WO2014188723A1 - ナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、その製造方法およびナトリウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
ナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、その製造方法およびナトリウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014188723A1 WO2014188723A1 PCT/JP2014/002698 JP2014002698W WO2014188723A1 WO 2014188723 A1 WO2014188723 A1 WO 2014188723A1 JP 2014002698 W JP2014002698 W JP 2014002698W WO 2014188723 A1 WO2014188723 A1 WO 2014188723A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present application relates to a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery, a manufacturing method thereof, and a sodium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium secondary batteries are widely used as these power sources. Lithium secondary batteries use lithium ions as charge carriers. However, lithium is a rare metal, and in addition to being expensive, there is a problem that the output is small.
- Sodium ion secondary batteries use sodium ions as charge carriers. Sodium is more abundant than lithium and is available at a low price. Therefore, sodium is drawing attention as a secondary battery that can be manufactured at low cost and can be increased in size.
- a material that can be used as a negative electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery for example, a carbon material having a high degree of graphitization such as graphite
- a negative electrode active material of a sodium ion secondary battery Even so, it has been found that it is very difficult to realize a sodium ion secondary battery having sufficient performance (see Patent Document 1). For this reason, positive and negative electrode materials, particularly high-capacity negative electrode materials, have been demanded and developed for practical use of sodium ion secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 proposes to use an amorphous glassy carbon material as a negative electrode active material of a sodium ion secondary battery. Thereby, it is reported that a discharge capacity density per unit weight of 265 mAh / g can be obtained at the maximum.
- Patent Document 2 describes using hard carbon as a negative electrode active material in a sodium ion secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a specific electrolyte additive. Thus, it has been reported that a discharge capacity density per unit weight of about 250 mAh / g at maximum can be obtained.
- One non-limiting exemplary embodiment of the present application provides a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery having a higher discharge capacity per unit volume, a method for producing the same, and a sodium ion secondary battery using the same.
- one aspect of the present invention is the porous carbon material having a plurality of openings communicating to the surface, a plurality of closed holes not communicating to the surface, and a solid portion made of a carbon material.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part is 0.340 nm or more and 0.410 nm or less, and the plurality of openings, the plurality of closed holes, and the plurality of closed holes with respect to the volume sum of the solid part
- Sodium ion having a volume ratio of 0% or more and 10% or less, and a volume ratio of the plurality of openings to the volume sum of the plurality of openings, the plurality of closed holes, and the solid portion is 0% or more and 50% or less.
- a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery having a large capacity per unit volume is provided.
- a high-capacity sodium ion secondary battery can be realized.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 The inventor of the present application examined the techniques disclosed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 in detail.
- glassy carbon and hard carbon as a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery have a problem of low charge / discharge capacity density per volume.
- the hard carbon described in Patent Document 2 has a small apparent density of 2 g / cc or less, so that a sufficient discharge capacity per unit volume cannot be obtained.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe that glassy carbon and hard carbon can be used as the negative electrode active material of the sodium ion secondary battery. It is not disclosed whether such a carbon structure affects the charge / discharge capacity of sodium.
- the inventors of the present application paid attention to carbon materials as negative electrode active materials for sodium ion secondary batteries, and examined the structural analysis of various carbon materials and the reactivity between these carbon materials and sodium ions. As a result, it has been found that a carbon material having a specific structure exhibits a larger capacity density per volume than the conventional one as a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery includes a plurality of pores that communicate with the surface, a plurality of pores that do not communicate with the surface, and a solid portion made of a carbon material.
- a distance between (002) planes of the solid portion is 0.340 nm or more and 0.410 nm or less, and the plurality of openings, the plurality of closed holes, and the plurality of the solid portions with respect to a volume sum of the solid portions
- the volume ratio of the closed holes is 0% or more and 10% or less, and the volume ratio of the plurality of openings to the volume sum of the plurality of openings, the plurality of closed holes, and the solid portion is 0% or more and 50% or less. is there.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part is, for example, 0.36 nm or more.
- the volume ratio of the plurality of openings to the sum of volumes of the plurality of openings, the plurality of closed holes, and the solid portion is, for example, 20% or less.
- a sodium ion secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention includes a negative electrode including the above negative electrode active material, a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing sodium ions, and an electrolyte including sodium ions.
- a method for producing a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery includes a step of preparing an organic material or a porous carbon material that serves as a carbon source, and the inertness of the organic material or the porous carbon material.
- a distance between carbon (002) planes in at least a part of the solid part is 0.340 nm or more and 0.410 nm or less, the plurality of openings, the plurality of closures, and the solid part
- the volume ratio of the plurality of closed holes to the volume sum of the solid part is 0% or more and 10% or less, and the volumes of the plurality of openings, the plurality of closed holes, and the volume of the plurality of holes to the volume sum of the solid part ratio 0% is 50% or less.
- the organic material is, for example, a cellulose resin. 1100 degreeC or more and 1300 degrees C or less may be sufficient as the said heat processing temperature, for example.
- the organic material is, for example, a phenolic resin.
- the heat treatment temperature may be, for example, 1000 ° C. or higher and 1300 ° C. or lower.
- the organic material is, for example, phenolphthalein.
- the heat treatment temperature may be, for example, 1000 ° C. or higher and 1300 ° C. or lower.
- the porous carbon material is, for example, an activated carbon material. 1600 degreeC or more and 2500 degrees C or less may be sufficient as the said heat processing temperature, for example.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of a negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery according to this embodiment.
- the negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery includes a porous carbon material.
- the porous carbon material 10 includes a plurality of openings 12 that communicate with the surface 11 of the porous carbon material 10, a plurality of closed holes 13 that do not communicate with the surface 11, and a solid portion 14. In FIG. 1, one opening 12 and one closing hole 13 are schematically shown.
- the porous carbon material 10 may have various shapes as long as the porous carbon material 10 has the structure having the above-described opening 12, closing hole 13, and solid part 14, and various types generally used as an active material for a sodium ion secondary battery.
- the shape may be provided.
- the porous carbon material 10 may have a particle shape, a flake shape, or a thin film shape.
- the average particle diameter is, for example, 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter is smaller than 1 ⁇ m, the surface activity is high and handling may be difficult.
- the reaction rate as a negative electrode active material may become slow.
- the negative electrode active material for sodium ion secondary battery only needs to contain a porous carbon material, and may contain other negative electrode active materials and additives. “Mainly” means containing 50% by weight or more of the whole.
- the negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery contains a porous carbon material in a proportion of 70% by weight or more with respect to the whole.
- the solid part 14 is made of a carbon material.
- the carbon material refers to various substances mainly containing carbon and having a structure with a carbon-carbon bond. It originates in the manufacturing method of the carbon material, and may contain a small amount of other elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen in addition to carbon, and there is a portion partially containing elements other than carbon in the entire carbon material. May be.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the carbon skeleton formed by the sp 2 hybrid orbital is 0.340 nm or more.
- the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 is 10% or less, and the opening ratio is 50% or less.
- the site functioning as a sodium absorption / release site is the solid portion 14 and the closed hole 13 that does not communicate with the surface 11. That is, sodium is occluded in the solid portion 14 and the closed hole 13 during charging, and the occluded sodium is released to the outside during discharging.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the solid portion 14 is 0.340 nm or more, and the (002) planes of a general amorphous carbon material It was found that the maximum value of the distance was preferably 0.410 nm or less.
- the volume ratio of the closed hole 13 to the volume sum of the open hole 12, the closed hole 13, and the solid portion 14 is 10% or less.
- sodium is occluded in the closed pores 13 and the solid portion 14 of the porous carbon material, so that the volume of the porous carbon material increases as the volume of these increases.
- the solid part 14 is most important than the closed hole 13 that does not communicate with the surface 11.
- the solid portion 14 also increases the mass as the porous carbon material, whereas the closed hole 13 is a cavity, so that the mass does not increase even if the closed hole 13 is increased.
- the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 is preferably small.
- the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 When the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 is increased, the total volume of the closed holes 13 that are the particle volume of the negative electrode active material and the solid portion 14 is increased, so that the apparent density (g / cc) is decreased. Therefore, it is preferable to have the solid portion 14 larger than the closed hole 13 that does not communicate with the surface 11 in order to obtain a negative electrode active material having a large capacity density per volume.
- the volume ratio of the closed hole 13 to the volume sum of the open hole 12, the closed hole 13, and the solid portion 14 is 10% or less, the negative electrode active for a sodium ion secondary battery having a larger charge / discharge capacity per unit volume. A substance can be realized. If the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 is reduced, the weight of the porous carbon material increases, and the charge / discharge capacity per unit weight may be reduced.
- the opening 12 is considered to occlude solvated sodium ions by being in direct contact with the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent.
- the solvated sodium ions are occluded in the opening 12, an irreversible reaction can be caused by reducing the solvent or the electrolyte. Therefore, it is considered that irreversible sodium occlusion and release is unlikely to occur in the opening 12.
- the number of the apertures 12 is small, and the volume ratio of the apertures 12 to the volume sum of the apertures 12, the closed holes 13, and the solid portion 14 is preferably 0% or more and 50% or less.
- volume ratio of the opening 12 When the volume ratio of the opening 12 is 50% or less, sodium that becomes an irreversible capacity at the first charge / discharge can be suppressed, and a negative electrode active material having a large charge / discharge capacity can be provided. In particular, when the volume ratio of the apertures 12 is 20% or less, the irreversible capacity during the first charge / discharge is reduced, and a negative electrode active material having a very large charge / discharge capacity can be provided.
- the opening 12 and the closing hole 13 have a size inside the hole (a size of a cross section perpendicular to the direction in which the hole extends), in particular, as long as sodium atoms can be inserted.
- a size inside the hole a size of a cross section perpendicular to the direction in which the hole extends
- the length There is no particular limitation on the length, and it has not been confirmed that they have a significant effect on the charge / discharge capacity.
- the atomic radius of sodium is about 0.2 nm and the diameter of Na ions solvated with propylene carbonate is about 0.4 nm (calculated by the Stokes method)
- the cross-sections of the apertures 12 and 13 It is considered that the size (diameter) of approximately 0.4 nm or more is sufficient.
- the diameters of helium, argon, and nitrogen are about 0.3 to 0.4 nm, and as described below, the volume ratio described above is defined by values obtained by measurement using these gases. To do. Therefore, the size of the inscribed circle in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the opening 12 and the closing hole 13 is considered to be 0.4 nm or more. On the other hand, when the cross section of the open hole 12 and the closed hole 13 is larger than several nanometers, a plurality of sodium atoms can be arranged in the cross section of the closed hole 13.
- the size of the inscribed circle in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the closed hole 13 is preferably about 100 nm or less.
- the volume of pores having a diameter of approximately 100 nm or less can be accurately measured.
- the negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery carbon formed by sp 2 hybrid orbitals in the carbon material constituting at least part of the solid portion 14 of the porous carbon material.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the skeleton is 0.340 nm or more, it can function well as a sodium ion storage / release site. The stored sodium is reversibly released. For this reason, the negative electrode active material which can occlude-release sodium reversibly is realizable.
- the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 is 10% or less and the volume ratio of the open holes 12 is 50% or less, a negative electrode active material having a larger charge / discharge capacity per unit volume than that of the related art can be obtained.
- the (002) interplanar distance in the porous carbon material contained in the negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment can be determined by X-ray diffraction measurement.
- An example of a specific measurement procedure will be described in the order of sample adjustment, measurement, and analysis.
- sample preparation for example, the porous carbon material is dried at 120 ° C. under vacuum for 2 hours. Next, 10 wt% standard Si (NIST 640d) is weighed with respect to the porous carbon material, and the dried porous carbon material and standard Si are mixed in a mortar. Thereby, the sample for X-ray diffraction measurement can be prepared.
- a Cu—K ⁇ ray can be used as an X-ray source.
- X-rays are generated at an output of a tube voltage of 40 kV and a tube current of 40 mA, and a diffraction line is detected by scanning the sample in the range of 20 to 30 degrees (2 ⁇ ) by the 2 ⁇ / ⁇ method.
- the porous carbon material Depending on the porous carbon material, only a part of the solid part is graphitized by heat treatment or the like when producing the porous carbon material, so that two or more (002) peaks of carbon are present at around 23 to 26 degrees. May be observed.
- the sharp peak observed at around 26 degrees is a peak attributed to a partially graphitized solid part, and the broad peak observed at the lowest angle is a peak attributed to a solid part having lower crystallinity. is there.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the carbon skeleton structure is 0.36 nm or more. Therefore, for a carbon material in which two (002) peaks of carbon appear,
- the broad peak observed on the low angle side is the (002) peak of carbon, and the (002) interplane distance can be determined from the peak value (2 ⁇ ).
- the volume ratio of closed pores in the carbon material contained in the negative electrode active material for sodium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment (hereinafter, sometimes simply referred to as a closed pore ratio) can be obtained as follows. It can. First, the volume V OP (cc / g) of the opening 12 per unit weight of the carbon material is determined by gas adsorption measurement. Also, the volume of the solid portion 14 and the closed pores 13 of the porous carbon material can be determined by density measurement, as the inverse of the apparent density d He (g / cc) of the porous carbon material.
- the volume ratio R CP (%) of the closed hole is obtained by the following formula.
- R CP (%) (1 / d He ⁇ 1 / 2.26) / (V OP + 1 / d He ) ⁇ 100
- the denominator (V OP + 1 / d He ) of the above formula is the sum of the volumes of the open holes 12, the closed holes 13 and the solid part 14 per 1 g of the carbon material
- the numerator (1 / d He ⁇ 1 / 2.26) is a value obtained by subtracting the volume of the solid part (1 / 2.26)) from the sum of the volumes of the solid part 14 and the closed hole 13 per 1 g of the porous carbon material. The volume of is shown.
- the volume ratio R cp (%) of closed pores of the carbon material can be obtained.
- the volume (1 / 2.26) of the solid part 14 is calculated from the true density of carbon 2.26 g / cc.
- the volume V OP (cc / g) of the opening 12 per unit weight of the carbon material is a carbon material dried under vacuum at 120 ° C. for 2 hours as a pretreatment, and argon or nitrogen gas is used as an adsorption gas species.
- the amount of adsorbed gas at a relative pressure of 0.99 can be obtained by a fully automatic gas adsorption amount measuring device.
- the fully automatic gas adsorption amount measuring device is used as a device for measuring the total pore volume (cc / g), but in this measurement, gas is not adsorbed to the closed pores.
- the volume V OP (cc / g) is being measured.
- volume ratio of the pores in the negative electrode active material of the present invention can be calculated according to the formula of 100 ⁇ V OP / (V OP + 1 / d He ) using V OP and d He similar to the above. .
- the carbon material contained in the negative electrode active material for a sodium ion secondary battery of the present embodiment can be obtained, for example, by firing an organic material or a porous carbon material that is a carbon source in an inert atmosphere.
- a carbon source cellulose resin, phenol resin, phenolphthalein and the like are preferable.
- Cellulosic resin, phenolic resin, and phenolphthalein may be in any form such as fiber or particle, but considering processing into active material particles after firing, a particle shape of several ⁇ m to several tens of ⁇ m, or A short fiber shape is preferred.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 1100 ° C. to 1300 ° C.
- the firing atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as it is inert, but a gas such as nitrogen, argon, helium, or neon is preferably used.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 1000 ° C. to 1300 ° C.
- the firing atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as it is inert, but a gas such as nitrogen, argon, helium, or neon is preferably used.
- the heat treatment temperature of phenolphthalein is preferably 1000 ° C to 1300 ° C.
- the firing atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as it is inert, but a gas such as nitrogen, argon, helium, or neon is preferably used.
- an activated carbon material is preferable.
- the shape of the activated carbon material may be fibrous, particle or the like.
- the activated carbon material is in the form of particles or short fibers having a size of several ⁇ m to several tens of ⁇ m.
- steam activated charcoal can be used as an inexpensive activated carbon material.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 1600 ° C. or higher and 2500 ° C. or lower.
- the firing atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as it is inert, but a gas such as nitrogen, argon, helium, or neon is preferably used.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the configuration of the sodium ion secondary battery of this embodiment.
- the positive electrode 23 includes a positive electrode current collector 21 and a positive electrode mixture layer 22 including a positive electrode active material formed on the positive electrode current collector 21.
- the negative electrode 26 includes a negative electrode current collector 24 and a negative electrode mixture layer 25 formed on the negative electrode current collector 24 and including a negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode 23 and the negative electrode 26 are disposed so that the positive electrode mixture layer 22 and the negative electrode mixture layer 25 face each other with the separator 27 interposed therebetween, and constitute an electrode group.
- the electrode group is covered with an exterior 28.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 25 contains the negative electrode active material for sodium ion secondary batteries described in the first embodiment.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 25 may contain a conductive additive, an ionic conductor, and / or a binder as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material may be a thin film formed on the negative electrode current collector 24.
- the negative electrode active material includes a porous carbon material having an opening 12 that communicates with the surface, a closed hole 13 that does not communicate with the surface, and a solid portion 14.
- the distance between the (002) planes of carbon in at least a part of the solid part is 0.340 nm or more.
- the volume ratio of the closed holes 13 is 10% or less, and the volume ratio of the open holes 12 is 50% or less.
- the negative electrode active material containing such a porous carbon material has a higher capacity per unit volume than the conventional negative electrode active material for sodium ion secondary batteries. For this reason, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to realize a sodium ion secondary battery having a higher capacity per volume than in the past.
- the negative electrode may further have a (002) inter-surface distance of the solid part 14 of 0.36 nm or more, or a volume ratio of the apertures 12 of 20% or less.
- Such an active material has a higher charge / discharge capacity density than conventional negative electrode active materials for sodium ion secondary batteries. For this reason, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to realize a sodium ion secondary battery having a higher capacity per volume than in the past.
- Conductive aids and ionic conductors are used to reduce electrode resistance.
- the conductive assistant include carbon materials (carbon conductive assistant) such as carbon black, graphite, and acetylene black, and conductive polymer compounds such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene.
- the ionic conductor include gel electrolytes such as polymethyl methacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate, and solid electrolytes such as polyethylene oxide.
- the binder is used to improve the binding property of the material constituting the electrode.
- Specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber, Examples include polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyimide.
- a porous or non-porous sheet or film made of a metal material such as aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, copper, and alloys thereof can be used.
- Aluminum and its alloys have the advantage of being inexpensive and easy to thin.
- metal foil, mesh, or the like is used as the sheet or film.
- a carbon material such as carbon may be applied to the surface of the negative electrode current collector 24 as a conductive auxiliary material.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 22 contains a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing sodium ions.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 22 may contain a conductive additive, an ionic conductor and / or a binder as necessary.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that occludes and releases sodium ions.
- the sodium-containing transition metal oxide Na x Me 1 y O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 , 0.95 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.05, Me 1 is Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and Including at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti).
- the transition metal fluorides, and the like can be used NaFeF 3, NaMnF 3 and NaNiF 3.
- Polyanion and fluorinated polyanion materials include NaMe 2 PO 4 , Na 3 Me 2 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Na 4 Me 2 3 (PO 4 ) 2 P 2 O 7 , Na 2 Me 2 PO 4 F and Na 3 Me. 2 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 (Me 2 includes at least one selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Ti, V, and Mo) can be used. Ni 3 S 2 , FeS 2, TiS 2, etc. can be used as the transition metal sulfide. Among these, the use of a Na-containing transition metal oxide has advantages that the production cost is low and the average discharge voltage is high. As the conductive assistant, the ionic conductor, and the binder, the same materials as those for the negative electrode mixture layer 15 can be used.
- a porous or non-porous sheet or film made of a metal material such as aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- Aluminum and its alloys have advantages such as low cost and easy thinning.
- As the sheet or film metal foil, mesh, or the like is used.
- a carbon material such as carbon may be applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector 21 as a conductive auxiliary material.
- a porous film made of polyethylene, polypropylene, glass, cellulose, ceramics, or the like is used, and the inside of the pore is impregnated with an electrolyte.
- non-aqueous electrolyte used in the battery examples include a non-aqueous solvent containing sodium salt, a gel electrolyte, or a solid electrolyte.
- sodium salt examples include sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6 ), sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF 4 ), sodium perchlorate (NaClO 4 ), sodium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide (NaN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ), sodium bisperfluoroethylsulfonylimide (NaN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 ), sodium bisfluoromethylsulfonylimide (NaN (SO 2 F) 2 ), NaAsF 6 , NaCF 3 SO 3 or difluoro (Oxalato) sodium borate and the like can be used. From the viewpoint of battery safety, thermal stability, and ion conductivity, NaPF 6 is preferably used. In addition, you may use 1 type in the said electrolyte salt, and may use it in combination of 2 or more type.
- non-aqueous solvent examples include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, esters, cyclic ethers, chain ethers, nitriles, amides and the like that are usually used as non-aqueous solvents for batteries.
- One of these solvents may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
- cyclic carbonate examples include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, etc., and those in which some or all of these hydrogen groups are fluorinated can be used.
- trifluoropropylene carbonate, fluoro Examples include ethyl carbonate.
- chain carbonic acid esters examples include dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, and the like, and some of these hydrogen groups are fluorinated. It is possible to use.
- esters examples include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, and ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- cyclic ethers include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3,5 -Trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineol, crown ether and the like.
- Nitriles include acetonitrile and the like, and amides include dimethylformamide and the like.
- Examples and Comparative Examples> As examples and comparative examples, a negative electrode active material evaluation cell for a sodium ion battery having a negative electrode active material as a test electrode and a sodium metal as a counter electrode was prepared and evaluated. The method and results will be described below. In addition, embodiment of this invention is not limited to the Example demonstrated below.
- a carbon material to be a negative electrode active material was produced by the following three steps: a carbonization process, a classification process, and a heat treatment process.
- the carbonization process will be described.
- ⁇ -cellulose quantitative filter paper manufactured by Whatman (No. 40)
- the temperature was raised from room temperature at a rate of 10 ° C./min in a tubular furnace (Ar gas flow rate 1 L / min) in an Ar atmosphere. It heated until it reached
- the carbide obtained in the carbonization step was pulverized in an agate mortar and classified using a SUS standard sieve having an opening of 40 ⁇ m to obtain carbon powder.
- the temperature was raised from room temperature at a rate of 10 ° C. per minute in an annular furnace under an Ar atmosphere (Ar gas flow rate 1 L / min), and heated to reach 1200 ° C. for 1 hour at 1200 ° C. Retained. Thereafter, heating was stopped, and after natural cooling, the carbon material was taken out from the tubular furnace to obtain a negative electrode active material made of a porous carbon material.
- test electrode was prepared using the carbon material prepared by the above method as a negative electrode active material and a copper foil as a current collector.
- the porous carbon material as a negative electrode active material and polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were weighed to a weight ratio of 9: 1, and dispersed in an NMP solvent to obtain a slurry.
- the obtained slurry was coated on a copper foil using a coating machine.
- the coated electrode plate was rolled with a rolling mill, punched into a square with a side of 20 mm, and processed into an electrode state to obtain a test electrode.
- the preparation of the electrolyte solution and the evaluation cell were performed in a glove box having an Ar atmosphere with a dew point of ⁇ 60 degrees or less and an oxygen value of 1 ppm or less.
- the electrolytic solution one obtained by dissolving 1 molar sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6 ) in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- sodium metal was crimped
- test electrode and the counter electrode were accommodated in the exterior facing each other through a polyethylene microporous membrane separator impregnated with an electrolytic solution, and the exterior was sealed to obtain an evaluation cell.
- Example 2 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon source and the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. A novolac resin was used as the carbon source, and the heat treatment temperature was 1000 ° C.
- Example 3 Except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon material is different, the negative electrode active material was prepared by the same method as in Example 2, and the evaluation cell was prepared by the same method as in Example 2. The heat treatment temperature was 1200 ° C.
- Example 4 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon source and the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- An activated carbon material (specific surface area 2600 m 2 / g, average particle diameter 5 ⁇ m) was used as a carbon source, and the heat treatment temperature was 2100 ° C.
- Example 5 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4.
- the heat treatment temperature was 2400 ° C.
- Example 6 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon source and the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. Phenolphthalein was used as the carbon source, and the heat treatment temperature was 1000 ° C.
- Example 7 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6.
- the heat treatment temperature was 1200 ° C.
- Example 2 An evaluation cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a hard carbon carbon material (Carbotron P, manufactured by Kureha Battery Materials Japan) was used as the negative electrode active material.
- a hard carbon carbon material Carbotron P, manufactured by Kureha Battery Materials Japan
- Example 4 An evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a graphite-based carbon material (NG12, manufactured by Kansai Thermochemical Co., Ltd.) was used as the negative electrode active material.
- NG12 graphite-based carbon material
- Example 6 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4.
- the heat treatment temperature was 1500 ° C.
- Example 7 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the temperature of the heat treatment step of the carbon material was different, and an evaluation cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6.
- the heat treatment temperature was 1400 ° C.
- the interlayer distance of the porous carbon material was measured by the following procedure. 10 mass% standard Si (NIST 640d) was collected with respect to the porous carbon material and thoroughly mixed in a mortar to obtain a sample for X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the RINT2000 manufactured by Rigaku was used as the X-ray diffraction measurement apparatus.
- a Cu—K ⁇ ray was used as the X-ray source, the measurement output was measured by scanning 20 ° to 30 ° (2 ⁇ ) by the 2 ⁇ / ⁇ method with a tube voltage of 40 kV and a tube current of 40 mA.
- the charge / discharge test of the evaluation cell was performed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C.
- the test electrode containing the negative electrode active material was charged and the test was performed after discharging for 20 minutes.
- Charging / discharging was performed at a constant current at a current value of 0.05 mA per unit area of the negative electrode.
- the end of charge was set to the time when the voltage reached 0V (charge end voltage: 0V).
- the end of discharge was the time when the voltage reached 2.0V (discharge end voltage: 2.0V).
- Table 1 shows the results of the charge and discharge tests of the evaluation cells of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 together with the closed hole ratio, open hole ratio, and inter-surface distance of the negative electrode active material.
- Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 all use a porous carbon material as the negative electrode active material. From the results shown in Table 1, the negative electrode active material depends on the structure of the porous carbon material. It has been found that the discharge capacity density as is greatly different.
- Comparative Example 4 the initial discharge capacity density was significantly lower than those in Examples 1-7, Comparative Examples 1-3, and Comparative Examples 5-7. This is considered to be caused by the fact that the distance between the (002) planes of the solid portion is as small as 0.335 nm and does not function well as a sodium ion passage and a sodium ion occlusion / release site. Therefore, the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part is preferably larger than 0.335 nm, and is preferably 0.340 nm or more, which is the distance between the (002) planes of a standard carbon material.
- the solid portion functions as a sodium ion passage and a sodium ion occlusion / release site. It is predicted that Therefore, it is preferable that the (002) plane distance of a solid part is 0.360 nm or more.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part is 0.383 nm, which functions well as a sodium ion passage and a sodium ion storage / release site, and has a large discharge capacity of 544 mAh / cc. Indicated. However, in the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 7, the discharge capacity per volume was as small as 420 mAh / cc although the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part was almost the same value as 0.382 nm. .
- the negative electrode active material of Comparative Example 7 has a large volume ratio of closed pores of 30.8%, the apparent density of the negative electrode active material decreases, and even if the discharge capacity density per weight is equal, This is probably because the discharge capacity density has decreased. From this result, it can be seen that the discharge capacity per unit volume can be increased if the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part is 0.340 nm or more and the volume ratio of the closed holes is 10% or less.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the initial discharge capacity density per volume of the test and the volume ratio of the openings of the negative electrode active material.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part was 0.340 nm or more
- the volume ratio of closed holes was 10% or less
- the volume ratio of open holes was 50%. It is as follows.
- the initial discharge capacity per unit volume was 448 mAh / cc or more.
- the volume ratio of closed holes is 10% or less, and the volume ratio of openings is 50% or less, the conventional hard carbon carbon material It can be seen that a high capacity exceeding can be obtained. Furthermore, in Examples 1 to 3 and Example 7, a higher discharge capacity density per volume was obtained than in Examples 4 to 6. This is presumably because the irreversible reaction occurring on the surface of the aperture decreased due to the smaller volume ratio of the aperture. Therefore, it can be seen that the volume ratio of the holes is preferably 20% or less.
- the distance between the (002) planes of the solid part is sufficiently large as 0.388 nm and 0.370 nm, and the closed hole ratio is 6.4% and 0.8%. Therefore, although the occlusion site of sodium ions can be sufficiently secured and the apparent density is large, the ratio of pores is as large as 51.3% and 72.5%.
- the initial discharge capacity density per volume was as small as 343 mAh / cc and 215 mAh / cc.
- the distances between (002) planes of the solid part are sufficiently large as 0.379 nm, 0.363 and 0.379 nm, and the aperture ratio is 2. Since 4%, 4.1% and 11.0 are small, a sufficient occlusion site for sodium ions can be secured, and the negative reversible reaction occurring on the surface of the pores is suppressed, but the pore closing ratio is 11.0%. Since it was large as 35.9% and 27.2%, the apparent density was small, and the initial discharge capacity density was as small as 448 mAh / cc, 361 mAh / cc, and 416 mAh / cc.
- a carbon material having a closed hole volume ratio of 10% or less and an open hole volume ratio of 50% or less has a large discharge capacity density per volume as a negative electrode active material for sodium ion secondary batteries of 448 mAh / cc or more. It was confirmed to have.
- the sodium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material having a large discharge capacity density per volume can provide a storage battery having a large capacity density per volume, that is, a compact storage battery.
- the negative electrode active material in which at least some of the holes are open or closed has been described.
- the volume ratio of the open holes or closed holes is as small as possible, and does not exclude negative electrode active materials that do not have open holes or closed holes. It is considered that the negative electrode active material having no open or closed holes can be realized, for example, by appropriately selecting heat treatment conditions.
- the sodium ion secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention includes a power source for portable electronic devices and the like; a power storage device for power leveling used in combination with power generation facilities such as thermal power generation, wind power generation, and fuel cell power generation; It can be suitably used as a power source for an emergency power storage system for an apartment house, a midnight power storage system; an uninterruptible power supply;
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Abstract
Description
以下、図面を参照しながら、本発明によるナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の実施の形態を説明する。
RCP(%)=(1/dHe―1/2.26)/(VOP+1/dHe)×100
ここで、上記の式の分母である(VOP+1/dHe)は、炭素材料1gあたりの開孔12、閉孔13および固体部14の容積の和であり、分子(1/dHe―1/2.26)は、多孔性炭素材料1gあたりの固体部14および閉孔13の容積の和から、固体部の容積(1/2.26))を引いた値であり、閉孔13の容積を示している。上記分子を上記分母で割って、得られた値を100分率に変換することによって、炭素材料の閉孔の容積比率Rcp(%)を得ることができる。固体部14の体積(1/2.26)は、炭素の真密度2.26g/ccから算出している。
ROP(%)=VOP/(VOP+1/dHe)×100
本発明によるナトリウムイオン二次電池の実施の形態を説明する。図2は本実施の形態のナトリウムイオン二次電池の構成を例示する模式的な断面図である。
以下、実施例および比較例として、試験電極に負極活物質を、対極にナトリウム金属を有するナトリウムイオン電池用負極活物質評価セルを作製し、評価を行ったので、その方法および結果を説明する。なお、本発明の実施形態は、以下に説明する実施例に限定されない。
(実施例1)
負極活物質の作製
負極活物質となる炭素材料は、以下の炭化工程、分級工程、熱処理工程の3段階のステップで作製した。
上記方法で作製した炭素材料を負極活物質とし、集電体として銅箔を用いて、試験電極を作製した。負極活物質として上記多孔性炭素材料と、結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデンとを重量比9:1となるよう秤量し、NMP溶媒中に分散させスラリーを得た。得られたスラリーを、塗工機を用いて銅箔上に塗工した。塗工した極板を圧延機で圧延し、一辺が20mmの正方形に打ち抜き、電極状態に加工して、試験電極を得た。
炭素源及び炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例1と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例1と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。炭素源としてノボラック樹脂を用い、熱処理温度は1000℃とした。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例2と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例2と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1200℃とした。
炭素源及び炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例1と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例1と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。炭素源として活性炭素材料(比表面積2600m2/g、平均粒子径5μm)を用い、熱処理温度は2100℃とした。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例4と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例4と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は2400℃とした。
炭素源及び炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例1と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例1と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。炭素源としてフェノールフタレインを用い、熱処理温度は1000℃とした。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例6と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例6と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1200℃とした。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例1と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例1と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1000℃とした。
負極活物質として、ハードカーボン炭素材料(CarbotronP、クレハ・バッテリー・マテリアルズ・ジャパン製)を用いたことを除き、その他は実施例1と同じ方法で、評価用セルを作製した。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例1と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例1と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1800℃とした。
負極活物質として、黒鉛系炭素材料(NG12、関西熱化学製)を用いたことを除き、その他は実施例1と同じ方法で、評価用セルを作製した。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例2と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例2と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1500℃とした。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例4と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例4と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1500℃とした。
炭素材料の熱処理工程の温度が異なることを除き、その他は、実施例6と同じ方法で、負極活物質を作製し、また、実施例6と同じ方法で評価用セルを作製した。熱処理温度は1400℃とした。
(A)多孔性炭素材料の開孔比率、閉孔比率、および層間距離の測定
実施例1~7および、比較例1~7の多孔性炭素材料の開孔比率、閉孔比率、および層間距離を測定した。開孔比率、閉孔比率は、以下の手順で測定した。
閉孔比率RCP(%)=100×(1/dHe-1/2.26)/(VOP+1/dHe)
開孔比率ROP(%)=100×VOP/(VOP+1/dHe)
実施例1~7および、比較例1~7の評価用セルの充放電試験を行い、充放電特性を評価した。その方法および結果を説明する。
実施例1~7および、比較例1~7は、いずれも負極活物質として多孔性炭素材料を用いているが、表1に示す結果から、多孔性炭素材料の構造により、その負極活物質としての放電容量密度は、大きく異なることが分かった。
11 表面
12 開孔
13 閉孔
14 固体部
15 負極合剤層
21 正極集電体
22 正極合剤層
23 正極
24 負極集電体
25 負極合剤層
26 負極
27 セパレータ
28 外装
Claims (12)
- 表面まで連通した複数の開孔と、前記表面まで連通しない複数の閉孔と、炭素材料からなる固体部とを有する前記多孔性炭素材料を含み、
前記固体部の(002)面間距離が0.340nm以上0.410nm以下であり、
前記複数の開孔、前記複数の閉孔および前記固体部の容積和に対する前記複数の閉孔の容積比率が0%以上10%以下であり、
前記複数の開孔、前記複数の閉孔および前記固体部の容積和に対する前記複数の開孔の容積比率が0%以上50%以下である、ナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記固体部の(002)面間距離が0.36nm以上である、請求項1に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記複数の開孔、前記複数の閉孔および前記固体部の容積和に対する前記複数の開孔の容積比率が20%以下である、請求項1に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質。
- 請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の負極活物質を含む負極と、
ナトリウムイオンを吸蔵放出可能な正極活物質を含む正極と、
ナトリウムイオンを含む電解質と
を含むナトリウムイオン二次電池。 - 炭素源となる有機材料または多孔性炭素材料を用意する工程と、
前記有機材料または前記多孔性炭素材料を不活性雰囲気化で熱処理することにより、多孔性炭素材料を得る工程と
を包含し、
前記多孔性炭素材料は、表面まで連通した複数の開孔と、前記表面まで連通しない複数の閉孔と、炭素材料からなる固体部とを有し、
前記固体部の少なくとも一部における炭素の(002)面間距離が0.340nm以上0.410nm以下であり、
前記複数の開孔、前記複数の閉孔および前記固体部の容積和に対する前記複数の閉孔の容積比率が0%以上10%以下であり、
前記複数の開孔、前記複数の閉孔および前記固体部の容積和に対する前記複数の開孔の容積比率が0%以上50%以下である、ナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記有機材料は、セルロース系樹脂である請求項5に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記有機材料は、フェノール系樹脂である請求項5に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記有機材料は、フェノールフタレインである請求項5に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記多孔性炭素材料は、活性炭素材料である請求項5に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理温度は、1100℃以上1300℃以下である請求項6に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理温度は、1000℃以上1300℃以下である請求項7または8に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理温度は、1600℃以上2500℃以下である請求項9に記載のナトリウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
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| KR20180083947A (ko) * | 2015-12-25 | 2018-07-23 | 칭화 유니버시티 셴젠 대학원 | 나트륨 이온 전지 전극 재료 및 그의 제작방법 |
| JP2021077635A (ja) * | 2019-11-01 | 2021-05-20 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 負極活物質、負極活物質の製造方法、負極、及びナトリウムイオン電池 |
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| CN112292772B (zh) * | 2018-06-15 | 2025-04-29 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 非水电解质二次电池 |
| CN112079356A (zh) * | 2020-09-04 | 2020-12-15 | 北京化工大学 | 一种改性活性炭材料、制备方法及其超级电容器应用 |
| CN116969443A (zh) * | 2023-08-21 | 2023-10-31 | 河南省大潮炭能科技有限公司 | 一种钠离子电池负极用硬炭的生产方法 |
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| KR20180083947A (ko) * | 2015-12-25 | 2018-07-23 | 칭화 유니버시티 셴젠 대학원 | 나트륨 이온 전지 전극 재료 및 그의 제작방법 |
| US20180301714A1 (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2018-10-18 | Graduate School At Shenzhen, Tsinghua University | Battery electrode material of ionised sodium and preparation method thereof |
| JP2019501497A (ja) * | 2015-12-25 | 2019-01-17 | 清▲華▼大学深▲セン▼研究生院 | ナトリウムイオン電池の電極材料及びその製造方法 |
| KR102139318B1 (ko) * | 2015-12-25 | 2020-08-03 | 칭화 유니버시티 셴젠 대학원 | 나트륨 이온 전지 전극 재료 및 그의 제작방법 |
| JP2021077635A (ja) * | 2019-11-01 | 2021-05-20 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 負極活物質、負極活物質の製造方法、負極、及びナトリウムイオン電池 |
| JP7640985B2 (ja) | 2019-11-01 | 2025-03-06 | 学校法人東京理科大学 | 負極活物質、負極活物質の製造方法、負極、及びナトリウムイオン電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US9825297B2 (en) | 2017-11-21 |
| CN105247712B (zh) | 2017-09-08 |
| JP6380854B2 (ja) | 2018-08-29 |
| US20160126550A1 (en) | 2016-05-05 |
| JPWO2014188723A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
| CN105247712A (zh) | 2016-01-13 |
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