WO2014136965A1 - 燃料電池、燃料電池の配流装置、および燃料電池を備えた車両 - Google Patents
燃料電池、燃料電池の配流装置、および燃料電池を備えた車両 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014136965A1 WO2014136965A1 PCT/JP2014/056051 JP2014056051W WO2014136965A1 WO 2014136965 A1 WO2014136965 A1 WO 2014136965A1 JP 2014056051 W JP2014056051 W JP 2014056051W WO 2014136965 A1 WO2014136965 A1 WO 2014136965A1
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- fluid
- manifold
- fuel cell
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- channel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2484—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by external manifolds
- H01M8/2485—Arrangements for sealing external manifolds; Arrangements for mounting external manifolds around a stack
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/70—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by fuel cells
- B60L50/72—Constructional details of fuel cells specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2484—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by external manifolds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell, a fuel cell distribution device, and a vehicle including the fuel cell. More specifically, the present invention relates to a small and high output fuel cell, a flow distribution device thereof, and a vehicle including the fuel cell.
- a fuel cell is a type of power generation device that extracts electrical energy by electrochemically oxidizing a fuel such as hydrogen or methanol, and has recently attracted attention as a clean energy supply source.
- Fuel cells are classified into phosphoric acid type, molten carbonate type, solid oxide type, solid polymer electrolyte type, and the like depending on the type of electrolyte used.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in which electrodes are arranged on both surfaces of an electrolyte membrane. Then, electricity is generated by supplying hydrogen (fuel gas) to one side of the membrane electrode assembly and oxygen (oxidizing gas) to the other side. Since such a PEFC has a volume output density equivalent to that of an internal combustion engine, research into practical use is being promoted as a power source for electric vehicles and the like (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- a packaging method of the membrane electrode assembly various types such as a stack type, a pleat type, and a hollow fiber type have been proposed.
- a stack type fuel cell configured by stacking sheet-like membrane electrode assemblies while being separated by a sheet-like separator is widely used.
- Fuel cell output is proportional to membrane area, not fuel cell volume. Therefore, it is effective to reduce the cell pitch in order to achieve a small size and high output in the stack type fuel cell.
- the pressure loss when a fluid such as air, hydrogen, or cooling water passes through the inner surface of the cell becomes excessive. Excessive pressure loss is not preferable because it results in contrary to the demand for reduction of auxiliary power.
- the fluid supplied to the fuel cell is supplied via various fluid machines such as a compressor, an ejector, a blower, and a pump, and further via a pipe.
- each fluid is supplied via a pipe having a diameter of about 50 mm.
- a flow distribution mechanism is required to expand the width in which the fluid flows from the size (diameter) of the pipe to the size in the width direction of the low aspect structure fuel cell.
- the conventional flow distribution mechanism constituted by a combination of a plurality of pipes is large and bulky. As a result, there is a problem that miniaturization of the entire fuel cell is hindered.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell having a low aspect structure wide in the width direction of the electrode layer, and capable of supplying or discharging various fluids necessary for the fuel cell equally in the width direction and the stacking direction. Furthermore, another object of the present invention is to provide a flow distribution device that can be suitably applied to such a fuel cell, and a vehicle including the fuel cell.
- the flow distribution system includes an internal manifold provided inside a cell stack having a specific structure and an external manifold provided outside the cell stack. It has been found that the problem can be solved by providing a mechanism, and the present invention has been completed.
- the fuel cell according to the present invention that achieves the above object is formed by laminating a membrane electrode assembly having a substantially rectangular electrode layer of an anode and a cathode on both surfaces of a substantially rectangular electrolyte membrane and a substantially rectangular separator.
- a cell stack including an anode flow path, a cathode flow path, and a cooling fluid flow path inside, and provided outside the cell stack, each of the cell stacks And an external manifold for supplying or discharging fluid.
- At least the anode channel and the cathode channel are composed of a plurality of linear ribs, and the length (L) of the electrode layer along the direction of the channel and the direction of the channel
- the aspect ratio R (L / W) which is the ratio to the width (W) of the electrode layer in the width direction orthogonal to each other, is less than 1, and the channel openings at both ends of each channel are 2 Two or more are provided, and the flow passage openings are laminated to form two or more fluid supply internal manifolds and fluid discharge internal manifolds for each fluid.
- the external manifold includes a fluid supply external manifold connected to the fluid supply internal manifold via a supply side communication portion and a fluid discharge internal manifold via a discharge side communication portion for each fluid. And an external manifold for fluid discharge to be connected.
- Each of the fluid supply and fluid discharge external manifolds extends in the width direction of the cell stack and is arranged substantially in parallel.
- an opening can be provided at the end in the same direction in the external manifold for supplying fluid and discharging fluid.
- At least one of the supply side communication portion and the discharge side communication portion of each fluid includes a first auxiliary manifold connected to the internal manifold, a center line of the external manifold, and the first And a second auxiliary manifold having a center line intersecting with each of the center lines of the auxiliary manifolds and connected to the outer manifold.
- the fuel cell according to the present invention is a cell laminate formed by laminating a membrane electrode assembly having a substantially rectangular electrode layer of an anode and a cathode on both surfaces of a substantially rectangular electrolyte membrane and a substantially rectangular separator.
- a cell stack including an anode flow channel, a cathode flow channel, and a cooling fluid flow channel inside, and provided outside the cell stack and supplying or discharging each fluid to the cell stack. And an external manifold.
- At least the anode channel and the cathode channel are composed of a plurality of linear ribs, and the length (L) of the electrode layer along the direction of the channel and the direction of the channel
- the aspect ratio R (L / W) which is the ratio to the width (W) of the electrode layer in the orthogonal width direction, is less than 1.
- at least one of the openings at both ends of the anode passage is provided with two or more, one end is formed as a supply passage, and the other end is formed as a discharge passage.
- At least one of the portions is provided in two or more, and one end side is formed as a supply flow path and the other end side is formed as a discharge flow path.
- the flow path openings in the anode flow path are stacked to form an internal manifold for fluid supply and an internal manifold for fluid discharge, and the flow path openings in the cathode flow path are stacked to supply fluid.
- An internal manifold and an internal manifold for discharging fluid are configured.
- the external manifold connected to the internal manifold extends in a direction intersecting the internal manifold.
- each of the fluid supply external manifold connected to the fluid supply internal manifold and the fluid discharge external manifold connected to the fluid discharge internal manifold has a width of the cell stack. It is arranged extending in the direction.
- a fuel cell distribution device that achieves the above object is used in the fuel cell described above, and distributes at least two fluids among an anode, a cathode, and a cooling fluid.
- the external manifold for supplying fluid and the external manifold for discharging fluid are formed and have a block body constituting an end plate.
- the first surface on the side where the cell stack is arranged in the block body is defined as one surface
- the external manifold for fluid and the external manifold for second fluid flowing on the side far from the one surface are partially overlapped.
- the external manifold for the second fluid includes an extension portion that does not overlap the external manifold for the first fluid when viewed from one surface side of the block body.
- the first fluid communication portion is formed by forming a first hole portion that communicates only with the first manifold for the first fluid.
- the second fluid communication portion is formed by forming a second hole portion that communicates only with the external manifold for the second fluid at the extended portion from the side of the second fluid.
- a vehicle according to the present invention that achieves the above object includes the fuel cell described above.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a fuel cell according to a first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the cell stack.
- FIG. 3 shows a single cell constituting a cell stack,
- FIG. 3 (A) is a plan view of a separator,
- FIG. 3 (B) is a plan view of a membrane electrode assembly when a sealing material is attached,
- FIG. 3 (C) is a diagram in which separators are arranged on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly.
- FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the membrane electrode assembly.
- 5A is a plan view showing the membrane electrode assembly
- FIG. 5B is a plan view showing the membrane electrode assembly when the sealing material is attached
- FIG. 5C is for the internal manifold.
- FIG. 6A is a perspective view showing a separator in which a gas channel is formed
- FIG. 6B is an enlarged perspective view showing the gas channel
- 7A shows a high aspect ratio separator
- FIG. 7B shows a low aspect ratio separator
- FIG. 7C shows a low aspect ratio and low flow path height. It is a figure which shows the separator of.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing an end plate incorporating the flow distributor.
- FIG. 9A is a perspective view showing in cross section the main part of an end plate incorporating the flow distribution device, and FIG.
- FIG. 9B is a cross sectional view showing the end plate provided with an external manifold.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the first and second auxiliary manifolds provided in the communication portion that connects the external manifold and the internal manifold, taking the fluid supply side as an example.
- 11 (A), 11 (B), and 11 (C) show the first and second auxiliary manifolds in the supply side communication portion and the first in the discharge side communication portion for each fluid in the block body constituting the end plate.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which a second auxiliary manifold is formed.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B are diagrams showing an example of a vehicle equipped with a fuel cell.
- FIG. 13A is a diagram schematically showing an example of the layout of the cell stack and the external manifold.
- FIG. 13B is a diagram schematically showing an example of the layout of the cell stack and the external manifold.
- FIG. 13C is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the layout of the cell stack and the external manifold.
- 14A and 14B are a perspective view and a front view showing a fuel cell according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 15A is a perspective view showing in cross section the main part of the lower end plate incorporating the flow distributor according to the second embodiment, and FIG. 15B shows the lower end plate provided with an external manifold.
- 16 (A) and 16 (B) show the first and second auxiliary manifolds in the supply side communication portion and the first and second in the discharge side communication portion for each fluid in the block body constituting the lower end plate. It is sectional drawing which shows a mode that the 2nd auxiliary manifold was formed.
- the fuel cell 1 of the first embodiment is a stack type fuel cell, and a set of sheet-like separators 2 and a sheet-like membrane electrode assembly 3 are laminated.
- a single cell 4 which is one unit of a fuel cell has a cell stack 20 in which a plurality of layers are stacked.
- the number of stacked single cells 4 is not particularly limited, and only a single single cell 4 or multiple stacked single cells 4 are included in the fuel cell according to the present invention.
- current collector plates (not shown) are arranged at both ends in the single cell stack direction.
- the current collector plate has an output terminal for taking out an electromotive force generated in the cell stack 20.
- Both ends of the cell stack 20 are sandwiched between a pair of end plates 31 and 32 disposed outside the current collector plate. This constitutes a fuel cell stack.
- the flow distributor 100 is connected to the cell stack 20 preferably below the outside.
- the flow distributor 100 is provided with external manifolds 42, 43, 44 for supplying or discharging various fluids necessary for the fuel cell 1 to or from the cell stack 20.
- the outer manifolds 42, 43, 44 for all fluids are provided inside one of the end plates 31, 32.
- the external manifolds 42, 43, and 44 are also collectively referred to as “external manifold 41”.
- the fuel cell 1 of the first embodiment will be described in detail.
- the membrane / electrode assembly 3 is composed of five layers of gas diffusion layer 5a-catalyst layer 6a-electrolyte membrane 7-catalyst layer 6b-gas diffusion layer 5b sequentially from the back to the front. It is.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 has a substantially rectangular shape in plan view.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 has a function of constituting a fuel cell by being combined with the substantially rectangular separator 2 and supplying or discharging oxygen (oxidizing gas) and hydrogen (fuel gas).
- the surface provided with the hydrogen-side catalyst layer 6a is referred to as an anode, and the surface provided with the oxygen-side catalyst layer 6b is referred to as a cathode.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 may be called MEA (membrane electrode assembly), and the gas diffusion layer 5 may be called GDL (gas diffusion layer).
- the catalyst layer 6a-electrolyte membrane 7-catalyst layer 6b are referred to as CCM (catalyst coated membrane), catalyst layer 6 (6a, 6b may be collectively referred to as 6) -gas diffusion layer 5 (5a, The two layers 5b may be collectively referred to as 5.) may be referred to as a gas diffusion electrode or a GDE (gas diffusion electrode).
- the layer composed of the catalyst layer 6 and the gas diffusion layer 5 may be referred to as an electrode layer, and the gas diffusion electrode may be simply referred to as an electrode.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 and the separator 2 do not have to be completely rectangular, and may be substantially rectangular as long as the channel length L and the channel width W described later can be specified. That is, they may be chamfered at the corners of the rectangle or may be elliptical.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b have a function of supplying fuel gas and oxidizing gas supplied to the fuel cell to the catalyst layers 6a and 6b, and a function of transferring electrons between the catalyst layers 6a and 6b and the separator 2. .
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b may further include other members (layers) on the surface layer, inside, or both as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- a carbon particle layer including carbon particles may be provided on the catalyst layers 6a and 6b side of the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b are preferably a porous body made of a conductive material, and more preferably a fiber material including paper, nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, knitted fabric, or net.
- a conductive material include a carbon material and a metal material.
- the half-value r of the average interfiber distance on the surface is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 10 ⁇ m.
- the following is particularly preferable, and 5 ⁇ m or less is most preferable.
- the half value r of the average interfiber distance defined here means a distance that is half of the average interfiber distance. That is, when the gas diffusion layer is made of a plain woven fiber material composed of vertical lines and horizontal lines, it indicates half of the distance between two adjacent vertical lines or horizontal lines.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b and the catalyst layers 6a and 6b are separate layers. However, the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer may be integrated into a single layer.
- the fuel cell 1 includes the membrane electrode assembly 3 having the substantially rectangular electrode layers (catalyst layer 6 and gas diffusion layer 5) on both sides of the substantially rectangular electrolyte membrane 7 and the substantially rectangular separator. 2 is formed.
- the cell stack 20 includes an anode channel, a cathode channel, and a cooling fluid channel inside the cell stack 20.
- at least the anode channel and the cathode channel are composed of a plurality of linear ribs.
- Each flow path is formed between two opposing sides, and has a structure in which fuel gas (anode gas), oxidizing gas (cathode gas), cooling fluid, and the like are introduced from one side and discharged from the other side. .
- the ratio of the length (L) of the electrode layer along the direction of the flow path and the width (W) of the electrode layer in the width direction orthogonal to the direction of the flow path A certain aspect ratio R (L / W) is less than 1.
- the aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is the ratio (L / W) of the length (L) to the width (W) of the catalyst layers 6a and 6b provided in the active area where power generation occurs.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 since the membrane electrode assembly 3 is a concept including the catalyst layers 6a and 6b, it will be expressed as an aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 hereinafter for convenience.
- the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows is the short side
- the direction orthogonal to the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows is the long side
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows on the anode side or the direction in which the cooling fluid flows in the cooling layer is the short side
- the aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 may be defined as a long side.
- the aspect ratio R of the membrane / electrode assembly 3 is 0.01 or more and less than 1.
- the lower limit of the aspect ratio is preferably 0.05 or more, more preferably 0.1 or more, and still more preferably 0.2 or more.
- the upper limit of the aspect ratio is preferably less than 0.9, more preferably less than 0.8, still more preferably less than 0.7, and most preferably less than 0.6.
- the aspect ratio R is less than 0.01, the outer shape of the fuel cell becomes too thin, which may cause trouble when considering in-vehicle use.
- the shape of the separator 2 is rectangular so as to match the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- Shape For example, as shown in FIG. 7A, when the separator 2A has a high aspect ratio (R is 1 or more), the flow path length also becomes long, so that the pressure loss increases.
- FIG. 7B when the separator 2B has a low aspect ratio (R is 0.01 or more and less than 1), the flow path length is shortened, so that the pressure loss compared to the separator 2A. Decrease.
- the pressure loss can be reduced by reducing the aspect ratio R as in the separator 2B. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7C, even when the aspect ratio R is reduced and the height of the flow path is reduced, a pressure loss equivalent to that of the separator 2A can be maintained, and the separator 2 itself The height can be lowered.
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path is smaller in the flow path of the separator 2C than in the flow path of the separator 2B, the flow rate of the reaction gas is higher in the flow path of the separator 2C than in the flow path of the separator 2B.
- the configuration such as the separator 2C is preferably applied to the cathode side where the generated water tends to stay, but it contributes to the miniaturization of the fuel cell even when applied to the anode side or to the cooling fluid. be able to.
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows is parallel to the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows.
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows can be perpendicular to the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows (cross flow).
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows and the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows can be either the same direction (coflow) or the reverse direction (counterflow), but the counterflow is preferred.
- the flowing direction of the cooling fluid is parallel to the flowing direction of the oxidizing gas, but it is also possible to make it vertical (cross flow).
- the flow direction of the cooling fluid and the flow direction of the oxidizing gas can be either the same direction (coflow) or the reverse direction (counterflow), but coflow is preferable.
- Flow channel opening In the present embodiment, two or more channel openings are provided at both ends of each channel (anode channel, cathode channel, and cooling fluid channel). Providing two or more flow path openings makes it easy to evenly supply the gas and the cooling fluid in the width direction even in the fuel cell of the present embodiment wide in the width direction.
- a plurality of fuel gas flow channel openings 9 and cooling water flow channel openings are formed as flow channel openings on the outer periphery of two opposing sides (long sides) of the membrane electrode assembly 3. 10 and an oxidizing gas flow path opening 11 are provided.
- a cooling water channel opening 10 is provided between the fuel gas channel opening 9 and the oxidizing gas channel opening 11.
- the cooling water channel opening 10 may be disposed on the short side of the outer peripheral portion of the membrane electrode assembly 3 as necessary.
- the symbol “8” in FIG. 5C represents the widened portion, and the symbol “12” represents the sealing material.
- a plurality of fuel gas flow path openings 9 and cooling water flows are provided as flow path openings also on the outer periphery of the two opposite sides (long sides) of the electrolyte membrane 7.
- a passage opening 10 and an oxidizing gas passage opening 11 are provided.
- the channel opening is not necessarily provided in the electrolyte membrane 7.
- a resin carrier sheet provided with a channel opening is disposed along the outer edge of the electrolyte membrane having the same planar shape as the catalyst layer. Then, the outer edge of the electrolyte membrane and the inner edge of the carrier sheet are tightly adhered. Thereby, the same function as the membrane electrode assembly 3 of FIG. 4 can be expressed.
- sealing materials 12 are provided on the outer peripheral edges of the surfaces on the cathode side and the anode side of the membrane electrode assembly 3, respectively.
- the sealing material 12 surrounds the outer periphery of the surface on the cathode side of the electrolyte membrane 7 and surrounds the fuel gas passage opening 9 and the cooling water passage opening 10 around the entire outer periphery. Is provided.
- the sealing material 12 is not provided around the oxidizing gas channel opening 11.
- the outer peripheral edge of the surface on the anode side of the electrolyte membrane 7 is sealed so as to surround the entire outer periphery and to surround the oxidizing gas channel opening 11 and the cooling water channel opening 10.
- a material 12 is provided.
- the sealing material 12 is not provided around the fuel gas flow path opening 9.
- the sealing material 12 has a switching function for selecting which fluid (fuel gas, oxidizing gas, cooling fluid) is allowed to flow through the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- fluid fuel gas, oxidizing gas, cooling fluid
- FIG. 5B it can be seen that the cathode 12 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is shown because the sealing material 12 is open in front of the oxidizing gas flow path opening 11.
- the sum AOx of the cross-sectional area of the oxidizing gas passage opening 11 is preferably 5% or more and 20% or less of the catalyst area Acat of the cathode catalyst layer 6b.
- AOx is less than 5%, the oxidant gas flowability in the width direction M2 and the stacking direction of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is lowered, and the aeration pressure loss in the oxidant gas flow path opening 11 may be increased. is there.
- AOx exceeds 20%, the volume of the fuel cell increases, which is not preferable.
- the sum ARe of the cross-sectional area of the fuel gas flow path opening 9 is preferably 5% or more and 20% or less of the catalyst area Acat of the anode catalyst layer 6a.
- ARe is less than 5%, the fuel gas flowability in the width direction M2 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 may be reduced, and the aeration pressure loss in the fuel gas flow path opening 9 may be increased.
- ARe exceeds 20%, the volume of the fuel cell increases, which is not preferable.
- the number of the oxidizing gas channel openings 11 is divided into a plurality of active areas (regions where the catalyst layers 6a and 6b exist).
- the lower limit of the flow path opening division number NOx of the oxidizing gas is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more, still more preferably 10 or more, and still more preferably 15 or more. By setting NOx to 2 or more, the oxidizing gas can be introduced more easily and uniformly by the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the upper limit of NOx is preferably 100 or less, more preferably 50 or less, still more preferably 30 or less, and even more preferably 20 or less.
- the oxidizing gas flow path opening 11 is divided into four on one side of the long side (width W) of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the lower limit of the fuel gas flow path opening division number NRe is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 5 or more, still more preferably 10 or more, and even more preferably 15 or more.
- the upper limit of NRe is preferably 100 or less, more preferably 50 or less, still more preferably 30 or less, and even more preferably 20 or less.
- the fuel gas flow path opening 9 is divided into four on one of the long sides (width W) of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the widened portion 8 is a flow path provided for supplying an oxidizing gas or a fuel gas to a catalyst layer disposed in front of a flow path opening for an adjacent different fluid. For example, as shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C, by providing a certain gap (distance) L ′ between each flow path opening 9, 10, 11 and the catalyst layers 6a, 6b, this gap can be obtained.
- the widening portion 8 in the oxidizing gas includes the sealing material 12 and the catalyst layers 6a and 6b (actually, the catalyst layer surrounding the periphery of the fuel gas passage opening 9 and the cooling water passage opening 10). It corresponds to a portion between the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b) provided on 6a and 6b.
- the oxidizing gas flowing out from the oxidizing gas flow passage opening 11 diffuses in the width direction M ⁇ b> 2 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 through the widened portion 8. . Thereafter, the diffused oxidizing gas is supplied uniformly to the gas diffusion layer 5b and the catalyst layer 6b. Therefore, it is possible to efficiently generate power in the entire MEA active area.
- the length L ′ of the widened portion 8 is preferably 5% or more and 20% or less of the flow path length L in the gas flow direction M1 of the catalyst layers 6a and 6b (including the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b).
- the length L ′ of the widened portion 8 is 5% or less of the flow path length, the pressure loss for supplying the oxidizing gas or the fuel gas to the front surface of the adjacent different flow path opening portion is not preferable. Further, if it exceeds 20% of the flow path length, it is not preferable because it is difficult to reduce the size of the fuel cell.
- the widened portion 8 may be divided according to the number of divisions of the flow path openings 9, 10, 11.
- the widened portion 8 is formed in the flow channel direction M1 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 by the widened portion dividing portion 14 in which a part of the sealing material 12 is protruded toward the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b. It is divided in parallel.
- the number of divisions of the widened portion 8 is preferably matched with the flow channel opening division number NOx. In FIG. 5, the number of divisions of the widened portion is set to 4 together with the number of divisions of the flow path opening of the oxidizing gas.
- the separator 2 in the single cell 4 has a function of collecting electrons sent from the anode-side catalyst layer 6a to the gas diffusion layer 5a and sending them to an external load circuit, or an electron returned from the external load circuit to the gas diffusion layer. It has a function of distributing power to 5b and transmitting it to the catalyst layer 6b on the cathode side. Furthermore, when the separator 2 in the single cell 4 does not have a gas blocking function on the side opposite to the catalyst layer 6 side of the gas diffusion layer 5, the separator 2 is in close contact with the gas diffusion layer 5 to perform the gas blocking function. Furthermore, the separator 2 has a temperature adjustment function (cooling function) of the fuel cell by forming a cooling layer (cooling fluid flow path) as necessary.
- the separator 2 is preferably a non-porous body having conductivity between the front and back sides of the separator 2, and is composed of a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a gold foil, a nickel foil, a copper foil, and a stainless steel foil, or a carbon material such as natural graphite. More preferred is carbon foil.
- a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a gold foil, a nickel foil, a copper foil, and a stainless steel foil, or a carbon material such as natural graphite. More preferred is carbon foil.
- a metal material other than a noble metal an oxide film may be formed on the surface and the electrical resistance may increase.
- the surface of the metal material may be provided with a surface layer made of any of noble metals such as gold, platinum and palladium, conductive carbon material, conductive ceramics, and conductive plastic by a technique known to those skilled in the art. preferable.
- the surface layer of the noble metal can be formed by a known means such as plating or sputtering.
- a known means such as plating or sputtering.
- DLC Diamond Like Carbon
- the surface layer of the carbon material is widely used, in particular, SP2 rich and close to the graphite structure and having high conductivity.
- SP2 diamond Like Carbon
- a plurality of flow path openings are provided in the outer peripheral portions of two opposing sides of the separator 2, but the flow path openings are not necessarily provided in the separator.
- a resin carrier sheet provided with a channel opening is disposed along the outer edge of a separator having the same planar shape as the catalyst layer 6. Then, the outer edge of the separator and the inner edge of the carrier sheet are hermetically adhered. Thereby, it is possible to develop the same function as the separator of FIG.
- the function of the flow path opening of the separator 2 is equivalent to the function of the flow path opening of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the separator 2 can be formed with a flow path 13 for circulating an oxidizing gas or a fuel gas on the surface thereof. Moreover, the separator 2 can be formed with a flow path (not shown) for allowing a cooling medium to flow therethrough as needed.
- the cross-sectional shape of the flow path provided in the separator 2 includes a convex portion called a rib and a concave portion called a channel. Among these, when the rib contacts the gas diffusion layer, the electrons generated in the catalyst layer are collected.
- the symbols “a”, “b”, and “c” indicate the flow path height (rib height) of the flow path 13, the channel width of the flow path 13, and the rib width of the flow path 13, respectively. Is shown.
- the rib width c is defined by the arithmetic average of the rib upper end width and rib lower end width.
- the lower limit of the rib width c is preferably 10 ⁇ or more, more preferably 50 ⁇ or more, still more preferably 100 ⁇ or more, and even more preferably 200 ⁇ or more.
- the upper limit of the rib width c is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less. Even if the rib width c is narrower than 10 ⁇ m, there is no serious problem to achieve the object of the present invention, but the processing means may be limited.
- the lower limit of the rib height a is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 125 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 150 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the rib height a is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 180 ⁇ m or less.
- the rib height a is lower than 10 ⁇ m, the cross-sectional area of the flow path may become small and the pressure loss may increase excessively. If the rib height a is higher than 1000 ⁇ m, the cross-sectional area of the flow path may increase and the pressure loss may decrease excessively.
- an operation of constantly discharging with oxidizing gas or fuel gas is generally performed so that the generated water does not stay in the flow path by applying a predetermined pressure loss in the flow path. ing.
- the channel refers to a space sandwiched between ribs.
- the channel width b is defined by an arithmetic average of the width at the upper end of the channel and the width at the lower end of the channel.
- the lower limit of the channel width b is preferably 10 ⁇ or more, more preferably 50 ⁇ or more, still more preferably 100 ⁇ or more, and even more preferably 200 ⁇ or more.
- the upper limit of the channel width b is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the channel width b is narrower than 10 ⁇ m, the influence of the surface friction of the rib increases, so that the pressure loss may increase excessively. If the channel width b is larger than 1000 ⁇ m, the flow passage area may be excessively expanded or reduced when a pressure difference is generated between both surfaces of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the horizontal shape of the flow path 13 is preferably formed in a straight line shape connecting the two opposite sides of the substantially rectangular catalyst layer at the shortest distance.
- the oxidizing gas when the oxidizing gas is supplied from the oxidizing gas channel opening 11 provided on the upper side, the oxidizing gas is passed through the widened portion 8 on the upper side in the width direction M2. Diffuses and then flows downward through the flow path 13 parallel to the gas flow direction M1. And it discharges
- the flow path 13 can also be made into the straight line or curve beyond the shortest distance in the range which does not impair the objective of this invention.
- the entire surface of the catalyst layer can be covered.
- the flow path 13 through which the reaction gas flows can be formed by the ribs and channels provided on the surface of the separator 2 as described above.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a function equivalent to that of the flow path 13 can be imparted to the gas diffusion layers 5 a and 5 b of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- grooves that exhibit the same function as the flow path 13 can be formed in the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b.
- the separator since it is not necessary to form the flow path 13 composed of the rib and the channel on the surface of the separator 2, the separator can be made smooth.
- the flow path may be provided in both the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b and the separator 2.
- the electrolyte membrane 7 is a kind of permselective membrane having a function of transporting protons and insulating electrons.
- the electrolyte membrane 7 is roughly classified into a fluorine-based electrolyte membrane and a hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane depending on the type of ion exchange resin that is a constituent material.
- the fluorine-based electrolyte membrane has excellent heat resistance and chemical stability because it has a C—F bond.
- a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane known under the trade name Nafion (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont) is widely used for the electrolyte membrane 7.
- the cathode catalyst layer 6b is a layer containing an electrode catalyst on which a catalyst component is supported and an ionomer.
- the electrode catalyst has a function of promoting a reaction (oxygen reduction reaction) that generates water from protons, electrons, and oxygen.
- the electrode catalyst has, for example, a structure in which a catalyst component such as platinum is supported on the surface of a conductive carrier made of carbon or the like.
- the anode catalyst layer 6a is a layer containing an electrode catalyst on which a catalyst component is supported and an ionomer.
- the electrode catalyst has a function of promoting a reaction (hydrogen oxidation reaction) for dissociating hydrogen into protons and electrons.
- the electrode catalyst has, for example, a structure in which a catalyst component such as platinum is supported on the surface of a conductive carrier made of carbon or the like.
- the reference numeral “24” indicates an internal manifold for oxidizing gas formed by stacking the oxidizing gas passage openings 11.
- Each of the internal manifolds 22, 23, 24 includes an internal manifold 21 for supplying fluid and an internal manifold 21 for discharging fluid.
- fluid supply internal manifolds 22a, 23a, and 24a When the fluid supply and the fluid discharge are described separately with respect to the internal manifold 21, the fluid supply is denoted by the suffix “a” and is referred to as fluid supply internal manifolds 22a, 23a, and 24a. Further, for fluid discharge, a subscript “b” is added to the reference numeral and the fluid discharge internal manifolds 22b, 23b, and 24b are referred to.
- the cell stack 20 includes two or more fluid supply internal manifolds 21 and fluid discharge internal manifolds 21 for each fluid.
- the number of flow path openings 9, 10, 11 and internal manifolds 22, 23, 24 can be increased according to the aspect ratio R. That is, three or more fluid supply internal manifolds 21 and fluid discharge internal manifolds 21 may be provided for each fluid. This is because the flow distribution can be improved by increasing the number in accordance with the aspect ratio R.
- an external manifold 41 (generic name for 42, 43, 44) that supplies or discharges each fluid to / from the cell stack 20 is provided outside the cell stack 20.
- Reference numeral “42” represents an external manifold for fuel gas
- reference numeral “43” represents an external manifold for cooling water
- reference numeral “44” represents an external manifold for oxidizing gas.
- the external manifolds 42, 43, and 44 are fluid supply external manifolds 41 that are connected to the fluid supply internal manifold 21 via the supply side communication portion 50a for each fluid.
- a fluid discharge external manifold 41 connected to the fluid discharge internal manifold 21 via the discharge side communication portion 50b.
- the reference numeral “a” is attached to the reference numeral for the fluid supply, and the fluid supply external manifolds 42a, 43a, and 44a are referred to. Further, for fluid discharge, a subscript “b” is added to the reference numeral and the fluid discharge external manifolds 42b, 43b, and 44b are referred to.
- an external manifold 41 is provided for each fluid outside the cell stack 20.
- the external manifold 41 includes a plurality of supply side communication portions 50 a and a discharge side communication portion 50 b for connecting to the plurality of internal manifolds 21.
- the external manifold 41 further includes a supply port and a discharge port for connecting to a fluid device outside the fuel cell stack and supplying and discharging fluid.
- each of the fluid supply external manifold 42 a (43 a, 44 a) and the fluid discharge external manifold 42 b (43 b, 44 b) extends in the width direction of the cell stack 20. They are arranged almost in parallel.
- the supply port and the discharge port are preferably opened on the same surface.
- Parallel means that the extension of the center line intersects with an inclination from the parallel state as long as the center lines are completely parallel to each other, and within the limit of achieving the improvement of the flow distribution that is the object of the present invention. It should be interpreted that it is included.
- the supply side communication section 50a includes a first auxiliary manifold 51a connected to the fluid supply internal manifolds 22a, 23a, 24a, and fluid supply external manifolds 42a, 43a, At least a second auxiliary manifold 52a having a center line intersecting with each of the center line of 44a and the center line of the first auxiliary manifold 51a and connected to the external manifolds 42a, 43a, 44a for fluid supply Have.
- the discharge side communication portion 50b includes the first auxiliary manifold 51b connected to the fluid discharge inner manifolds 22b, 23b, and 24b, the center line of the fluid discharge outer manifolds 42b, 43b, and 44b and the first line.
- a second auxiliary manifold 52b having a center line intersecting with each of the center lines of the auxiliary manifold 51b and connected to the fluid discharge outer manifolds 42b, 43b, 44b.
- the supply side communication portion 50a and the discharge side communication portion 50b are collectively referred to as “communication portion 50”
- the first auxiliary manifolds 51a and 51b are collectively referred to as “first auxiliary manifold 51”.
- the second auxiliary manifolds 52a and 52b are also collectively referred to as “second auxiliary manifold 52”.
- the second auxiliary manifold 52 of the communication portion 50 has a center line that intersects the center line of the outer manifold 41 and is connected to the inner manifold 21. Crosses the center line of the manifold 51. “Cross” should not be construed as including the case where the center lines intersect with each other at an angle, as well as the case where they intersect at an angle from the orthogonal state to the extent that the improvement of flow distribution, which is the object of the present invention, can be achieved. Don't be.
- each fluid is caused to cross substantially twice or more in the communication portion 50 between the outer manifold 41 and the inner manifold 21.
- substantially intersect two or more times means that in the two pipes of the outer manifold 41 and the inner manifold 21, the fluid flows between the pipes through the communication part 50.
- Means that the intersection of the central streamlines is observed directly or indirectly substantially twice.
- observed directly or indirectly means that the fluid flow may be confirmed by experiment, or the fluid flow may be confirmed by simulation.
- connection forms are not regarded as “substantially intersect two or more times”.
- two pipes were brought into contact with each other at right angles, and the contact part was excised until one center line was included in the other pipe, and a through-hole serving as a circulation part was provided in a form of deeply engaging with each other.
- the central streamline is bent twice substantially, but is only skewed and cannot be regarded as intersecting because it cannot achieve improvement in flow distribution. .
- each fluid is provided between the external manifold 41 and the internal manifold 21.
- the outer manifold 41 is preferably arranged so that its center line is offset inward from the center line of the inner manifold 21 (see FIGS. 8 to 10). This is because the volume occupied by the fuel cell can be reduced and the degree of freedom of in-vehicle layout can be increased as compared with the case where the external manifold 41 is disposed outside the cell stack 20 as viewed from the direction in which the single cells 4 are stacked. .
- the cooling water external manifold 43, and the fuel gas external manifold 42 are arranged to overlap in the stacking direction of the single cells 4 in the cell stack 20, the cooling water It is preferable to arrange the external manifold 43 between the external manifold 44 for oxidizing gas and the external manifold 42 for fuel gas because the temperature of the oxidizing gas and fuel gas can be easily controlled.
- the drift in the internal manifold 21 is reduced as the fluid velocity decreases simultaneously with the run-up distance, even if the run-up distance is short, the drift is caused when the first auxiliary manifold 51 or the internal manifold 21 has a large cross-sectional area. It is possible to reduce.
- a person skilled in the art can appropriately determine the arrangement of the external manifolds 42, 43, and 44 from the relationship between the running distance and the cross-sectional area.
- the external manifold 41 can be provided for each of fuel gas, cooling water, and oxidizing gas. In each fluid, it is preferable to provide the outer manifold 41 (42, 43, 44) and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51, 52 in the communication portion 50 in the end plate 32 (or 31). This is because the fuel cell can be reduced in size by integrating the external manifold 41 and the communication portion 50 with the end plate 32 (or 31).
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the discharge side pipe and the cross-sectional area of the supply side pipe of the external manifold 41 may be the same or different depending on the purpose.
- the cross-sectional area on the discharge side of the external manifolds 43 and 44 is preferably larger than the cross-sectional area on the supply side.
- the cooling water is not consumed during power generation.
- oxygen is consumed but nitrogen is not consumed. Therefore, the amount of reduction is small compared to the fuel gas at the anode.
- the pressure loss on the discharge side is reduced by making the cross-sectional area on the discharge side larger than the cross-sectional area on the supply side. This is because the flow distribution can be improved.
- the openings of the external manifolds 42, 43, and 44 may be opened on the same side of the fuel cell stack with respect to each fluid, or may be opened on the opposite side of the fuel cell stack.
- the supply ports and the discharge ports of the external manifolds 42, 43, and 44 are preferably opened on the same surface.
- opening the supply port and the discharge port on the same surface is referred to as U flow
- opening the supply port and the discharge port on the opposite side is called Z flow, resembling the shape of the alphabet.
- the U flow is preferable, and when the Z flow is used, flow unevenness may easily occur in the width direction of the cell stack in each internal manifold and each flow path.
- the external manifolds 42, 43, 44 and the communication portion 50 for all fluids of fuel gas, cooling water, and oxidizing gas are provided in the same end plate 32.
- the supply port and the discharge port of the fuel gas external manifold 42 are opened on the first side surface (the front surface on the left side in the drawing) of the opposing side surfaces of the end plate 32.
- the supply port and the discharge port of the external manifold 44 for oxidizing gas are opened on the side surfaces of the oxidant gas.
- a supply port and a discharge port of the cooling water external manifold 43 are opened on the second side surface on the opposite side.
- the external manifold 41 is formed from a through-hole penetrating from the first side surface to the second side surface of the end plate 32.
- the opening on the second side surface is sealed with a closing plate.
- the opening on the first side surface is sealed with the closing plate 33 after the through hole is formed.
- the fuel cell 1 according to the present embodiment has a high volume output density, and also has a high degree of freedom in the arrangement of the inlet / outlet for supplying or discharging the fluid required for the fuel cell 1, thereby providing a favorable on-vehicle property or layout property. can do.
- [end plate] Cell stack 20 obtained by alternately stacking membrane electrode assembly 3 and separator 2 is sandwiched between end plates 31 and 32 from both ends in the stacking direction. This constitutes a fuel cell stack.
- a plurality of connection ports 34, 35, and 36 are formed on the contact surface of the end plate 32 with the cell stack 20.
- Various fluids necessary for the fuel cell 1 are supplied or discharged between the end plate 32 and the internal manifold 21 via the connection ports 34, 35, 36.
- Reference numeral “34” indicates a connection port for fuel gas
- reference numeral “35” indicates a connection port for cooling water
- reference numeral “36” indicates a connection port for oxidizing gas.
- a displacement absorbing mechanism In order to make the pressure distribution inside the cell stack uniform by absorbing dimensional changes in the stacking direction of the cell stack 20 such as swelling and shrinkage due to water-containing drying of the electrolyte membrane, a displacement absorbing mechanism may be provided inside the fuel cell 1. it can.
- the displacement absorption mechanism a mutation absorption mechanism known to those skilled in the art, which is composed of an elastic body such as a disc spring or rubber, can be used.
- the displacement absorbing mechanism is preferably provided on at least one of the end plates 31 and 32 and on the inside or the surface of the end plates 31 and 32.
- the flow distributor 100 includes an external manifold 41 (42, 43, 44) and a communication portion 50 (50a, 50b) in each fluid. It has a block body 60 in which first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 (51a, 51b) and 52 (52a, 52b) are formed. The block body 60 constitutes one end plate 32.
- the surface on which the cell stack 20 is arranged in the block body 60 is a single surface 62, it is close to the single surface 62 when viewed from the one surface 62 side of the block body 60 as indicated by an arrow 61.
- the external manifold 43 is partially overlapped.
- the third fluid outer manifold 43 includes an extension portion 63 that does not overlap the first fluid outer manifold 44, and the second fluid outer manifold 43.
- the second fluid is fuel gas
- the third fluid is cooling water
- the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 in the communication portion 50 are formed as follows.
- the first fluid (oxidizing gas) supply side communication portion 50a is connected to the first fluid external manifold 44a only from the first surface 62 side.
- a hole 71 is formed.
- a part of the side wall section defining and forming the first manifold for the first fluid 44a is cut off, and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51a and 52a for the first fluid are formed.
- a first hole portion 71 that communicates only with the first fluid external manifold 44b from one surface 62 side is provided. Form.
- a part of the side wall section defining and forming the first manifold for the first fluid 44b is cut off, and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51b and 52b for the first fluid are formed.
- the second communication portion 50a is connected to the second portion 64 (see FIG. 9 (B)) from the one surface 62 side.
- a second hole 72 communicating only with the fluid outer manifold 42a is formed.
- the second hole portion 72 cuts off a part of the side wall portion that defines and forms the second fluid external manifold 42a, thereby forming the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51a and 52a for the second fluid.
- the second fluid discharge side communication portion 50b is provided with a second hole 72 that communicates only with the second fluid external manifold 42b from the one surface 62 side.
- the second hole portion 72 cuts off a part of the side wall portion that defines and forms the second fluid external manifold 42b, thereby forming the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51b and 52b for the second fluid.
- the third side of the extension portion 63 (see FIG. 9 (B)) from the one surface 62 side is the third.
- a third hole 73 communicating only with the fluid external manifold 43a is formed.
- the third hole 73 cuts out part of the side wall that defines and forms the third fluid external manifold 43a, thereby forming the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51a and 52a for the third fluid.
- the third fluid discharge side communication portion 50b is connected to the third fluid external manifold 43b from the one surface 62 side only, as shown in FIG. Hole 73 is formed.
- the third hole 73 cuts out part of the side wall that defines the third fluid external manifold 43b, thereby forming the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51b and 52b for the third fluid.
- An inclined surface that is inclined from one surface 62 toward the holes 72 and 73 is formed at the upper part of the second hole 72 and the third hole 73. Accordingly, the size of the fuel gas connection port 34 and the cooling water connection port 35 in the left-right direction in FIG. 11 is made the same as the size of the connection port 36 for the oxidizing gas.
- the fuel cell 1 can be reduced in size. Furthermore, since the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 in the external manifold 41 and the communication part 50 can be formed by cutting, the manufacturing of the flow distributor 100 can be simplified, and a large number of parts are welded and assembled. It can be manufactured at a low cost compared to the above.
- the mechanism of the fuel cell 1 is as follows. That is, protons and electrons are generated from the hydrogen supplied to the anode catalyst layer 6a. Protons generated at the anode move through the electrolyte membrane 7 and reach the cathode catalyst layer 6b. On the other hand, the electrons generated at the anode are taken out from the fuel cell through a conducting wire (conductor). The electrons consume electric energy in the external load circuit, and then return to the cathode through the conducting wire (conductor) and react with oxygen supplied to the cathode catalyst layer 6b to generate water.
- the fuel cell 1 is operated by supplying hydrogen to one electrode (anode) and supplying oxygen or air to the other electrode (cathode).
- FIG. 12A and 12B show an example of a vehicle equipped with the fuel cell of the present embodiment.
- a vehicle 18 shown in FIG. 12A has the fuel cell 1 of this embodiment as a drive source mounted in an engine room.
- a vehicle 18 shown in FIG. 12B has the fuel cell 1 of the present embodiment as a drive source mounted below the floor.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) or a stack type fuel cell to which the present invention is applied is excellent in output performance, and is therefore suitable for a vehicle application that requires high output.
- PEFC polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- stack type fuel cell to which the present invention is applied is excellent in output performance, and is therefore suitable for a vehicle application that requires high output.
- FIG. 13A, 13B, and 13C are diagrams schematically illustrating an example of the layout of the cell stack 20 and the external manifold 41.
- FIG. 13A, 13B, and 13C are diagrams schematically illustrating an example of the layout of the cell stack 20 and the external manifold 41.
- the internal manifold 24 is provided in the vertical direction, and the external manifold 44 connected to the internal manifold 24 is disposed below the cell stack 20.
- the cell stack 20 is arranged so that the single cells 4 are along the horizontal direction. According to such a layout, the generated water can be reliably drained by gravity, and a fuel cell that maintains flooding resistance can be provided.
- the internal manifold 24 is provided in the horizontal direction, and the external manifold 44 connected to the internal manifold 24 is disposed below the internal manifold 24. ing.
- the cell stack 20 is arranged such that the single cell 4 is along the vertical direction. Even with such a layout, the generated water can be reliably drained by gravity, and a fuel cell that maintains flooding resistance can be provided.
- the external manifold 44 is provided in the vertical direction, and the internal manifold 24 connected to the external manifold 44 is provided in the horizontal direction.
- the cell stack 20 is arranged such that the single cell 4 is along the vertical direction.
- the generated water can be smoothly discharged by making both the oxidizing gas and the hydrogen gas into parallel flows that flow vertically from top to bottom.
- the oxidizing gas and the hydrogen gas are counterflowing to each other, and therefore (A) or (C) is preferable to (B).
- the internal manifold 24 is provided in the vertical direction in (A), whereas the internal manifold 24 is provided in the horizontal direction in (C).
- the internal manifold 24 provided in the vertical direction where gravity can be used is superior in drainage, and therefore (A) is preferable to (C).
- drainage can be improved by various means other than gravity, such as gas flow velocity and surface treatment, the layout of (A), (B), and (C) is selected based not only on drainage but also comprehensively. It is desirable.
- the height of the fuel cell stack when mounted on a vehicle is kept low by adopting the layout of (C). Can do. This is preferred for vehicle design in many cases. Further, when the layout of (A) is adopted and the width direction of the unit cell 4 and the width direction of the vehicle are laid out in the same direction, the longitudinal direction of the fuel cell stack in the vehicle can be shortened, so that the crash zone volume at the time of collision is increased. be able to.
- the fuel cell 1 of the first embodiment has a low aspect structure, and a fuel cell having a high aspect structure in which the pressure loss when transporting a fluid necessary for the fuel cell has the same cell pitch. Is physically lower than. For this reason, when transporting with a constant pressure loss, the fuel cell can be made smaller by using a smaller cell pitch.
- the fuel cell 1 according to the present invention has two or more internal manifolds 21 for supplying fluid and internal manifolds 21 for discharging fluid for each fluid. Therefore, various fluids necessary for the fuel cell 1 can be evenly supplied or discharged in the width direction of the single cell 4, and the effect is proportional to the number of the internal manifolds 21.
- a fluid supply external manifold 42a (43a, 44a) connected to the fluid supply internal manifold 22a (23a, 24a) via the supply side communication portion 50a, and a fluid discharge internal manifold 22b (23b, 24b).
- a fluid discharge external manifold 42b (43b, 44b) connected to the cell stack 20 via the discharge side communication portion 50b, extending in the width direction of the cell stack 20 and arranged substantially in parallel.
- the external manifold 41 (42, 43, 44) for fluid supply and fluid discharge has an opening at the end in the same direction.
- the opening that forms the supply port and the opening that forms the discharge port open in the same plane. Compared with the case where the supply port and the discharge port are opened on the opposite side surfaces, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of uneven flow rate in the width direction of the cell stack 20 in the internal manifold 21 (22, 23, 24) and the flow path. .
- a flow distribution mechanism is provided between the outer manifold 41 and the inner manifold 21 to allow each fluid to cross substantially twice or more. Therefore, various fluids necessary for the fuel cell 1 can be supplied or discharged evenly in the width direction and the stacking direction of the single cells 4 while suppressing the drift in the stacking direction in the internal manifold. As a result, it is possible to efficiently generate power, and from this viewpoint, it is possible to provide a small and high-output fuel cell.
- the center line of the outer manifold 41 is offset inward from the center line of the inner manifold 21. For this reason, as compared with the case where the external manifold 41 is disposed outside the cell stack 20 as viewed from the direction in which the single cells 4 are stacked, the volume occupied by the fuel cell can be reduced, and the degree of freedom in layout can be increased.
- the drift in the stacking direction in the internal manifolds 22, 23, and 24 is likely to occur near the flow distributor 100 immediately after being connected to the internal manifold from the external manifold via the communication portion 50.
- the cathode external manifold 44 and the anode external manifold 42 is disposed near the cell stack 20, the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 and the internal manifold 21 are disconnected. Based on the area and flow rate, those skilled in the art can appropriately determine from the above viewpoint.
- the cathode external manifold 44 and the anode external manifold 42 may be disposed so as to overlap each other, and the cathode external manifold 44 may be disposed closer to the cell stack 20 than the anode external manifold 42.
- the distance through which the fuel gas flows can be made larger than the distance through which the oxidizing gas flows.
- the cathode external manifold and the anode external manifold are arranged to overlap each other, and the cathode external manifold is located farther from the cell stack 20 than the anode external manifold. It can also be arranged.
- the internal manifold 24 is provided in the vertical direction, and the external manifold 44 connected to the internal manifold 24 is disposed below the cell stack 20.
- the internal manifold 24 is provided in the horizontal direction, and the external manifold 44 connected to the internal manifold 24 is disposed below the internal manifold 24. According to such a layout, the generated water can be reliably drained by gravity, and a fuel cell that maintains flooding resistance can be provided.
- the external manifold 41 and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 in the communication portion 50 are provided in the end plate 32.
- the fuel cell 1 can be reduced in size.
- the sectional area on the discharge side of the external manifolds 43 and 44 is set larger than the sectional area on the supply side.
- the cross-sectional area on the discharge side is made larger than the cross-sectional area on the supply side, the pressure loss on the discharge side is reduced, which is good. Distribution characteristics can be realized.
- Three or more fluid supply internal manifolds 21 and fluid discharge internal manifolds 21 may be provided for each fluid. By increasing the number according to the aspect ratio R, the flow distribution can be improved.
- the fluid supply external manifolds 42 a, 43 a, 44 a and the fluid discharge external manifolds 42 b, 43 b, 44 b are composed of block bodies constituting the end plate 32. Therefore, the fuel cell 1 can be reduced in size. Furthermore, since the configuration of the communication portions 50a, 50b adjacent to the external manifolds 42a, 43a, 44a, 42b, 43b, 44b is simple and can be easily formed by means such as cutting, the manufacture of the flow distributor 100 can be simplified. Compared with the case where many parts are assembled by welding, it can be manufactured at a low cost.
- the vehicle 18 Since the vehicle 18 according to the present embodiment includes a miniaturized fuel cell, the vehicle 18 is excellent in in-vehicle performance, productivity, and cost.
- FIGS. 14A and 14B are a perspective view and a front view showing the fuel cell 80 according to the second embodiment
- FIG. 15A is a bottom view incorporating the flow distribution device 101 according to the second embodiment
- FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view showing the lower end plate 82 provided with the external manifold 41.
- FIG. 16 (A) and 16 (B) show the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51a and 52a in the supply side communication section 50a and the discharge side for each fluid in the block body 90 constituting the lower end plate 82.
- It is sectional drawing which shows a mode that the 1st and 2nd auxiliary manifold 51b, 52b in the communication part 50b was formed.
- Members that are the same as those shown in FIGS. 1 to 13 are given the same reference numerals, and descriptions thereof are partially omitted.
- the external manifolds 42 and 43 and the communication part 50 for two fluids of the fuel gas, the cooling water, and the oxidizing gas are provided in the same lower end plate 82.
- fuel gas and cooling water external manifolds 42 and 43 and a communication portion 50 are provided in a lower end plate 82 shown at the lower side in the figure, and an upper end plate shown at the upper side in the figure. 81, an oxidizing gas external manifold 44 and a communication portion 50 are provided.
- the supply port and the discharge port of the cooling water external manifold 43 are opened on the first side surface (the front surface on the left side in the drawing) of the opposing side surfaces of the lower end plate 82, and opposite to each other.
- the supply port and the discharge port of the fuel gas external manifold 42 are opened on the second side surface.
- the external manifold 41 is formed from a through-hole penetrating from the first side surface to the second side surface of the end plates 81 and 82.
- the opening on the second side surface is sealed with a closing plate.
- the opening on the first side surface is sealed with the closing plate 83.
- the supply side communication portion 50a includes a first auxiliary manifold 51a connected to the fluid supply internal manifolds 22a and 23a, and a fluid supply external portion.
- a second auxiliary manifold 52a having a center line intersecting with the center line of the manifolds 42a and 43a and the center line of the first auxiliary manifold 51a and connected to the external manifolds 42a and 43a for supplying fluid. Have at least.
- the discharge side communication portion 50b includes a first auxiliary manifold 51b connected to the fluid discharge inner manifolds 22b and 23b, a center line of the fluid discharge outer manifolds 42b and 43b, and the first auxiliary manifold 51b. And a second auxiliary manifold 52b connected to the fluid discharge outer manifolds 42b and 43b.
- the center line of the second auxiliary manifold 52 of the communication portion 50 intersects the center line of the outer manifold 44 and is connected to the inner manifold 24. It intersects the center line of the first auxiliary manifold 51.
- an external manifold 41 and an internal manifold By providing a flow distribution mechanism that allows each fluid to cross and intersect with each other more than twice, various fluids necessary for the fuel cell 80 are evenly supplied or discharged in the width direction and the stacking direction of the single cells 4. can do. As a result, it is possible to efficiently generate power and to provide a small and high output fuel cell.
- the flow distribution device 101 of the second embodiment includes external manifolds 42 and 43, and first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 of the communication portions 50 (50 a and 50 b) in fuel gas and cooling water. It has the block body 90 in which (51a, 51b), 52 (52a, 52b) is formed. The block body 90 constitutes a lower end plate 82.
- the surface on which the cell stack 20 is arranged in the block body 90 is a single surface 92, it is close to the single surface 92 when viewed from the one surface 92 side as indicated by the arrow 91.
- the first fluid outer manifold 42 flowing on the side and the second fluid outer manifold 43 flowing on the side far from the one surface 92 are disposed so as to partially overlap.
- the second fluid external manifold 43 includes an extension portion 93 that does not overlap the first fluid external manifold 42.
- One surface 92 of the block body 90 is connected to the lower surface of the cell stack 20.
- the first fluid is fuel gas
- the second fluid is cooling water.
- the first fluid of the block body 90 may be a fuel gas and the second fluid may be an oxidizing gas.
- the cooling water external manifold 44 is disposed on the upper end plate 81, but all the manifolds and flow paths are always filled with cooling water, so that the drain holes need not be formed.
- a device for adjusting the temperature of the fuel gas may be separately required.
- the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 in the fluid communication portion 50 are formed as follows.
- the first fluid (fuel gas) supply-side communication portion 50a communicates only from the first surface 92 side to the first fluid external manifold 42a.
- a hole 94 is formed.
- the first hole portion 94 cuts out part of the side wall portion that defines and forms the first fluid external manifold 42a, thereby forming the first fluid first and second auxiliary manifolds 51a and 52a.
- a first hole portion 94 that communicates only with the first fluid external manifold 42b from the one surface 92 side is provided.
- the first hole portion 94 cuts out part of the side wall portion that defines and forms the first fluid external manifold 42b, thereby forming the first fluid first and second auxiliary manifolds 51b and 52b.
- the second side in the extension part 93 (see FIG. 15 (B)) from the one surface 92 side.
- a second hole 95 communicating only with the fluid external manifold 43a is formed.
- the second fluid discharge side communication portion 50b is connected to the second fluid external manifold 43b only at the extension portion 93 from the one surface 92 side.
- a hole 95 is formed.
- a part of the side wall section defining and forming the second manifold for the second fluid 43b is cut off, and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51b and 52b for the second fluid are formed.
- connection port 35 for cooling water in FIG. 16 is the same as that of the connection port 34 for fuel gas.
- the external manifold 44 and the communication portion 50 are formed in the block body constituting the upper end plate 81, and the external manifolds 42 and 43 and the communication portion 50 are disposed on the lower side. Since the block body 90 constituting the end plate 82 is formed, the fuel cell 80 can be downsized. Furthermore, since the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 in the external manifold 41 and the communication part 50 can be formed by cutting, the manufacturing of the flow distributor 101 can be simplified, and a large number of parts are welded and assembled. It can be manufactured at a low cost compared to the above.
- first and second auxiliary manifolds for the third fluid are formed in the block body 90, it is possible to arrange them appropriately according to the first and second auxiliary manifold configurations for the fluid. .
- two or more flow path openings 9 at both ends of the anode flow path are provided, one end side is formed as a supply flow path, and the other end side is formed as a discharge flow path.
- Two or more channel openings 11 are provided at both ends, and one end side is formed as a supply channel and the other end side is formed as a discharge channel.
- the flow path openings 9 in the anode flow path are laminated to constitute two or more fluid supply internal manifolds 22a and two or more fluid discharge internal manifolds 22b.
- the flow channel openings 11 in the cathode flow channel are stacked to constitute two or more fluid supply internal manifolds 24a and two or more fluid discharge internal manifolds 24b.
- the configuration in which various fluids are evenly supplied or discharged in the width direction of the single cell 4 is not limited to a configuration in which two or more channel openings 9, 10, and 11 at both ends of each channel are provided.
- the cell laminate 20 has an aspect ratio R (L / W) of less than 1, and at least one of the flow path openings 9 at both ends of the anode flow path is provided at least one, and one end side is supplied.
- the other end side is formed as a discharge channel, and at least one of the channel openings 11 at both ends of the cathode channel is provided at least two, one end side is formed as a supply channel, and the other end side is formed as a discharge channel. May be.
- the flow path openings 9 in the anode flow path are stacked to form a fluid supply internal manifold 22a and a fluid discharge internal manifold 22b, and the flow path openings 11 in the cathode flow path are stacked to supply the fluid.
- An internal manifold 24a and an internal manifold 24b for discharging fluid are configured.
- the external manifolds 42a, 42b, 44a, 44b connected to the internal manifolds 22a, 22b, 24a, 24b extend in a direction intersecting the internal manifolds 22a, 22b, 24a, 24b.
- fluid supply external manifolds 42a and 44a connected to the fluid supply internal manifolds 22a and 24a
- fluid discharge external manifolds 42b and 44b connected to the fluid discharge internal manifolds 22b and 24b, respectively.
- Each of these may be arranged extending in the width direction of the cell stack 20. Thereby, the whole fuel cell can be comprised compactly. As a result, a small and high output fuel cell can be provided.
- the outer manifold 41 and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 are formed on the block bodies 60 and 90 constituting the end plates 32 and 82.
- the current collector plate may be constituted by a block body, and the external manifold 41 and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 may be formed in the block body.
- a dedicated block body provided with the flow distribution devices 100 and 101 can also be used.
- the external manifold 41 and the first and second auxiliary manifolds 51 and 52 are formed by cutting the block body. It is not limited. For example, a similar structure can be formed using a known technique such as casting or a 3D printer. Moreover, although the manufacture of the flow distributors 100 and 101 is somewhat complicated as compared with the case of cutting, the external manifold and the first and second auxiliary manifolds may be formed by connecting pipe members.
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Abstract
Description
図1~図3に示すように、第1の実施形態の燃料電池1は、スタック型燃料電池であり、一組のシート状のセパレータ2と、シート状の膜電極接合体3とを積層した燃料電池の一単位である単セル4が、複数積層されたセル積層体20を有している。単セル4の積層数は、特に限定されず、単一の単セル4のみであっても、単セル4を複数積層したものであっても、本発明に係る燃料電池に含まれる。セル積層体20は、単セル積層方向の両端に集電板(図示せず)が配置されている。集電板は、セル積層体20において生じた起電力を取り出す出力端子を備えている。セル積層体20の両端は、集電板の外側に配置した一対のエンドプレート31、32によって挟み込まれる。これによって燃料電池スタックが構成される。セル積層体20の好ましくは外部下方に配流装置100が接続されている。
膜電極接合体3は、図4に示すように、順次奥から手前に向かって、ガス拡散層5a-触媒層6a-電解質膜7-触媒層6b-ガス拡散層5bの5層からなる接合体である。膜電極接合体3は、平面視略矩形状とされている。膜電極接合体3は、同じく略矩形状のセパレータ2と組み合わせ、酸素(酸化ガス)および水素(燃料ガス)を供給もしくは排出することによって、燃料電池を構成する機能を有している。
ガス拡散層5a、5bは、燃料電池に供給される燃料ガスおよび酸化ガスを触媒層6a、6bへ供給する機能、および触媒層6a、6bとセパレータ2との間で電子を授受する機能を有する。ガス拡散層5a、5bは、本発明の目的を損なわない範囲で、表層もしくは内部もしくはその両方に他の部材(層)をさらに含んでもよい。例えば、ガス拡散層5a、5bの触媒層6a、6b側に、カーボン粒子を含むカーボン粒子層を設けてもよい。
燃料電池1は、上述したように、略矩形の電解質膜7の両面にアノードおよびカソードの略矩形の電極層(触媒層6およびガス拡散層5)を備える膜電極接合体3と略矩形のセパレータ2とを積層して形成されるセル積層体20を有している。
本実施形態において、それぞれの流路(アノード流路、カソード流路、および冷却流体流路)における両端のそれぞれに流路開口部が2個以上設けられている。2個以上の流路開口部を設けることによって、幅方向に広い本実施形態の燃料電池においても、ガスおよび冷却流体を幅方向に均等に供給することが容易となる。
拡幅部8は、隣接する異種流体用の流路開口部の前面に配置される触媒層に酸化ガスもしくは燃料ガスを供給するために設けられる流路である。例えば、図5(B)(C)に示すように、各流路開口部9、10、11と触媒層6a、6bとの間に一定の隙間(距離)L’を設けることによって、この隙間を拡幅部とすることができる。より具体的には、例えば、酸化ガスにおける拡幅部8は、燃料ガス流路開口部9および冷却水流路開口部10の周囲を取り囲むシール材12と触媒層6a、6b(実際には、触媒層6a、6b上に設けられたガス拡散層5a、5b)との間の部位に相当する。
単セル4におけるセパレータ2は、アノード側の触媒層6aからガス拡散層5aへ取り出された電子を集電して外部負荷回路へ送り出す機能、もしくは、外部負荷回路から戻ってきた電子をガス拡散層5bへ配電してカソード側の触媒層6bへ伝える機能を有する。更に、単セル4におけるセパレータ2は、ガス拡散層5の触媒層6側と反対側面にガス遮断機能がない場合に、ガス拡散層5と密着することによって、ガス遮断機能を担う。さらに、セパレータ2は、必要に応じて冷却層(冷却流体流路)を構成することによって、燃料電池の温度調整機能(冷却機能)を担う。
セパレータ2には、図6(A)に示すように、その表面に酸化ガスまたは燃料ガスを流通させるための流路13を形成することができる。また、セパレータ2には、必要に応じて、その内部に冷却媒体を流通させるための流路(図示せず)を形成することができる。
電解質膜7は、プロトンを輸送し、電子を絶縁する機能を有する一種の選択透過膜である。電解質膜7は、構成材料であるイオン交換樹脂の種類によって、フッ素系電解質膜と炭化水素系電解質膜とに大別される。これらのうち、フッ素系電解質膜は、C-F結合を有しているために耐熱性や化学的安定性に優れる。例えば、電解質膜7には、Nafion(登録商標、デュポン社製)の商品名で知られるパーフルオロスルホン酸膜が広く使用されている。
カソード触媒層6bは、触媒成分が担持されてなる電極触媒、およびアイオノマを含む層である。電極触媒は、プロトンと電子と酸素とから水を生成する反応(酸素還元反応)を促進する機能を有する。電極触媒は、例えば、カーボンなどからなる導電性担体の表面に、白金などの触媒成分が担持されてなる構造を有する。
膜電極接合体3またはセパレータ2の外周部長辺に設けられた燃料ガス流路開口部9、冷却水流路開口部10、酸化ガス流路開口部11は、単セル4の積層にともなって、隣接する単セル4に含まれる流路開口部9、10、11と相互に連結される。これにより、図2に示すように、流体ごとに、セル積層体20と同じ長さの複数の内部マニホールド21(22、23、24の総称)を構成する。符号「22」は、燃料ガス流路開口部9が積層されて形成される燃料ガス用の内部マニホールドを示し、符号「23」は、冷却水流路開口部10が積層されて形成される冷却水用の内部マニホールドを示し、符号「24」は、酸化ガス流路開口部11が積層されて形成される酸化ガス用の内部マニホールドを示している。内部マニホールド22、23、24のそれぞれには、流体供給用の内部マニホールド21と、流体排出用の内部マニホールド21とが含まれる。
図1に示したように、セル積層体20の外部には、セル積層体20に対してそれぞれの流体を供給または排出する外部マニホールド41(42、43、44の総称)が設けられている。符号「42」は、燃料ガス用の外部マニホールドを示し、符号「43」は、冷却水用の外部マニホールドを示し、符号「44」は、酸化ガス用の外部マニホールドを示している。図9~図11に示すように、外部マニホールド42、43、44は、それぞれの流体ごとに、流体供給用の内部マニホールド21に供給側連通部50aを介して接続する流体供給用の外部マニホールド41と、流体排出用の内部マニホールド21に排出側連通部50bを介して接続する流体排出用の外部マニホールド41とが含まれる。
膜電極接合体3およびセパレータ2を交互に積層されて得られたセル積層体20は、積層方向の両端からエンドプレート31、32によって挟み込まれる。これによって燃料電池スタックが構成される。図8、および図9(A)に示すように、エンドプレート32におけるセル積層体20との接触面には複数の接続口34、35、36が形成されている。この接続口34、35、36を介して、エンドプレート32と内部マニホールド21との間において燃料電池1に必要な各種流体を供給もしくは排出する。符号「34」は、燃料ガス用の接続口を示し、符号「35」は、冷却水用の接続口を示し、符号「36」は、酸化ガス用の接続口を示している。
電解質膜の含水乾燥による膨潤収縮等、セル積層体20の積層方向の寸法変化を吸収してセル積層体内部の圧力分布を均一にするため、燃料電池1の内部に変位吸収機構を設けることができる。変位吸収機構としては皿バネやゴムなどの弾性体から構成された当業者に公知の変異吸収機構を用いることができる。変位吸収機構は、エンドプレート31、32の少なくとも一方、かつ、エンドプレート31、32の内部か表面に備えられることが好ましい。
図9(A)(B)に示すように、第1の実施形態の配流装置100は、それぞれの流体において、外部マニホールド41(42、43、44)と、連通部50(50a、50b)の第1と第2の補助マニホールド51(51a、51b)、52(52a、52b)とが形成されたブロック体60を有している。ブロック体60は、一方のエンドプレート32を構成している。
燃料電池1のメカニズムは以下のとおりである。すなわち、アノード触媒層6aに供給された水素からプロトンと電子が生成される。アノードで生成されたプロトンは、電解質膜7内部を移動してカソード触媒層6bに達する。一方、アノードで生成された電子は、導線(導体)を伝って燃料電池から取り出される。そして、上記電子は、外部負荷回路で電気エネルギーを消費した後、導線(導体)を伝ってカソードに戻り、カソード触媒層6bに供給された酸素と反応して水を生成する。
燃料電池1の作動は、一方の電極(アノード)に水素を、他方の電極(カソード)に酸素または空気を供給することによって行われる。燃料電池の作動温度は高温であるほど触媒活性が上がるために好ましいが、通常は水分管理が容易な50℃~100℃で作動させることが多い。
図12(A)(B)には、本実施形態の燃料電池を搭載した車両の一例を示す。図12(A)に示す車両18は、駆動源としての本実施形態の燃料電池1をエンジンルームに搭載している。図12(B)に示す車両18は、駆動源としての本実施形態の燃料電池1をフロア下に搭載している。本発明を適用した例えば固体高分子形燃料電池(PEFC)やスタック型燃料電池は、出力性能に非常に優れているため、高出力を要求される車両用途に適している。
図13(A)、13(B)、13(C)は、セル積層体20および外部マニホールド41のレイアウトの例を模式的に示す図である。
以上説明したように、第1の実施形態の燃料電池1は、低アスペクト構造を有し、燃料電池に必要な流体を輸送する際の圧力損失が、同じセルピッチを有する高アスペクト構造を有する燃料電池よりも物理的に低くなる。このため、一定圧力損失で輸送する際には、より小さなセルピッチを用いることによって燃料電池の小型化を実現することが可能である。本発明に係る燃料電池1は、流体供給用の内部マニホールド21と流体排出用の内部マニホールド21とをそれぞれの流体ごとに2以上有している。このため、燃料電池1に必要な各種流体を、単セル4の幅方向に均等に供給もしくは排出することが可能であり、その効果は前記内部マニホールド21の数に比例する。
図14(A)(B)は、第2の実施形態に係る燃料電池80を示す斜視図、および正面図、図15(A)は、第2の実施形態に係る配流装置101を組み込んだ下側エンドプレート82の要部を断面で示す斜視図、図15(B)は、外部マニホールド41が設けられた下側エンドプレート82を示す断面図である。図16(A)(B)は、下側エンドプレート82を構成するブロック体90に、それぞれの流体ごとに、供給側連通部50aにおける第1と第2の補助マニホールド51a、52a、および排出側連通部50bにおける第1と第2の補助マニホールド51b、52bが形成された様子を示す断面図である。なお、図1~13に示される部材と共通する部材には同一の符号を付して、その説明は一部省略する。
第1の実施形態にあっては、アノード流路における両端の流路開口部9をそれぞれ2個以上設け、一端側を供給流路、他端側を排出流路として形成し、カソード流路における両端の流路開口部11をそれぞれ2個以上設け、一端側を供給流路、他端側を排出流路として形成している。アノード流路における流路開口部9が積層されて、2個以上の流体供給用の内部マニホールド22aと、2個以上の流体排出用の内部マニホールド22bとを構成している。カソード流路における流路開口部11が積層されて、2個以上の流体供給用の内部マニホールド24aと、2個以上の流体排出用の内部マニホールド24bとを構成している。
2 セパレータ、
3 膜電極接合体、
4 単セル、
5(5a、5b) ガス拡散層、
6(6a、6b) 触媒層、
7 電解質膜、
9 燃料ガス流路開口部(流路開口部)、
10 冷却水流路開口部(流路開口部)、
11 酸化ガス流路開口部(流路開口部)、
18 車両、
20 セル積層体、
21 内部マニホールド、
22 燃料ガス用の内部マニホールド、
23 冷却水用の内部マニホールド、
24 酸化ガス用の内部マニホールド、
22a、23a、24a 流体供給用の内部マニホールド、
22b、23b、24b 流体排出用の内部マニホールド、
31 エンドプレート、
32 エンドプレート、
33 塞ぎ板、
34 燃料ガス用の接続口、
35 冷却水用の接続口、
36 酸化ガス用の接続口、
41 外部マニホールド、
42 燃料ガス用の外部マニホールド、
43 冷却水用の外部マニホールド、
44 酸化ガス用の外部マニホールド、
42a、43a、44a 流体供給用の外部マニホールド、
42b、43b、44b 流体排出用の外部マニホールド、
50 連通部、
50a 供給側連通部、
50b 排出側連通部、
51(51a、51b) 第1の補助マニホールド、
52(52a、52b) 第2の補助マニホールド、
60 ブロック体、
62 ブロック体の一の面、
63、64 延長部位、
80 燃料電池、
81 上側エンドプレート、
82 下側エンドプレート、
83 塞ぎ板、
90 ブロック体、
92 ブロック体の一の面、
93 延長部位、
100、101 配流装置、
L 電極層の長さ、
W 電極層の幅。
Claims (14)
- 略矩形の電解質膜の両面にアノードおよびカソードの略矩形の電極層を備える膜電極接合体と略矩形のセパレータとを積層して形成されるセル積層体であって、内部に、アノード流路、カソード流路、および冷却流体流路を備えるセル積層体と、
前記セル積層体の外部に設けられ、前記セル積層体に対してそれぞれの流体を供給または排出する外部マニホールドと、を有し、
前記セル積層体は、少なくとも前記アノード流路およびカソード流路が複数の線状リブから構成され、前記流路の方向に沿う前記電極層の長さ(L)と、前記流路の方向に対して直交する幅方向の前記電極層の幅(W)との比であるアスペクト比R(L/W)が1未満であり、かつ、それぞれの前記流路における両端の流路開口部がそれぞれ2個以上設けられ、前記流路開口部が積層されて流体供給用の内部マニホールドと流体排出用の内部マニホールドとをそれぞれの流体ごとに2以上構成し、
前記外部マニホールドは、それぞれの流体ごとに、前記流体供給用の内部マニホールドに供給側連通部を介して接続する流体供給用の外部マニホールドと、前記流体排出用の内部マニホールドに排出側連通部を介して接続する流体排出用の外部マニホールドとを有し、
前記流体供給用および前記流体排出用の外部マニホールドのそれぞれが、前記セル積層体の幅方向に伸びて略平行に配置されている、燃料電池。 - 前記流体供給用および前記流体排出用の外部マニホールドにおいて、同方向の端部に開口部を有している、請求項1に記載の燃料電池。
- 各流体の前記供給側連通部および前記排出側連通部のうち、少なくとも1つが、前記内部マニホールドに接続される第1の補助マニホールドと、前記外部マニホールドの中心線および前記第1の補助マニホールドの中心線のそれぞれに対して交差する中心線を備えかつ前記外部マニホールドに接続される第2の補助マニホールドとを有している、請求項1または請求項2に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記外部マニホールドの中心線が、前記内部マニホールドの中心線よりも内側にオフセットされている、請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池。
- カソードの前記外部マニホールドと、アノードの前記外部マニホールドとが重なり合って配置され、かつ、カソードの前記外部マニホールドがアノードの前記外部マニホールドよりも前記セル積層体に近い位置に配置されている、請求項1~4のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池。
- カソードの前記外部マニホールドと、アノードの前記外部マニホールドとが重なり合って配置され、かつ、カソードの前記外部マニホールドがアノードの前記外部マニホールドよりも前記セル積層体に遠い位置に配置されている、請求項1~4のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池。
- 少なくともカソードにおいて、前記内部マニホールドが鉛直方向に設けられ、かつ、当該内部マニホールドに接続する前記外部マニホールドが前記セル積層体の下方位置に配置されている、請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池。
- 少なくともカソードにおいて、前記内部マニホールドが水平方向に設けられ、かつ、当該内部マニホールドに接続する前記外部マニホールドが、前記内部マニホールドよりも下方位置に配置されている、請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池。
- それぞれの流体において、流体供給用の前記外部マニホールド、前記供給側連通部における前記第1と第2の補助マニホールド、前記排出側連通部における前記第1と第2の補助マニホールド、および流体排出用の前記外部マニホールドがエンドプレート内に設けられている、請求項3に記載の燃料電池。
- 冷却流体および空気を用いるカソードにおける前記外部マニホールドの排出側の断面積が供給側の断面積よりも大きい、請求項1~9のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池。
- 略矩形の電解質膜の両面にアノードおよびカソードの略矩形の電極層を備える膜電極接合体と略矩形のセパレータとを積層して形成されるセル積層体であって、内部に、アノード流路、カソード流路、および冷却流体流路を備えるセル積層体と、
前記セル積層体の外部に設けられ、前記セル積層体に対してそれぞれの流体を供給または排出する外部マニホールドと、を有し、
前記セル積層体は、少なくとも前記アノード流路およびカソード流路が複数の線状リブから構成され、前記流路の方向に沿う前記電極層の長さ(L)と、前記流路の方向に対して直交する幅方向の前記電極層の幅(W)との比であるアスペクト比R(L/W)が1未満であり、かつ、
前記アノード流路における両端の流路開口部のうち少なくとも一方が2個以上設けられ、一端側が供給流路、他端側が排出流路として形成され、
前記カソード流路における両端の流路開口部のうち少なくとも一方が2個以上設けられ、一端側が供給流路、他端側が排出流路として形成され、
前記アノード流路における前記流路開口部が積層されて流体供給用の内部マニホールドと流体排出用の内部マニホールドとを構成し、
前記カソード流路における前記流路開口部が積層されて流体供給用の内部マニホールドと流体排出用の内部マニホールドとを構成し、
前記内部マニホールドと接続される前記外部マニホールドは、前記内部マニホールドと交差する方向に伸びている、燃料電池。 - 前記流体供給用の内部マニホールドと接続される流体供給用の外部マニホールド、および前記流体排出用の内部マニホールドと接続される流体排出用の外部マニホールドのそれぞれが、前記セル積層体の幅方向に伸びて配置されている、請求項11に記載の燃料電池。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の燃料電池に用いられ、アノード、カソード、および冷却流体のうち少なくとも2つの流体を配流する、燃料電池の配流装置であって、
第1と第2のそれぞれの流体に関して、流体供給用の前記外部マニホールド、および流体排出用の前記外部マニホールドが形成され、エンドプレートを構成するブロック体を有し、
前記ブロック体において前記セル積層体が配置される側の面を一の面とすると、前記ブロック体の一の面の側から見て、前記一の面に近い側を流れる第1の流体用の前記外部マニホールドと、前記一の面から遠い側を流れる第2の流体用の前記外部マニホールドとが一部重なり合って配置され、かつ、前記ブロック体の一の面の側から見て、前記第2流体用の前記外部マニホールドが前記第1流体用の前記外部マニホールドに重なり合わない延長部位を含み、
前記一の面の側から、前記第1流体用の前記外部マニホールドにのみ連通する第1の孔部を形成することによって、前記第1流体用の連通部が形成され、
前記一の面の側から、前記延長部位において前記第2流体用の前記外部マニホールドにのみ連通する第2の孔部を形成することによって、前記第2流体用の連通部が形成されている、燃料電池の配流装置。 - 請求項1~12のいずれか1つに記載の燃料電池を備えた車両。
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| EP14760952.3A EP2966717B1 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-03-07 | Fuel cell, fluid distribution device for fuel cell, and vehicle provided with fuel cell |
| CA2904219A CA2904219C (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-03-07 | Fuel cell, fluid distribution device for fuel cell, and vehicle provided with fuel cell |
| US14/766,585 US9742023B2 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-03-07 | Fuel cell, fluid distribution device for fuel cell, and vehicle provided with fuel cell |
| CN201480011842.5A CN105027343B (zh) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-03-07 | 燃料电池、燃料电池的配流装置及具备燃料电池的车辆 |
| US15/650,217 US10601064B2 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2017-07-14 | Fluid distribution device for distributing at least two fluids of a fuel cell |
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| US15/650,217 Division US10601064B2 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2017-07-14 | Fluid distribution device for distributing at least two fluids of a fuel cell |
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| EP2966717A1 (en) | 2016-01-13 |
| CN105027343B (zh) | 2017-09-12 |
| CA2904219A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 |
| US20170317372A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
| US10601064B2 (en) | 2020-03-24 |
| JPWO2014136965A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
| EP2966717A4 (en) | 2016-03-16 |
| EP2966717B1 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
| US9742023B2 (en) | 2017-08-22 |
| CA2904219C (en) | 2021-03-09 |
| US20160020480A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
| CN105027343A (zh) | 2015-11-04 |
| JP5962847B2 (ja) | 2016-08-03 |
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