WO2014175262A1 - 環状カーボネート合成用触媒の製造方法 - Google Patents
環状カーボネート合成用触媒の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014175262A1 WO2014175262A1 PCT/JP2014/061278 JP2014061278W WO2014175262A1 WO 2014175262 A1 WO2014175262 A1 WO 2014175262A1 JP 2014061278 W JP2014061278 W JP 2014061278W WO 2014175262 A1 WO2014175262 A1 WO 2014175262A1
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- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
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- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr
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- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/34—Oxygen atoms
- C07D317/36—Alkylene carbonates; Substituted alkylene carbonates
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- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/34—Oxygen atoms
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- C07D317/38—Ethylene carbonate
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- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
- B01J2231/341—1,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a catalyst for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate, a catalyst obtained by the production method, and a method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate using the catalyst.
- Cyclic carbonate is an important compound used in a wide range of applications as an organic solvent, synthetic fiber processing agent, pharmaceutical raw material, cosmetic additive, electrolyte solution for lithium batteries, and further as an intermediate for the synthesis of alkylene glycol and dialkyl carbonate.
- this cyclic carbonate has been synthesized by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide under appropriate pressure conditions in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst.
- a homogeneous catalyst halides such as alkali metals (Patent Document 1) and onium salts such as quaternary ammonium salts (Patent Document 2) have been known for a long time and are used industrially. Yes.
- a separation operation such as distillation of the reaction mixture and the catalyst is usually required, which not only complicates the production process but also decomposes or produces by-products during the separation process. There is also the problem of the production of things.
- Patent Document 3 a heterogeneous catalyst in which a quaternary phosphonium group having a halide ion as a counter ion is immobilized on a support such as silica gel.
- This catalyst is produced by reacting a commercially available support having a haloalkyl chain covalently fixed to silica gel with a trialkylphosphine to form a quaternary phosphonium.
- Patent Document 3 requires a quaternary phosphoniumation reaction at a high temperature for a long period of time, and a considerable amount of the haloalkyl chain remains unreacted with the phosphine even if the reaction is performed for a long period of time. To do.
- silica gel in which a haloalkyl chain or a haloaryl chain is covalently fixed is allowed to react, for example, with a silane compound such as 3-bromopropyltriethoxysilane and silica gel in toluene under reflux conditions without using a commercially available product.
- a silane compound such as 3-bromopropyltriethoxysilane
- silica gel in toluene under reflux conditions without using a commercially available product.
- this reaction generally slows down as the concentration of the silane compound decreases. Therefore, in order to introduce a sufficient amount of haloalkyl chain, a large excess amount of silane compound of several to several tens of times with respect to silica gel is used, or the reaction solution is repeatedly distilled to increase the concentration of the silane compound. Approach is taken.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a heterogeneous catalyst having excellent catalytic activity, which is used for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide, simply and at low cost, and the production method And a method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate using the catalyst.
- the present inventors obtained a catalyst precursor having a haloalkyl group or a haloaryl group by reacting a silane compound having a haloalkyl group or a haloaryl group with silica gel having an adsorbed water content of 1% by mass or less. Then, a heterogeneous catalyst in which the molar ratio [halogen / phosphorus] of the halogen content and phosphorus content obtained by reacting the catalyst precursor with tertiary phosphine is 0.8 to 1.6 is convenient. Further, the present invention was completed by finding that it can be produced at low cost, and exhibits excellent catalytic activity when synthesizing a cyclic carbonate by reacting epoxide and carbon dioxide.
- this invention is a manufacturing method of the catalyst used in order to synthesize
- step (B) In step (a) A step of reacting the obtained catalyst precursor with tertiary phosphine to obtain a cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst having a molar ratio of halogen content to phosphorus content [halogen / phosphorus] of 0.8 to 1.6.
- the present invention also provides a catalyst used for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide obtained by the above production method.
- the present invention provides a method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate in which an epoxide and carbon dioxide are reacted in the presence of the above catalyst.
- the present invention has a quaternary phosphonium group having a halide anion as a counter ion, a halogen content of 0.25 to 0.8 mmol per 1 g of the catalyst, and a molar ratio of the halogen content to the phosphorus content.
- a method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate in which an epoxide and carbon dioxide are reacted using a silica gel-immobilized phosphonium salt halide having a [halogen / phosphorus] of 1.0 to 1.6 as a catalyst.
- a heterogeneous catalyst capable of synthesizing a cyclic carbonate with high conversion and high yield and exhibiting excellent catalytic activity can be produced simply and at low cost. Therefore, the catalyst of the present invention is useful as a catalyst used for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide. Further, according to the method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate of the present invention, the cyclic carbonate can be synthesized with a high conversion rate and a high yield.
- Step (a) is a step of obtaining a catalyst precursor having a haloalkyl group or a haloaryl group by reacting a silane compound having a haloalkyl group or a haloaryl group with a silica gel having an adsorption water content of 1% by mass or less.
- the silica gel used in the step (a) has an adsorbed water content of 1% by mass or less, preferably 0.001 to 0.9% by mass from the viewpoint of suppressing by-products in the cyclic carbonate synthesis, and 0.01 to 0.85% by mass is more preferable, 0.25 to 0.75% by mass is further preferable, and 0.3 to 0.6% by mass is particularly preferable.
- silica gel having an adsorbed moisture amount in such a range the silica gel content and phosphorus content of the catalyst can be easily controlled. Further, when the amount of adsorbed water is 1% by mass or less, surface silanol is suppressed, excessive loading of halogen is suppressed, and catalytic activity is improved.
- the amount of moisture adsorbed refers to the amount of water present in the pores of the silica gel and can be measured by a thermogravimetric apparatus or the like.
- the adsorbed moisture amount can be adjusted to the above range by appropriately adjusting prior to the step (a).
- Examples of such an adjusting method include silica gel drying treatment and water addition.
- the method for drying the silica gel is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of heating under reduced pressure or a flow of dry air (or inert gas), and a method such as a reflux treatment using a Dean-Stark trap.
- the solvent used for the reflux treatment is not particularly limited as long as it can remove water by azeotropy.
- the solvent is used as it is in step (a).
- the solvent to be used is preferable.
- the silica gel may be acid-treated with hydrochloric acid or the like prior to the drying.
- the average pore diameter of silica gel is preferably in the range of 3.5 to 50 nm, more preferably in the range of 3.5 to 25 nm, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 20 nm from the viewpoint of catalytic activity and suppression of byproducts in cyclic carbonate synthesis.
- the range is more preferable, and the range of 6 to 15 nm is particularly preferable.
- the average pore diameter is 3.5 nm or more, tertiary phosphine is easily introduced into the pores, and phosphonium salt aggregation near the pore inlet, pore clogging, and the like can be further suppressed.
- the specific surface area of the silica gel is preferably in the range of 80 to 2000 m 2 / g, more preferably in the range of 100 to 1000 m 2 / g, and still more preferably in the range of 150 to 750 m 2 / g.
- the silica gel is preferably in the form of particles from the viewpoint of handling properties such as separation and recovery.
- the shape of the particles is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include crushed shapes, granular shapes, bead shapes, tablet shapes, pellet shapes, cylindrical shapes, and powder shapes, and may be irregular shapes.
- the particle diameter is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 mm, more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 8 mm, and still more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 mm.
- the particle size is preferably 30 to 5000 mesh, more preferably 100 to 1000 mesh.
- the average pore diameter, specific surface area, and particle diameter of the silica gel can be measured with a specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device or the like.
- silane compound containing a haloalkyl group or a haloaryl group used in the step (a) those represented by the following formula (1) are preferable. These silane compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- R 1 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, an arylene group, an alkali-ylene group, an arylene alkylene group or an alkylene arylene group, and R 2 represents a carbon number of 1 -4 represents an alkyl group, and X represents a halogen atom.
- examples of the linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms represented by R 1 include, for example, ethylene group, trimethylene group, propylene group, tetramethylene group, pentamethylene group, A hexamethylene group, a heptamethylene group, an octamethylene group, etc. are mentioned.
- the arylene group represented by R 1 is preferably an arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a phenylene group and a tolylene group.
- the alkali-lene group represented by R 1 is preferably an alkali-lens group having 8 to 10 carbon atoms, such as a xylylene group.
- the arylene alkylene group represented by R 1 is preferably an arylene alkylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a phenylenemethylene group and a phenyleneethylene group.
- the alkylene arylene group represented by R 1 is preferably an alkylene arylene group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methylene phenylene group and an ethylene phenylene group.
- a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms is preferable, a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferable, and a trimethylene group is particularly preferable.
- examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms represented by R 2 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and a butyl group, preferably a methyl group and an ethyl group.
- a methyl group is preferred.
- examples of the halogen atom represented by X include a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom, preferably a bromine atom.
- silane compound represented by the formula (1) containing a haloalkyl group examples include halo C 2-8 alkyl trimethoxy silane, halo C 2-8 alkyl triethoxy silane, halo C 2-8 alkyl tri Examples include propoxysilane, haloalkylaryltrimethoxysilane, haloalkylaryltriethoxysilane, haloalkylaryltripropoxysilane, haloalkylaralkyltrimethoxysilane, haloalkylaralkyltriethoxysilane, haloalkylaralkyltripropoxysilane, and the like.
- halo C 2-8 alkyltrimethoxysilane examples include 2-chloroethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-bromoethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-iodoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, and 3-bromo.
- halo C 2-8 alkyltriethoxysilane examples include 2-chloroethyltriethoxysilane, 2-bromoethyltriethoxysilane, 2-iodoethyltriethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane, 3 -Bromopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-iodopropyltriethoxysilane, 4-chlorobutyltriethoxysilane, 4-bromobutyltriethoxysilane, 4-iodobutyltriethoxysilane, 5-chloropentyltriethoxysilane, 5-bromo Pentyltriethoxysilane, 5-iodopentyltriethoxysilane, 6-chlorohexyltriethoxysilane, 6-bromohexyltriethoxysilane, 6-iodohexyltriethoxys
- halo C 2-8 alkyl tripropoxy silane examples include, for example, 2-chloroethyl tripropoxy silane, 2-bromoethyl tripropoxy silane, 2-iodoethyl tripropoxy silane, 3-chloropropyl tripropoxy silane, 3 -Bromopropyltripropoxysilane, 3-iodopropyltripropoxysilane, 4-chlorobutyltripropoxysilane, 4-bromobutyltripropoxysilane, 4-iodobutyltripropoxysilane, 5-chloropentyltripropoxysilane, 5-bromo Pentiltylpropoxysilane, 5-iodopentyltripropoxysilane, 6-chlorohexyltripropoxysilane, 6-bromohexyltripropoxysilane, 6-iodohexyltripropoxysilane, 7-chlorohe Tilt Li propoxy
- haloalkylaryltrimethoxysilane examples include p-chloromethylphenyltrimethoxysilane, p- (2-chloroethyl) phenyltrimethoxysilane, p-bromomethylphenyltrimethoxysilane, and p- (2-bromoethyl).
- examples thereof include phenyltrimethoxysilane, p-iodomethylphenyltrimethoxysilane, and p- (2-iodoethyl) phenyltrimethoxysilane.
- haloalkylaryltriethoxysilane examples include p-chloromethylphenyltriethoxysilane, p- (2-chloroethyl) phenyltriethoxysilane, p-bromomethylphenyltriethoxysilane, and p- (2-bromoethyl). Examples thereof include phenyltriethoxysilane, p-iodomethylphenyltriethoxysilane, and p- (2-iodoethyl) phenyltriethoxysilane.
- haloalkylaryl tripropoxysilane examples include p-chloromethylphenyltripropoxysilane, p- (2-chloroethyl) phenyltripropoxysilane, p-bromomethylphenyltripropoxysilane, and p- (2-bromoethyl). Examples thereof include phenyltripropoxysilane, p-iodomethylphenyltripropoxysilane, and p- (2-iodoethyl) phenyltripropoxysilane.
- haloalkylaralkyltrimethoxysilane examples include p-chloromethylbenzyltrimethoxysilane, p-bromomethylbenzyltrimethoxysilane, and p-iodomethylbenzyltrimethoxysilane.
- haloalkylaralkyltriethoxysilane examples include p-chloromethylbenzyltriethoxysilane, p-bromomethylbenzyltriethoxysilane, and p-iodomethylbenzyltriethoxysilane.
- haloalkylaralkyltripropoxysilane examples include p-chloromethylbenzyltripropoxysilane, p-bromomethylbenzyltripropoxysilane, and p-iodomethylbenzyltripropoxysilane.
- silane compound represented by the formula (1) containing a haloaryl group examples include haloaryltrialkoxysilane and haloaralkyltrialkoxysilane.
- haloaryltrialkoxysilane examples include p-chlorophenyltrimethoxysilane, p-bromophenyltrimethoxysilane, p-chlorophenyltriethoxysilane, p-bromophenyltriethoxysilane, p-chlorophenyltripropoxysilane, and p-bromophenyl.
- An example is tripropoxysilane.
- haloaralkyltrialkoxysilane examples include p-chlorobenzyltrimethoxysilane, p-bromobenzyltrimethoxysilane, p-iodobenzyltrimethoxysilane, p-chlorobenzyltriethoxysilane, p-bromobenzyltrie.
- Tosoxysilane, p-iodobenzyltriethoxysilane, p-chlorobenzyltripropoxysilane, p-bromobenzyltripropoxysilane, p-iodobenzyltripropoxysilane and the like can be mentioned.
- the amount of the silane compound used is preferably 0.001 to 0.5 mol, more preferably 0.01 to 0.1 mol, and more preferably 0 to 1 mol of silica gel from the viewpoint of catalyst activity and low cost production of the catalyst. 0.02 to 0.08 mol is more preferable, and 0.025 to 0.06 mol is particularly preferable.
- Step (a) is preferably carried out in a solvent
- the solvent is preferably a hydrocarbon solvent.
- the hydrocarbon solvent include aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, and alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent may be either a normal paraffin solvent such as n-dodecane or an isoparaffin solvent such as isododecane. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are preferred from the viewpoints of suppression of side reactions and reaction rate in cyclic carbonate synthesis.
- Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon solvent include toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, and the like, and xylene is more preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining an efficient and highly active catalyst even when a small amount of silane compound is used.
- the xylene may be any of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene and mixed xylene, and may contain ethylbenzene.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 to 750 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of silica gel, preferably 100 to 500 parts by mass, and more preferably 200 to 300 parts by mass.
- the reaction temperature in step (a) is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 50 to 160 ° C, more preferably 80 to 150 ° C, and still more preferably 100 to 140 ° C.
- the reaction time in step (a) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 30 hours, more preferably 3 to 28 hours, and particularly preferably 5 to 26 hours.
- the halogen content in the catalyst precursor having a haloalkyl group or a haloaryl group obtained in the step (a) is preferably 1.0 mmol or less per 1 g of the catalyst precursor from the viewpoint of catalytic activity, 0.0 mmol is more preferable, 0.2 to 0.95 mmol is more preferable, and 0.3 to 0.9 mmol is particularly preferable.
- the halogen content can be controlled within the above range by adjusting the amount of silane compound having a haloalkyl group or haloaryl group or by using silica gel prepared to have a moisture content of 1% by mass or less. What is necessary is just to measure the said halogen content like the postscript Example.
- Step (b) In the step (b), the catalyst precursor obtained in the step (a) is reacted with a tertiary phosphine, and the molar ratio of the halogen content to the phosphorus content [halogen / phosphorus] is 0.8 to 1.
- 6 is a step of obtaining a cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst which is 6.
- the haloalkyl group or haloaryl group of the catalyst precursor is converted into a quaternary phosphonium group having a halide anion as a counter ion. Therefore, the cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst has a quaternary phosphonium group having a halide anion as a counter ion.
- tertiary phosphine used in the step (b) those represented by the following formula (2) are preferable.
- the tertiary phosphine may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- R 3 to R 5 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an aryl group having alkoxy as a substituent, or these groups.
- One in which at least one of hydrogen atoms contained is substituted with a group containing a hetero atom.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms represented by R 3 to R 5 may be linear, branched or cyclic, for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl Group, butyl group, isobutyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like.
- the aryl group represented by R 3 to R 5 is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a xylyl group, and a naphthyl group.
- the aralkyl group represented by R 3 to R 5 is preferably an aralkyl group having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a benzyl group.
- the alkoxyalkyl group represented by R 3 to R 5 is preferably an alkoxyalkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methoxyethyl group.
- the aryl group having alkoxy as a substituent represented by R 3 to R 5 is preferably an alkoxyaryl group having 7 to 14 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methoxyphenyl group and a dimethoxyphenyl group.
- the number and position of the alkoxy group of the aryl group are arbitrary, but the number of preferable alkoxy groups is 1 to 4, more preferably 1 or 2.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, aryl group, aralkyl group, alkoxyalkyl group, and aryl group having alkoxy as a substituent are groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms contained in these groups contain a hetero atom. May be substituted. Hetero atoms include nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, halogen atoms (fluorine atoms, etc.) and the like.
- Examples of the group containing a hetero atom include nitrogen-containing groups such as amino group, hydrazino group, nitro group, cyano group, isocyano group and amidino group; oxygen-containing groups such as alkanoyl group, carboxy group, alkoxycarbonyl group and hydroxy group; Phosphorus-containing groups such as phosphanyl group, phosphono group, phosphinyl group; sulfo group, sulfanyl group, alkylsulfanyl group, alkylsulfonyl group, alkylsulfonylamino group, alkylaminosulfonyl group, alkylsulfinyl group, alkylaminosulfinyl group, alkylsulfinylamino group And sulfur-containing groups such as a thiocarboxy group.
- nitrogen-containing groups such as amino group, hydrazino group, nitro group, cyano group, isocyano group and
- an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms is preferable, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms is more preferable, and a straight chain having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferred.
- a chain or branched alkyl group is more preferable, and a butyl group is particularly preferable.
- the compound represented by the above formula (2) include tri-C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, triaryl phosphine, diaryl C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, aryl di-C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, triaralkyl phosphine, diaralkyl C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, diaralkyl aryl phosphine, aralkyl di C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, aralkyl diaryl phosphine, tris (alkoxyaryl) phosphine, bis (alkoxyaryl) C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, bis (alkoxyaryl) aryl phosphine, bis (alkoxyaryl) aralkyl phosphine, (alkoxyaryl) di C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, (dialkoxy aryl) di C 1-8 alkyl phosphine, alkoxyaryl
- tri-C 1-8 alkylphosphine examples include trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, tripropylphosphine, triisopropylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, triisobutylphosphine, tripentylphosphine, trihexylphosphine, triheptylphosphine, Trioctylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, dimethylethylphosphine, dimethylpropylphosphine, dimethylisopropylphosphine, dimethyl n-butylphosphine, dimethylisobutylphosphine, dimethylpentylphosphine, dimethylhexylphosphine, dimethylheptylphosphine, dimethyloctylphosphine, dimethylcyclo Hexylphosphine, diethylmethylphosphine, dieth
- triaryl phosphine examples include triphenyl phosphine, tolyl phosphine, and trixyl phosphine.
- diaryl C 1-8 alkylphosphine examples include diphenylmethylphosphine, diphenylethylphosphine, diphenylpropylphosphine, diphenylisopropylphosphine, diphenyln-butylphosphine, diphenylisobutylphosphine, diphenylpentylphosphine, diphenylhexylphosphine, diphenylheptylphosphine, Diphenyloctylphosphine, diphenylcyclohexylphosphine, ditolylmethylphosphine, ditolylethylphosphine, ditolylpropylphosphine, ditolylisopropylphosphine, ditolyln-butylphosphine, ditolylisobutylphosphine, ditolylpentylphosphine, ditolylhexyl
- aryldi C 1-8 alkylphosphine examples include phenyldimethylphosphine, phenyldiethylphosphine, phenyldipropylphosphine, phenyldiisopropylphosphine, phenyldin-butylphosphine, phenyldiisobutylphosphine, phenyldipentylphosphine, phenyldihexylphosphine, phenyldiheptyl Phosphine, phenyldioctylphosphine, phenyldicyclohexylphosphine, tolyldimethylphosphine, tolyldiethylphosphine, tolyldipropylphosphine, tolyldiisopropylphosphine, tolyldi-n-butylphosphine, tolyldiisobutyl
- the triaralkylphosphine examples include tribenzylphosphine.
- the diaralkyl C 1-8 alkylphosphine includes dibenzylmethylphosphine, dibenzylethylphosphine, dibenzylpropylphosphine, dibenzylisopropylphosphine, dibenzyln-butylphosphine, dibenzylisobutylphosphine, dibenzylpentylphosphine, dibenzyl Examples include hexylphosphine, dibenzylheptylphosphine, dibenzyloctylphosphine, and dibenzylcyclohexylphosphine.
- diaralkylarylphosphine examples include dibenzylphenylphosphine, dibenzyltolylphosphine, and dibenzylxylylphosphine.
- Examples of the aralkyldi C 1-8 alkylphosphine include benzyldimethylphosphine, benzyldiethylphosphine, benzyldipropylphosphine, benzyldiisopropylphosphine, benzyldin-butylphosphine, benzyldiisobutylphosphine, benzyldipentylphosphine, benzyldihexylphosphine, and benzyldiheptyl.
- Examples include phosphine, benzyldioctylphosphine, and benzyldicyclohexylphosphine.
- aralkyldiarylphosphine examples include benzyldiphenylphosphine, benzylditolylphosphine, and benzyldixylphosphine.
- tris (alkoxyaryl) phosphine examples include tris (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) phosphine, tri-o-methoxyphenylphosphine, and tri-p-methoxyphenylphosphine.
- Examples of the bis (alkoxyaryl) C 1-8 alkylphosphine include bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) methylphosphine, bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) ethylphosphine, and bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) propylphosphine.
- bis (alkoxyaryl) arylphosphine examples include bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) phenylphosphine, bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) tolylphosphine, bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) xylylphosphine, di- o-methoxyphenylphenylphosphine, di-o-methoxyphenyltolylphosphine, di-o-methoxyphenylxylylphosphine, di-p-methoxyphenylphenylphosphine, di-p-methoxyphenyltolylphosphine, di-p-methoxyphenyl Xylylphosphine.
- bis (alkoxyaryl) aralkylphosphine examples include bis (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) benzylphosphine, di-o-methoxyphenylbenzylphosphine, and di-p-methoxyphenylbenzylphosphine.
- Examples of the (alkoxyaryl) di-C 1-8 alkylphosphine include o-methoxyphenyldimethylphosphine, o-methoxyphenyldiethylphosphine, o-methoxyphenyldipropylphosphine, o-methoxyphenyldiisopropylphosphine, o-methoxyphenyldin.
- Examples of the (dialkoxyaryl) diC 1-8 alkylphosphine include 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldimethylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldiethylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldipropylphosphine, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl.
- Diisopropylphosphine 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldi n-butylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldiisobutylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldipentylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldihexylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl Examples include diheptylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldioctylphosphine, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldicyclohexylphosphine.
- alkoxyaryldiarylphosphine examples include o-methoxyphenyldiphenylphosphine, o-methoxyphenylditolylphosphine, o-methoxyphenyldixylphosphine, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylphosphine, p-methoxyphenylditolylphosphine, p-methoxyphenyl.
- Examples of the (dialkoxyaryl) diarylphosphine include 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldiphenylphosphine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenylditolylphosphine, and 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldixylphosphine.
- alkoxyaryl diaralkylphosphine examples include o-methoxyphenyldibenzylphosphine and p-methoxyphenyldibenzylphosphine.
- alkoxyaryl diaralkylphosphine examples include 2,6-dimethoxyphenyldibenzylphosphine.
- the amount of tertiary phosphine used is preferably 0.001 to 0.5 mol, more preferably 0.01 to 0.1 mol, and more preferably 0.02 to 0.00 mol per mol of silica gel used in step (a). 08 mol is more preferable, and 0.025 to 0.06 mol is particularly preferable.
- the molar ratio [silane compound / tertiary phosphine] of the silane compound having a haloalkyl group or haloaryl group used in the step (a) and the tertiary phosphine is 0.1% from the viewpoint of catalytic activity. To 15, preferably 0.1 to 7.5, more preferably 0.1 to 1.2, still more preferably 0.2 to 1.0, still more preferably 0.3 to 0.9, .4 to 0.9 is particularly preferable.
- a process (b) in a solvent it is preferable to perform a process (b) in a solvent, and as this solvent, a hydrocarbon solvent is preferable.
- this hydrocarbon solvent the thing similar to what is used at the said process (a) is mentioned, You may use 1 type individually or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the solvent used in the step (a) can be used as it is as the solvent in the step (b), so that procedures such as solvent removal and drying are not required, and the catalyst can be obtained more easily.
- the amount of the solvent used is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 to 2000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of tertiary phosphine, preferably 100 to 1750 parts by mass, and more preferably 500 to 1500 parts by mass. .
- the reaction temperature in step (b) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 60 to 160 ° C., more preferably 100 to 150 ° C., and still more preferably 110 to 140 ° C. from the viewpoint of suppressing catalyst deterioration due to heat and reaction efficiency. Range.
- reaction time in step (b) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 100 hours, more preferably 15 to 50 hours, from the viewpoint of ensuring a sufficient phosphorus content and suppressing the elimination amount of halogen. .
- the catalyst precursor and the catalyst may be isolated by appropriately combining ordinary means such as filtration, washing, and drying as necessary.
- the molar ratio [halogen / phosphorus] of the halogen content and phosphorus content in the cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst obtained in step (b) is 0.8 to 1.6. From the viewpoint of suppressing by-products in the case, 1.0 to 1.6 is preferable. When the molar ratio [halogen / phosphorus] exceeds 1.6, the catalyst activity is lowered due to the remaining of an excessive amount of halogen, and a by-product is easily generated during the synthesis of the cyclic carbonate.
- the molar ratio [halogen / phosphorus] can be adjusted by the amount of silane compound or tertiary phosphine having a haloalkyl group or haloaryl group, the amount of adsorbed moisture on silica gel, and the like.
- the halogen content in the cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst is preferably 0.25 to 0.8 mmol per gram of catalyst, and 0.3 to 0.8 mmol from the viewpoint of catalyst activity and by-product suppression in cyclic carbonate synthesis. More preferred.
- the halogen content can be controlled within the above range by adjusting the amount of the silane compound having a haloalkyl group or haloaryl group and adjusting the amount of adsorbed moisture on the silica gel.
- the phosphorus content in the cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst is preferably 0.25 to 0.6 mmol, more preferably 0.3 to 0.6 mmol, per 1 g of the catalyst from the viewpoint of catalytic activity.
- the phosphorus content can be controlled within the above range.
- the catalyst for cyclic carbonate synthesis is a heterogeneous catalyst (solid catalyst) and has pores.
- the average pore diameter is preferably in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm, more preferably in the range of 3 to 20 nm, further preferably in the range of 3.5 to 15 nm, further preferably in the range of 5 to 15 nm, from the viewpoint of catalytic activity. A range of 6 to 15 nm is more preferable.
- the specific surface area of the catalyst for the cyclic carbonate synthesis preferably in the range of 80 ⁇ 2000m 2 / g, more preferably in the range of 100 ⁇ 1000m 2 / g.
- halogen, phosphorus content, average pore diameter, and specific surface area may be measured in the same manner as in Examples described later.
- combine a cyclic carbonate with high conversion, high selectivity, and a high yield and shows the outstanding catalytic activity can be manufactured simply and at low cost.
- a cyclic carbonate is synthesized using a catalyst obtained by such a production method, there is little production of by-products such as bromopropanol and bromoethanol.
- the catalyst of the present invention is useful as a catalyst used for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide.
- ⁇ Synthesis method of cyclic carbonate> In the method for synthesizing a cyclic carbonate of the present invention, an epoxide and carbon dioxide are reacted in the presence of the catalyst obtained by the above production method.
- the synthesis method may be performed according to a conventional method except that the above catalyst is used.
- the amount of the catalyst used may be appropriately adjusted, but is usually 0.01 to 10 6 parts by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10 5 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 10 4 parts per 100 parts by weight of the epoxide. Part by mass.
- the epoxide is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing at least one epoxy ring (a three-membered ring composed of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom) in the structural formula.
- ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene examples thereof include oxide, isobutylene oxide, vinyl ethylene oxide, trifluoromethyl ethylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, styrene oxide, butadiene monooxide, butadiene dioxide, 2-methyl-3-phenylbutene oxide, pinene oxide, and tetracyanoethylene oxide.
- ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene Examples thereof include oxide, isobutylene oxide, vinyl ethylene oxide, trifluoromethyl ethylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, styrene oxide, butadiene monooxide, butadiene dioxide, 2-methyl-3-phenylbutene oxide, pinene oxide, and tetracyanoethylene oxide.
- R 6 and R 7 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or A haloalkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms is shown.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group and haloalkyl group represented by R 6 and R 7 is preferably 1 to 4.
- Examples of the alkyl group include those similar to the above R 2 .
- Examples of the halogen atom in the haloalkyl group are the same as those described above for X.
- ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are preferable.
- the method for synthesizing the cyclic carbonate of the present invention can be performed in the presence or absence of a solvent.
- a solvent in addition to the target cyclic carbonate, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane and heptane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene; alcohols such as methanol and ethanol; acetone and methyl ethyl ketone Ketones such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and the like; amides such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide; esters such as ethyl acetate; triethylamine, pyridine, methylpyridazine, N, N ′ -Tertiary amines such as dimethylpyridazinone; sulfides such as dibutyl sulfide; phosphines
- reaction temperature of the cyclic carbonate synthesis method of the present invention is preferably in the range of 20 to 160 ° C., more preferably 50 to 150 ° C., and still more preferably 80 to 140 ° C. from the viewpoint of reaction efficiency.
- the reaction pressure is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 MPa, more preferably 0.5 to 50 MPa, and still more preferably 1.0 to 25 MPa.
- the reaction time is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.1 to 10 hours, preferably 0.5 to 5 hours.
- the method for synthesizing the cyclic carbonate of the present invention can employ a commonly used technique such as a stirring type or a fixed bed type as a reaction mode, and any method of a batch type, a semi-batch type, or a continuous flow type But you can.
- the batch method is performed as follows, for example.
- An autoclave equipped with a stirrer is charged with epoxide and catalyst, and then filled with carbon dioxide and sealed. Thereafter, the inside of the autoclave is heated to a predetermined temperature while stirring, and further filled with carbon dioxide to adjust the internal pressure to a predetermined pressure, and after reacting for a predetermined time, the produced cyclic carbonate is separated by a desired means.
- the continuous flow type is, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, a high-pressure fluid feed pump (A, B), a fluid mixer (C), a reaction tube (D), a pressure control device (E), a temperature control device (F).
- A, B high-pressure fluid feed pump
- C fluid mixer
- D reaction tube
- E pressure control device
- F temperature control device
- F temperature control device
- Pretreatment of the catalyst is not particularly required, but the reaction is carried out at 20 to 140 ° C., preferably 50 to 120 ° C. before the reaction, or in an inert gas stream such as helium, argon, nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Thereby, the yield of cyclic carbonate can be improved.
- cyclic carbonate in which the epoxy ring of the epoxide is converted to a carbonate ring (5-membered ring having an O—CO—O bond).
- cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, isobutylene carbonate, trifluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, cyclohexene carbonate, styrene carbonate, butadiene monocarbonate, butadiene dicarbonate, chloromethyl carbonate, Examples include pinene carbonate and tetracyanoethylene carbonate.
- the present invention has a quaternary phosphonium group having a halide anion as a counter ion, the halogen content is 0.25 to 0.8 mmol per 1 g of the catalyst, and the molar ratio of the halogen content to the phosphorus content.
- the catalyst used in the synthesis method is produced by the method for producing a cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst of the present invention.
- the cyclic carbonate synthesis method may be carried out in the same manner as the cyclic carbonate synthesis method using the catalyst obtained by the method for producing the cyclic carbonate synthesis catalyst of the present invention.
- the cyclic carbonate of the present invention can be synthesized with high conversion, high selectivity and high yield.
- the synthesis method produces less by-products such as bromopropanol and 2-bromoethanol.
- the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
- the average pore diameter, specific surface area, and particle diameter (or particle size) of silica gel are manufacturer's nominal values.
- the analysis methods used in each example and comparative example are as follows. (1) In the production of the catalyst, X-ray fluorescence analysis was used for measuring bromine and phosphorus modification amounts (apparatus: product name “System 3270” (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation), measurement conditions: Rh tube, tube voltage 50 kV. Tube current 50 mV, vacuum atmosphere, detector: SC, F-PC). (2) In the synthesis of cyclic carbonate, gas chromatography was used for composition analysis of the reaction solution. The analysis conditions are as follows.
- Example 1 Production of catalyst A-1 (Production of catalyst precursor) A 20 mL flask was charged with 1.5 g of bead-shaped silica gel (CAriACT Q-6 (manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd., average pore size 6 nm, particle size 1.2 to 2.4 mm, specific surface area 450 m 2 / g)) and 5 mL of 2N hydrochloric acid. The inside of the flask was purged with nitrogen, and the silica gel was demetalized by heating under reflux for 4 hours. Thereafter, the silica gel was separated by filtration and sufficiently washed with ion-exchanged water.
- CAriACT Q-6 manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd., average pore size 6 nm, particle size 1.2 to 2.4 mm, specific surface area 450 m 2 / g
- the resulting reaction product was separated by filtration and washed thoroughly with acetone. It was confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis that 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane contained in the washed liquid was less than 50 ppm.
- the obtained reaction product was put into a 20 mL flask and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a catalyst precursor (bromopropylated silica gel).
- the measurement result of Br modification amount by fluorescent X-ray analysis of the obtained catalyst precursor was 0.88 mmol / g.
- Examples 2 to 4 Production of Catalysts A-2 to A-4 Same as Example 1, except that the amount of water added was changed from 15 ⁇ L to 0 ⁇ L (not added), 1.0 ⁇ L, and 7.5 ⁇ L, respectively.
- the catalyst was prepared according to the procedure and analyzed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 Production of catalysts RA-1 and RA-2 Catalysts were produced and analyzed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of water added was changed from 15 ⁇ L to 45 ⁇ L and 75 ⁇ L, respectively. It was. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 Synthesis of propylene carbonate Propylene carbonate was synthesized in a batch manner and its catalytic activity was evaluated. That is, 800 mg of the catalyst A-1 prepared in Example 1 was charged into a 50 mL autoclave containing a stirrer and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. After returning the autoclave to atmospheric pressure and room temperature with nitrogen, 3.5 g (60 mmol) of propylene oxide was charged. Subsequently, carbon dioxide is temporarily filled to 1.5 MPa, and then the inside of the autoclave is heated to 100 ° C. while being stirred at 1000 rpm by a rotor, and further charged with carbon dioxide, thereby adjusting the internal pressure to 3 MPa and 1 hour. Reacted.
- 800 mg of the catalyst A-1 prepared in Example 1 was charged into a 50 mL autoclave containing a stirrer and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. After returning the autoclave to atmospheric pressure and room temperature with nitrogen, 3.5 g
- Examples 6 and 7 Synthesis of propylene carbonate Propylene carbonate was synthesized by a batch-type reaction in the same manner as in Example 5 except that catalyst A-1 was changed to catalyst A-2 and catalyst A-4, respectively. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Examples 3 and 4 Propylene carbonate synthesis Except that catalyst A-1 was changed to catalyst RA-1 and catalyst RA-2, respectively, propylene carbonate was synthesized by a batch-type reaction in the same procedure as in Example 5 to obtain catalytic activity. Was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 8 Production of catalyst B-1 (Production of catalyst precursor) 60 g of bead-like silica gel (CariACT Q-6 (manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd., average pore size 6 nm, particle size 1.2 to 2.4 mm, specific surface area 450 m 2 / g)) and 150 mL of 2N hydrochloric acid are added to a 500 mL three-neck flask with stirring blades. The flask was purged with nitrogen, and the silica gel was demetalized by heating under reflux for 4 hours. Thereafter, the silica gel was separated by filtration and sufficiently washed with ion-exchanged water. In addition, it confirmed that chlorine was not contained and sufficient washing
- CariACT Q-6 manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd., average pore size 6 nm
- the silica gel treated with acid and 150 mL of toluene are charged into a 500 mL three-necked flask equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and stirred with toluene at 110 ° C for 2 hours to remove water in the silica gel. did.
- the water concentration in toluene at this time was 53 ppm, and the amount of water adsorbed on the silica gel was 1% by mass or less based on the silica gel.
- the Dean-Stark trap was removed, the inside of the flask was replaced with nitrogen, and 14 g of 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane was added dropwise. This was heated and refluxed at 110 ° C.
- the obtained reaction product was placed in a 20 mL flask and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain the target catalyst B-1 (tributylphosphonium bromide surface-modified silica gel).
- Table 3 shows the measurement results of the amount of Br modification and the amount of P modification of the obtained catalyst.
- Example 9 Production of catalyst B-2 Catalyst B-2 was produced in the same procedure as in Example 8, except that the heating time after dropping tri-n-butylphosphine was changed from 20 hours to 45 hours. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 10 Production of Catalyst B-3
- Catalyst B-3 was produced in the same procedure as in Example 8 except that the reaction solvent was changed from xylene to n-dodecane. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 11 Production of Catalyst B-4
- Catalyst B-4 was produced in the same procedure as in Example 10 except that the heating time after dropping tri-n-butylphosphine was changed from 20 hours to 45 hours. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 12 Preparation of catalyst B-5 The same procedure as in Example 8 except that the reaction solvent was changed from xylene to toluene, the reaction temperature was changed from 135 ° C to 110 ° C, and the heating time was changed from 20 hours to 1 day. Catalyst B-5 was produced in The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 13 Production of catalyst B-6 Catalyst B-6 was produced in the same procedure as in Example 12, except that the heating time was changed from 20 hours to 3 days. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Examples 14 to 19 Synthesis of propylene carbonate Except that catalyst A-1 was changed to catalysts B-1 to B-6, propylene carbonate was synthesized by a batch-type reaction in the same manner as in Example 5, and the catalytic activity was evaluated. Went. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 20 Production of catalyst C-1 (Production of catalyst precursor) Bead-like silica gel (CarliACT Q-6 manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd. (average pore diameter 6 nm, particle diameter 1.2 to 2.4 mm, specific surface area 450 m 2 / g)) 100 g and 2N hydrochloric acid 250 mL were added to a 1 L stirring winged three-necked flask. The flask was purged with nitrogen, and the silica gel was demetalized by heating under reflux for 4 hours. Thereafter, the silica gel was separated by filtration and sufficiently washed with ion-exchanged water. In addition, it confirmed that chlorine was not contained and sufficient washing
- Bead-like silica gel (CarliACT Q-6 manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd. (average pore diameter
- silica gel treated with acid and 250 mL of toluene are charged into a 1 L three-necked flask equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and subjected to azeotropic dehydration of toluene-water for 2 hours under reflux at 110 ° C. to remove moisture in the silica gel. did.
- the water concentration in toluene at this time was 20 ppm, and the amount of water adsorbed on the silica gel was 1% by mass or less based on the silica gel.
- the obtained reaction product was placed in a 1 L flask and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain 124 g of the target catalyst C-1 (tributylphosphonium bromide surface-modified silica gel).
- Table 4 shows the measurement results of the amount of Br modification and the amount of P modification of the obtained catalyst.
- Example 21 Synthesis of propylene carbonate A propylene carbonate was synthesized in a batch manner, and the activity of the catalyst C-1 was evaluated. That is, 200 mg of the catalyst C-1 prepared in Example 20 was charged into a 50 mL autoclave containing a stirrer and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. After returning the autoclave to atmospheric pressure and room temperature with nitrogen, 3.5 g (60 mmol) of propylene oxide was charged. Subsequently, carbon dioxide is temporarily filled to 1.5 MPa, and then the inside of the autoclave is heated to 120 ° C.
- Example 22 Synthesis of ethylene carbonate Batch synthesis of ethylene carbonate was performed to evaluate the activity of catalyst C-1. That is, 200 mg of the catalyst C-1 prepared in Example 20 was charged into a 50 mL autoclave containing a stirrer and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. After returning the autoclave to atmospheric pressure and room temperature with nitrogen, 2.8 g (60 mmol) of ethylene oxide was charged. Subsequently, carbon dioxide is temporarily filled to 1.5 MPa, and then the inside of the autoclave is heated to 120 ° C. while stirring at 1000 rpm with a rotor, and the internal pressure is adjusted to 3.5 MPa by further filling with carbon dioxide, The reaction was carried out for 1 hour.
- Example 23 Production of catalyst D-1 (Production of catalyst precursor) Bead-like silica gel (CarliACT Q-10 manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd. (average pore size 10 nm, particle size 1.2 to 2.4 mm, specific surface area 300 m 2 / g)) 2000 g and xylene 5000 mL, 10 L equipped with a Dean-Stark trap The mixture was charged into a three-necked flask equipped with a stirring blade and subjected to azeotropic dehydration with xylene-water for 2 hours under reflux at 140 ° C. to remove moisture in the silica gel.
- Bead-like silica gel (CarliACT Q-10 manufactured by Fuji Silysia Chemical Co., Ltd. (average pore size 10 nm, particle size 1.2 to 2.4 mm, specific surface area 300 m 2 / g)) 2000 g and xylene 5000 mL, 10 L equipped with a Dean-Stark trap
- the water concentration in xylene was 14 ppm, and the amount of water adsorbed on the silica gel was 1% by mass or less based on the silica gel.
- the Dean Stark trap was removed, the inside of the flask was replaced with nitrogen, and 219 g (0.846 mol) of 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane was added dropwise. This was heated and refluxed at 135 ° C. for 7 hours to carry out silanization reaction.
- the obtained reaction product was separated by filtration and washed twice with xylene to obtain 3810 g of a catalyst precursor (bromopropylated silica gel) containing xylene. It was confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis that 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane contained in the liquid after washing twice was less than 50 ppm.
- the measurement result of Br modification amount by fluorescent X-ray analysis of the obtained catalyst precursor was 0.38 mmol / g. Moreover, it was estimated that the content rate of xylene was 57 mass%, and the obtained precursor was about 2170g.
- the obtained catalyst had a Br modification amount of 0.35 mmol / g, a P modification amount of 0.32 mmol / g, and Br / P of 1.1.
- Example 24 Synthesis of ethylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate was synthesized by the following batch method, and the activity of the powdered catalyst D-1 was evaluated.
- the catalyst D-1 prepared in Example 23 was pulverized in a mortar, and the obtained powder was sieved to collect particles having a particle size of 200-400 mesh.
- 800 mg of powdered catalyst D-1 was charged into a 50 mL autoclave containing a stirrer and dried under reduced pressure at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. The autoclave was returned to atmospheric pressure and room temperature with nitrogen, and 2.8 g (60 mmol) of ethylene oxide was charged.
- carbon dioxide is temporarily filled up to 1.5 MPa, and then the inside of the autoclave is heated to 100 ° C.
- Comparative Example 6 Synthesis of ethylene carbonate Except that the catalyst D-1 in powder form was changed to the catalyst RD-1, ethylene carbonate was synthesized by a batch reaction in the same procedure as in Example 24, and the catalytic activity was evaluated. . The results are shown in Table 5.
- cyclic carbonates can be synthesized with high conversion and yield by using the catalyst obtained by the production method of the present invention, and impurities such as bromopropanol and 2-bromoethanol. Generation can be suppressed.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、このような均一系触媒を使用する場合、通常、反応混合物と触媒との蒸留等による分離操作が必要となり、製造工程が複雑となるばかりでなく、分離工程中の触媒の分解や副生成物の生成といった問題もある。
しかしながら、特許文献3に記載の製造方法は長期間高温で4級ホスホニウム化反応を行うことが必要であり、また、長期間反応させてもかなりの量のハロアルキル鎖が上記ホスフィンと反応しないまま残存する。
しかしながら、上記シラン化合物を多量に使用した場合は、シラン化合物同士の縮合物が生成しやすくなり触媒活性が低下する場合があるだけでなく、触媒製造工程における廃棄物が増え触媒の製造の効率が低下する。また、溶媒を留去しながら反応を進行させる方法は、反応装置が複雑となり工程数も多くなる。
しかしながら、ジフェニルモノアルキルホスフィンと反応させて4級ホスホニウム化したシラン化合物を触媒架橋剤として用いた場合、立体障害によりシリカゲル表面と結合するシラン化合物の量が制限されるため、十分な量のハロゲンやリンを担持できるとはいい難い。また、シリカゲルの存在下では、4級ホスホニウム塩とシラン化合物とが反応して副生成物を生成するため、4級ホスホニウム塩とシラン化合物の使用量に見合った活性を示す触媒の製造が難しい。
(a)ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有するシラン化合物と、吸着水分量1質量%以下のシリカゲルとを反応させて、ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有する触媒前駆体を得る工程
(b)工程(a)で得られた触媒前駆体と3級ホスフィンとを反応させて、ハロゲン含有量とリン含有量とのモル比〔ハロゲン/リン〕が0.8~1.6である環状カーボネート合成用触媒を得る工程
したがって、本発明の触媒は、エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させて環状カーボネートを合成するために使用する触媒として有用である。また、本発明の環状カーボネートの合成方法によれば、高転化率及び高収率で環状カーボネートを合成できる。
本発明のエポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させて環状カーボネートを合成するために使用される触媒の製造方法は、上記工程(a)及び(b)を含むものである。
〔工程(a)〕
工程(a)は、ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有するシラン化合物と、吸着水分量1質量%以下のシリカゲルとを反応させて、ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有する触媒前駆体を得る工程である。
ここで、吸着水分量とは、シリカゲル細孔内に存在する水分量のことをいい、熱重量測定装置等により測定可能である。
また、上記吸着水分量は、工程(a)に先立ち適宜調整しておくことにより上記範囲にすることができ、斯様な調整法としては、シリカゲルの乾燥処理や水の添加が挙げられる。
上記シリカゲルの乾燥方法は特に限定されないが、例えば、減圧下又は乾燥空気(又は不活性ガス)流通下で加熱する方法、ディーンスタークトラップを用いた還流処理等の方法が挙げられる。該還流処理に用いられる溶媒は、共沸により水を除去することが可能なものであれば特に限定されないが、溶媒の置換による水分の持ち込みを抑える観点から、該溶媒をそのまま工程(a)で用いる溶媒とするのが好ましい。
更に、シリカゲルは上記乾燥に先立ち塩酸等で酸処理されていてもよい。
また、上記シリカゲルの比表面積は、好ましくは80~2000m2/gの範囲、より好ましくは100~1000m2/gの範囲であり、更に好ましくは150~750m2/gの範囲である。
なお、上記シリカゲルの平均細孔径、比表面積、粒子径は比表面積/細孔分布測定装置等により測定可能である。
また、R1で示されるアリーレン基は好ましくは炭素数6~10のアリーレン基であり、例えばフェニレン基、トリレン基等が挙げられる。
また、R1で示されるアルカリーレン基は好ましくは炭素数8~10のアルカリーレン基であり、例えばキシリレン基等が挙げられる。
また、R1で示されるアリーレンアルキレン基は好ましくは炭素数6~10のアリーレンアルキレン基であり、例えばフェニレンメチレン基、フェニレンエチレン基等が挙げられる。
また、R1で示されるアルキレンアリーレン基は好ましくは炭素数6~10のアルキレンアリーレン基であり、例えばメチレンフェニレン基、エチレンフェニレン基等が挙げられる。
これらの中でも、炭素数2~8の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状のアルキレン基が好ましく、炭素数2~6の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状のアルキレン基がより好ましく、トリメチレン基が特に好ましい。
式(1)において、Xで示されるハロゲン原子としては塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられ、好ましくは臭素原子である。
また、上記ハロアルキルアリールトリエトキシシランとしては、例えば、p-クロロメチルフェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-(2-クロロエチル)フェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-ブロモメチルフェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-(2-ブロモエチル)フェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-ヨードメチルフェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-(2-ヨードエチル)フェニルトリエトキシシランが挙げられる。
また、上記ハロアルキルアリールトリプロポキシシランとしては、例えば、p-クロロメチルフェニルトリプロポキシシラン、p-(2-クロロエチル)フェニルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ブロモメチルフェニルトリプロポキシシラン、p-(2-ブロモエチル)フェニルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ヨードメチルフェニルトリプロポキシシラン、p-(2-ヨードエチル)フェニルトリプロポキシシランが挙げられる。
また、上記ハロアルキルアラルキルトリエトキシシランとしては、p-クロロメチルベンジルトリエトキシシラン、p-ブロモメチルベンジルトリエトキシシラン、p-ヨードメチルベンジルトリエトキシシランが挙げられる。
また、上記ハロアルキルアラルキルトリプロポキシシランとしては、p-クロロメチルベンジルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ブロモメチルベンジルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ヨードメチルベンジルトリプロポキシシランが挙げられる。
上記ハロアリールトリアルコキシシランとしては、p-クロロフェニルトリメトキシシラン、p-ブロモフェニルトリメトキシシラン、p-クロロフェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-ブロモフェニルトリエトキシシラン、p-クロロフェニルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ブロモフェニルトリプロポキシシランが挙げられる。
また、上記ハロアラルキルトリアルコキシシランとしては、p-クロロベンジルトリメトキシシラン、p-ブロモベンジルトリメトシキシシラン、p-ヨードベンジルトリメトシキシシラン、p-クロロベンジルトリエトキシシラン、p-ブロモベンジルトリエトシキシシラン、p-ヨードベンジルトリエトシキシシラン、p-クロロベンジルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ブロモベンジルトリプロポキシシラン、p-ヨードベンジルトリプロポキシシラン等が挙げられる。
上記炭化水素溶媒としては、脂肪族炭化水素溶媒、芳香族炭化水素溶媒、脂環式炭化水素溶媒が挙げられる。なお、脂肪族炭化水素溶媒は、n-ドデカン等のノルマルパラフィン系溶媒、イソドデカン等のイソパラフィン系溶媒のいずれであってもよい。これら溶媒は1種を単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
これら炭化水素溶媒の中でも、環状カーボネート合成における副反応の抑制及び反応速度の観点から、芳香族炭化水素溶媒が好ましい。該芳香族炭化水素溶媒としては、トルエン、キシレン、エチルベンゼン等が挙げられ、少量のシラン化合物の使用でも効率よく活性の高い触媒が得られる観点から、キシレンがより好ましい。キシレンは、o-キシレン、m-キシレン、p-キシレン、混合キシレンのいずれでもよく、エチルベンゼンを含むものでもよい。
工程(a)の反応時間は特に限定されないが、好ましくは1~30時間、より好ましくは3~28時間、特に好ましくは5~26時間である。
上記ハロゲン含有量は、後記実施例と同様にして測定すればよい。
工程(b)は、工程(a)で得られた触媒前駆体と3級ホスフィンとを反応させて、ハロゲン含有量とリン含有量とのモル比〔ハロゲン/リン〕が0.8~1.6である環状カーボネート合成用触媒を得る工程である。触媒前駆体と3級ホスフィンとを反応させることにより、触媒前駆体のハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基が、ハロゲン化物アニオンを対イオンとする4級ホスホニウム基に変換される。したがって、環状カーボネート合成用触媒は、ハロゲン化物アニオンを対イオンとする4級ホスホニウム基を有する。
また、R3~R5で示されるアリール基は好ましくは炭素数6~10のアリール基であり、例えば、フェニル基、トリル基、キシリル基、ナフチル基等が挙げられる。
また、R3~R5で示されるアラルキル基は好ましくは炭素数7~12のアラルキル基であり、例えば、ベンジル基等が挙げられる。
また、R3~R5で示されるアルコキシアルキル基は好ましくは炭素数2~8のアルコキシアルキル基であり、例えばメトキシエチル基等が挙げられる。
また、R3~R5で示されるアルコキシを置換基として有するアリール基は好ましくは炭素数7~14のアルコキシアリール基であり、例えばメトキシフェニル基、ジメトキシフェニル基等が挙げられる。また、アリール基が有するアルコキシ基の個数及び位置は任意であるが、好ましいアルコキシ基の個数は1~4個であり、より好ましくは1又は2個である。
上記ヘテロ原子を含む基としては、アミノ基、ヒドラジノ基、ニトロ基、シアノ基、イソシアノ基、アミジノ基等の窒素含有基;アルカノイル基、カルボキシ基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ヒドロキシ基等の酸素含有基;ホスファニル基、ホスホノ基、ホスフィニル基等のリン含有基;スルホ基、スルファニル基、アルキルスルファニル基、アルキルスルホニル基、アルキルスルホニルアミノ基、アルキルアミノスルホニル基、アルキルスルフィニル基、アルキルアミノスルフィニル基、アルキルスルフィニルアミノ基、チオカルボキシ基等のイオウ含有基等が挙げられる。
また、上記ジアラルキルC1-8アルキルホスフィンとしては、ジベンジルメチルホスフィン、ジベンジルエチルホスフィン、ジベンジルプロピルホスフィン、ジベンジルイソプロピルホスフィン、ジベンジルn-ブチルホスフィン、ジベンジルイソブチルホスフィン、ジベンジルペンチルホスフィン、ジベンジルへキシルホスフィン、ジベンジルヘプチルホスフィン、ジベンジルオクチルホスフィン、ジベンジルシクロへキシルホスフィンが挙げられる。
上記(ジアルコキシアリール)ジアラルキルホスフィンとしては、2,6-ジメトキシフェニルジベンジルホスフィンが挙げられる。
また、工程(a)で用いるハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有するシラン化合物と、上記3級ホスフィンとの使用量のモル比〔シラン化合物/3級ホスフィン〕としては、触媒活性の観点から、0.1~15が好ましく、0.1~7.5がより好ましく、0.1~1.2が更に好ましく、0.2~1.0が更に好ましく、0.3~0.9が更に好ましく、0.4~0.9が特に好ましい。
なお、前記工程(a)で用いた溶媒をそのまま工程(b)の溶媒とすることもでき、これによって溶媒の除去や乾燥等の手順が不要となり、より簡便に触媒を得ることができる。
上記溶媒の使用量は特に限定されないが、3級ホスフィン100質量部に対し、通常100~2000質量部であるが、好ましくは100~1750質量部であり、より好ましくは500~1500質量部である。
モル比〔ハロゲン/リン〕が1.6を超えると、過剰量のハロゲンの残存により、触媒活性が低下し、環状カーボネート合成のときに副生成物も生じやすくなる。
上記モル比〔ハロゲン/リン〕は、ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有するシラン化合物や3級ホスフィンの使用量やシリカゲルの吸着水分量等により調整できる。
また、環状カーボネート合成用触媒の比表面積としては、80~2000m2/gの範囲が好ましく、100~1000m2/gの範囲がより好ましい。
本発明の触媒は、エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させて環状カーボネートを合成するために使用する触媒として有用である。
本発明の環状カーボネートの合成方法は、上記製造方法で得られた触媒の存在下で、エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させるものである。該合成方法は、上記触媒を用いる以外は常法に従い行えばよい。
上記触媒の使用量は適宜調整すればよいが、エポキシド100質量部に対し、通常0.01~106質量部であり、好ましくは0.1~105質量部、より好ましくは1~104質量部である。
斯様なエポキシドの中でも、下記式(3)で表されるものが好ましい。
上記R6及びR7で示されるアルキル基、ハロアルキル基の炭素数は、好ましくは1~4である。該アルキル基としては例えば、上記R2と同様のものが挙げられる。ハロアルキル基におけるハロゲン原子は上記Xと同様のものが挙げられる。
斯様な式(3)で表されるものの中でも、エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシドが好ましい。
また、反応圧力は特に限定されないが、好ましくは0.1~100MPa、より好ましくは0.5~50MPa、更に好ましくは1.0~25MPaの範囲である。
また、反応時間は特に限定されないが、通常0.1~10時間であり、好ましくは0.5~5時間である。
(1)触媒の製造において、臭素及びリン修飾量の測定には蛍光X線分析を用いた(装置:製品名「System3270」(理学電機工業社製)、測定条件:Rh管球、管電圧50kV、管電流50mV、真空雰囲気、検出器:SC、F-PC)。
(2)環状カーボネートの合成において、反応液の組成分析にはガスクロマトグラフィーを用いた。分析条件は以下のとおりである。
装置:製品名「GC-2010Plus」(島津製作所社製)
検出器:FID
INJ温度:150℃
DET温度:260℃
サンプル量:0.3μL
スプリット比:5
カラム:DB-624(60m、0.32mmID、1.8μm、Agilent社製)
カラム温度:70℃、3分-5℃/分-120℃-10℃/分-250℃、5分(計31分)
(触媒前駆体の製造)
ビーズ状シリカゲル(富士シリシア化学製CARiACT Q-6(平均細孔径6nm、粒子径1.2~2.4mm、比表面積450m2/g))1.5gと2N塩酸5mLとを20mLフラスコに仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換し4時間加熱還流によりシリカゲルの脱金属処理を行った。その後、ろ過によりシリカゲルを分離し、イオン交換水を用いて十分洗浄を行った。なお、洗浄後の液体に1N硝酸銀水溶液を滴下し白濁しないことにより、塩素が含まれていないこと及び十分な洗浄が行われていることを確認した。洗浄後のシリカゲルを20mLフラスコに入れ、180℃で5時間減圧乾燥を行い、シリカゲル中の水分を除去した。
これに3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシラン0.9mLを滴下し、そのまま110℃で5時間加熱還流することにより、シラン化反応を行った。得られた反応物をろ過により分離し、アセトンで十分に洗浄した。なお、洗浄後の液体に含まれる3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシランが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を20mLフラスコに入れ、120℃で2時間減圧乾燥を行い、触媒前駆体(ブロモプロピル化シリカゲル)を得た。なお、得られた触媒前駆体の蛍光X線分析によるBr修飾量測定結果は、0.88mmol/gであった。
得られた触媒前駆体とキシレン10mLとを20mLフラスコへ仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換した後、トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン0.9mlを滴下した。これをそのまま140℃で45時間加熱還流することにより、4級ホスホニウム化反応を行った。反応後、ろ過により反応物を分離し、アセトンで十分に洗浄した。なお、洗浄後の液体に含まれるトリ-n-ブチルホスフィンが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を20mLフラスコに入れ、120℃で2時間減圧乾燥を行い、目的とする触媒A-1(トリブチルホスホニウムブロミド表面修飾シリカゲル)を得た。得られた触媒のBr修飾量及びP修飾量の測定結果を表1に示す。
水の添加量を、15μLから0μL(添加しない)、1.0μL、7.5μLにそれぞれ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で触媒を製造し、分析を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水の添加量を、15μLから45μL、75μLにそれぞれ変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で触媒を製造し、分析を行った。結果を表1に示す。
バッチ式でプロピレンカーボネートの合成を行い、触媒活性を評価した。
すなわち、攪拌子を入れた50mLのオートクレーブに、実施例1で調製した触媒A-1を800mg仕込み、120℃で1時間減圧乾燥を行った。オートクレーブを窒素にて大気圧、室温に戻したのち、プロピレンオキシド3.5g(60mmol)を仕込んだ。次いで、二酸化炭素を1.5MPaまで仮充填し、その後、オートクレーブ内を回転子により1000rpmで撹拌しつつ100℃まで加熱し、二酸化炭素をさらに充填することにより、内圧を3MPaに調整し、1時間反応させた。冷却後、残存する二酸化炭素を放出し、オートクレーブ内を脱圧した。得られた反応液をガスクロマトグラフにより分析した。結果を表2に示す。
なお、ガスクロマトグラフでは、反応不純物としてプロピレングリコール、2-ブロモプロパノール及び1-ブロモ-2-プロパノールが検出された。表2にはこれらブロモプロパノールの検出量も併せて示した。
触媒A-1を触媒A-2、触媒A-4にそれぞれ変更した以外は、実施例5と同様の手順でバッチ式反応によりプロピレンカーボネートを合成し触媒活性の評価を行った。結果を表2に示す。
触媒A-1を触媒RA-1、触媒RA-2にそれぞれ変更した以外は、実施例5と同様の手順でバッチ式反応によりプロピレンカーボネートを合成し触媒活性の評価を行った。結果を表2に示す。
(触媒前駆体の製造)
ビーズ状シリカゲル(富士シリシア化学製CARiACT Q-6(平均細孔径6nm、粒子径1.2~2.4mm、比表面積450m2/g))60gと2N塩酸150mLとを500mL撹拌羽つき三口フラスコに仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換し4時間加熱還流によりシリカゲルの脱金属処理を行った。その後、ろ過によりシリカゲルを分離し、イオン交換水を用いて十分洗浄を行った。なお、洗浄後の液体に1N硝酸銀水溶液を滴下し白濁しないことにより、塩素が含まれていないこと及び十分な洗浄が行われていることを確認した。
なお、このときのトルエン中の水分濃度は53ppmであり、シリカゲルに吸着された水分量はシリカゲルに対して1質量%以下であった。
次いで、ディーンスタークトラップを取り外し、フラスコ内を窒素で置換した後、3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシラン14gを滴下した。これをそのまま、110℃で5時間加熱還流することにより、シラン化反応を行った。
次いで得られた反応物をろ過により分離し、アセトンで十分に洗浄を行った。なお、洗浄後の液体に含まれる3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシランが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を500mLフラスコに入れ、120℃で2時間減圧乾燥を行い、触媒前駆体PB-1(ブロモプロピル化シリカゲル)69gを得た。なお得られた触媒前駆体の蛍光X線分析によるBr修飾量測定結果は、0.77mmol/gであった。
得られた触媒前駆体PB-1を1.5gとキシレン10mLとを20mLフラスコへ仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換した後、トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン0.8mLを滴下した。これをそのまま135℃で20時間加熱還流することにより、4級ホスホニウム化反応を行った。反応後、反応物をろ過により分離し、アセトンで十分に洗浄した。なお、洗浄後の液体に含まれるトリ-n-ブチルホスフィンが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を20mLフラスコに入れ、120℃で2時間減圧乾燥を行い、目的とする触媒B-1(トリブチルホスホニウムブロミド表面修飾シリカゲル)を得た。得られた触媒のBr修飾量及びP修飾量の測定結果を表3に示す。
トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン滴下後の加熱時間を20時間から45時間に変更した以外は実施例8と同様の手順で触媒B-2を製造した。結果を表3に示す。
反応溶媒をキシレンからn-ドデカンに変更した以外は実施例8と同様の手順で触媒B-3を製造した。結果を表3に示す。
トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン滴下後の加熱時間を20時間から45時間に変更した以外は実施例10と同様の手順で触媒B-4を製造した。結果を表3に示す。
反応溶媒をキシレンからトルエンに、反応温度を135℃から110℃に、加熱時間を20時間から1日に、それぞれ変更した以外は実施例8と同様の手順で触媒B-5を製造した。結果を表3に示す。
加熱時間を20時間から3日に変更した以外は実施例12と同様の手順で触媒B-6を製造した。結果を表3に示す。
触媒A-1を触媒B-1~B-6に変更した以外は、実施例5と同様の手順でバッチ式反応によりプロピレンカーボネートを合成し触媒活性の評価を行った。結果を表3に示す。
(触媒前駆体の製造)
ビーズ状シリカゲル(富士シリシア化学製CARiACT Q-6(平均細孔径6nm、粒子径1.2~2.4mm、比表面積450m2/g))100gと2N塩酸250mLとを1L撹拌羽つき三口フラスコに仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換し4時間加熱還流によりシリカゲルの脱金属処理を行った。その後、ろ過によりシリカゲルを分離し、イオン交換水を用いて十分洗浄を行った。なお、洗浄後の液体に1N硝酸銀水溶液を滴下し白濁しないことにより、塩素が含まれていないこと及び十分な洗浄が行われていることを確認した。
なお、このときのトルエン中の水分濃度は20ppmであり、シリカゲルに吸着された水分量はシリカゲルに対して1質量%以下であった。
次いで、得られた反応物をろ過により分離し、アセトンで5回洗浄した。なお、3回洗浄した後の液体に含まれる3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシランが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を1Lフラスコに入れ、120℃で2時間減圧乾燥を行い、触媒前駆体PC-1(ブロモプロピル化シリカゲル)112gを得た。なお、得られた触媒前駆体の蛍光X線分析によるBr修飾量測定結果は、0.72mmol/gであった。
得られた触媒前駆体PC-1とキシレン350mLとを1L撹拌羽つき三口フラスコに仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換した後、トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン22gを滴下した。これをそのまま140℃で25時間加熱還流することにより、4級ホスホニウム化反応を行った。反応後、ろ過により分離し、アセトンで3回洗浄した。なお、3回洗浄した後の液体に含まれるトリ-n-ブチルホスフィンが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を1Lフラスコに入れ、120℃で2時間減圧乾燥を行い、目的とする触媒C-1(トリブチルホスホニウムブロミド表面修飾シリカゲル)124gを得た。得られた触媒のBr修飾量及びP修飾量の測定結果を表4に示す。
バッチ式でプロピレンカーボネートの合成を行い、触媒C-1の活性を評価した。
すなわち、攪拌子を入れた50mLのオートクレーブに、実施例20で調製した触媒C-1を200mg仕込み、120℃で1時間減圧乾燥を行った。オートクレーブを窒素にて大気圧、室温に戻したのち、プロピレンオキシド3.5g(60mmol)を仕込んだ。次いで、二酸化炭素を1.5MPaまで仮充填し、その後、オートクレーブ内を回転子により1000rpmで撹拌しつつ120℃まで加熱し、二酸化炭素をさらに充填することにより、内圧を3.5MPaに調整し、1時間反応させた。冷却後、残存する二酸化炭素を放出し、オートクレーブ内を脱圧した。得られた反応液をガスクロマトグラフにより分析した。結果を表4に示す。
なお、ガスクロマトグラフでは、反応不純物としてプロピレングリコール、2-ブロモプロパノール及び1-ブロモ-2-プロパノールが検出された。表4にはこれらブロモプロパノールの検出量も併せて示した。
バッチ式でエチレンカーボネート合成を行い、触媒C-1の活性を評価した。
すなわち、攪拌子を入れた50mLのオートクレーブに、実施例20で調製した触媒C-1を200mg仕込み、120℃で1時間減圧乾燥を行った。オートクレーブを窒素にて大気圧、室温に戻したのち、エチレンオキシド2.8g(60mmol)を仕込んだ。次いで、二酸化炭素を1.5MPaまで仮充填し、その後、オートクレーブ内を回転子により1000rpmで撹拌しつつ120℃まで加熱し、二酸化炭素をさらに充填することにより、内圧を3.5MPaに調整し、1時間反応させた。冷却後、残存する二酸化炭素を放出し、オートクレーブ内を脱圧した。得られたエチレンカーボネートは融点36℃であるため、オートクレーブにアセトニトリル溶媒を4g加え、反応液を溶解させた。得られた反応液をガスクロマトグラフにより分析した。結果を表4に示す。
なお、不純物としては、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、2-ブロモエタノールが検出された。表4には2-ブロモエタノールの検出量も併せて示した。
(触媒前駆体の製造)
ビーズ状シリカゲル(富士シリシア化学製CARiACT Q-10(平均細孔径10nm、粒子径1.2~2.4mm、比表面積300m2/g))2000gとキシレン5000mLとを、ディーンスタークトラップを備えた10L撹拌羽つき三口フラスコに仕込み、140℃還流下、2時間キシレン-水の共沸脱水を行い、シリカゲル中の水分を除去した。
なお、このときのキシレン中の水分濃度は14ppmであり、シリカゲルに吸着された水分量はシリカゲルに対して1質量%以下であった。
次いで、ディーンスタークトラップを取り外し、フラスコ内を窒素で置換した後、3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシラン219g(0.846mol)を滴下した。これをそのまま、135℃で7時間加熱還流することにより、シラン化反応を行った。
なお、2回洗浄後の液体に含まれる3-ブロモプロピルトリメトキシシランが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた触媒前駆体の蛍光X線分析によるBr修飾量測定結果は、0.38mmol/gであった。また、キシレンの含有率は57質量%であり、得られた前駆体はおよそ2170gであることが見積もられた。
得られた触媒前駆体とキシレン5000mLとを10L撹拌羽つき三口フラスコに仕込み、フラスコ内を窒素置換した後、トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン453gを滴下した。これをそのまま120℃で25時間加熱することにより、4級ホスホニウム化反応を行った。反応後、ろ過により反応物を分離し、アセトンで6回洗浄を行った。なお、6回目洗浄後の液体に含まれるトリ-n-ブチルホスフィンが50ppm未満であることをガスクロマトグラフ分析により確認した。得られた反応物を、窒素気流下、120℃で5時間減圧乾燥を行い、目的とする触媒D-1(トリブチルホスホニウムブロミド表面修飾シリカゲル)2328gを得た。得られた触媒のBr修飾量は0.35mmol/g、P修飾量は0.32mmol/g、Br/Pは1.1であった。
特許文献3と同様の方法にて、触媒を製造した。
すなわち、Aldrich社製、3-ブロモプロピル官能基化シリカゲル(官能基化率1.54mmol/g、粒子径200-400mesh)7.00gをアルゴン下、トルエン50mLに懸濁させ、200mL撹拌羽つき三口フラスコ内でゆっくり攪拌しつつ、トリブチルホスフィン3.00gを加えた。次いで、この懸濁液をアルゴン気流下、撹拌を続けながら110℃で1週間反応させた。反応後の懸濁物から液体をろ別し、得られた固体をメタノール、アセトン、エーテルの順で洗浄し、風乾後、1mm以下の真空下、室温で6時間乾燥させ、触媒RD-1を得た。得られた触媒のBr修飾量及びP修飾量の測定結果を表5に示す。
以下のバッチ式方法によりエチレンカーボネートの合成を行い、粉末状にした触媒D-1の活性を評価した。
まず、実施例23で調製した触媒D-1を乳鉢で粉砕し、得られた粉末をふるいにかけて粒子径が200-400meshのものを回収した。
次いで、攪拌子を入れた50mLのオートクレーブに、粉末状にした触媒D-1を800mg仕込み、120℃で1時間減圧乾燥を行った。オートクレーブを窒素にて大気圧、室温に戻し、エチレンオキシド2.8g(60mmol)を仕込んだ。次いで、二酸化炭素を1.5MPaまで仮充填し、その後、オートクレーブ内を回転子により1000rpmで撹拌しつつ100℃まで加熱し、二酸化炭素をさらに充填することにより、内圧を5.0MPaに調整し、1時間反応させた。冷却後、残存する二酸化炭素を放出し、オートクレーブ内を脱圧した。得られたエチレンカーボネートは融点36℃であるため、オートクレーブにアセトニトリル溶媒を4g加え、反応液を溶解させた。得られた反応液をガスクロマトグラフにより分析し触媒活性を評価した。結果を表5に示す。
粉末状にした触媒D-1を触媒RD-1に変更した以外は実施例24と同様の手順でバッチ式反応によりエチレンカーボネートを合成し触媒活性の評価を行った。結果を表5に示す。
Claims (9)
- エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させて環状カーボネートを合成するために使用される触媒の製造方法であって、下記工程(a)及び(b)を含む製造方法。
(a)ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有するシラン化合物と、吸着水分量1質量%以下のシリカゲルとを反応させて、ハロアルキル基又はハロアリール基を有する触媒前駆体を得る工程
(b)工程(a)で得られた触媒前駆体と3級ホスフィンとを反応させて、ハロゲン含有量とリン含有量とのモル比〔ハロゲン/リン〕が0.8~1.6である環状カーボネート合成用触媒を得る工程 - 工程(a)及び(b)を炭化水素溶媒中で行う請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 工程(b)で得られた環状カーボネート合成用触媒中のハロゲン含有量が、触媒1gあたり0.25~0.8mmolである請求項1又は2に記載の製造方法。
- 工程(a)で得られた触媒前駆体中のハロゲン含有量が、触媒前駆体1gあたり1.0mmol以下である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 工程(a)で用いるシリカゲルの吸着水分量が、0.001~0.9質量%である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法で得られた、エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させて環状カーボネートを合成するために使用される触媒。
- 請求項6に記載の触媒の存在下で、エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させる環状カーボネートの合成方法。
- ハロゲン化物アニオンを対イオンとする4級ホスホニウム基を有し、ハロゲン含有量が触媒1gあたり0.25~0.8mmolであり、ハロゲン含有量とリン含有量とのモル比〔ハロゲン/リン〕が1.0~1.6であるシリカゲル固定化ホスホニウム塩ハロゲン化物を触媒として用いて、エポキシドと二酸化炭素とを反応させる環状カーボネートの合成方法。
- エポキシドがエチレンオキシド及びプロピレンオキシドから選ばれる1種以上である請求項8に記載の合成方法。
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| KR20160002800A (ko) * | 2013-04-23 | 2016-01-08 | 고쿠리츠켄큐카이하츠호진 상교기쥬츠 소고켄큐쇼 | 고리형 카보네이트 합성용 촉매의 제조 방법 |
| WO2024214491A1 (ja) * | 2023-04-14 | 2024-10-17 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | フェノール部位を有する固定化第四級ホスホニウム塩およびその製造方法、並びにこれを用いた環状カーボネートの製造方法 |
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| CN107915713B (zh) * | 2016-10-08 | 2020-03-27 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 生产碳酸乙烯酯的方法 |
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| CN114166967A (zh) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-03-11 | 湖北省兴发磷化工研究院有限公司 | 一种应用气相色谱快速测定单异丁基磷化氢、二异丁基磷化氢、三异丁基膦含量的方法 |
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| JP2008296066A (ja) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-12-11 | Okayama Univ | 環状炭酸エステルの合成のための固定化触媒に用いる触媒架橋剤の製造方法、及びその固定化触媒の製造方法、及びその固定化触媒に用いる触媒架橋剤、及びその固定化触媒 |
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| US9416093B2 (en) | 2012-05-16 | 2016-08-16 | China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation | Supported quaternary phosphonium catalyst, preparation and use thereof |
| TWI634949B (zh) * | 2013-04-23 | 2018-09-11 | 獨立行政法人產業技術綜合研究所 | Method for producing catalyst for cyclic carbonate synthesis |
| TWI623525B (zh) * | 2013-07-19 | 2018-05-11 | Maruzen Petrochemical Co Ltd | Continuous manufacturing method of cyclic carbonate |
| TWI636980B (zh) * | 2013-07-19 | 2018-10-01 | 獨立行政法人產業技術綜合研究所 | Method for producing cyclic carbonate |
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2014
- 2014-04-22 CN CN201480022702.8A patent/CN105121013B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-04-22 KR KR1020157030230A patent/KR102156461B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-04-22 JP JP2015513768A patent/JP6371276B2/ja active Active
- 2014-04-22 ES ES14788232T patent/ES2782923T3/es active Active
- 2014-04-22 EP EP14788232.8A patent/EP2990113B1/en active Active
- 2014-04-22 WO PCT/JP2014/061278 patent/WO2014175262A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-04-22 US US14/786,326 patent/US10029241B2/en active Active
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20160002800A (ko) * | 2013-04-23 | 2016-01-08 | 고쿠리츠켄큐카이하츠호진 상교기쥬츠 소고켄큐쇼 | 고리형 카보네이트 합성용 촉매의 제조 방법 |
| EP2990114A4 (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2017-02-08 | National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology | Method for producing catalyst for cyclic carbonate synthesis |
| US9834536B2 (en) | 2013-04-23 | 2017-12-05 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Method for producing catalyst for cyclic carbonate synthesis |
| KR102216496B1 (ko) | 2013-04-23 | 2021-02-16 | 고쿠리츠켄큐카이하츠호진 상교기쥬츠 소고켄큐쇼 | 고리형 카보네이트 합성용 촉매의 제조 방법 |
| WO2024214491A1 (ja) * | 2023-04-14 | 2024-10-17 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | フェノール部位を有する固定化第四級ホスホニウム塩およびその製造方法、並びにこれを用いた環状カーボネートの製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2782923T3 (es) | 2020-09-16 |
| JPWO2014175262A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
| KR102156461B1 (ko) | 2020-09-15 |
| EP2990113A1 (en) | 2016-03-02 |
| US10029241B2 (en) | 2018-07-24 |
| TWI631113B (zh) | 2018-08-01 |
| TW201500353A (zh) | 2015-01-01 |
| EP2990113B1 (en) | 2020-03-25 |
| CN105121013B (zh) | 2017-10-20 |
| KR20160002801A (ko) | 2016-01-08 |
| CN105121013A (zh) | 2015-12-02 |
| EP2990113A4 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
| JP6371276B2 (ja) | 2018-08-08 |
| US20160067695A1 (en) | 2016-03-10 |
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