMOS 120 is Off, the recombination rate of the electron-hole and the metal 440 is connected to the power supply voltage VDD to return to the equilibrium state as shown in 113a of FIG. The field effect can be induced to increase the coupling speed.
- 17 to 21 are views illustrating a process of forming a lower edge of a gate of a light receiving unit of a unit pixel into a plane.
- the NMOS portion will be omitted and described.
- an N-well 305 is formed on the P-type substrate 300.
- the N-well 305 may be formed by injecting P impurities or the like.
- Protrusions 334a and 334b are formed at positions where the gate 340 is to be formed on the insulating layer 330.
- both side surfaces of the protrusions 334a and 334b may be formed as inclined surfaces.
- a gate 340 is formed of polysilicon between the protrusions 334a and 334b.
- the lower edges of the gate 340 are located on the inclined surfaces of the protrusions 334a and 334b facing each other. Therefore, the lower edge of the gate 340 may be formed in a plane.
- the gate upper portion can be made flat when forming the gate.
- the photoresist may be more widely deposited in consideration of etching of polysilicon located at the lower ends of the photoresist due to etchant.
- dry etching and wet etching may be mixed to planarize the upper etching surface of the gate 340.
- P-type impurities are implanted to form LDD regions 315a and 315b and P + regions 310a and 310b to form a source and a drain.
- the P-type impurity may be implanted in the gate, and the N-type impurity may be implanted through a separate process to substantially dope the gate substantially intrinsic.
- a separate mask may be used to prevent the gate is doped to the P-type during P- impurity and / or P + impurity implantation.
- silicide layers 335a and 335b for metal contacts are formed on the P + regions 310a and 310b. In this case, the silicide layer is not formed on the gate 340.
- 22 to 25 are diagrams illustrating another process of forming the lower edge of the gate of the light receiving unit of the unit pixel into a plane.
- the silicon nitride layer 400 is formed on the upper surface of the P-type substrate 300, and an opening 410 is formed at a position where a shallow trench is to be formed using a mask.
- field oxide is formed in the opening 410.
- the silicon nitride layer 400 and the FOX are removed to form the trench 415. Both sides of the trench 415 may be formed as inclined surfaces.
- an insulating layer is formed on the upper surface of the P-type substrate 300 and the lower surface of both sides of the trench 415. Then, to form a PMOS, N-well, gate, LDD region, P + region, and silicide layers are sequentially formed. Steps (a) to (d) may be performed on the bare wafer prior to forming the PMOS component, so that subsequent effects on other processes may be less. On the other hand, since the present process using FOX is the same process only different from the depth of the LOCOS process, it can proceed to the LOCOS process after Figs. 22 to 25.
- 26 to 29 are diagrams illustrating another process of forming the bottom edge of the gate of the light receiving unit of the unit pixel into a plane.
- the silicon nitride layer 400 is formed on the upper surface of the P-type substrate 300, and an opening 410 is formed at a position where a trench is to be formed using a mask.
- trenches 415 are formed by etching with KOH or the like.
- a shallow trench 415 may be formed by applying an (111) plane anisotropic etching method used in a MEMS process. Both sides of the trench 415 may be formed as inclined surfaces.
- CMOS process is used by providing a wafer to remove the silicon nitride layer 400 by etching so that a general CMOS process can proceed.
- an insulating layer is formed on an upper surface of the P-type substrate 300 and lower surfaces of both sides of the trench 415. Then, to form a PMOS, N-well, gate, LDD region, P + region, and silicide layers are sequentially formed. 26 to 29 may be performed on a bare wafer before forming a PMOS component.
- a wafer preprocessed with a MEMS process it is not necessary to apply a special process such as MEMS during a general CMOS process. The impact may be small.
- this process can alleviate the phenomenon that the upper part of the gate becomes curved due to isotropic etching, thereby reducing the volume variation of the gate due to the curved surface generation.
- FIG. 30 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- the unit pixel 500 photoelectrically converts light to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 500 includes a PMOS 510 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and an NMOS 520 connected to the PMOS 510 and serving as a switch.
- the PMOS 510 controls the amount of pixel current flowing through a channel formed between a source and a drain by an electric field by a floating gate polarized by incident light
- the NMOS 520 operates as a select transistor to output a pixel current.
- Select 500 and perform the function of determining the exposure time.
- the source of the PMOS 510 is coupled to the supply voltage VDD and the drain is coupled to the drain of the NMOS 520.
- the body of the PMOS 510 may be connected to the reset by forming a contact for connecting to the outside, and the body of the NMOS 520 may be connected to the ground voltage GND.
- the source of the NMOS 520 outputs a pixel current, and the output pixel current is input to an I-V converter (IVC).
- IVC I-V converter
- the PMOS 510 and NMOS 520 may be implemented through a general MOSFET process.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 30.
- an N-well 540 is formed on the P-type substrate 550, the PMOS 510 constituting the unit pixel 500 is formed on the N-well 540, and the NMOS 520 is formed on the P-type substrate 550. It is formed on the P-type substrate 550.
- a floating gate 513 is formed over the insulating layer located between the source 511 and the drain 512 of the PMOS 510. As the gate 513 floats, recombination of the EHP can be facilitated to maintain thermal equilibrium when the light is in a state of no light.
- P + impurities are implanted into the N-well 540 to form a source 511 which is a first P + region and a drain 512 which is a second P + region, and the floating gate 513 is doped with polysilicon by N-impurity. Impurity concentration can be adjusted and can be configured as P-type, intrinsic, or N-type depending on the concentration of N-impurities.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the source 511 and the drain 513, but a silicide layer is not formed on the floating gate 513 to increase polarization due to light reception.
- the control gate 523 is positioned over the insulating layer located between the drain 521 and the source 522 of the NMOS 520.
- N + impurities are implanted into the P-type substrate 550 to form a drain 521 which is a first N + region and a source 522 which is a second N + region, and the control gate 523 is doped with polysilicon by N- impurities. Is formed.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the drain 521, the control gate 522, and the source 522.
- the drain 521 of the NMOS 520 is connected to the drain 512 of the PMOS 510.
- the body 530 of the NMOS 520 is connected to the ground voltage GND.
- the ground voltage GND may be a reference voltage for the NMOS 520 to operate as a switch.
- the unit pixel illustrated in FIG. 31 further includes a reset stage 514 formed in the N-well 540.
- the unit pixel absorbs light in the short wavelength band through the floating gate, but light in the long wavelength band may pass through the floating gate.
- the transmitted light is absorbed inside the N-well below the gate and deeper into the depletion layer at the interface between the Nwell and the P-type substrate, creating electron-hole pairs.
- the generated holes move to the P-type substrate, but some of the electrons remain inside the N-well, which increases the electron density of the N-well. Increasing the electron density of the N-well may cause an afterimage effect.
- the N-well is floated, and in non-operation, a specific voltage, for example, a power supply voltage or a current is supplied to the N-well through the reset stage 514.
- a specific voltage for example, a power supply voltage or a current is supplied to the N-well through the reset stage 514.
- the electrons remaining inside the wells can be removed continuously. Through this, it is possible to always operate under the same conditions every time the unit pixel is selected.
- the voltage or current supplied to the N-well through the reset stage 514 may vary.
- the temperature of the substrate may vary depending on the external temperature or the operating time. Since the Vth of the N-well is an inverse function of the temperature, the voltage or or current for resetting the N-well can be adjusted outside the pixel according to the temperature change so that the Vth of the N-well is constant at the temperature. That is, the higher the temperature, the lower the Vth, so that more current can flow, so that it can be reset to a higher voltage.
- FIG. 32 is an exemplary diagram for describing a structure for potentially separating an N-Well of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1 or 30.
- One unit pixel may be configured in one N-well or a plurality of unit pixels in a 2 ⁇ 2 array, a row, or a column may be configured in one N-well.
- the ground voltage GND is connected to the periphery (four surfaces) of the N-well to eliminate overflow or interference between adjacent pixels.
- P + regions 560 may be formed to electrically separate the N-well from the P-type substrate.
- the isolation method such as LOCOS, STI, etc., closes to the surface of the substrate including the buried channel.
- the channel to be formed does not affect or minimize the adjacent unit pixels.
- 33 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor.
- the unit pixel 600 photoelectrically converts incident light and outputs pixel current.
- the unit pixel 600 may include a PMOS 610 that serves as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light, an NMOS 620 that is connected to the PMOS 610, and serves as a switch, and an N-well in which the PMOS 610 is formed.
- NMOS 660 to reset and deliver bias.
- the PMOS 610 controls the magnitude of pixel current flowing through a channel formed between a source and a drain by an electric field by a floating gate polarized by incident light
- the NMOS 620 operates as a select transistor to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 600 is selected and an exposure time is determined.
- the source of the PMOS 610 is coupled to the supply voltage VDD and the drain is coupled to the drain of the NMOS 620.
- the N-well, the body of the PMOS 610 is contacted to connect to Reset and coupled to the source of the NMOS 660.
- the body of the NMOS 620 and the body of the NMOS 660 may be connected to a common ground voltage GND with a P-type substrate.
- the source of the NMOS 620 outputs a pixel current, and the output pixel current is input to an I-V converter (IVC).
- IVC I-V converter
- the drain of the NMOS 660 may be electrically connected to the source of the PMOS 610, and the source of the NMOS 660 is connected to the N-well.
- the PMOS 610, NMOS 620, and NMOS 660 may be implemented through a general MOSFET process.
- the unit pixel shown in FIG. 34 further includes a reset NMOS 660 formed in the N-well 640.
- the reset NMOS 660 is similar in structure to the transfer gate of the 4 Transistor APS unit pixel for CIS, but can function as a reset transistor to remove excess electrons generated from the EHP.
- the N-well 640 is floated when the unit pixel is in operation, and the Reset signal 663 is reset when the unit pixel is not in operation. ), The electrons remaining in the N-well 640 may be continuously removed. Through this, it is possible to always operate under the same conditions every time the unit pixel is selected.
- FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of a unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 33.
- an N-well 640 is formed on the P-type substrate 650
- a PMOS 610 constituting the unit pixel 600 is formed on the N-well 640
- the NMOS 620 is formed on the P-type substrate 650.
- the NMOS 660 is formed between the P-type substrate 650 and the N-well 640 and the P-type substrate 650.
- a gate 613 is positioned on an insulating layer positioned between the source 611 and the drain 613 of the PMOS 610, and the gate 613 is formed as a floating gate. As the gate 613 floats, recombination of the EHP can be facilitated to maintain thermal equilibrium when there is no incident light.
- P + impurities are implanted into the N-well 640 to form a source 611 which is a first P + region and a drain 612 which is a second P + region, and the floating gate 613 is doped with polysilicon by N-impurity. Impurity concentration can be adjusted and can be configured as P-type, intrinsic, or N-type depending on the concentration of N-impurities.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the top of the source 611 and the drain 612, but a silicide layer is formed on the floating gate 613 to suppress reflection of light and to facilitate absorption and transmission of light. It is not formed.
- the control gate 623 is positioned over the insulating layer located between the drain 621 and the source 622 of the NMOS 620.
- N + impurity is implanted into the P-type substrate 650 to form a drain 621 which is a first N + region and a source 622 which is a second N + region, and a gate 623 is formed by doping polysilicon with N- impurity. do.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the drain 621, the source 622, and the control gate 623.
- the drain 621 of the NMOS 620 is connected with the drain 612 of the PMOS 610.
- the body 630 of the NMOS 620 is connected to the ground voltage GND.
- the ground voltage GND may be a reference voltage for the NMOS 620 to operate as a switch.
- the source 661 of the NMOS 660 is formed on the N-well 640 and the P-type substrate, and the drain 662 is formed on the P-type substrate 650.
- the source 661 and the drain 662 are formed of an N + diffusion layer, and the reset gate 663 is formed of polysilicon.
- the NMOS may not transfer high voltages well, which may cause a problem in that electrons do not easily exit to the drain 662 at initialization.
- the source 661 is formed to span the N-well 640 and the P-type substrate, electrons can be easily escaped through the drain 662 connected to the power supply voltage VDD during reset, so that N The electrons remaining in the well 640 may be effectively removed.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the drain 662 and the reset gate 663.
- the N-well 640 and other unit pixels may be independently maintained as floating bodies, and when Reset is On, all unit pixels may be initialized under the same condition.
- Reset when Reset is Off, that is, when the unit pixel is operating, the depletion layer is spread around the lower part by providing a reverse bias condition to the power supply voltage VDD outside the N-well 640 to solve the interference problem between the N-wells.
- the P-type substrate 630 is connected to the ground voltage GND, but the drain 662 for initialization has a reverse bias between the drain 662 and the P-type substrate 650 since the power supply voltage VDD is connected.
- Depletion layer may be increased around the bottom (662).
- a high voltage may be applied through the control gate 623 of the NMOS 620 to remove the charge remaining in the connection portion between the PMOS 610 and the NMOS 620.
- the Vds of the unit pixel is completed by the bottom voltage connected to the IVC (not shown) through the NMOS 620 which is the select transistor, and the pixel current is transferred to the IVC through the switching of the NMOS 620. Delivered.
- the Vt of the NMOS 620 may be low in order to less affect the characteristics of the unit pixel 600 due to the MOSFET characteristics of the NMOS 620.
- NMOS transistors used for a unit pixel in a CIS have a native or medium Vt, which has a lower Vt than a general NMOS.
- the SEL control signal acting on the control gate 623 of the NMOS 620 is applied at a voltage of 10-25% higher than 3.3 V, which is generally applied using, for example, a charge pump, or the like.
- the SEL control signal may be 4-4.5V.
- an electrical potential barrier may be provided under the channel of the NMOS 620.
- An electrical potential barrier can be formed by adding a HAL implant under the channel.
- FIG. 35 is still another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of a unit pixel of an image sensor
- FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 35.
- the unit pixel 700 photoelectrically converts incident light and outputs pixel current.
- the unit pixel 700 includes an NMOS 710 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and an NMOS 720 connected to the NMOS 710 and serving as a switch.
- the NMOS 710 controls the magnitude of pixel current flowing through a channel formed between a source and a drain by an electric field by a floating gate polarized by incident light, and the NMOS 720 operates as a select transistor to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 700 is selected and an exposure time is determined.
- the SEL control signal applied to the gate of the NMOS 720 may be a voltage signal greater than the power supply voltage VDD.
- the bodies of NMOS 710 and NMOS 720 share a P-type substrate, may be P-wells with different doping concentrations, and are formed of floating bodies.
- the unit pixel 700 inputs three N + regions 701, 702, and 703 formed at a predetermined distance on a P-type substrate, and a floating gate 704 and an SEL control signal formed on an insulating layer positioned between the regions. Receiving control gate 705.
- the first N + region 701 operates as a drain of the NMOS 710 and is supplied with a power supply voltage VDD.
- the second N + region 702 acts as the source of the NMOS 710 and the drain of the NMOS 720.
- a floating gate 704 is formed over the insulating layer located between the first N + region 701 and the second N + region 702.
- the third N + region 703 operates as a source of the NMOS 720 and is connected to the IVC to output pixel current.
- a control gate 705 is formed over the insulating layer located between the second N + region 702 and the third N + region 703.
- the silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first to third N + regions 701, 702, and 703 and the control gate 705, but the reflection of light is suppressed and the light is absorbed on the floating gate 704. And no silicide layer is formed to facilitate permeation.
- This structure can combine the two N + regions required for the two NMOSs in the layout implementation of the NMOS into one, that is, the second N + region 702 is the source of the NMOS 710 and the drain of the NMOS 720. It can operate to reduce the size of the unit pixel.
- the IVC may drive a capacitor or a resistor to convert the output pixel current into a voltage.
- FIG. 37 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor
- FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 37.
- the unit pixel 750 photoelectrically converts incident light to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 750 includes an NMOS 770 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and an NMOS 760 connected to the NMOS 770 and serving as a switch.
- the NMOS 770 controls the magnitude of pixel current flowing through a channel formed between a source and a drain by an electric field by a floating gate polarized by incident light, and the NMOS 760 operates as a select transistor to input the driving current I_in.
- the unit pixel 750 to be received and the exposure time are determined.
- the SEL control signal applied to the gate of the NMOS 760 may be a voltage signal greater than the power supply voltage VDD.
- the bodies of NMOS 760 and NMOS 770 share a P-type substrate and are formed of floating bodies.
- the unit pixel 750 includes three N + regions 751, 752, and 753 formed at a predetermined distance on a P-type substrate, and a control gate 754 and a floating gate 755 formed on an insulating layer disposed between the regions. It is composed.
- the first N + region 751 operates as a drain of the NMOS 760, and a driving current I_in is applied.
- the second N + region 752 acts as the source of the NMOS 760 and the drain of the NMOS 770.
- the control gate 754 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the first N + region 751 and the second N + region 752.
- the third N + region 753 operates as a source of the NMOS 770 and consumes the applied driving current I_in connected to the ground voltage GND.
- a floating gate 755 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the second N + region 752 and the third N + region 753.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first to third N + regions 751, 752, and 753 and the control gate 754, but the reflection of light is suppressed and the light is absorbed on the floating gate 755. And no silicide layer is formed to facilitate permeation.
- This structure has an advantage in that the size of the unit pixel can be reduced by combining two N + regions required for two NMOSs into one in implementing the layout of the NMOS.
- the IVC charges the capacitor and supplies the driving current I_in to the light receiving unit 770 through the SEL control gate 754 to consume the ground voltage GND, thereby reducing the voltage charged by the reset by the light receiving unit 770.
- a change in charge amount can be generated as a signal.
- the IVC may be further included in the structure or using a current mirror in the circuit, and may convert the mirrored current into a voltage signal.
- FIG. 39 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor
- FIG. 40 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 39.
- the unit pixel 800 photoelectrically converts incident light and outputs pixel current.
- the unit pixel 800 includes an NMOS 810 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and a PMOS 820 connected to the NMOS 810 to serve as a switch.
- the NMOS 810 controls the magnitude of the pixel current flowing through the channel formed between the drain and the source by the electric field caused by the floating gate polarized by the incident light
- the PMOS 820 operates as a select transistor to output the pixel current.
- the unit pixel 800 is selected and an exposure time is determined.
- the SEL control signal applied to the gate of the PMOS 820 is turned on to the ground voltage GND, and a voltage greater than the power supply voltage VDD may be applied to the body.
- NMOS 810 is formed on a P-type substrate, and the body is floated.
- PMOS 820 is formed in the N-well formed on the P-type substrate, the body is connected to VDD.
- the NMOS 810 is formed on top of an insulating layer formed between the first N + region 811, the second N + region 812, and the first N + region 811 and the second N + region 812 formed on the P-type substrate. It is composed of a floating gate 813 formed.
- the PMOS 820 is a control gate 823 formed on top of an insulating layer located between the first P + region 821, the second P + region 822, and the first P + region 821 and the second P + region 822.
- the first N + region 811 operates as a drain of the NMOS 810, and a power supply voltage VDD is applied.
- the second N + region 812 acts as the source of the NMOS 810.
- a floating gate 813 is formed between the first N + region 811 and the second N + region 812.
- the first P + region 821 acts as a source and is connected to the source of the NMOS 810.
- the second P + region 822 operates as a drain of the PMOS 820 and is connected to the IVC to output pixel current.
- the control gate 823 is formed between the first P + region 821 and the second P + region 822.
- the third N + region 824 is connected to the power supply voltage VDD.
- the power supply voltage VDD may be a reference voltage for the PMOS 820 to operate as a switch.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first to third N + regions 811, 812, and 824, the first and second P + regions 821 and 822, and the control gate 823, but the floating gate 813 is formed.
- the silicide layer is not formed on the upper side of the upper surface.
- the select transistor PMOS of the plurality of unit pixels may be configured.
- the size of the unit pixel can be reduced as a whole by implementing a plurality of PMOS switching functions in one N-well.
- the IVC may drive a capacitor or a resistor to convert the output pixel current into a voltage.
- FIG. 41 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor
- FIG. 42 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 41.
- the unit pixel 850 photoelectrically converts incident light and outputs pixel current.
- the unit pixel 850 includes an NMOS 870 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and a PMOS 860 connected to the NMOS 870 and serving as a switch.
- the NMOS 870 controls the magnitude of the pixel current flowing in the channel formed between the drain and the source by the electric field of the floating gate polarized by the incident light
- the PMOS 860 operates as a select transistor to input the driving current I_in.
- the unit pixel 850 to be received is selected and an exposure time is determined.
- the SEL control signal applied to the gate of the PMOS 860 is turned on to the ground voltage GND, and a voltage greater than the power supply voltage VDD may be applied to the body.
- PMOS 860 is formed in the N-well formed on the P-type substrate, the body is connected to VDD.
- NMOS 870 is formed on a P-type substrate, and the body is floated.
- the PMOS 860 is a control gate 863 formed on top of an insulating layer located between the first P + region 861, the second P + region 862, and the first P + region 861 and the second P + region 862.
- a third N + region 864 wherein the first P + region 861, the second P + region 862, and the third N + region 864 are all formed in the N-well.
- the NMOS 870 is formed on top of an insulating layer located between the first N + region 871, the second N + region 872, and the first N + region 871 and the second N + region 872 formed in the P-type substrate. It is composed of a floating gate 873 formed.
- the first P + region 861 operates as a source and a driving current I_in is applied.
- the second P + region 862 operates as the drain of the PMOS 860.
- the control gate 863 is formed between the first P + region 861 and the second P + region 862.
- the third N + region 864 is connected to the power supply voltage VDD.
- the power supply voltage VDD may be a reference voltage for the PMOS 860 to operate as a switch.
- the first N + region 871 operates as the drain of the NMOS 870 and is connected to the drain of the PMOS 860.
- the second N + region 872 operates as a source of the NMOS 870 and consumes the applied driving current I_in connected to the ground voltage GND.
- a first floating gate 873 is formed between the first N + region 871 and the second N + region 872.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first and second P + regions 861 and 862, the first to third N + regions 871, 872 and 864, and the control gate 863, but the first floating A silicide layer is not formed on the gate 873 in order to suppress reflection of light and to facilitate absorption and transmission of light.
- the select transistor PMOS of the plurality of unit pixels may be configured.
- the size of the unit pixel can be reduced as a whole by implementing a plurality of PMOSs that switch to one N-well.
- the IVC may generate a charge amount change in which the voltage charged by the reset is reduced by the light receiver 870 by providing the charge charged in the capacitor to the driving current I_in to consume the ground voltage GND.
- the IVC may be further included in the structure or using a current mirror in the circuit, and may convert the mirrored current into a voltage signal.
- FIG. 43 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of a unit pixel of an image sensor
- FIG. 44 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 43.
- the unit pixel 900 photoelectrically converts incident light to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 900 includes a PMOS 910 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and a PMOS 920 connected to the PMOS 910 and serving as a switch.
- the PMOS 910 controls the magnitude of pixel current flowing through a channel formed between a source and a drain by an electric field by a floating gate polarized by incident light, and the PMOS 920 operates as a select transistor to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 900 is selected and an exposure time is determined.
- the SEL control signal applied to the control gate of the PMOS 920 is a negative voltage lower than the ground voltage GND. 920 may be turned on. Meanwhile, since the body of the PMOS 920 is floated together with the PMOS 910 serving as the light receiving unit, when the power voltage VDD applied to the PMOS 910 is applied at a high voltage, the PMOS (ground) is applied to the ground voltage GND. 920 may be turned on.
- the bodies of the PMOS 910 and PMOS 920 share an N-well formed in a P-type substrate, and are formed as floating bodies.
- the unit pixel 900 includes three P + regions 901, 902, and 903 formed at a predetermined distance on the N-well, and one floating gate 904 and one control gate 905 formed between the regions. do.
- the first P + region 901 operates as a source of the PMOS 910 and is supplied with a power supply voltage VDD.
- the second P + region 902 acts as the drain of the PMOS 910 and the source of the PMOS 920.
- This structure has the advantage of reducing the size of the unit pixel by combining the two P + regions required for each two PMOS in the layout implementation of the PMOS.
- a floating gate 904 is formed over the insulating layer located between the first P + region 901 and the second P + region 902.
- the third P + region 903 operates as a drain of the PMOS 920 and is connected to the IVC to output pixel current.
- the control gate 905 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the second P + region 902 and the third P + region 903.
- the silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first to third P + regions 901, 902, and 903 and the control gate 905, but the reflection of light is suppressed and the light is absorbed on the floating gate 904. And no silicide layer is formed to facilitate permeation.
- the IVC may drive a capacitor or a resistor to convert the output pixel current into a voltage.
- FIG. 45 is still another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor
- FIG. 46 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 45.
- the unit pixel 950 photoelectrically converts incident light to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 950 includes a PMOS 970 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and a PMOS 960 connected to the PMOS 970 and serving as a switch.
- the PMOS 970 controls the magnitude of the pixel current flowing through the channel formed between the source and the drain by the electric field by the floating gate polarized by the incident light, and the PMOS 960 operates as a select transistor to input the driving current I_in.
- a unit pixel 950 is selected and a exposure time is determined.
- the SEL control signal applied to the control gate of the PMOS 960 is a negative voltage lower than the ground voltage GND. 960 may be turned on.
- the body of the PMOS 960 is floated together with the PMOS 970 which is the light receiving unit, the ground voltage is applied when the power supply voltage VDD supplying I_in from the outside of the unit pixel 950 is applied at a high voltage.
- the PMOS 960 can be turned on by GND.
- the bodies of PMOS 960 and PMOS 970 share an N-well formed in a P-type substrate and are formed of floating bodies.
- the unit pixel 950 includes three P + regions 951, 952, and 953 formed at a predetermined distance on the N-well, and one control gate 954 and one floating gate 955 formed between the regions. .
- the first P + region 951 operates as a source of the PMOS 960, and a driving current I_in is applied.
- the second P + region 952 acts as the drain of the PMOS 960 and the source of the PMOS 970. This structure has the advantage of reducing the size of the unit pixel by combining the two P + regions required for each two PMOS in the layout implementation of the PMOS.
- the control gate 954 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the first P + region 951 and the second P + region 952.
- the third P + region 953 acts as a drain of the PMOS 970 and consumes the applied driving current I_in connected to the ground voltage GND.
- a floating gate 955 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the second P + region 952 and the third P + region 953.
- a silicide layer for metal contact is formed on the first to third P + regions 951, 952, and 953 and the control gate 954, but the reflection of light is suppressed and the light is absorbed on the floating gate 955. And no silicide layer is formed to facilitate permeation.
- the IVC may generate a change in the charge amount of the voltage charged by the reset by the light receiving unit 770 by providing the charge charged in the capacitor to the driving current I_in to consume the ground voltage GND.
- the IVC may be further included in the structure or using a current mirror in the circuit, and may convert the mirrored current into a voltage signal.
- FIG. 47 is another exemplary diagram illustrating a circuit of unit pixels of an image sensor
- FIG. 48 is a diagram illustrating a circuit cross section of the unit pixel of the image sensor illustrated in FIG. 47.
- the unit pixel 1000 photoelectrically converts incident light to output pixel current.
- the unit pixel 1000 includes a PMOS 1020 serving as a light receiving unit for photoelectric conversion of incident light and an NMOS 1010 connected to the PMOS 1020 to serve as a switch.
- the PMOS 1020 controls the magnitude of pixel current flowing through a channel formed between a source and a drain by an electric field by a floating gate polarized by incident light
- the NMOS 1010 operates as a select transistor to input the driving current I_in.
- a function of selecting a unit pixel 1000 to be received and determining an exposure time is performed.
- the SEL control signal applied to the gate of the NMOS 1010 may be a voltage signal greater than the power supply voltage VDD.
- the NMOS 1010 is formed on a P-type substrate, and the body is connected to the ground voltage GND.
- PMOS 1020 is formed in an N-well formed on a P-type substrate, and the body is floated.
- the NMOS 1010 is formed on top of an insulating layer located between the first N + region 1011, the second N + region 1012, the first N + region 1011 and the second N + region 1012 formed on the P-type substrate.
- the PMOS 1020 is a floating gate 1023 formed on top of an insulating layer positioned between the first P + region 1021, the second P + region 1022, and the first P + region 1021 and the second P + region 1022.
- the first P + region 1021 and the second P + region 1022 are formed in the N-well.
- the first N + region 1011 operates as a drain and a driving current I_in is applied.
- the second N + region 1012 acts as the source of the NMOS 1010.
- the control gate 1013 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the first N + region 1011 and the second N + region 1012.
- the third P + region 1014 is connected to the ground voltage GND.
- the ground voltage GND may be a reference voltage for the NMOS 1010 to operate as a switch.
- the first P + region 1021 operates as a source of the PMOS 1020 and is connected to the source of the NMOS 1010.
- the second P + region 1022 acts as a drain of the PMOS 1020 and consumes the applied driving current I_in connected to the ground voltage GND.
- a floating gate 1023 is formed on the insulating layer positioned between the first P + region 1021 and the second P + region 1022. Silicide layers for metal contact are formed on the first and second N + regions 1011 and 1012, the first to third P + regions 1021, 1022 and 1014, and the control gate 1013, but the floating gate ( On top of 1023, no silicide layer is formed to suppress reflection of light and to facilitate absorption and transmission of light.
- the IVC may generate a change in the charge amount of the voltage charged by the reset by the light receiving unit 770 by providing the charge charged in the capacitor to the driving current I_in to consume the ground voltage GND.
- the IVC may be further included in the structure or using a current mirror in the circuit, and may convert the mirrored current into a voltage signal.
- FIG. 49 is a diagram illustrating a circuit of a unit pixel of an image sensor implemented on an SOI substrate.
- the incident light may be transmitted without being completely absorbed by the floating gate of the unit pixel.
- visible light in the long wavelength band is absorbed by the depletion region formed at the interface between the N-well and the P-type substrate after passing through the floating gate to generate electron-hole pairs.
- the generated holes move to the P-type substrate, but a certain amount of electrons may remain in the N-well.
- Most of the electrons move to the source to which the power supply voltage is applied, but a certain amount of electrons cannot move to the source due to the potential barrier by the interface acting as the PN junction surface. If the electron density of the N-well increases due to the remaining electrons, negative effects such as an afterimage effect may occur.
- the supply voltage or current can be supplied to the N-well to continuously remove the electrons remaining in the N-well.
- an SOI substrate may be used in order not to form an interface which is the cause of electron retention.
- An N-well 1105 is formed over the SiO 2 layer 1100.
- the SOI substrate is independent of temperature change, and has a large noise reduction effect.
- the silicon layer on the top of the SiO 2 (1105) may be formed thin with a thickness D6 of 100 ⁇ 200nm.
- a wafer having a thin thickness D6 of the silicon layer on the top of SiO 2 1105 is used.
- Using a wafer with a thin thickness D6 of the silicon layer can reduce the generation of electron-hole pairs by near infrared rays in the floating gate and N-well. Through this, it is possible to prevent color distortion due to near infrared rays, there may be an advantage that does not need to use an infrared cut filter additionally attached to the lower portion of the external optical lens.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (21)
- 기판상에 형성되며 입사된 빛을 전기 신호로 변환하는 단위 화소에 있어서,전원전압이 인가되며, 상부에 메탈 컨택을 위한 실리사이드층이 형성된 소스;상기 소스로부터 이격되어 형성되며, 상부에 메탈 컨택을 위한 실리사이드층이 형성된 드레인;상기 소스와 상기 드레인 사이에 형성되어 전류가 흐르는 채널;상기 채널의 상부에 형성되는 절연층; 및빛의 흡수를 용이하게 하기 위해서 상부에 실리사이드층이 형성되지 않은 Nonsal구조를 가지며, 상기 소스와 상기 드레인 사이에 위치하도록 상기 절연층의 상부에 형성되며, 입사된 빛에 의해 발생한 전자-정공쌍에 의한 전계로 상기 채널을 흐르는 전류량을 제어하는 플로팅 게이트를 포함하되,상기 단위 화소의 바디는 플로팅되고,상기 전계는 상기 소스에 인가된 상기 전원전압에 의해 상기 소스측으로 집중된 전자와 상기 드레인측으로 집중된 정공에 의해 채널에 전계를 작용하게 하는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 절연층은 상기 플로팅 게이트의 하부에서 연장되도록 형성되는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 절연층의 두께는 7nm 내지 10nm인 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 절연층은 high-K 절연체로 형성되는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 플로팅 게이트는 진성으로 도핑되는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 플로팅 게이트의 두께는 100nm 내지 1um인 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 플로팅 게이트의 하부 모서리는 면으로 형성되어 상기 전자가 분산되도록 하는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 절연층은 상기 소스와 상기 드레인 사이에 위치하며 양측면이 경사진 트렌치에 형성되는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 소스는상기 플로팅 게이트의 일측 하부에 형성되는 LDD(Lightly doped drain) 영역;상기 LDD 영역의 일측에 형성되는 P+ 영역;메탈 컨택을 위해서 상기 P+ 영역의 상부의 적어도 일부에 형성되는 실리사이드층을 포함하는 단위 화소.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 LDD 영역은 상기 플로팅 게이트의 일측 하부에 일정 깊이로 형성되어 상기 절연층으로부터 이격되는 단위 화소.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 LDD 영역은 상기 플로팅 게이트과의 전계를 낮추기 위해 낮은 도핑 농도로 형성되는 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 기판은 Epitaxial wafer인 단위 화소.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 기판은 SOI wafer인 단위 화소.
- 기판상에 형성되며 입사된 빛을 전기 신호로 변환하는 단위 화소에 있어서,입사된 빛에 의해 화소 전류를 출력하는 수광부; 및상기 화소 전류의 출력을 제어하는 셀렉트 트랜지스터를 포함하되,상기 수광부는상부에 메탈 컨택을 위한 실리사이드층이 형성된 소스,상기 소스로부터 이격되어 형성되며, 상부에 메탈 컨택을 위한 실리사이드층이 형성된 드레인,상기 소스와 상기 드레인 사이에 형성되어 전류가 흐르는 채널,상기 채널의 상부에 형성되는 절연층,빛의 흡수를 용이하게 하기 위해서 상부에 실리사이드층이 형성되지 않은 Nonsal구조를 가지며, 상기 소스와 상기 드레인 사이에 위치하도록 상기 절연층의 상부에 형성되며, 입사된 빛에 의해 발생한 전자-정공쌍에 의한 전계로 상기 채널을 흐르는 전류량을 제어하는 플로팅 게이트를 포함하고,상기 단위 화소의 바디는 플로팅되며,상기 전계는 상기 소스에 인가된 상기 전원전압에 의해 상기 소스측으로 집중된 전자와 상기 드레인측으로 집중된 정공에 의해 발생되는 단위 소자.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 수광부는 상기 기판에 형성된 N-well에 형성되는 단위 화소.
- 제15항에 있어서, 상기 수광부는 상기 N-well에 형성되며 리셋 신호를 입력 받는 Reset단을 더 포함하는 단위 화소.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 N-well에 형성된 드레인,상기 기판에 형성되며, 전원전압을 입력 받는 소스, 및상기 드레인과 소스 사이에 위치하며 리셋 신호를 입력 받는 리셋 게이트를 더 포함하는 단위 화소.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 셀렉트 트랜지스터의 바디는 접지에 연결되는 단위 화소.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 수광부와 상기 셀렉트 트랜지스터는 바디를 공유하는 단위 화소.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 셀렉트 트랜지스터의 게이트에 높은 전압을 인가하기 위한 전하 펌프를 더 포함하는 단위 화소.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 플로팅 게이트의 상부로부터 이격되어 형성된 분극 유도 구조를 더 포함하는 단위 화소.
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| KR1020140138572A KR101626121B1 (ko) | 2013-12-13 | 2014-10-14 | 이미지 센서의 단위 화소 |
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