WO2015050232A1 - 重合体、有機電界発光素子用組成物、有機電界発光素子、有機el表示装置及び有機el照明 - Google Patents
重合体、有機電界発光素子用組成物、有機電界発光素子、有機el表示装置及び有機el照明 Download PDFInfo
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- 0 CC1(C)OB(c2cc(-c3ccc(CC4)c4c3)ccc2)OC1(C)* Chemical compound CC1(C)OB(c2cc(-c3ccc(CC4)c4c3)ccc2)OC1(C)* 0.000 description 1
- IQZDZRPXQOGSHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCC(c1ccccc1)N(C(C1C)=CC=C=C1c1ccc(CC2)c2c1)c1ccc(C)cc1 Chemical compound CCC(c1ccccc1)N(C(C1C)=CC=C=C1c1ccc(CC2)c2c1)c1ccc(C)cc1 IQZDZRPXQOGSHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
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- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/31—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating aromatic structural elements in the main chain
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- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/31—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating aromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/316—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating aromatic structural elements in the main chain bridged by heteroatoms, e.g. N, P, Si or B
- C08G2261/3162—Arylamines
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- C08G2261/90—Applications
- C08G2261/95—Use in organic luminescent diodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polymer, and in particular, a polymer useful as a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer of an organic electroluminescence device, a composition for an organic electroluminescence device containing the polymer, and the organic electroluminescence device
- the present invention relates to an organic EL display and an organic EL illumination.
- Examples of the method for forming the organic layer in the organic electroluminescence device include a vacuum deposition method and a wet film formation method. Since the vacuum deposition method is easy to stack, it has an advantage that the charge injection from the anode and / or the cathode is improved, and the exciton light-emitting layer is easily contained. On the other hand, the wet film formation method does not require a vacuum process, is easy to increase in area, and can be easily applied to a plurality of materials having various functions by using a coating liquid in which a plurality of materials having various functions are mixed. There is an advantage that a layer containing these materials can be formed.
- Patent Documents 1 to 5 disclose organic electroluminescent elements that contain a polymer having a specific repeating unit and are stacked by a wet film forming method.
- Patent Documents 1 to 5 have problems in that the driving voltage is high, the light emission luminance is low, and the driving life is short. For this reason, there has been a demand for improvement in charge injection / transport capability and durability of the charge transport material. Then, this invention makes it a subject to provide the polymer for organic electroluminescent elements containing a polymer with high hole injection transport ability and high durability, and this polymer. Another object of the present invention is to provide an organic electroluminescence device having high luminance and a long driving life.
- a polymer having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1) A polymer having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1).
- Ar 1 , Ar 2 and Ar 3 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, and n represents an integer of 4 or more. (The aromatic hydrocarbon group and the aromatic heterocyclic group may be connected to each other directly or via a connecting group.)
- the crosslinkable group is a group containing a benzocyclobutene ring.
- Ar 3 is an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group linked together via a linking group represented by the following formula (3) [1] to [5] Polymer.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, or aromatic group. Represents a heterocyclic group, and when a plurality of R 1 and R 2 are present, they may be the same or different.
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- Mn dispersity
- An organic electroluminescent device having an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer between the anode and the cathode on a substrate, The organic electroluminescent element in which this organic layer contains the layer formed with the wet film-forming method using the composition for organic electroluminescent elements as described in [9].
- the organic electroluminescence device according to [10] wherein the layer formed by the wet film formation method is at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer.
- a positive hole injection layer, a positive hole transport layer and a light emitting layer are included between the anode and the negative electrode, and the positive hole injection layer, the positive hole transport layer and the light emitting layer are all formed by a wet film formation method.
- the polymer of the present invention has four or more continuous p-phenylene groups between nitrogen atoms having an unshared electron pair, and HOMO is sufficiently broadly delocalized. Excellent transportability.
- the p-phenylene group has a substituent, the dihedral angle between the p-phenylene groups is increased due to steric hindrance and the delocalization of the orbit is prevented, so that a high hole transport ability cannot be obtained. Since the p-phenylene group in the polymer of the present invention does not have a substituent, the orbital is sufficiently delocalized and has a high hole transport ability.
- the polymer of the present invention has four or more p-phenylene groups between two nitrogen atoms, the interaction between nitrogen atoms is small compared to three or less p-phenylene groups, and the ionization potential is reduced. Becomes larger and excellent in injecting holes into the light emitting layer. When the hole injection from the hole transport layer to the light emitting layer is improved, accumulation of holes between the hole transport layer and the light emitting layer is suppressed, so that the durability of the organic electroluminescent element is improved.
- the polymer of the present invention has four or more continuous p-phenylene groups, and LUMO is sufficiently wide and delocalized, so that it has excellent durability against electrons and excitons.
- LUMO is distributed to two or more consecutive p-phenylene groups located far from the two nitrogen atoms, so that the vicinity of the nitrogen atom that is weak against electrons and excitons. Is relatively durable because LUMO is relatively non-distributed.
- the p-phenylene group has a substituent, the dihedral angle between the p-phenylene groups is increased due to steric hindrance and the delocalization of the orbit is prevented, so that high durability cannot be obtained. Since the p-phenylene group in this polymer does not have a substituent, the orbits are sufficiently delocalized and have high durability.
- the layer obtained by wet film formation using the composition for organic electroluminescent elements containing the polymer of the present invention is flat without cracks and the like. According to the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention, the luminance is high and the driving life is long.
- an element including a layer formed using the polymer is a flat panel display (for example, for OA computers or wall-mounted televisions), an in-vehicle display element. It can be applied to light sources (for example, light sources for copiers, backlight sources for liquid crystal displays and instruments), display boards, and indicator lamps that make use of the characteristics of cell phone displays and surface light emitters. Is a big one.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structural example of an organic electroluminescent element of the present invention.
- the polymer of the present invention is a polymer having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1).
- Ar 1 , Ar 2 and Ar 3 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, and n represents an integer of 4 or more.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group and the aromatic heterocyclic group may be connected to each other directly or via a connecting group.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 represent a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group include a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, perylene ring, tetracene ring, pyrene ring, benzpyrene ring, chrysene ring, triphenylene ring, acenaphthene ring, fluoranthene ring, fluorene ring, and the like.
- Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group include a furan ring, a benzofuran ring, a thiophene ring, a benzothiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrazole ring, an imidazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an indole ring, a carbazole ring, a pyrroloimidazole ring, and a pyrrolopyrazole ring.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 are preferably aromatic hydrocarbon groups from the viewpoint of excellent charge transportability and durability, and among them, monovalent groups of benzene ring and fluorene ring, that is, phenyl group and fluorenyl group are more preferable.
- a fluorenyl group is more preferable, and a 2-fluorenyl group is particularly preferable.
- the substituent that the aromatic hydrocarbon group and the aromatic heterocyclic group may have is not particularly limited as long as it does not significantly reduce the properties of the present polymer.
- substituent group Z examples thereof include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and an aromatic heterocyclic group, and an alkyl group is more preferable.
- Substituent group Z For example, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, i-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-hexyl group, cyclohexyl group, dodecyl group, etc.
- an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are preferable from the viewpoint of solubility.
- Each of the above substituents may further have a substituent, and examples thereof are selected from the groups exemplified in the above (Substituent group Z).
- Ar 3 represents a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- a plurality of the aromatic hydrocarbon groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups may be bonded.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group include a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, perylene ring, tetracene ring, pyrene ring, benzpyrene ring, chrysene ring, triphenylene ring, acenaphthene ring, fluoranthene ring, fluorene ring, and the like.
- Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group include a furan ring, a benzofuran ring, a thiophene ring, a benzothiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrazole ring, an imidazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an indole ring, a carbazole ring, a pyrroloimidazole ring, and a pyrrolopyrazole ring.
- Ar 3 is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group, more preferably a divalent group of a benzene ring or a fluorene ring, that is, a phenylene group or a fluorenylene group, More preferred are 1,3-phenylene group, 1,4-phenylene group and 2,7-fluorenyl group.
- the substituent that the aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group may have is not particularly limited as long as it does not significantly reduce the properties of the present polymer.
- the substituent is selected from the substituent group Z.
- An alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and an aromatic heterocyclic group are preferable, and an alkyl group is more preferable.
- Ar 3 is a group in which a plurality of the aromatic hydrocarbon groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups are combined, 2 to 6 of these groups are linked from the viewpoint of excellent charge transportability and durability. It is preferable.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group to be linked may be one kind or plural kinds.
- Ar 3 is a group in which 1 to 3 p-phenylene groups represented by the following formula (2) are bonded. In addition to charge transportability and durability, it is excellent in hole injection from the anode side. Is particularly preferred.
- n represents an integer of 1 to 3.
- Ar 3 when Ar 3 is a group in which a plurality of the aromatic hydrocarbon groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups are bonded, they may be bonded through a linking group.
- the linking group include a group selected from the group consisting of —CR 1 R 2 —, —O—, —CO—, —NR 3 —, and —S—, and a group obtained by linking them in 2 to 10 groups. preferable.
- the linking group may be one kind or plural kinds.
- R 1 to R 3 each independently have a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Represents an aromatic heterocyclic group which may be substituted.
- alkyl group aromatic hydrocarbon group, or aromatic heterocyclic group
- the same groups as those described in the substituent group Z are preferred.
- the linking group —CR 1 R 2 — and 2 to 6 linked —CR 1 R 2 — are particularly preferable, and —CR 1 R 2 — is more preferable from the viewpoint of durability.
- Ar 3 is particularly preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group and an aromatic heterocyclic group linked together via a linking group represented by the following formula (3) from the viewpoint of durability.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, or aromatic group.
- the alkyl group, the aromatic hydrocarbon group, or the aromatic heterocyclic group is preferably a group similar to the group described in the substituent group Z.
- R 1 and R 2 are If there are multiple, they may be the same or different.
- N represents an integer of 4 or more.
- N is preferably 4 in terms of high hole transport ability and excellent hole injection from the anode side.
- N is preferably 5 in terms of high hole transport capability and excellent hole injection into the light emitting layer.
- the polymer of the present invention preferably has a crosslinkable group as a substituent on at least one of Ar 1 , Ar 2 and Ar 3 .
- a crosslinkable group By having a crosslinkable group, it is possible to cause a large difference in solubility in an organic solvent before and after a reaction (slightly soluble reaction) caused by irradiation with heat and / or active energy rays. From the viewpoint of durability, it is more preferable to have a crosslinkable group as a substituent for Ar 3 .
- a crosslinkable group is a group that reacts with a group constituting another molecule located in the vicinity of the crosslinkable group by irradiation with heat and / or active energy rays to form a new chemical bond.
- the reacting group may be the same group as the crosslinkable group or a different group.
- Examples of the crosslinkable group include groups shown in the following crosslinkable group group T. ⁇ Crosslinkable group T>
- R 1 to R 3 represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- R 4 and R 5 represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkoxy group.
- Ar 7 represents an aromatic group which may have a substituent. Represents an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a substituent.
- alkyl group for R 1 to R 5 a linear or branched chain alkyl group having 6 or less carbon atoms is usually preferable.
- alkoxy group for R 4 and R 5 a linear or branched chain alkoxy group having 6 or less carbon atoms is usually preferable.
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent for Ar 7 include, for example, a 6-membered monocyclic ring having a single free valence, such as a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring, or 2 to 5 A condensed ring is mentioned. In particular, a benzene ring having one free valence is preferable.
- Ar 7 may be a group in which two or more aromatic hydrocarbon groups which may have these substituents are bonded. Examples of such a group include a biphenylene group and a terphenylene group, and a 4,4′-biphenylene group is preferable.
- a group that undergoes a crosslinking reaction by cationic polymerization such as a cyclic ether group such as an epoxy group or an oxetane group, or a vinyl ether group, is preferable in terms of high reactivity and ease of insolubilization by crosslinking.
- a cyclic ether group such as an epoxy group or an oxetane group, or a vinyl ether group
- an oxetane group is more preferable in terms of easy control of the rate of cationic polymerization
- a vinyl ether group is preferable in that a hydroxyl group that may cause deterioration of the device during cationic polymerization is difficult to generate.
- a group that undergoes a cycloaddition reaction such as an arylvinylcarbonyl group such as a cinnamoyl group or a benzocyclobutene ring having a monovalent free valence is preferable in terms of further improving the electrochemical stability of the device.
- a benzocyclobutene ring having a monovalent free valence is particularly preferable in that the structure after crosslinking is particularly stable.
- the crosslinkable group may be directly bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, and / or a linking group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group and / or an aromatic group.
- the group may be directly bonded to a group other than the heterocyclic group, or may be bonded to these groups via any divalent group.
- a group selected from an —O— group, a —C ( ⁇ O) — group, and an (optionally substituted) —CH 2 — group may be selected from 1 to A group formed by connecting 30 is preferred.
- the crosslinkable group possessed by the polymer of the present invention is preferably larger in that it is sufficiently insolubilized by crosslinking, and other layers can be easily formed thereon by a wet film forming method.
- the number of crosslinkable groups is small in that a crack is not easily generated in the formed layer, an unreacted crosslinkable group hardly remains, and an organic electroluminescent element (organic EL element) tends to have a long life.
- the crosslinkable group present in one polymer chain is usually 1 or more on average, preferably 2 or more on average, and usually 200 or less, preferably 100 or less.
- the number of crosslinkable groups possessed by the polymer of the present invention can be expressed by the number per 1000 molecular weight of the polymer.
- the number of crosslinkable groups possessed by the polymer of the present invention is represented by the number per 1000 molecular weight of the polymer, it is usually 3.0 or less, preferably 1.0 or less, more preferably 0 per 1000 molecular weight. 0.5 or less, more preferably 0.2 or less, and usually 0 or more, preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.02 or more, and still more preferably 0.05 or more.
- the number of crosslinkable groups per 1000 molecular weight of the polymer can be calculated from the molar ratio of the charged monomers at the time of synthesis and the structural formula, excluding the terminal group from the polymer.
- the molecular weight of the repeating unit excluding the terminal group is 1148.69 on average, and the crosslinkable group is 1 repeating unit. The average is 0.1156.
- the number of crosslinkable groups per 1000 molecular weight is calculated to be 0.10.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer of the present invention is usually 3,000,000 or less, preferably 1,000,000 or less, more preferably 500,000 or less, still more preferably 200,000 or less, and usually 2, 500 or more, preferably 5,000 or more, more preferably 10,000 or more, and further preferably 30,000 or more.
- the solubility in a solvent is lowered, so that the film formability may be impaired.
- fusing point, and vaporization temperature of a polymer will fall when the weight average molecular weight of a polymer is less than the said lower limit, heat resistance may fall.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) in the polymer of the present invention is usually 2,500,000 or less, preferably 750,000 or less, more preferably 400,000 or less, and usually 2,000 or more, preferably It is 4,000 or more, more preferably 8,000 or more, and still more preferably 20,000 or more.
- the dispersity (Mw / Mn) in the polymer of the present invention is preferably 3.5 or less, more preferably 2.5 or less, and particularly preferably 2.0 or less. Since the degree of dispersion is preferably as small as possible, the lower limit is ideally 1. When the degree of dispersion of the polymer is not more than the above upper limit, purification is easy, and solubility in a solvent and charge transporting ability are good.
- the weight average molecular weight of a polymer is determined by SEC (size exclusion chromatography) measurement.
- SEC size exclusion chromatography
- the elution time is shorter for higher molecular weight components and the elution time is longer for lower molecular weight components, but using the calibration curve calculated from the elution time of polystyrene (standard sample) with a known molecular weight, the elution time of the sample is changed to the molecular weight.
- the weight average molecular weight is calculated by conversion.
- the numbers in the chemical formula represent the molar ratio of repeating units.
- the numbers in the chemical formula relate to the molar ratio of repeating units.
- the molar ratio is:
- the repeating unit having no crosslinkable group is usually 0 or more, preferably 1 or more, more preferably 2 or more, still more preferably 5 or more, and usually 100 or less, preferably with respect to the repeating unit having a crosslinkable group.
- These polymers may be any of random copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers, and the like, and are not limited to the sequence of monomers.
- the method for producing the polymer of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is arbitrary as long as the polymer of the present invention is obtained.
- it can be produced by combining a C—C bond forming reaction such as a Suzuki reaction, a Grignard reaction, an Ullmann reaction, a Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, and a C—N bond forming reaction.
- a C—C bond forming reaction such as a Suzuki reaction, a Grignard reaction, an Ullmann reaction, a Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, and a C—N bond forming reaction.
- Ar 1 and / or Ar 2 may have a substituent that increases solubility. After the introduction, it is preferable to devise such that four or more consecutive p-phenylene group portions are constructed.
- the purity of the monomer (repeating unit) is increased, and a polymer having a desired degree of polymerization and molecular weight distribution is easily obtained.
- a primary amine having high solubility such as 9,9-dialkyl-2-aminofluorene is reacted with bromobenzene to obtain a secondary amine, and then the p-position of the amino group is substituted with N-bromo.
- intermediate 1 is constructed by bromination with succinimide or the like and further reaction with 4,4′-biphenyldiboronic acid, 4,4 ′′ -p-terphenyldiboronic acid, or an ester derivative thereof.
- the polymer of the present invention can be obtained by reacting intermediate 1 with dihalide.
- the reaction step between the primary or secondary amine compound and the halide is carried out in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, tert-butoxy sodium, triethylamine or the like. Moreover, it can also carry out in presence of transition metal catalysts, such as copper and a palladium complex, for example.
- the reaction step between the boron derivative and the halide is performed in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, tert-butoxy sodium, triethylamine or the like. Moreover, it can also carry out in presence of transition metal catalysts, such as copper and a palladium complex, as needed.
- the reaction step with the boron derivative can be performed in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, tert-butoxy sodium, triethylamine, or a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium complex.
- the polymer of the present invention is preferably used as an organic electroluminescent element material. That is, the polymer of the present invention is preferably an organic electroluminescent element material.
- the polymer of the present invention is preferably used as an organic electroluminescent element material, it is preferably used as a material that forms at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer in the organic electroluminescent element, that is, a charge transport material.
- a charge transport material it may contain one type of the polymer of the present invention, or may contain two or more types in any combination and in any ratio.
- the inclusion of the polymer of the present invention in the hole injection layer and / or the hole transport layer is usually 1 to 100% by mass, preferably 5 to 100% by mass, and more preferably 10 to 100% by mass.
- the above range is preferable because the charge transport property of the hole injection layer and / or the hole transport layer is improved, the drive voltage is reduced, and the drive stability is improved.
- the polymer according to the present invention is not 100% by mass in the hole injection layer and / or hole transport layer, the components constituting the hole injection layer and / or hole transport layer will be described later. Examples thereof include transportable compounds. Moreover, since an organic electroluminescent element can be manufactured simply, it is preferable to use the polymer of this invention for the organic layer formed by a wet film-forming method.
- composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention contains the polymer of the present invention.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention may contain one type of the polymer of the present invention, or may contain two or more types in any combination and in any ratio. Good.
- the content of the polymer of the present invention in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is usually 0.01 to 70% by mass, preferably 0.1 to 60% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 50% by mass. %. Within the above range, it is preferable because defects are hardly generated in the formed organic layer and unevenness in film thickness is hardly generated.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements in the present invention may contain a solvent and the like in addition to the polymer according to the present invention.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention usually contains a solvent.
- This solvent is preferably one that dissolves the polymer of the present invention.
- a solvent that dissolves the polymer of the present invention at room temperature is usually 0.05% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more.
- the solvent include aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene and cyclohexylbenzene; halogen-containing solvents such as 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene; ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene Aliphatic ethers such as glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, anisole, phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-methoxytoluene, Ether solvents such as aromatic ethers such as 2,3-dimethylanisole and 2,4-dimethylanisole; aliphatic esters such as ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl lactate and n-butyl lactate
- a solvent contained in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention a solvent having a surface tension at 20 ° C. of usually less than 40 dyn / cm, preferably 36 dyn / cm or less, more preferably 33 dyn / cm or less. Is preferred.
- the affinity between the solvent and the base must be high. preferable. This is because the uniformity of film quality greatly affects the uniformity and stability of light emission of the organic electroluminescence device. Therefore, the composition for organic electroluminescent elements used for the wet film-forming method is required to have a low surface tension so that a uniform coating film with higher leveling property can be formed. Therefore, it is preferable to use a solvent having a low surface tension as described above because a uniform layer containing the polymer of the present invention can be formed, and a uniform crosslinked layer can be formed.
- the low surface tension solvent include the aforementioned aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene and cyclohexylbenzene, ester solvents such as ethyl benzoate, ether solvents such as anisole, trifluoromethoxyanisole, penta Examples include fluoromethoxybenzene, 3- (trifluoromethyl) anisole, and ethyl (pentafluorobenzoate).
- a solvent contained in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention a solvent having a vapor pressure at 25 ° C. of usually 10 mmHg or less, preferably 5 mmHg or less, and usually 0.1 mmHg or more is preferable.
- a composition for an organic electroluminescent device suitable for the process of producing an organic electroluminescent device by a wet film forming method and suitable for the properties of the polymer of the present invention can be prepared. .
- Such a solvent include the above-mentioned aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene and mesitylene, ether solvents and ester solvents.
- moisture may cause deterioration of the performance of the organic electroluminescent device, and in particular, may promote a decrease in luminance during continuous driving. Therefore, in order to reduce the moisture remaining during wet film formation as much as possible, among the above-mentioned solvents, those having a water solubility of 1% by mass or less at 25 ° C. are preferred, and a solvent having a content of 0.1% by mass or less Is more preferable.
- the content of the solvent contained in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is usually 10% by mass or more, preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 50% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 80% by mass or more. .
- the content of the solvent is not less than the above lower limit, the flatness and uniformity of the formed layer can be improved.
- composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is used for forming a hole injection layer, it is preferable to further contain an electron-accepting compound from the viewpoint of reducing resistance.
- the electron-accepting compound a compound having oxidizing power and the ability to accept one electron from the polymer of the present invention is preferable. Specifically, a compound having an electron affinity of 4 eV or more is preferable, and a compound having an electron affinity of 5 eV or more is more preferable.
- electron-accepting compounds include triarylboron compounds, metal halides, Lewis acids, organic acids, onium salts, salts of arylamines and metal halides, and salts of arylamines and Lewis acids. 1 type, or 2 or more types of compounds chosen from the group which consists of are mentioned.
- an onium salt substituted with an organic group such as 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (WO 2005/089024); High valence inorganic compounds such as iron (III) (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-251067) and ammonium peroxodisulfate; Cyano compounds such as tetracyanoethylene; Tris (pentafluorophenyl) borane (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-2003) Aromatic boron compounds such as 31365); fullerene derivatives and iodine.
- an organic group such as 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (WO
- an element belonging to Groups 15 to 17 of a long-period periodic table (hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the term “periodic table” refers to a long-period periodic table)
- a periodic table refers to a long-period periodic table
- an ionic compound having a structure in which at least one organic group is bonded by a carbon atom is preferable, and a compound represented by the following formula (4) is particularly preferable.
- R 6 represents an organic group bonded to A 1 by a carbon atom
- R 7 represents an arbitrary substituent.
- R 6 and R 7 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the type of R 6 is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic group having a carbon atom at the bonding portion with A 1 as long as it is not contrary to the gist of the present invention.
- the molecular weight of R 6 is a value including a substituent and is usually 1000 or less, preferably 500 or less.
- R 6 examples include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and an aromatic heterocyclic group from the viewpoint of delocalizing positive charges.
- an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group is preferable because it delocalizes positive charges and is thermally stable.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group is a 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic ring or a 2-5 condensed ring having one free valence, and a positive charge is more delocalized on the group.
- Specific examples thereof include a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, perylene ring, tetracene ring, pyrene ring, benzpyrene ring, chrysene ring, triphenylene ring, acenaphthene ring and fluorene ring having one free valence.
- the aromatic heterocyclic group is a 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic ring having 2 free valences or a 2-4 condensed ring, and a positive charge is delocalized on the group.
- Specific examples thereof include a furan ring, a benzofuran ring, a thiophene ring, a benzothiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrazole ring, a triazole ring, an imidazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an indole ring, and a carbazole ring having one free valence.
- alkyl group examples include linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having usually 1 or more, usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less. Specific examples include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, 2-propyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like.
- alkenyl group examples include those having usually 2 or more, usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less carbon atoms. Specific examples include vinyl group, allyl group, 1-butenyl group and the like.
- alkynyl group examples include those having usually 2 or more, usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less. Specific examples include ethynyl group and propargyl group.
- R 7 is not particularly limited as long as it is not contrary to the gist of the present invention.
- the molecular weight of R 7 is a value including a substituent, and is usually 1000 or less, preferably 500 or less.
- R 7 examples include alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic heterocyclic group, amino group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, acyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, alkyl Examples include carbonyloxy group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, sulfonyl group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, cyano group, hydroxyl group, thiol group, silyl group and the like.
- an organic group having a carbon atom at the bonding portion to A 1 is preferable because of its high electron accepting property.
- examples include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, Aromatic heterocyclic groups are preferred.
- an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group is preferable because it has a large electron accepting property and is thermally stable.
- Alkyl group, an alkenyl group of R 7, alkynyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, the aromatic heterocyclic group include the same as those described for R 6 above.
- amino group examples include an alkylamino group, an arylamino group, and an acylamino group.
- alkylamino group examples include alkylamino groups having one or more alkyl groups having usually 1 or more carbon atoms and usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less carbon atoms. Specific examples include methylamino group, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, dibenzylamino group and the like.
- arylamino group examples include arylamino groups having at least one aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group having usually 3 or more, preferably 4 or more, and usually 25 or less, preferably 15 or less. It is done. Specific examples include phenylamino group, diphenylamino group, tolylamino group, pyridylamino group, thienylamino group and the like.
- acylamino group examples include an acylamino group having at least one acyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms and usually 25 or less, preferably 15 or less carbon atoms. Specific examples include an acetylamino group and a benzoylamino group.
- alkoxy group examples include an alkoxy group having usually 1 or more carbon atoms and usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less. Specific examples include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and a butoxy group.
- aryloxy group examples include an aryloxy group having an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group having usually 3 or more, preferably 4 or more, and usually 25 or less, preferably 15 or less. Specific examples include phenyloxy group, naphthyloxy group, pyridyloxy group, thienyloxy group and the like.
- acyl group examples include acyl groups having usually 1 or more carbon atoms and usually 25 or less, preferably 15 or less. Specific examples include formyl group, acetyl group, benzoyl group and the like.
- alkoxycarbonyl group examples include alkoxycarbonyl groups having usually 2 or more carbon atoms and usually 10 or less, preferably 7 or less. Specific examples include a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group.
- aryloxycarbonyl group examples include those having an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group having usually 3 or more, preferably 4 or more, and usually 25 or less, preferably 15 or less. Specific examples include a phenoxycarbonyl group and a pyridyloxycarbonyl group.
- alkylcarbonyloxy group examples include alkylcarbonyloxy groups having usually 2 or more carbon atoms and usually 10 or less, preferably 7 or less. Specific examples include an acetoxy group and a trifluoroacetoxy group.
- alkylthio group examples include alkylthio groups having usually 1 or more carbon atoms and usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less. Specific examples include a methylthio group and an ethylthio group.
- arylthio group examples include arylthio groups having usually 3 or more, preferably 4 or more, and usually 25 or less, preferably 14 or less. Specific examples include a phenylthio group, a naphthylthio group, and a pyridylthio group.
- alkylsulfonyl group and arylsulfonyl group include mesyl group and tosyl group.
- sulfonyloxy group examples include a mesyloxy group and a tosyloxy group.
- silyl group examples include a trimethylsilyl group and a triphenylsilyl group.
- the groups exemplified as R 6 and R 7 may be further substituted with other substituents as long as not departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the type of the substituent is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a halogen atom, a cyano group, a thiocyano group, a nitro group, and the like in addition to the groups exemplified as R 6 and R 7 .
- a 1 is preferably an element belonging to Group 17 of the periodic table, and from the viewpoint of electron acceptability and availability, it is before the fifth period (third to fifth periods) of the periodic table. Element) is preferred. That is, as A1, any one of an iodine atom, a bromine atom, and a chlorine atom is preferable.
- an ionic compound in which A 1 in Formula (4) is a bromine atom or an iodine atom is preferable, and an ionic compound in which an iodine atom is used is most preferable.
- Z 1 n1- represents a counter anion.
- the type of the counter anion is not particularly limited, and may be a monoatomic ion or a complex ion. However, the larger the size of the counter anion, the more the negative charge is delocalized, and the positive charge is also delocalized thereby increasing the electron accepting ability. Therefore, the complex ion is preferable to the monoatomic ion.
- n 1 is an arbitrary positive integer corresponding to the ionic value of the counter anion Z 1 n1 ⁇ .
- the value of n 1 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1.
- Z 1 n1- include hydroxide ion, fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, cyanide ion, nitrate ion, nitrite ion, sulfate ion, sulfite ion, perchloric acid.
- the counter anion Z 1 n1- the negative charge is delocalized in view of the stability of the compound, the solubility in the solvent, and the large size, and the positive charge is also delocalized accordingly.
- a complex ion represented by the following formula (5) is particularly preferable because the electron accepting ability is increased.
- each E 3 independently represents an element belonging to Group 13 of the long-period periodic table.
- a boron atom, an aluminum atom, and a gallium atom are preferable, and a boron atom is preferable from the viewpoint of stability of the compound and ease of synthesis and purification.
- Ar 6 to Ar 9 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group are the same as those exemplified above for R 6 , a 5-membered ring or 6-membered monocycle having one free valence, or 2 to A 4-fused ring is mentioned.
- a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, pyridine ring, pyrazine ring, pyridazine ring, pyrimidine ring, triazine ring, quinoline ring and isoquinoline ring having one free valence are preferable from the viewpoint of stability and heat resistance of the compound. .
- aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group exemplified as Ar 6 to Ar 9 may be further substituted with another substituent as long as not departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the type of the substituent is not particularly limited, and any substituent can be applied, but an electron-withdrawing group is preferable.
- Illustrative examples of preferred electron-withdrawing groups as the substituent that Ar 6 to Ar 9 may have include halogen atoms such as fluorine atom, chlorine atom and bromine atom; cyano group; thiocyano group; nitro group; mesyl group Alkylsulfonyl groups such as tosyl group; arylsulfonyl groups such as tosyl group; acyl groups such as formyl group, acetyl group, benzoyl group and the like, usually having 1 or more, usually 12 or less, preferably 6 or less; methoxycarbonyl group, ethoxycarbonyl An alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, usually 10 or less, preferably 7 or less; a phenoxycarbonyl group, a pyridyloxycarbonyl group or the like, and usually having 3 or more carbon atoms, preferably 4 or more and usually 25 or less.
- halogen atoms such as fluor
- At least one group of Ar 6 to Ar 9 has one or two or more fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms as substituents.
- it is most preferably a perfluoroaryl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms Ar 6 to Ar 9 are substituted with fluorine atoms from the viewpoint of efficiently delocalizing negative charges and having an appropriate sublimation property.
- the perfluoroaryl group include a pentafluorophenyl group, a heptafluoro-2-naphthyl group, and a tetrafluoro-4-pyridyl group.
- the molecular weight of the electron-accepting compound in the present invention is usually 100 to 5000, preferably 300 to 3000, and more preferably 400 to 2000.
- the positive charge and the negative charge are sufficiently delocalized, the electron accepting ability is good, and it is preferable in that the charge transport is not hindered.
- Specific examples of the electron accepting compound suitable for the present invention are shown below, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention may contain one of the electron accepting compounds as described above alone, or may contain two or more kinds in any combination and ratio.
- the content of the electron-accepting compound in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is usually 0.0005% by mass or more, preferably 0.8. It is 001% by mass or more, usually 20% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the ratio of the electron-accepting compound to the polymer of the present invention in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements is usually 0.5% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or more. 80% by mass or less, preferably 60% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less.
- the content of the electron-accepting compound in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements is preferably not less than the above lower limit because the electron acceptor accepts electrons from the polymer and the formed organic layer is reduced in resistance. It is preferable that the organic layer formed is less likely to have defects and is less likely to cause film thickness unevenness.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention may further contain a cation radical compound.
- a cation radical compound an ionic compound composed of a cation radical which is a chemical species obtained by removing one electron from a hole transporting compound and a counter anion is preferable.
- the cation radical is derived from a hole transporting polymer compound, the cation radical has a structure in which one electron is removed from the repeating unit of the polymer compound.
- the cation radical is preferably a chemical species obtained by removing one electron from the compound described above as the hole transporting compound.
- a chemical species obtained by removing one electron from a compound preferable as a hole transporting compound is preferable in terms of amorphousness, visible light transmittance, heat resistance, solubility, and the like.
- the cation radical compound can be generated by mixing the aforementioned hole transporting compound and the aforementioned electron accepting compound. That is, by mixing the above hole transporting compound and the above electron accepting compound, electron transfer occurs from the hole transporting compound to the electron accepting compound, and the cation radical of the hole transporting compound is paired with the cation radical. A cation ion compound composed of an anion is generated.
- the content of the cation radical compound in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is usually 0.0005% by mass or more, preferably 0.001% by mass. % Or more, usually 40% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the content of the cation radical compound is not less than the above lower limit, the formed organic layer is preferable because the resistance is reduced, and when it is not more than the above upper limit, the formed organic layer is less likely to have defects and is difficult to cause film thickness unevenness.
- the composition for organic electroluminescence device of the present invention contains the components contained in the composition for forming a hole injection layer and the composition for forming a hole transport layer, which will be described later. It may contain.
- the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is an organic electroluminescent device having an anode and a cathode and an organic layer between the anode and the cathode on a substrate, wherein the organic layer contains the polymer of the present invention. And a layer formed by a wet film formation method using the composition for organic electroluminescence elements.
- the layer formed by the wet film formation method is preferably at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer.
- a hole transport layer and a light-emitting layer are provided, and all of the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer and the light-emitting layer are preferably formed by a wet film formation method.
- the wet film forming method is a film forming method, that is, a coating method, for example, spin coating method, dip coating method, die coating method, bar coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, capillary A method of forming a film by employing a wet film formation method such as a coating method, an ink jet method, a nozzle printing method, a screen printing method, a gravure printing method, or a flexographic printing method, and drying the coated film.
- a coating method for example, spin coating method, dip coating method, die coating method, bar coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, capillary
- a wet film formation method such as a coating method, an ink jet method, a nozzle printing method, a screen printing method, a gravure printing method, or a flexographic printing method, and drying the coated film.
- spin coating, spray coating, ink jet, nozzle printing, and the like are preferable.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structural example of an organic electroluminescent element 10 of the present invention.
- 1 is a substrate
- 2 is an anode
- 3 is a hole injection layer
- 4 is a hole transport layer
- 5 Represents a light-emitting layer
- 6 represents a hole blocking layer
- 7 represents an electron transport layer
- 8 represents an electron injection layer
- 9 represents a cathode.
- the substrate 1 serves as a support for the organic electroluminescent element, and a quartz or glass plate, a metal plate or a metal foil, a plastic film or a sheet is usually used. Of these, glass plates and transparent synthetic resin plates such as polyester, polymethacrylate, polycarbonate, and polysulfone are preferable.
- the substrate is preferably made of a material having a high gas barrier property since the organic electroluminescence device is hardly deteriorated by the outside air. For this reason, in particular, when a material having a low gas barrier property such as a synthetic resin substrate is used, it is preferable to provide a dense silicon oxide film or the like on at least one surface of the substrate to improve the gas barrier property.
- the anode 2 has a function of injecting holes into the layer on the light emitting layer 5 side.
- the anode 2 is usually made of a metal such as aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, palladium, or platinum; a metal oxide such as an oxide of indium and / or tin; a metal halide such as copper iodide; a carbon black and a poly (3 -Methylthiophene), conductive polymers such as polypyrrole and polyaniline, and the like.
- the anode 2 is usually formed by a dry method such as a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method.
- a dry method such as a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method.
- an appropriate binder resin solution is used. It can also be formed by dispersing and coating on a substrate.
- a conductive polymer a thin film can be directly formed on a substrate by electrolytic polymerization, or an anode can be formed by applying a conductive polymer on a substrate (Appl. Phys. Lett., 60). Volume, 2711, 1992).
- the anode 2 usually has a single layer structure, but may have a laminated structure as appropriate. When the anode 2 has a laminated structure, different conductive materials may be laminated on the first anode.
- the thickness of the anode 2 may be determined according to required transparency and material. In particular, when high transparency is required, a thickness at which visible light transmittance is 60% or more is preferable, and a thickness at which 80% or more is more preferable.
- the thickness of the anode 2 is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and is usually 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less.
- the thickness of the anode 2 may be arbitrarily set according to the required strength, and in this case, the anode 2 may have the same thickness as the substrate.
- impurities on the anode 2 are removed by performing treatments such as ultraviolet / ozone, oxygen plasma, and argon plasma before the film formation, and the ionization potential thereof. It is preferable to improve the hole injection property by adjusting.
- the layer responsible for transporting holes from the anode 2 side to the light emitting layer 5 side is usually called a hole injection transport layer or a hole transport layer.
- the layer closer to the anode side may be referred to as the hole injection layer 3.
- the hole injection layer 3 is preferably formed from the viewpoint of enhancing the function of transporting holes from the anode 2 to the light emitting layer 5 side.
- the hole injection layer 3 is usually formed on the anode 2.
- the film thickness of the hole injection layer 3 is usually 1 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more, and usually 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less.
- the formation method of the hole injection layer may be a vacuum deposition method or a wet film formation method. In terms of excellent film forming properties, it is preferable to form the film by a wet film forming method.
- the hole injection layer 3 preferably contains a hole transporting compound, and more preferably contains a hole transporting compound and an electron accepting compound. Further, the hole injection layer preferably contains a cation radical compound, and particularly preferably contains a cation radical compound and a hole transporting compound.
- the hole injection layer is formed by a wet film formation method using the composition for an organic electroluminescence device of the present invention. It is preferably formed by.
- the composition for forming a hole injection layer usually contains a hole transporting compound that becomes the hole injection layer 3. Moreover, in the case of the wet film-forming method, a solvent is usually further contained. It is preferable that the composition for forming a hole injection layer has high hole transportability and can efficiently transport injected holes. For this reason, it is preferable that the hole mobility is high and impurities that become traps are less likely to be generated during production or use. Moreover, it is preferable that it is excellent in stability, has a small ionization potential, and has high transparency to visible light.
- the hole transporting compound is preferably a compound having an ionization potential of 4.5 eV to 6.0 eV from the viewpoint of a charge injection barrier from the anode to the hole injection layer.
- hole transporting compounds examples include aromatic amine compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, porphyrin compounds, oligothiophene compounds, polythiophene compounds, benzylphenyl compounds, compounds in which tertiary amines are linked by a fluorene group, hydrazones Compounds, silazane compounds, quinacridone compounds, and the like.
- an aromatic amine compound is preferable and an aromatic tertiary amine compound is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of amorphousness and visible light transmittance.
- the aromatic tertiary amine compound is a compound having an aromatic tertiary amine structure, and includes a compound having a group derived from an aromatic tertiary amine.
- the type of the aromatic tertiary amine compound is not particularly limited, but is a polymer compound having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 or more and 1,000,000 or less (a polymerizable compound in which repeating units are linked) from the viewpoint of easily obtaining uniform light emission due to the surface smoothing effect. ) Is preferably used.
- Preferable examples of the aromatic tertiary amine polymer compound include a polymer compound having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (6).
- Ar 11 and Ar 12 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- Ar 13 to Ar 15 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- And represents a linking group selected from the group of linking groups shown, and two groups out of Ar 11 to Ar 15 that are bonded to the same N atom may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Ar 16 to Ar 26 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- R 8 and R 9 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an arbitrary substituent.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group of Ar 16 to Ar 26 have one or two free valences from the viewpoint of the solubility, heat resistance, and hole injection / transport properties of the polymer compound.
- a benzene ring, a naphthalene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a thiophene ring, and a pyridine ring are preferable, and a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring having one or two free valences are more preferable.
- aromatic tertiary amine polymer compound having a repeating unit represented by the formula (4) include those described in International Publication No. 2005/089024.
- the hole injection layer 3 contains the above-described electron-accepting compound or the above-described cation radical compound because the conductivity of the hole-injection layer can be improved by oxidation of the hole-transporting compound. It is preferable.
- Cationic radical compounds derived from polymer compounds such as PEDOT / PSS (Adv. Mater., 2000, 12, 481) and emeraldine hydrochloride (J. Phys. Chem., 1990, 94, 7716) It is also produced by oxidative polymerization (dehydrogenation polymerization).
- the oxidative polymerization referred to here is a method in which a monomer is chemically or electrochemically oxidized using peroxodisulfate in an acidic solution.
- the monomer is polymerized by oxidation, and a cation radical that is removed from the polymer repeating unit by using an anion derived from an acidic solution as a counter anion is removed.
- a material for forming the hole injection layer is usually mixed with a soluble solvent (a solvent for the hole injection layer) to form a film-forming composition (hole An injection layer forming composition), and applying the hole injection layer forming composition onto a layer (usually an anode) corresponding to the lower layer of the hole injection layer, forming a film, and then drying.
- the concentration of the hole transporting compound in the composition for forming a hole injection layer is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but in terms of film thickness uniformity, the lower one is preferable. From the viewpoint that defects are less likely to occur in the hole injection layer, a higher value is preferable. Specifically, it is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and on the other hand, 70% by mass. The content is preferably less than 60% by mass, more preferably 60% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 50% by mass or less.
- the solvent include ether solvents, ester solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, amide solvents, and the like.
- ether solvents include aliphatic ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and anisole. , Aromatic ethers such as phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-methoxytoluene, 2,3-dimethylanisole and 2,4-dimethylanisole.
- aliphatic ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and anisole.
- Aromatic ethers such as phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-
- ester solvent examples include aromatic esters such as phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, propyl benzoate, and n-butyl benzoate.
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvent examples include toluene, xylene, cyclohexylbenzene, 3-isopropylbiphenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, methylnaphthalene and the like. It is done.
- amide solvent examples include N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide and the like. In addition to these, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like can also be used.
- Formation of the hole injection layer 3 by a wet film formation method is usually performed after preparing a composition for forming a hole injection layer, and then forming the composition on a layer (usually the anode 2) corresponding to the lower layer of the hole injection layer 3
- the film is formed by coating and drying.
- the hole injection layer 3 is dried by heating or drying under reduced pressure after film formation.
- the hole injection layer 3 is formed by vacuum vapor deposition
- one or more of the constituent materials of the hole injection layer 3 are usually vacuumed.
- a crucible installed in the container if two or more kinds of materials are used, usually put each in separate crucibles
- evacuate the vacuum container to about 10 -4 Pa with a vacuum pump
- heat the crucible When using two or more types of materials, each crucible is usually heated
- evaporated while controlling the amount of evaporation of the material in the crucible (when using two or more types of materials, each is usually independent.
- the hole injection layer is formed on the anode on the substrate placed facing the crucible.
- the hole injection layer can be formed by putting the mixture in a crucible and heating and evaporating the mixture.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Torr (0.13 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa) or more and 9.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Torr ( 12.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa) or less.
- the deposition rate is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.1 to 5.0 liters / second or more.
- the film forming temperature at the time of vapor deposition is not limited as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, but it is preferably performed at 10 ° C. or higher and 50 ° C. or lower.
- the hole injection layer 3 may be cross-linked similarly to the hole transport layer 4 described later.
- the hole transport layer 4 is a layer having a function of transporting holes from the anode 2 side to the light emitting layer 5 side.
- the hole transport layer 4 is not an essential layer in the organic electroluminescence device of the present invention, but it is preferable to form this layer in terms of enhancing the function of transporting holes from the anode 2 to the light emitting layer 5. .
- the hole transport layer 4 is usually formed between the anode 2 and the light emitting layer 5. Further, when there is the hole injection layer 3 described above, it is formed between the hole injection layer 3 and the light emitting layer 5.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer 4 is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and is usually 300 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less.
- the formation method of the hole transport layer 4 may be a vacuum deposition method or a wet film formation method. In terms of excellent film forming properties, it is preferable to form the film by a wet film forming method.
- the hole transport layer is formed by a wet film formation method using the composition for organic electroluminescence device of the present invention. Preferably it is formed.
- the hole transport layer 4 usually contains a hole transport compound.
- a hole transport compound As the hole transporting compound contained in the hole transporting layer 4, in particular, two or more tertiary compounds represented by 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenylamino] biphenyl are used.
- Aromatic diamines containing two or more condensed aromatic rings including an amine and substituted with nitrogen atoms Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-23481
- An aromatic amine compound having a starburst structure such as phenylamine (J.
- the hole transport layer forming composition When forming a hole transport layer by a wet film formation method, in general, in the same manner as in the case of forming the above-described hole injection layer by a wet film formation method, holes are used instead of the hole injection layer forming composition. It forms using the composition for transport layer formation.
- the hole transport layer forming composition When the hole transport layer is formed by a wet film formation method, the hole transport layer forming composition usually further contains a solvent.
- the solvent used for the composition for forming a hole transport layer the same solvent as the solvent used for the composition for forming a hole injection layer described above can be used.
- the concentration of the hole transporting compound in the composition for forming a hole transport layer can be in the same range as the concentration of the hole transporting compound in the composition for forming a hole injection layer. Formation of the hole transport layer by a wet film formation method can be performed in the same manner as the hole injection layer film formation method described above.
- the hole transport layer is usually used instead of the hole injection layer forming composition in the same manner as in the case of forming the hole injection layer by the vacuum deposition method. It can form using the composition for layer formation.
- the film formation conditions such as the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition, the vapor deposition rate, and the temperature can be formed under the same conditions as those for the vacuum vapor deposition of the hole injection layer.
- the light emitting layer 5 is a layer having a function of emitting light when excited by recombination of holes injected from the anode 2 and electrons injected from the cathode 9 when an electric field is applied between a pair of electrodes. .
- the light-emitting layer 5 is a layer formed between the anode 2 and the cathode 9, and the light-emitting layer is formed between the hole injection layer and the cathode when there is a hole injection layer on the anode. When there is a hole transport layer on the surface, it is formed between the hole transport layer and the cathode.
- the film thickness of the light emitting layer 5 is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the light emitting layer 5 contains at least a material having a light emitting property (light emitting material) and preferably contains a material having a charge transporting property (charge transporting material).
- the light emitting material emits light at a desired light emission wavelength, and is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired, and known light emitting materials can be applied.
- the light emitting material may be a fluorescent light emitting material or a phosphorescent light emitting material, but a material having good light emission efficiency is preferred, and a phosphorescent light emitting material is preferred from the viewpoint of internal quantum efficiency.
- Examples of the fluorescent light emitting material include the following materials.
- Examples of the fluorescent light emitting material that gives blue light emission include naphthalene, perylene, pyrene, anthracene, coumarin, chrysene, p-bis (2-phenylethenyl) benzene, and derivatives thereof.
- Examples of the fluorescent light emitting material that gives green light emission include quinacridone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, aluminum complexes such as Al (C 9 H 6 NO) 3, and the like.
- Examples of the fluorescent light-emitting material that gives yellow light include rubrene and perimidone derivatives.
- fluorescent light-emitting materials examples include DCM (4- (dicyanomethylene) -2-methyl-6- (p-dimethylaminostyryl) -4H-pyran) -based compounds, benzopyran derivatives, rhodamine derivatives. Benzothioxanthene derivatives, azabenzothioxanthene and the like.
- examples of the phosphorescent material include organometallic complexes containing a metal selected from Groups 7 to 11 of the long-period periodic table.
- Preferred examples of the metal selected from Groups 7 to 11 of the periodic table include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold.
- a ligand in which a (hetero) aryl group such as a (hetero) arylpyridine ligand or (hetero) arylpyrazole ligand and a pyridine, pyrazole, phenanthroline, or the like is connected is preferable.
- a phenylpyridine ligand and a phenylpyrazole ligand are preferable.
- (hetero) aryl represents an aryl group or a heteroaryl group.
- Specific preferred phosphorescent materials include, for example, tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium, tris (2-phenylpyridine) ruthenium, tris (2-phenylpyridine) palladium, bis (2-phenylpyridine) platinum, tris And phenylpyridine complexes such as (2-phenylpyridine) osmium and tris (2-phenylpyridine) rhenium, and porphyrin complexes such as octaethylplatinum porphyrin, octaphenylplatinum porphyrin, octaethylpalladium porphyrin, and octaphenylpalladium porphyrin.
- Polymeric light-emitting materials include poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl), poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -co- (4,4′- (N- (4-sec-butylphenyl)) diphenylamine)], poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -co- (1,4-benzo-2 ⁇ 2,1'-3 ⁇ -Triazole)] and polyphenylene vinylene materials such as poly [2-methoxy-5- (2-hexylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylene vinylene].
- the charge transport material is a material having a positive charge (hole) or negative charge (electron) transport property, and is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not impaired, and a known light emitting material can be applied.
- a compound or the like conventionally used in a light emitting layer of an organic electroluminescence device can be used, and a compound used as a host material of the light emitting layer is particularly preferable.
- charge transporting materials include aromatic amine compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, porphyrin compounds, oligothiophene compounds, polythiophene compounds, benzylphenyl compounds, and compounds in which tertiary amines are linked by a fluorene group. , Hydrazone compounds, silazane compounds, silanamin compounds, phosphamine compounds, quinacridone compounds, and the like as examples of hole transporting compounds in the hole injection layer, anthracene compounds, pyrene compounds, Examples thereof include electron transporting compounds such as carbazole compounds, pyridine compounds, phenanthroline compounds, oxadiazole compounds and silole compounds.
- two or more condensed aromatic rings including two or more tertiary amines typified by 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenylamino] biphenyl are bonded to the nitrogen atom.
- Aromatic amine compounds having a starburst structure such as substituted aromatic diamines (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-234811), 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris (1-naphthylphenylamino) triphenylamine ( J. Lumin., 72-74, 985, 1997), an aromatic amine compound comprising a tetramer of triphenylamine (Chem.
- 2- (4-biphenylyl) -5- (p-tertiarybutylphenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole tBu-PBD
- 2,5-bis (1-naphthyl)- Oxadiazole compounds such as 1,3,4-oxadiazole (BND)
- Examples thereof include silole compounds such as diphenylsilole (PyPySPyPy) and phenanthroline compounds such as bathophenanthroline (BPhen) and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP, bathocuproin).
- the method for forming the light emitting layer may be a vacuum deposition method or a wet film formation method, but a wet film formation method is preferable and a spin coating method and an ink jet method are more preferable because of excellent film forming properties.
- a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer which is a lower layer of a light emitting layer, is formed using the composition for an organic electroluminescent element of the present invention, it is easy to form a layer by a wet film formation method. It is preferable to employ a membrane method.
- the light emitting layer is usually used instead of the hole injection layer forming composition in the same manner as in the case of forming the hole injection layer by the wet film forming method.
- the light-emitting layer forming composition prepared by mixing the material to be mixed with a soluble solvent (light-emitting layer solvent) is used.
- the solvent include ether solvents, ester solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, amide solvents, alkane solvents, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, fats, and the like mentioned for the formation of the hole injection layer.
- An aromatic alcohol solvent an alicyclic alcohol solvent, an aliphatic ketone solvent, an alicyclic ketone solvent, and the like can be given.
- a solvent is given to the following, as long as the effect of this invention is not impaired, it is not limited to these.
- aliphatic ether solvents such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA); 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, anisole, phenetole, 2 -Aromatic ether solvents such as methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-methoxytoluene, 2,3-dimethylanisole, 2,4-dimethylanisole, diphenyl ether; phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate, methyl benzoate, benzoic acid Aromatic ester solvents such as ethyl, propyl benzoate, and n-butyl benzoate; toluene, xylene, mesitylene, cyclohexylbenzene, tetralin, 3-iropropylbiphenyl, 1,2,3,
- a hole blocking layer 6 may be provided between the light emitting layer 5 and an electron injection layer 8 described later.
- the hole blocking layer 6 is a layer laminated on the light emitting layer 5 so as to be in contact with the interface of the light emitting layer 5 on the cathode 9 side.
- the hole blocking layer 6 has a role of blocking holes moving from the anode 2 from reaching the cathode 9 and a role of efficiently transporting electrons injected from the cathode 9 toward the light emitting layer 5.
- Have The physical properties required for the material constituting the hole blocking layer 6 include high electron mobility, low hole mobility, a large energy gap (difference between HOMO and LUMO), and excited triplet level (T1). Is high.
- Examples of the hole blocking layer material satisfying such conditions include bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) (phenolato) aluminum, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) (triphenylsilanolato) aluminum, and the like.
- Mixed ligand complexes of, such as metal complexes such as bis (2-methyl-8-quinolato) aluminum- ⁇ -oxo-bis- (2-methyl-8-quinolinato) aluminum binuclear metal complexes, distyryl biphenyl derivatives, etc.
- Triazole derivatives such as styryl compounds (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- FIG. Therefore, it can be formed by a wet film forming method, a vapor deposition method, or other methods.
- the thickness of the hole blocking layer 6 is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.3 nm or more, preferably 0.5 nm or more, and usually 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less. is there.
- the electron transport layer 7 is provided between the light emitting layer 5 and the electron injection layer 8 for the purpose of further improving the current efficiency of the device.
- the electron transport layer 7 is formed of a compound that can efficiently transport electrons injected from the cathode 9 between electrodes to which an electric field is applied in the direction of the light emitting layer 5.
- the electron injection efficiency from the cathode 9 or the electron injection layer 8 is high, and it has high electron mobility and can efficiently transport the injected electrons. It must be a compound that can be made.
- the electron transporting compound used in the electron transporting layer include, for example, metal complexes such as an aluminum complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 59-194393), 10-hydroxybenzo [h] Metal complexes of quinoline, oxadiazole derivatives, distyrylbiphenyl derivatives, silole derivatives, 3-hydroxyflavone metal complexes, 5-hydroxyflavone metal complexes, benzoxazole metal complexes, benzothiazole metal complexes, trisbenzimidazolylbenzene (US Patent No. No. 5645948), quinoxaline compounds (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer 7 is usually 1 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more, and is usually 300 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less.
- the electron transport layer 7 is formed by laminating on the hole blocking layer 6 by a wet film formation method or a vacuum deposition method in the same manner as described above. Usually, a vacuum deposition method is used.
- the electron injection layer 8 plays a role of efficiently injecting electrons injected from the cathode 9 into the electron transport layer 7 or the light emitting layer 5.
- the material for forming the electron injection layer 8 is preferably a metal having a low work function. Examples include alkali metals such as sodium and cesium, and alkaline earth metals such as barium and calcium.
- the film thickness is usually preferably from 0.1 nm to 5 nm.
- an organic electron transport material represented by a metal complex such as a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound such as bathophenanthroline or an aluminum complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline is doped with an alkali metal such as sodium, potassium, cesium, lithium, rubidium ( (Described in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 10-270171, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-1000047, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-1000048, etc.), which improves electron injection / transport properties and achieves excellent film quality. It is preferable because it becomes possible.
- the film thickness of the electron injection layer 8 is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and usually 200 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less.
- the electron injection layer 8 is formed by laminating the light emitting layer 5 or the hole blocking layer 6 or the electron transport layer 7 thereon by a wet film formation method or a vacuum deposition method.
- the details in the case of the wet film forming method are the same as those in the case of the light emitting layer described above.
- the cathode 9 plays a role of injecting electrons into a layer (such as an electron injection layer or a light emitting layer) on the light emitting layer 5 side.
- a layer such as an electron injection layer or a light emitting layer
- the material used for the anode 2 can be used.
- a metal having a low work function Metals such as indium, calcium, aluminum, silver, or alloys thereof are used. Specific examples include low work function alloy electrodes such as magnesium-silver alloy, magnesium-indium alloy, and aluminum-lithium alloy.
- a cathode made of a metal having a low work function by laminating a metal layer having a high work function and stable to the atmosphere on the cathode.
- the metal to be laminated include metals such as aluminum, silver, copper, nickel, chromium, gold, and platinum.
- the thickness of the cathode is usually the same as that of the anode.
- the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention may further have other layers as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. That is, any other layer described above may be provided between the anode and the cathode.
- the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention has a structure opposite to that described above, that is, a cathode, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole blocking layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, and a hole injection layer on the substrate. It is also possible to laminate in the order of the anode.
- the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention When the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention is applied to an organic electroluminescent device, it may be used as a single organic electroluminescent element, or may be used in a configuration in which a plurality of organic electroluminescent elements are arranged in an array, The anode and the cathode may be used in a configuration in which they are arranged in an XY matrix.
- Organic electroluminescent element display device uses the above-described organic electroluminescent element of the present invention.
- organic electroluminescent display apparatus of this invention It can assemble in accordance with a conventional method using the organic electroluminescent element of this invention.
- the organic EL display device of the present invention can be obtained by the method described in “Organic EL display” (Ohm, published on Aug. 20, 2004, Shizushi Tokito, Chiba Adachi, Hideyuki Murata). Can be formed.
- organic electroluminescent element illumination (organic EL illumination) of the present invention uses the above-described organic electroluminescent element of the present invention.
- organic electroluminescent element illumination of this invention uses the above-described organic electroluminescent element of the present invention.
- N, N-dimethylformamide (200 ml) and methylene chloride (200 ml) were added to compound 2 (10.4 g, 24.43 mmol) and cooled in an ice bath.
- the diazonium salt solution was added dropwise to an aqueous solution (400 ml) of potassium iodide (2263 g, 136.35 mmol) heated to 60 ° C. and stirred for 2 hours.
- Dichloromethane was added to the reaction solution, followed by extraction, washing with water and washing with a sodium thiosulfate solution, magnesium sulfate was added, the mixture was stirred and then filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: n-hexane) gave 4- (3-iodophenyl) benzocyclobutene (7.8 g, yield 56.6%).
- solution B (solution B).
- solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 1.0 hour.
- 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (0.52 g, 1.667 mmol) was added.
- 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (0.025 g, 0.08 mmol) was further added.
- the reaction solution was allowed to cool, and the reaction solution was dropped into 500 ml of ethanol to crystallize the crude polymer.
- solution D 0.1598 mmol
- solution D was added to solution C and heated to reflux for 3 hours.
- Bromobenzene (0.35 g, 0.2229 mmol) was added to the reaction.
- To a toluene solution (3 ml) of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.021 g, 0.0203 mmol) was added [4- (N, N-dimethylamino) phenyl] di-tert-butylphosphine (0.043 g). 0.1598 mmol) was added and heated to 60 ° C. (solution E).
- Solution E was added to the reaction solution in a nitrogen stream, and the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours.
- the reaction solution was allowed to cool and added dropwise to an ethanol / water (1500 ml / 100 ml) solution to obtain an end-capped crude polymer.
- This end-capped crude polymer was dissolved in toluene and reprecipitated with acetone, and the precipitated polymer was redissolved in toluene, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and reprecipitated with ammonia-containing ethanol.
- the polymer collected by filtration was purified by column chromatography to obtain polymer 1 (1.0 g).
- Weight average molecular weight (Mw) 47100
- solution B In a nitrogen stream, solution B was added to solution A, and heated to reflux for 1.0 hour. Subsequently, compound 10 (2.053 g, 3.74 mmol) was added. Heated to reflux for 1.0 hour. N, N-diphenylamine (0.338 g, 2.0 mmol) was heated to reflux for 1 hour. Bromobenzene (1.568 g, 10 mmol) was added to the reaction solution. The reaction was heated to reflux for 2 hours. The reaction solution was allowed to cool and added dropwise to an ethanol / water (342 ml / 100 ml) solution to obtain an end-capped crude polymer.
- Example 1 The organic electroluminescent element shown in FIG. 1 was produced.
- An indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film deposited on the glass substrate 1 by sputtering is patterned into a 2 mm wide stripe using a normal photolithography technique and hydrochloric acid etching to form a film having a thickness of 70 nm.
- Anode 2 was formed.
- the patterned ITO substrate is cleaned in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with an aqueous surfactant solution, water cleaning with ultrapure water, ultrasonic cleaning with ultrapure water, and water cleaning with ultrapure water, followed by drying with compressed air, and finally UV irradiation. Ozone cleaning was performed.
- hole injection containing an arylamine polymer represented by the following structural formula (P1), 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate represented by structural formula (A1), and ethyl benzoate A layer forming coating solution was prepared. This coating solution was formed on the anode 2 by spin coating under the following conditions to obtain a hole injection layer having a thickness of 31 nm.
- ⁇ Coating liquid for hole transport layer formation Solvent Cyclohexylbenzene Coating solution concentration 1.5% by weight
- ⁇ Film formation conditions for hole transport layer 4 Spinner speed 1950rpm Spinner rotation time 120 seconds Spin coating atmosphere Heating condition in nitrogen Heating condition in nitrogen 230 ° C. 1 hour
- the substrate on which the light-emitting layer has been formed is transferred into a vacuum deposition apparatus, evacuated until the degree of vacuum in the apparatus becomes 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less, and then an organic compound (E1 having the structure shown below) ) Was deposited on the light emitting layer 5 by controlling the vapor deposition rate in the range of 0.9 to 1.0 liter / second by vacuum vapor deposition method to obtain a hole blocking layer 6 having a thickness of 10 nm.
- an organic compound E1 having the structure shown below
- an organic compound (E2) having the structure shown below is laminated on the hole blocking layer 6 by controlling the vapor deposition rate within the range of 0.9 to 1.9 ⁇ / sec by vacuum vapor deposition.
- An electron transport layer 7 having a thickness of 20 nm was obtained.
- the element on which the electron transport layer 7 has been deposited is transferred to another vacuum deposition apparatus, and a 2 mm wide striped shadow mask is used as a mask for cathode deposition so that the ITO stripe of the anode 2 is orthogonal to the element.
- a 2 mm wide striped shadow mask is used as a mask for cathode deposition so that the ITO stripe of the anode 2 is orthogonal to the element.
- lithium fluoride (LiF) was first formed on the electron transport layer 7 with a film thickness of 0.5 nm by using a molybdenum boat and controlling the deposition rate at 0.1 liter / second.
- a photocurable resin (30Y-437 manufactured by Three Bond Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.) is applied to the outer periphery of a 23 mm ⁇ 23 mm size glass plate with a width of about 1 mm, and a moisture getter sheet (Dynic Corporation) in the center. Company).
- substrate which completed cathode formation was bonded together so that the vapor-deposited surface might oppose a desiccant sheet.
- coated was irradiated with ultraviolet light, and resin was hardened.
- an organic electroluminescent element having a light emitting area portion having a size of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm was obtained. Table 1 shows the characteristics of this element.
- Example 1 A hole transport layer forming coating solution containing (P3) represented by the structural formula shown below is prepared as the hole transport layer 4, and formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating under the following conditions.
- An organic electroluminescent element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a hole transport layer having a thickness of 19 nm was formed by heating. Table 9 shows the characteristics of the obtained element.
- ⁇ Coating liquid for hole transport layer formation Solvent Cyclohexylbenzene Coating solution concentration 1.5% by weight
- ⁇ Film formation conditions for hole transport layer 4 Spinner speed 1850rpm Spinner rotation time 120 seconds Spin coat atmosphere In nitrogen Heating condition In nitrogen 230 ° C 1 hour
- the organic electroluminescent device using the polymer of the present invention has a low voltage.
- Example 2 A hole transport layer forming coating solution containing the polymer 2 (P4) represented by the structural formula shown below is prepared as the hole transport layer 4 and spin coated on the hole injection layer 3 under the following conditions.
- a hole transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm was formed by film formation and heating.
- Comparative Example 2 In addition to forming a hole transport layer 4 having a thickness of 19 nm by forming a film of a hole transport layer forming coating solution containing the compound of the structural formula (P3) and heating it as in Comparative Example 1, the hole transport layer 4 was formed. Produced an organic electroluminescent element in the same manner as in Example 2. Table 10 shows the characteristics of the obtained element.
- Example 3 A hole transport layer forming coating solution containing (P5) represented by the structural formula shown below is prepared as the hole transport layer 4 and formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating under the following conditions.
- An organic electroluminescent element was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that a hole transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm was formed by heating. Table 10 shows the characteristics of the obtained element.
- ⁇ Coating liquid for hole transport layer formation Solvent Cyclohexylbenzene Coating solution concentration 1.5% by weight
- ⁇ Film formation conditions for hole transport layer 4 Spinner speed 1850rpm Spinner rotation time 120 seconds Spin coat atmosphere In nitrogen Heating condition In nitrogen 230 ° C 1 hour
- the organic electroluminescent device using the polymer of the present invention has a low voltage and high efficiency.
- Example 3 Using the Time of Flight (TOF) method, the hole mobility of the polymer 3 (P6) was measured in the same manner as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2014-51667.
- TOF Time of Flight
- the inside of the apparatus was evacuated until the degree of vacuum became 8.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less, and then aluminum was heated using a molybdenum boat to form an electrode having a thickness of 80 nm on the sample.
- the degree of vacuum in the chamber was maintained at 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less and the vapor deposition rate was 0.6 to 10.0 kg / sec.
- “VSL-337ND-S (nitrogen laser)” excitation wavelength: 337 nm, pulse width ⁇ 4 ns, manufactured by SpectraPhysics Co., Ltd.
- the light irradiation energy was irradiated from the ITO electrode side by adjusting the amount of light per pulse to 10 ⁇ J with a reflective ND filter.
- the transient photocurrent waveform was measured using an oscilloscope (“TDS2022” manufactured by Tektronix), and the charge mobility was calculated from the inflection point. This measurement was performed with an electric field strength of 160 kV / cm applied.
- the calculation result of the hole mobility is shown as a relative value (standardized hole mobility) when the calculation result of the hole mobility of the compound of the structural formula (P7) described later is “1.0”. .
- the results are shown in Table 11.
- the polymer of the present invention has a high hole mobility.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、湿式成膜法は積層化が困難であるため、真空蒸着法による素子に比べて駆動安定性に劣り、一部を除いて実用レベルに至っていないのが現状である。
そこで、湿式成膜法による積層化を行うために、架橋性基を有する電荷輸送性ポリマーが所望され、またその開発が行われている。例えば、特許文献1~5には、特定の繰り返し単位を有する重合体を含有し、湿式成膜法によって、積層化された有機電界発光素子が開示されている。
そこで、本発明は、正孔注入輸送能が高く、耐久性の高い重合体及び該重合体を含む有機電界発光素子用組成物を提供することを課題とする。また本発明は、輝度が高く、駆動寿命が長い有機電界発光素子を提供することを課題とする。
即ち、本発明は、以下に関する。
〔1〕下記式(1)で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体。
〔2〕
Ar1、Ar2及びAr3の少なくとも1つ以上に置換基として架橋性基を有する〔1〕に記載の重合体。
〔3〕
架橋性基が、ベンゾシクロブテン環を含む基である〔2〕に記載の重合体。
〔4〕
上記式(1)で表される繰り返し単位を2種以上有し、少なくとも1種の繰り返し単位には架橋性基を含み、少なくとも1種の繰り返し単位には架橋性基を含まない、〔2〕または〔3〕に記載の重合体。
〔5〕
Ar1およびAr2のうち少なくとも一方が、置換基を有しても良い2-フルオレニル基である〔1〕~〔4〕いずれか一項に記載の重合体。
〔6〕
Ar3が、下記式(2)で表される基である〔1〕~〔5〕いずれか一項に記載の重合体。
〔7〕
Ar3が、下記式(3)で表される連結基を介して複数個連結された芳香族炭化水素基または芳香族複素環基である〔1〕~〔5〕いずれか一項に記載の重合体。
〔8〕
重量平均分子量(Mw)が20,000以上であり、分散度(Mw/Mn)が2.5以下である〔1〕~〔7〕いずれか一項に記載の重合体。
〔9〕
〔1〕~〔8〕のいずれか一項に記載の重合体を含有する、有機電界発光素子用組成物。
〔10〕
基板上に、陽極、陰極、及び該陽極と該陰極の間に有機層を有する有機電界発光素子であって、
該有機層が、〔9〕に記載の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて、湿式成膜法で形成された層を含む、有機電界発光素子。
〔11〕
前記湿式成膜法で形成された層が、正孔注入層及び正孔輸送層のうちの少なくとも一つである、〔10〕に記載の有機電界発光素子。
〔12〕
陽極と陰極の間に正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層を含み、前記正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層は、全て湿式成膜法により形成されたものである、〔10〕又は〔11〕に記載の有機電界発光素子。
〔13〕
〔10〕~〔12〕のいずれか一項に記載の有機電界発光素子を有する有機EL表示装置。
〔14〕
〔10〕~〔12〕のいずれか一項に記載の有機電界発光素子を有する有機EL照明。
本明細書において“質量%”と“重量%”とは同義である。
本発明の重合体は、下記式(1)で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体である。
Ar1、Ar2は、置換基を有していても良い、1価の芳香族炭化水素基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。
芳香族炭化水素基としては、例えば、ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナントレン環、ペリレン環、テトラセン環、ピレン環、ベンズピレン環、クリセン環、トリフェニレン環、アセナフテン環、フルオランテン環、フルオレン環などの、6員環の単環又は2~5縮合環の1価の基が挙げられる。
例えばメチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ヘキシル基、シクロヘキシル基、ドデシル基などの、炭素数が通常1以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下である、直鎖、分岐、又は環状のアルキル基;
例えばビニル基等の、炭素数が通常2以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下であるアルケニル基;
例えばエチニル基等の、炭素数が通常2以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下であるアルキニル基;
例えばメトキシ基、エトキシ基等の、炭素数が通常1以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下であるアルコキシ基;
例えばフェノキシ基、ナフトキシ基、ピリジルオキシ基等の、炭素数が通常4以上、好ましくは5以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下であるアリールオキシ基;
例えばメトキシカルボニル基、エトキシカルボニル基等の、炭素数が通常2以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下であるアルコキシカルボニル基;
例えばジメチルアミノ基、ジエチルアミノ基等の、炭素数が通常2以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下であるジアルキルアミノ基;
例えばジフェニルアミノ基、ジトリルアミノ基、N-カルバゾリル基等の、炭素数が通常10以上、好ましくは12以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下のジアリールアミノ基;
例えばフェニルメチルアミノ基等の、炭素数が通常7以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下であるアリールアルキルアミノ基;
例えばアセチル基、ベンゾイル基等の、炭素数が通常2以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下であるアシル基;
例えばフッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子;
例えばトリフルオロメチル基等の、炭素数が通常1以上であり、通常12以下、好ましくは6以下のハロアルキル基;
例えばメチルチオ基、エチルチオ基等の、炭素数が通常1以上であり、通常24以下、好ましくは12以下のアルキルチオ基;
例えばフェニルチオ基、ナフチルチオ基、ピリジルチオ基等の、炭素数が通常4以上、好ましくは5以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下であるアリールチオ基;
例えばトリメチルシリル基、トリフェニルシリル基等の、炭素数が通常2以上、好ましくは3以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下であるシリル基;
例えばトリメチルシロキシ基、トリフェニルシロキシ基等の、炭素数が通常2以上、好ましくは3以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下であるシロキシ基;
シアノ基;
例えばフェニル基、ナフチル基等の、炭素数が通常6以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下である芳香族炭化水素基;
例えばチエニル基、ピリジル基等の、炭素数が通常3以上、好ましくは4以上であり、通常36以下、好ましくは24以下である芳香族複素環基。
これらの置換基の中でも、溶解性の点から、炭素数1~12のアルキル基及び炭素数1~12のアルコキシ基が好ましい。
また、上記各置換基がさらに置換基を有していてもよく、その例としては前記(置換基群Z)の項に例示した基から選択される。
Ar3は、置換基を有していてもよい、2価の芳香族炭化水素基又は芳香族複素環基を表す。前記芳香族炭化水素基及び芳香族複素環基は、複数個、結合したものでも良い。
芳香族炭化水素基としては、例えば、ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナントレン環、ペリレン環、テトラセン環、ピレン環、ベンズピレン環、クリセン環、トリフェニレン環、アセナフテン環、フルオランテン環、フルオレン環などの、6員環の単環又は2~5縮合環の2価の基が挙げられる。
Ar3は、下記式(3)で表される連結基を介して複数個連結された芳香族炭化水素基及び芳香族複素環基であることが耐久性の点で特に好ましい。
nは4以上の整数を表す。正孔輸送能が高く陽極側からの正孔注入に優れる点で、nは4が好ましい。正孔輸送能が高く発光層へ正孔注入に優れる点で、nは5が好ましい。
本発明の重合体は、Ar1、Ar2及びAr3の少なくとも1つ以上に置換基として架橋性基を有することが好ましい。架橋性基を有することで、熱及び/又は活性エネルギー線の照射により起こる反応(難溶化反応)の前後で、有機溶媒に対する溶解性に大きな差を生じさせることができる。耐久性の点から、Ar3の置換基として架橋性基を有することがさらに好ましい。
〈架橋性基群T〉
また、シンナモイル基などアリールビニルカルボニル基、1価の遊離原子価を有するベンゾシクロブテン環などの環化付加反応する基が、素子の電気化学的安定性をさらに向上させる点で好ましい。
また、架橋性基の中でも、架橋後の構造が特に安定な点で、1価の遊離原子価を有するベンゾシクロブテン環が特に好ましい。
例えば、後述の合成例1で合成した目的ポリマー1の場合で説明すると、目的ポリマー1において、末端基を除いた繰り返し単位の分子量は平均1148.69であり、また架橋性基は、1繰り返し単位当たり平均0.1156個である。これを単純比例により計算すると、分子量1000あたりの架橋性基の数は、0.10個と算出される。
本発明の重合体の重量平均分子量は、通常3,000,000以下、好ましくは1,000,000以下、より好ましくは500,000以下、さらに好ましくは200,000以下であり、また通常2,500以上、好ましくは5,000以上、より好ましくは10,000以上、さらに好ましくは30,000以上である。
本発明の重合体の具体例を以下に示すが、本発明の重合体はこれらに限定されるものではない。なお、化学式中の数字は繰返し単位のモル比を表す。
化学式中の数字は繰返し単位のモル比に関して、例えば、上記式(1)において、架橋性基を有する繰り返し単位と架橋性基を有さない繰り返し単位が含まれる重合体の場合、モル比は、架橋性基を有する繰り返し単位に対して、架橋性基を有さない繰り返し単位が通常0以上、好ましくは1以上、より好ましくは2以上、更に好ましくは5以上であり、また通常100以下、好ましくは50以下、より好ましくは20以下、更に好ましくは10以下である。架橋性基を有する繰り返し単位のモル比が小さすぎると架橋反応後の、有機溶媒に対する難溶性が十分ではなく、湿式成膜法での多層積層構造が困難になる傾向があり、大きすぎるとクラックなどが起きやすく、平坦な膜が得られにくくなる傾向がある。
これらの重合体は、ランダム共重合体、交互共重合体、ブロック共重合体、又はグラフト共重合体などのいずれでもよく、単量体の配列順序には限定されない。
本発明の重合体の製造方法は特には制限されず、本発明の重合体が得られる限り任意である。例えば、Suzuki反応、Grignard反応、Ullmann反応、Buchwald-Hartwig反応等のC-C結合形成反応及びC-N結合形成反応を組み合わせることによって、製造することができる。ただし、本発明の重合体の特徴である、4つ以上の連続したp-フェニレン基の部分は、溶解性に乏しい構造であるため、Ar1及び/又はAr2に溶解性を高める置換基を導入した後に、4つ以上の連続したp-フェニレン基の部分を構築するといった工夫を行うことが好ましい。このような工夫により、単量体(繰り返し単位)の純度が高められ、所望の重合度及び分子量分布の重合体が得られやすくなる。
具体的には、9,9-ジアルキル-2-アミノフルオレン等の溶解性の高い1級アミンとブロモベンゼンを反応させ、2級アミンを得た後、アミノ基のp-位を、N-ブロモスクシンイミド等で臭素化し、さらに、4,4’-ビフェニルジボロン酸、4,4”-p-テルフェニルジボロン酸またはそれらのエステル誘導体等と反応させて、中間体1を構築することが好ましい。中間体1とジハロゲン化物とを反応させることで本発明の重合体が得られる。
なお、通常、ホウ素誘導体とハロゲン化物との反応工程は例えば炭酸カリウム、tert-ブトキシナトリウム、トリエチルアミン等の塩基存在下で行う。また、必要に応じて、例えば銅やパラジウム錯体等の遷移金属触媒存在下で行うこともできる。さらにホウ素誘導体との反応工程では、例えば、炭酸カリウム、りん酸カリウム、tert-ブトキシナトリウム、トリエチルアミン等の塩基、又は、パラジウム錯体等の遷移金属触媒の存在下で行うことができる。
本発明の重合体は、有機電界発光素子材料として用いられることが好ましい。つまり、本発明の重合体は有機電界発光素子材料であることが好ましい。
本発明の重合体が有機電界発光素子材料として用いられる場合は、有機電界発素子における正孔注入層及び正孔輸送層の少なくとも一方を形成する材料、つまり電荷輸送材料として用いることが好ましい。
電荷輸送材料として用いる場合、本発明の重合体を1種類含有するものであってもよく、2種類以上を任意の組み合わせ及び任意の比率で含有するものであってもよい。
また、有機電界発光素子を簡便に製造することができることから、本発明の重合体は、湿式成膜法で形成される有機層に用いることが好ましい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明の重合体を含有するものである。なお、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明の重合体を1種類含有するものであってもよく、2種類以上を任意の組み合わせ及び任意の比率で含有するものであってもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物中の本発明の重合体の含有量は、通常0.01~70質量%、好ましくは0.1~60質量%、さらに好ましくは0.5~50質量%である。
上記範囲内であると、形成した有機層に欠陥が生じ難く、また膜厚ムラが生じ難いため好ましい。
本発明における有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明に係る重合体以外に溶媒等を含むことができる。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、通常、溶媒を含有する。この溶媒は、本発明の重合体を溶解するものが好ましい。具体的には、本発明の重合体を、室温で通常0.05質量%以上、好ましくは0.5質量%以上、さらに好ましくは1質量%以上溶解する溶媒が好適である。
溶媒の具体例としては、トルエン、キシレン、メシチレン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン等の芳香族系溶媒;1,2-ジクロロエタン、クロロベンゼン、o-ジクロロベンゼン等の含ハロゲン溶媒;エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコール-1-モノメチルエーテルアセタート(PGMEA)等の脂肪族エーテル、1,2-ジメトキシベンゼン、1,3-ジメトキシベンゼン、アニソール、フェネトール、2-メトキシトルエン、3-メトキシトルエン、4-メトキシトルエン、2,3-ジメチルアニソール、2,4-ジメチルアニソール等の芳香族エーテル等のエーテル系溶媒;酢酸エチル、酢酸n-ブチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸n-ブチル等の脂肪族エステル;酢酸フェニル、プロピオン酸フェニル、安息香酸メチル、安息香酸エチル、安息香酸イソプロピル、安息香酸プロピル、安息香酸n-ブチル等の芳香族エステル等のエステル系溶媒;などの有機溶媒、その他、後述の正孔注入層形成用組成物や正孔輸送層形成用組成物に用いられる有機溶媒が挙げられる。
なお、溶媒は、1種類を用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の組み合わせ及び任意の比率で併用してもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、正孔注入層を形成するために用いる場合、低抵抗化する点で、さらに電子受容性化合物を含有することが好ましい。
R6としては、A1との結合部分に炭素原子を有する有機基であれば、本発明の趣旨に反しない限り、その種類は特に制限されない。R6の分子量は、置換基を含めた値で、通常1000以下、好ましくは500以下の範囲である。
以下に、本発明に好適な電子受容性化合物の具体例を示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は更にカチオンラジカル化合物を含有していてもよい。
カチオンラジカル化合物としては、正孔輸送性化合物から一電子取り除いた化学種であるカチオンラジカルと、対アニオンとからなるイオン化合物が好ましい。但し、カチオンラジカルが正孔輸送性の高分子化合物由来である場合、カチオンラジカルは高分子化合物の繰り返し単位から一電子取り除いた構造となる。
なお、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物には、上記の成分以外に、後述の正孔注入層形成用組成物や正孔輸送層形成用組成物に含まれる成分を、後述の含有量で含有していてもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子は、基板上に、陽極及び陰極と、該陽極と該陰極の間に有機層を有する有機電界発光素子において、該有機層が、本発明の重合体を含む本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて湿式成膜法により形成された層を含むことを特徴とする。
本発明の有機電界発光素子において、湿式成膜法により形成された層は、正孔注入層及び正孔輸送層の少なくとも一方であることが好ましく、特に、この有機層が正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層を備え、これら正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層の全てが湿式成膜法により形成された層であることが好ましい。
図1は本発明の有機電界発光素子10の構造例を示す断面の模式図であり、図1において、1は基板、2は陽極、3は正孔注入層、4は正孔輸送層、5は発光層、6は正孔阻止層、7は電子輸送層、8は電子注入層、9は陰極を各々表す。
基板1は、有機電界発光素子の支持体となるものであり、通常、石英やガラスの板、金属板や金属箔、プラスチックフィルムやシート等が用いられる。これらのうち、ガラス板や、ポリエステル、ポリメタクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリスルホン等の透明な合成樹脂の板が好ましい。基板は、外気による有機電界発光素子の劣化が起こり難いことからガスバリア性の高い材質とするのが好ましい。このため、特に合成樹脂製の基板等のようにガスバリア性の低い材質を用いる場合は、基板の少なくとも片面に緻密なシリコン酸化膜等を設けてガスバリア性を上げるのが好ましい。
陽極2は、発光層5側の層に正孔を注入する機能を担う。
陽極2は、通常、アルミニウム、金、銀、ニッケル、パラジウム、白金等の金属;インジウム及び/又はスズの酸化物等の金属酸化物;ヨウ化銅等のハロゲン化金属;カーボンブラック及びポリ(3-メチルチオフェン)、ポリピロール、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子等により構成される。
陽極2の厚みは、必要とされる透明性と材質等に応じて、決めればよい。特に高い透明性が必要とされる場合は、可視光の透過率が60%以上となる厚みが好ましく、80%以上となる厚みが更に好ましい。陽極2の厚みは、通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上であり、また、通常1000nm以下、好ましくは500nm以下とするのが好ましい。一方、透明性が不要な場合は、陽極2の厚みは必要な強度等に応じて任意に厚みとすればよく、この場合、陽極2は基板と同一の厚みでもよい。
陽極2側から発光層5側に正孔を輸送する機能を担う層は、通常、正孔注入輸送層又は正孔輸送層と呼ばれる。そして、陽極2側から発光層5側に正孔を輸送する機能を担う層が2層以上ある場合に、より陽極側に近い方の層を正孔注入層3と呼ぶことがある。正孔注入層3は、陽極2から発光層5側に正孔を輸送する機能を強化する点で、形成することが好ましい。正孔注入層3を形成する場合、通常、正孔注入層3は、陽極2上に形成される。
正孔注入層3は、正孔輸送性化合物を含むことが好ましく、正孔輸送性化合物と電子受容性化合物とを含むことがより好ましい。更には、正孔注入層中にカチオンラジカル化合物を含むことが好ましく、カチオンラジカル化合物と正孔輸送性化合物とを含むことが特に好ましい。
正孔注入層形成用組成物は、通常、正孔注入層3となる正孔輸送性化合物を含有する。また、湿式成膜法の場合は、通常、更に溶媒も含有する。正孔注入層形成用組成物は、正孔輸送性が高く、注入された正孔を効率よく輸送できるのが好ましい。このため、正孔移動度が大きく、トラップとなる不純物が製造時や使用時等に発生し難いことが好ましい。また、安定性に優れ、イオン化ポテンシャルが小さく、可視光に対する透明性が高いことが好ましい。特に、正孔注入層が発光層と接する場合は、発光層からの発光を消光しないものや発光層とエキサイプレックスを形成して、発光効率を低下させないものが好ましい。
正孔輸送性化合物としては、陽極から正孔注入層への電荷注入障壁の観点から、4.5eV~6.0eVのイオン化ポテンシャルを有する化合物が好ましい。正孔輸送性化合物の例としては、芳香族アミン系化合物、フタロシアニン系化合物、ポルフィリン系化合物、オリゴチオフェン系化合物、ポリチオフェン系化合物、ベンジルフェニル系化合物、フルオレン基で3級アミンを連結した化合物、ヒドラゾン系化合物、シラザン系化合物、キナクリドン系化合物等が挙げられる。
芳香族三級アミン化合物の種類は、特に制限されないが、表面平滑化効果により均一な発光を得やすい点から、重量平均分子量が1000以上、1000000以下の高分子化合物(繰り返し単位が連なる重合型化合物)を用いることが好ましい。芳香族三級アミン高分子化合物の好ましい例としては、下記式(6)で表される繰り返し単位を有する高分子化合物等が挙げられる。
湿式成膜法により正孔注入層3を形成する場合、通常、正孔注入層となる材料を可溶な溶媒(正孔注入層用溶媒)と混合して成膜用の組成物(正孔注入層形成用組成物)を調製し、この正孔注入層形成用組成物を正孔注入層の下層に該当する層(通常は、陽極)上に塗布して成膜し、乾燥させることにより形成する。
溶媒としては、例えば、エーテル系溶媒、エステル系溶媒、芳香族炭化水素系溶媒、アミド系溶媒などが挙げられる。
これらの他、ジメチルスルホキシド等も用いることができる。
正孔注入層3は、通常、成膜後に、加熱や減圧乾燥等により塗布膜を乾燥させる。
真空蒸着法により正孔注入層3を形成する場合には、通常、正孔注入層3の構成材料(前述の正孔輸送性化合物、電子受容性化合物等)の1種類又は2種類以上を真空容器内に設置された坩堝に入れ(2種類以上の材料を用いる場合は、通常各々を別々の坩堝に入れ)、真空容器内を真空ポンプで10-4Pa程度まで排気した後、坩堝を加熱して(2種類以上の材料を用いる場合は、通常各々の坩堝を加熱して)、坩堝内の材料の蒸発量を制御しながら蒸発させ(2種類以上の材料を用いる場合は、通常各々独立に蒸発量を制御しながら蒸発させ)、坩堝に向き合って置かれた基板上の陽極上に正孔注入層を形成する。なお、2種類以上の材料を用いる場合は、それらの混合物を坩堝に入れ、加熱、蒸発させて正孔注入層を形成することもできる。
なお、正孔注入層3は、後述の正孔輸送層4と同様に架橋されていてもよい。
正孔輸送層4は、陽極2側から発光層5側に正孔を輸送する機能を担う層である。正孔輸送層4は、本発明の有機電界発光素子では、必須の層では無いが、陽極2から発光層5に正孔を輸送する機能を強化する点では、この層を形成することが好ましい。正孔輸送層4を形成する場合、通常、正孔輸送層4は、陽極2と発光層5の間に形成される。また、上述の正孔注入層3がある場合は、正孔注入層3と発光層5の間に形成される。
正孔輸送層4の膜厚は、通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上であり、また、一方、通常300nm以下、好ましくは100nm以下である。
正孔輸送層4の形成方法は、真空蒸着法でも、湿式成膜法でもよい。成膜性が優れる点では、湿式成膜法により形成することが好ましい。
湿式成膜法で正孔輸送層を形成する場合は、通常、上述の正孔注入層を湿式成膜法で形成する場合と同様にして、正孔注入層形成用組成物の代わりに正孔輸送層形成用組成物を用いて形成させる。
湿式成膜法で正孔輸送層を形成する場合は、通常、正孔輸送層形成用組成物は、更に溶媒を含有する。正孔輸送層形成用組成物に用いる溶媒は、上述の正孔注入層形成用組成物で用いる溶媒と同様の溶媒を使用することができる。
正孔輸送層形成用組成物中における正孔輸送性化合物の濃度は、正孔注入層形成用組成物中における正孔輸送性化合物の濃度と同様の範囲とすることができる。
正孔輸送層の湿式成膜法による形成は、前述の正孔注入層成膜法と同様に行うことができる。
真空蒸着法で正孔輸送層を形成する場合についても、通常、上述の正孔注入層を真空蒸着法で形成する場合と同様にして、正孔注入層形成用組成物の代わりに正孔輸送層形成用組成物を用いて形成させることができる。蒸着時の真空度、蒸着速度及び温度などの成膜条件などは、前記正孔注入層の真空蒸着時と同様の条件で成膜することができる。
発光層5は、一対の電極間に電界が与えられた時に、陽極2から注入される正孔と陰極9から注入される電子が再結合することにより励起され、発光する機能を担う層である。発光層5は、陽極2と陰極9の間に形成される層であり、発光層は、陽極の上に正孔注入層がある場合は、正孔注入層と陰極の間に形成され、陽極の上に正孔輸送層がある場合は、正孔輸送層と陰極の間に形成される。
発光層5の膜厚は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り任意であるが、膜に欠陥が生じ難い点では厚い方が好ましく、また、一方、薄い方が低駆動電圧としやすい点で好ましい。このため、3nm以上であるのが好ましく、5nm以上であるのが更に好ましく、また、一方、通常200nm以下であるのが好ましく、100nm以下であるのが更に好ましい。
発光層5は、少なくとも、発光の性質を有する材料(発光材料)を含有するとともに、好ましくは、電荷輸送性を有する材料(電荷輸送性材料)とを含有する。
発光材料は、所望の発光波長で発光し、本発明の効果を損なわない限りは特に制限はなく、公知の発光材料を適用可能である。発光材料は、蛍光発光材料でも、燐光発光材料でもよいが、発光効率が良好である材料が好ましく、内部量子効率の観点から燐光発光材料が好ましい。
蛍光発光材料としては、例えば、以下の材料が挙げられる。
青色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(青色蛍光発光材料)としては、例えば、ナフタレン、ペリレン、ピレン、アントラセン、クマリン、クリセン、p-ビス(2-フェニルエテニル)ベンゼン及びそれらの誘導体等が挙げられる。
緑色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(緑色蛍光発光材料)としては、例えば、キナクリドン誘導体、クマリン誘導体、Al(C9H6NO)3などのアルミニウム錯体等が挙げられる。
黄色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(黄色蛍光発光材料)としては、例えば、ルブレン、ペリミドン誘導体等が挙げられる。
赤色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(赤色蛍光発光材料)としては、例えば、DCM(4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran)系化合物、ベンゾピラン誘導体、ローダミン誘導体、ベンゾチオキサンテン誘導体、アザベンゾチオキサンテン等が挙げられる。
電荷輸送性材料は、正電荷(正孔)又は負電荷(電子)輸送性を有する材料であり、本発明の効果を損なわない限り、特に制限はなく、公知の発光材料を適用可能である。
電荷輸送性材料は、従来、有機電界発光素子の発光層に用いられている化合物等を用いることができ、特に、発光層のホスト材料として使用されている化合物が好ましい。
電荷輸送性材料としては、具体的には、芳香族アミン系化合物、フタロシアニン系化合物、ポルフィリン系化合物、オリゴチオフェン系化合物、ポリチオフェン系化合物、ベンジルフェニル系化合物、フルオレン基で3級アミンを連結した化合物、ヒドラゾン系化合物、シラザン系化合物、シラナミン系化合物、ホスファミン系化合物、キナクリドン系化合物等の正孔注入層の正孔輸送性化合物として例示した化合物等が挙げられる他、アントラセン系化合物、ピレン系化合物、カルバゾール系化合物、ピリジン系化合物、フェナントロリン系化合物、オキサジアゾール系化合物、シロール系化合物等の電子輸送性化合物等が挙げられる。
発光層の形成方法は、真空蒸着法でも、湿式成膜法でもよいが、成膜性に優れることから、湿式成膜法が好ましく、スピンコート法及びインクジェット法が更に好ましい。特に、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて、発光層の下層となる正孔注入層又は正孔輸送層を形成すると、湿式成膜法による積層化が容易であるため、湿式成膜法を採用することが好ましい。湿式成膜法により発光層を形成する場合は、通常、上述の正孔注入層を湿式成膜法で形成する場合と同様にして、正孔注入層形成用組成物の代わりに、発光層となる材料を可溶な溶媒(発光層用溶媒)と混合して調製した発光層形成用組成物を用いて形成する。
溶媒としては、例えば、正孔注入層の形成について挙げたエーテル系溶媒、エステル系溶媒、芳香族炭化水素系溶媒、アミド系溶媒の他、アルカン系溶媒、ハロゲン化芳香族炭化水素系溶媒、脂肪族アルコール系溶媒、脂環族アルコール系溶媒、脂肪族ケトン系溶媒及び脂環族ケトン系溶媒などが挙げられる。以下に溶媒の具体例を挙げるが、本発明の効果を損なわない限り、これらに限定されるものではない。
発光層5と後述の電子注入層8との間に、正孔阻止層6を設けてもよい。正孔阻止層6は、発光層5の上に、発光層5の陰極9側の界面に接するように積層される層である。
この正孔阻止層6は、陽極2から移動してくる正孔を陰極9に到達するのを阻止する役割と、陰極9から注入された電子を効率よく発光層5の方向に輸送する役割とを有する。正孔阻止層6を構成する材料に求められる物性としては、電子移動度が高く正孔移動度が低いこと、エネルギーギャップ(HOMO、LUMOの差)が大きいこと、励起三重項準位(T1)が高いことが挙げられる。
このような条件を満たす正孔阻止層の材料としては、例えば、ビス(2-メチル-8-キノリノラト)(フェノラト)アルミニウム、ビス(2-メチル-8-キノリノラト)(トリフェニルシラノラト)アルミニウム等の混合配位子錯体、ビス(2-メチル-8-キノラト)アルミニウム-μ-オキソ-ビス-(2-メチル-8-キノリラト)アルミニウム二核金属錯体等の金属錯体、ジスチリルビフェニル誘導体等のスチリル化合物(日本国特開平11-242996号公報)、3-(4-ビフェニルイル)-4-フェニル-5(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)-1,2,4-トリアゾール等のトリアゾール誘導体(日本国特開平7-41759号公報)、バソクプロイン等のフェナントロリン誘導体(日本国特開平10-79297号公報)などが挙げられる。更に、国際公開第2005/022962号に記載の2,4,6位が置換されたピリジン環を少なくとも1個有する化合物も、正孔阻止層の材料として好ましい。
正孔阻止層6の膜厚は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り任意であるが、通常0.3nm以上、好ましくは0.5nm以上であり、また、通常100nm以下、好ましくは50nm以下である。
電子輸送層7は素子の電流効率をさらに向上させることを目的として、発光層5と電子注入層8との間に設けられる。
電子輸送層7は、電界を与えられた電極間において陰極9から注入された電子を効率よく発光層5の方向に輸送することができる化合物より形成される。電子輸送層7に用いられる電子輸送性化合物としては、陰極9又は電子注入層8からの電子注入効率が高く、かつ、高い電子移動度を有し、注入された電子を効率よく輸送することができる化合物であることが必要である。
電子輸送層に用いる電子輸送性化合物としては、具体的には、例えば、8-ヒドロキシキノリンのアルミニウム錯体などの金属錯体(日本国特開昭59-194393号公報)、10-ヒドロキシベンゾ[h]キノリンの金属錯体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、ジスチリルビフェニル誘導体、シロール誘導体、3-ヒドロキシフラボン金属錯体、5-ヒドロキシフラボン金属錯体、ベンズオキサゾール金属錯体、ベンゾチアゾール金属錯体、トリスベンズイミダゾリルベンゼン(米国特許第5645948号公報)、キノキサリン化合物(日本国特開平6-207169号公報)、フェナントロリン誘導体(日本国特開平5-331459号公報)、2-t-ブチル-9,10-N,N’-ジシアノアントラキノンジイミン、n型水素化非晶質炭化シリコン、n型硫化亜鉛、n型セレン化亜鉛などが挙げられる。
電子輸送層7の膜厚は、通常1nm以上、好ましくは5nm以上であり、また、通常300nm以下、好ましくは100nm以下である。
電子輸送層7は、前記と同様にして湿式成膜法、或いは真空蒸着法により正孔阻止層6上に積層することにより形成される。通常は、真空蒸着法が用いられる。
電子注入層8は、陰極9から注入された電子を効率よく、電子輸送層7又は発光層5へ注入する役割を果たす。
電子注入を効率よく行うには、電子注入層8を形成する材料は、仕事関数の低い金属が好ましい。例としては、ナトリウムやセシウム等のアルカリ金属、バリウムやカルシウムなどのアルカリ土類金属等が用いられる。その膜厚は通常0.1nm以上、5nm以下が好ましい。
更に、バソフェナントロリン等の含窒素複素環化合物や8-ヒドロキシキノリンのアルミニウム錯体などの金属錯体に代表される有機電子輸送材料に、ナトリウム、カリウム、セシウム、リチウム、ルビジウム等のアルカリ金属をドープする(日本国特開平10-270171号公報、日本国特開2002-100478号公報、日本国特開2002-100482号公報などに記載)ことも、電子注入・輸送性が向上し優れた膜質を両立させることが可能となるため好ましい。
電子注入層8の膜厚は通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上、また、通常200nm以下、好ましくは100nm以下の範囲である。
電子注入層8は、湿式成膜法或いは真空蒸着法により、発光層5又はその上の正孔阻止層6や電子輸送層7上に積層することにより形成される。
湿式成膜法の場合の詳細は、前述の発光層の場合と同様である。
陰極9は、発光層5側の層(電子注入層又は発光層など)に電子を注入する役割を果たす。
陰極9の材料としては、前記の陽極2に使用される材料を用いることが可能であるが、効率良く電子注入を行なう上では、仕事関数の低い金属を用いることが好ましく、例えば、スズ、マグネシウム、インジウム、カルシウム、アルミニウム、銀等の金属又はそれらの合金などが用いられる。具体例としては、例えば、マグネシウム-銀合金、マグネシウム-インジウム合金、アルミニウム-リチウム合金等の低仕事関数の合金電極などが挙げられる。
素子の安定性の点では、陰極の上に、仕事関数が高く、大気に対して安定な金属層を積層して、低仕事関数の金属からなる陰極を保護することが好ましい。積層する金属としては、例えば、アルミニウム、銀、銅、ニッケル、クロム、金、白金等の金属が挙げられる。
陰極の膜厚は通常、陽極と同様である。
本発明の有機電界発光素子は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわなければ、更に他の層を有していてもよい。すなわち、陽極と陰極との間に、上述の他の任意の層を有していてもよい。
{その他の素子構成}
本発明の有機電界発光素子は、上述の説明とは逆の構造、即ち、基板上に陰極、電子注入層、電子輸送層、正孔阻止層、発光層、正孔輸送層、正孔注入層、陽極の順に積層することも可能である。
本発明の有機電界発光素子を有機電界発光装置に適用する場合は、単一の有機電界発光素子として用いても、複数の有機電界発光素子がアレイ状に配置された構成にして用いても、陽極と陰極がX-Yマトリックス状に配置された構成にして用いてもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子表示装置(有機EL表示装置)は、上述の本発明の有機電界発光素子を用いたものである。本発明の有機EL表示装置の型式や構造については特に制限はなく、本発明の有機電界発光素子を用いて常法に従って組み立てることができる。
例えば、「有機ELディスプレイ」(オーム社、平成16年8月20日発行、時任静士、安達千波矢、村田英幸著)に記載されているような方法で、本発明の有機EL表示装置を形成することができる。
本発明の有機電界発光素子照明(有機EL照明)は、上述の本発明の有機電界発光素子を用いたものである。本発明の有機EL照明の型式や構造については特に制限はなく、本発明の有機電界発光素子を用いて常法に従って組み立てることができる。
<モノマーの合成>
得られた粗ポリマーをトルエン(90ml)に溶解させ、N,N-ジフェニルアミン(0.068g、0.403mmol)、tert-ブトキシナトリウム(0.74g、7.7mmol)を仕込み、系内を窒素置換して、60℃まで加温した(溶液C)。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.021g、0.0203mmol)のトルエン溶液(3ml)に、[4-(N,N-ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィン(0.043g、0.1598mmol)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液D)。窒素気流中、溶液Cに溶液Dを添加し、3時間、加熱還流した。この反応液に、ブロモベンゼン(0.35g、0.2229mmol)を添加した。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.021g、0.0203mmol)のトルエン溶液(3ml)に、[4-(N,N-ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィン(0.043g、0.1598mmol)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液E)。窒素気流中、反応液に溶液Eを添加し、3時間、加熱還流した。反応液を放冷し、エタノール/水(1500ml/100ml)溶液に滴下し、エンドキャップした粗ポリマーを得た。
このエンドキャップした粗ポリマーをトルエンに溶解し、アセトンで再沈殿させ、析出したポリマーをトルエンに再溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、重合体1(1.0g)を得た。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=47100
数平均分子量(Mn)=33400
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.41
得られた粗ポリマーをトルエン(150ml)に溶解させ、N,N-ジフェニルアミン(0.068g、0.040mmol)、tert-ブトキシナトリウム(0.74g、7.7mmol)を仕込み、系内を窒素置換して、60℃まで加温した(溶液C)。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.021g、0.0203mmol)のトルエン溶液(3ml)に、[4-(N,N-ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィン(0.043g、0.16mmol)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液D)。窒素気流中、溶液Cに溶液Dを添加し、3時間、加熱還流した。この反応液に、ブロモベンゼン(0.35g、0.223mmol)を添加した。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.021g、0.0203mmol)のトルエン溶液(3ml)に、[4-(N,N-ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィン(0.043g、0.1598mmol)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液E)。窒素気流中、反応液に溶液Eを添加し、3時間、加熱還流した。反応液を放冷し、エタノール/水(1500ml/100ml)溶液に滴下し、エンドキャップした粗ポリマーを得た。
このエンドキャップした粗ポリマーをトルエンに溶解し、アセトンで再沈殿させ、析出したポリマーをトルエンに再溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、重合体2を得た(1.2g)。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=110000
数平均分子量(Mn)=48200
分散度(Mw/Mn)=2.28
得られた粗ポリマーをトルエン224mlに溶解させ、N,N-ジフェニルアミン(0.573g、3.4mmol)、tert-ブトキシナトリウム(3.125g、32.5mmol)を仕込み、系内を十分に窒素置換して、60℃まで加温した(溶液C)。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.088g、0.1mmol)のトルエン12.5ml溶液に、[4-(N,N-ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィン(0.18g、0.7mmol)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液D)。窒素気流中、溶液Cに溶液Dを添加し、3時間、加熱還流反応した。この反応液に、ブロモベンゼン(2.659g、16.9mmol)を添加した。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.088g、0.1mmol)のトルエン12.5ml溶液に、[4-(N,N-ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィン(0.18g、0.7mmol)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液E)。窒素気流中、反応液に溶液Eを添加し、3時間、加熱還流反応した。反応液を放冷し、エタノール/水(1120ml/108ml)溶液に滴下し、エンドキャップした粗ポリマーを得た。
このエンドキャップした粗ポリマーをトルエンに溶解し、アセトンで再沈殿させ、析出したポリマーをトルエンに再溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、重合体3を得た(4.3g)。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=35900
数平均分子量(Mn)=27600
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.30
N,N-ジフェニルアミン(0.338g、2.0mmol)、1時間、加熱還流反応した。この反応液に、ブロモベンゼン(1.568g、10mmol)を添加した。2時間、加熱還流反応した。反応液を放冷し、エタノール/水(342ml/100ml)溶液に滴下し、エンドキャップした粗ポリマーを得た。
このエンドキャップした粗ポリマーをトルエンに溶解し、アセトンで再沈殿させ析出したポリマーをトルエンに再溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、重合体4を得た(2.1g)。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=38800
数平均分子量(Mn)=29800
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.30
(実施例1)
図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。
ガラス基板1上に、インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜をスパッタ成膜により堆積したものを、通常のフォトリソグラフィー技術と塩酸エッチングを用いて2mm幅のストライプにパターニングして膜厚70nmの陽極2を形成した。パターン形成したITO基板を、界面活性剤水溶液による超音波洗浄、超純水による水洗、超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による水洗の順で洗浄後、圧縮空気で乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。
次に、下の構造式(P1)に示すアリールアミンポリマー、構造式(A1)に示す4‐イソプロピル‐4’‐メチルジフェニルヨードニウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボラートおよび安息香酸エチルを含有する正孔注入層形成用塗布液を調製した。この塗布液を下記条件で陽極2上にスピンコートにより成膜して、膜厚31nmの正孔注入層を得た。
溶媒 安息香酸エチル
塗布液濃度 P1:2.5重量%
A1:0.5重量%
<正孔注入層3の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 3100rpm
スピナ回転時間 30秒
スピンコート雰囲気 大気中
加熱条件 大気中 240℃ 1時間
引き続き、下記に示す構造式を有する重合体1(P2)を含有する正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を調製し、下記の条件で正孔注入層3上にスピンコートにより成膜、加熱して膜厚20nmの正孔輸送層を形成した。
溶媒 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 1.5重量%
<正孔輸送層4の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1950rpm
スピナ回転時間 120秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中 230℃ 1時間
次に、以下の構造式に示す、化合物(H1)、(H2)、および(D1)を含有する発光層形成用塗布液を調製し、下記の条件でスピンコートにより成膜を行い、加熱することで膜厚50nmの発光層を正孔輸送層4上に形成した。
溶媒 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 H1:1.2重量%
H2:3.6重量%
D1:0.48重量%
<発光層5の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 2050rpm
スピナ回転時間 120秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中 130℃ 10分
電子注入層8として、先ずフッ化リチウム(LiF)を、モリブデンボートを用いて、蒸着速度0.1Å/秒で制御し、0.5nmの膜厚で電子輸送層7の上に成膜した。次に、陰極9としてアルミニウムを同様にモリブデンボートにより加熱して、蒸着速度1.1~8.8Å/秒の範囲で制御して膜厚80nmのアルミニウム層を形成した。以上の2層の蒸着時の基板温度は室温に保持した。
引き続き、素子が保管中に大気中の水分等で劣化することを防ぐため、以下に記載の方法で封止処理を行った。
窒素グローブボックス中で、23mm×23mmサイズのガラス板の外周部に、約1mmの幅で光硬化性樹脂(スリーボンドファインケミカル株式会社製30Y‐437)を塗布し、中央部に水分ゲッターシート(ダイニック株式会社製)を設置した。この上に、陰極形成を終了した基板を、蒸着された面が乾燥剤シートと対向するように貼り合わせた。その後、光硬化性樹脂が塗布された領域のみに紫外光を照射し、樹脂を硬化させた。
以上の様にして、2mm×2mmのサイズの発光面積部分を有する有機電界発光素子が得られた。この素子の特性を表1に示す。
正孔輸送層4を、下記に示す構造式で示される(P3)を含有する正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を調製し、下記の条件で正孔注入層3上にスピンコートにより成膜、加熱して膜厚19nmの正孔輸送層を形成したほかは、実施例1と同様にして有機電界発光素子を作製した。得られた素子の特性を表9に示す。
溶媒 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 1.5重量%
<正孔輸送層4の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1850rpm
スピナ回転時間 120秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中 230℃ 1時間
正孔輸送層4を、下記に示す構造式で示される重合体2(P4)を含有する正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を調製し、下記の条件で正孔注入層3上にスピンコートにより成膜、加熱して膜厚20nmの正孔輸送層を形成した。
溶媒 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 1.5重量%
<正孔輸送層4の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 3000rpm
スピナ回転時間 120秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中 230℃ 1時間
発光層5を、以下の構造式に示す、化合物(H3)および(D2)を含有する発光層形成用塗布液を調製し、下記の条件でスピンコートにより成膜を行い、加熱することで膜厚41nmの発光層を正孔輸送層4上に形成した。
ほかは、実施例1と同様にして有機電界発光素子を作製した。得られた素子の特性を表10に示す。
溶媒 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 H3:3.5重量%
D2:0.35重量%
<発光層5の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1850rpm
スピナ回転時間 120秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中 130℃ 10分
正孔輸送層4を、構造式(P3)の化合物を含有する正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を比較例1と同様に成膜、加熱して膜厚19nmの正孔輸送層を形成したほかは、実施例2と同様にして有機電界発光素子を作製した。得られた素子の特性を表10に示す。
正孔輸送層4を、下記に示す構造式で示される(P5)を含有する正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を調製し、下記の条件で正孔注入層3上にスピンコートにより成膜、加熱して膜厚20nmの正孔輸送層を形成したほかは、実施例2と同様にして有機電界発光素子を作製した。得られた素子の特性を表10に示す。
溶媒 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 1.5重量%
<正孔輸送層4の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1850rpm
スピナ回転時間 120秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中 230℃ 1時間
(実施例3)
Time of Flight(TOF)法を用いて、日本国特開2014-51667号公報に記載された方法と同様にして、重合体3(P6)の正孔移動度を測定した。
トルエンとシリコーンオイル(信越シリコーン社製:KF-96)を混合させた溶媒に、(P6)を10質量%の濃度で溶解させた溶液を作製し、この洗浄した基板上にスピンコート法にて成膜した。なお、成膜は全て窒素雰囲気中で行った。以上により、膜厚2μmの目的ポリマー1の膜を得た。次に,真空蒸着装置の真空チャンバーへサンプルを搬送した。陰極蒸着用のマスクとして2mm幅のストライプ状シャドーマスクを、ITOストライプと直交するように素子に密着させて設置した。その後、装置内を真空度が8.0×10-4Pa以下になるまで排気した後、アルミニウムをモリブデンボートを用いて加熱することにより、サンプル上に厚さ80nmの電極を形成した。なお、アルミニウムの成膜中は、チャンバー内の真空度を2.0×10-3Pa以下、かつ蒸着速度0.6~10.0Å/秒に保った。
このサンプルについて、ITO膜が陽極、アルミニウム電極が陰極となるように電界強度をかけた状態で、スペクトラフィジクス社製「VSL-337ND-S(窒素レーザー)」(励起波長337nm、パルス幅<4ns)を用いて過渡光電流の測定を行った。なお、光照射エネルギーは反射型のNDフィルターで10μJに1パルス当たりの光量を調整し、ITO電極側から照射した。過渡光電流波形はオシロスコープ(テクトロニクス社製「TDS2022」)を用いて測定し、屈曲点から電荷移動度を算出した。この測定は、電界強度160kV/cmを印加した状態で行った。
正孔移動度の算出結果は、後掲の構造式(P7)の化合物の正孔移動度の算出結果を「1.0」としたときの相対値(規格化正孔移動度)で示した。結果を表11に示す。
構造式(P6)の化合物を、構造式(P7)の化合物に変更したこと以外は、実施例3と同様にして、(P7)の測定を行い、算出された正孔移動度を1.0とした。
2.陽極
3.正孔注入層
4.正孔輸送層
5.発光層
6.正孔阻止層
7.電子輸送層
8.電子注入層
9.陰極
Claims (14)
- Ar1、Ar2及びAr3の少なくとも1つ以上に置換基として架橋性基を有する請求項1に記載の重合体。
- 架橋性基が、ベンゾシクロブテン環を含む基である請求項2に記載の重合体。
- 上記式(1)で表される繰り返し単位を2種以上有し、少なくとも1種の繰り返し単位には架橋性基を含み、少なくとも1種の繰り返し単位には架橋性基を含まない、請求項2または3に記載の重合体。
- Ar1およびAr2のうち少なくとも一方が、置換基を有しても良い2-フルオレニル基である請求項1~4いずれか一項に記載の重合体。
- 重量平均分子量(Mw)が20,000以上であり、分散度(Mw/Mn)が2.5以下である請求項1~7いずれか一項に記載の重合体。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の重合体を含有する、有機電界発光素子用組成物。
- 基板上に、陽極、陰極、及び該陽極と該陰極の間に有機層を有する有機電界発光素子であって、
該有機層が、請求項9に記載の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて、湿式成膜法で形成された層を含む、有機電界発光素子。 - 前記湿式成膜法で形成された層が、正孔注入層及び正孔輸送層のうちの少なくとも一つである、請求項10に記載の有機電界発光素子。
- 陽極と陰極の間に正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層を含み、前記正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層は、全て湿式成膜法により形成されたものである、請求項10又は11に記載の有機電界発光素子。
- 請求項10~12のいずれか一項に記載の有機電界発光素子を有する有機EL表示装置。
- 請求項10~12のいずれか一項に記載の有機電界発光素子を有する有機EL照明。
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| KR1020167008575A KR102157997B1 (ko) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-10-02 | 중합체, 유기 전계 발광 소자용 조성물, 유기 전계 발광 소자, 유기 el 표시 장치 및 유기 el 조명 |
| JP2015540561A JP6565678B2 (ja) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-10-02 | 重合体、有機電界発光素子用組成物、有機電界発光素子、有機el表示装置及び有機el照明 |
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| JP2014013358 | 2014-01-28 |
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| WO2015050232A1 true WO2015050232A1 (ja) | 2015-04-09 |
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| KR (1) | KR102157997B1 (ja) |
| CN (2) | CN105683255B (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI641630B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2015050232A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019085538A (ja) * | 2017-11-10 | 2019-06-06 | 東ソー株式会社 | アリールアミンポリマー、および電荷輸送材料 |
| US20220235179A1 (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2022-07-28 | Jsr Corporation | Polymer, composition, molded article, cured product and laminate |
| CN115136339A (zh) * | 2020-02-20 | 2022-09-30 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 有机电致发光元件、有机el显示装置和有机el照明 |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR102861232B1 (ko) * | 2018-03-16 | 2025-09-18 | 미쯔비시 케미컬 주식회사 | 중합체, 유기 전계 발광 소자용 조성물, 유기 전계 발광 소자, 유기 el 표시 장치, 유기 el 조명 및 유기 전계 발광 소자의 제조 방법 |
| KR102561759B1 (ko) * | 2018-09-28 | 2023-07-28 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 신규한 고분자 및 이를 포함하는 유기 발광 소자 |
| KR102549459B1 (ko) * | 2018-12-20 | 2023-06-28 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 신규한 고분자 및 이를 이용한 유기발광 소자 |
| KR102825396B1 (ko) * | 2020-01-13 | 2025-06-27 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 중합체 및 이를 이용한 유기 발광 소자 |
| US11702542B2 (en) | 2020-02-05 | 2023-07-18 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Composition including polymer, interlayer prepared from the composition, and device comprising the same |
| CN112679471B (zh) * | 2020-12-25 | 2022-03-29 | 华南理工大学 | 一种分离有机发光材料中卤代杂质的方法 |
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2014
- 2014-10-02 WO PCT/JP2014/076459 patent/WO2015050232A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-10-02 CN CN201480054297.8A patent/CN105683255B/zh active Active
- 2014-10-02 KR KR1020167008575A patent/KR102157997B1/ko active Active
- 2014-10-02 CN CN201810377001.6A patent/CN108530624B/zh active Active
- 2014-10-02 JP JP2015540561A patent/JP6565678B2/ja active Active
- 2014-10-03 TW TW103134732A patent/TWI641630B/zh active
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2019
- 2019-07-31 JP JP2019141363A patent/JP6879342B2/ja active Active
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| US20220235179A1 (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2022-07-28 | Jsr Corporation | Polymer, composition, molded article, cured product and laminate |
| US12043702B2 (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2024-07-23 | Jsr Corporation | Polymer, composition, molded article, cured product and laminate |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2015050232A1 (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
| TWI641630B (zh) | 2018-11-21 |
| JP6565678B2 (ja) | 2019-08-28 |
| JP2019218550A (ja) | 2019-12-26 |
| CN108530624A (zh) | 2018-09-14 |
| KR20160067847A (ko) | 2016-06-14 |
| CN108530624B (zh) | 2021-10-26 |
| JP6879342B2 (ja) | 2021-06-02 |
| TW201518340A (zh) | 2015-05-16 |
| KR102157997B1 (ko) | 2020-09-21 |
| CN105683255B (zh) | 2018-05-29 |
| CN105683255A (zh) | 2016-06-15 |
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