WO2014034859A1 - リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/42—Powders or particles, e.g. composition thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/44—Raw materials therefor, e.g. resins or coal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode and a method for producing the same. According to the present invention, a plant-derived carbonaceous material for negative electrode of 30 ⁇ m or less can be produced industrially and in large quantities.
- a lithium ion secondary battery having a high energy density and a high capacity has been widely used as a driving power source for mobile terminal devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
- lithium ion capacitors having energy density several times that of conventional EDLC (electric double layer capacitors) have been actively developed.
- a carbonaceous material is used as the negative electrode material of the nonaqueous solvent secondary battery, and in particular, a graphitic carbonaceous material (graphite) is widely used because of its high energy density.
- the graphitic carbonaceous material is excellent in energy density, it has been pointed out that it has poor input / output characteristics due to high crystallinity, and there is a risk that lithium metal precipitates particularly at low temperatures.
- non-graphitizable carbonaceous materials hard carbon are characterized by excellent input / output characteristics even at low temperatures, low risk of lithium metal deposition even under overcharge, and potential depending on the amount of lithium doping It has excellent characteristics such as easy management of SOC (battery charge / discharge state) due to the characteristics that change, and is being developed as a negative electrode material for next-generation secondary batteries for vehicles.
- Patent Document 1 a plant that contains 0.2 to 20% by weight in total of metal elements of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Si, phosphorus and sulfur in terms of elements.
- a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing a polymer-derived carbonaceous material has been proposed.
- the carbon element derived from a vegetable polymer contains the metal element, thereby reducing the crystallinity of the carbonaceous material and making it non-graphitizable.
- the carbonaceous material has a high content of metal elements, it adversely affects battery characteristics and the carbonaceous material has low crystallinity and pore uniformity.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-89721 Patent No. 3399015; Patent Document 2 discloses a non-graphite obtained by firing at 600 ° C. in an atmosphere in which a volatile component generating a carbon precursor is removed from the reaction system.
- a negative electrode material that is a carbonizable material and is smaller than the weight ratio Ps of 0.59 of carbon atoms having a laminated structure or a stacking index SI of less than 0.76 is disclosed.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-161801 Patent No. 3719790; Patent Document 3 discloses a carbonaceous material obtained by carbonizing a plant-derived organic substance selected from coconut husk, rice husk, hardwood, conifer and bamboo.
- Non-aqueous solvent type secondary material having a pore diameter of 0.003 to 5 ⁇ m, a pore volume of 0.55 mL / g or more, a BET specific surface area of 100 m 2 / g or less, and an average particle size of 5 to 100 ⁇ m
- a carbonaceous material for battery electrodes is disclosed. However, these carbonaceous materials are fired under vacuum, and the traces of positive removal of volatiles have developed too much as pores, causing an increase in irreversible capacity and a decrease in cycle characteristics.
- Patent No. 2844302 discloses a lithium secondary material.
- the carbon negative electrode material for batteries lithium ion in the electrolyte solution of the lithium secondary battery can pass through the pore entrance diameter of the surface of the non-graphitizable carbon fine particles constituting the carbon negative electrode material, and in the electrolyte solution
- a carbon negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery having a diameter through which an organic solvent cannot substantially pass is disclosed.
- the pyrolytic carbon is deposited on the surface of the non-graphitizable carbon, thereby reducing the adsorptive power to the organic solvent and improving the discharge capacity.
- the non-graphitizable carbon obtained by subjecting the coconut shell char to dealkalizing treatment with hydrochloric acid and then calcining it is flowed with nitrogen gas saturated with toluene while heating, so that pyrolytic carbon is formed on the surface. It is deposited.
- Patent Document 5 discloses that the interplanar spacing d002 of the carbon 002 surface obtained by XRD measurement is 0.340-0.
- Carbon particles for lithium secondary battery negative electrode having a diameter of 390 nm, and having a true He density of 1.40 to 2.00 g / cc and a CO2 adsorption amount of 0.01 to 500 cc / g Particles have been proposed.
- the irreversible capacity is reduced by firing a resin containing a specific phenol derivative in the structure to obtain carbon particles having almost no fine pores.
- this carbon material does not have sufficient input / output characteristics at low temperatures. Furthermore, the charge / discharge capacity decreases due to the decrease in pores.
- Patent Document 6 discloses a carbonaceous material obtained by firing a petroleum-based or petroleum-based tar subjected to crosslinking treatment under specific conditions, and has an average interlaminar spacing d002. Has a negative density of 0.355 to 0.400 nm, a true density of 1.50 to 1.60 g / cm 3, and a negative electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in input / output characteristics at a large current.
- this carbon material also has insufficient input / output characteristics at low temperatures.
- the carbon materials of Patent Documents 5 and 6 are mainly composed of synthetic polymers produced from fossil resources, they are also required to be replaced with biomass materials such as plant materials from the viewpoint of conservation of the global environment. It has been.
- the electric double layer capacitor has a small discharge capacity per charge compared to a lithium ion secondary battery, but is excellent in instantaneous charge / discharge characteristics. In addition, it can be charged and discharged for tens of thousands of cycles, and has the characteristic of maintenance-free.
- Patent Document 9 a hybrid capacitor that combines a lithium ion secondary battery and the electric storage principle of an electric double layer capacitor has been developed (Patent Document 9). In such a hybrid capacitor, lithium ions are occluded and supported (doped) in the negative electrode, and a non-graphitizable carbon material is expected for the negative electrode.
- Patent Document 7 discloses a method of reducing the content of potassium element by deashing a plant-derived organic substance by acid washing (hereinafter referred to as liquid phase decalcification). That is, in the method for producing a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode using plant-derived organic matter as a carbon source, decalcification treatment is necessary.
- JP 2006-128133 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-89721 JP-A-9-161801 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-230803 JP 2007-42571 A International Publication No. 2005/98999 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-21919 JP 2000-281325 A JP 2006-303330 A
- the particle size of the carbonaceous material is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- a carbon precursor having a potassium content of 100 ppm or less is actually obtained by liquid phase decalcification treatment using hydrochloric acid using a carbonaceous material precursor of 25 ⁇ m. It has gained.
- ash in this specification, “ash” is a substance that contains elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen contained in the raw material of the carbon material for the negative electrode or mixed in the manufacturing process.
- an object of the present invention is to produce a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode having a small average particle size, in which elements such as potassium and iron are sufficiently decalcified using plant-derived char as a raw material, and lithium ions It is to provide a carbonaceous material for a capacitor negative electrode.
- the present inventors examined the performance of a lithium ion capacitor using a carbonaceous material obtained by liquid phase deashing and gas phase deashing as a negative electrode, and obtained carbonaceous matter obtained by gas phase deashing. It has been found that when the material is used, the doping characteristics and the dedoping characteristics tend to be excellent.
- the present inventors examined the carbonaceous material obtained by liquid phase deashing and vapor phase deashing, and the carbonaceous material obtained by vapor phase deashing is the carbonaceous material obtained by liquid phase deashing. And the iron element removal rate was found to be 10 times or more superior.
- iron element is present in the carbon as iron oxide, it is considered that a reaction such as insertion of lithium occurs in the iron oxide, which adversely affects the doping characteristics and the dedoping characteristics. Furthermore, iron oxide may be reduced to metallic iron, and impurities may be generated at that time. Moreover, when it exists in carbon as metallic iron, or when it elutes into electrolyte solution and a metal reprecipitates, a short circuit may be caused and the temperature of a battery may rise.
- the carbonaceous material obtained by vapor phase deashing is excellent in the removal of iron element, and therefore has superior doping characteristics and dedoping properties compared to the carbonaceous material obtained by liquid phase deashing, and further safety.
- the lithium ion capacitor using the carbonaceous material for negative electrode of the present invention has excellent input / output characteristics and low-temperature resistance as compared with the carbonaceous material derived from petroleum pitch.
- the present invention is based on these findings.
- the present invention [1] (1) Gas phase deashing step in which a plant-derived char having an average particle size of 100 to 10000 ⁇ m is heat-treated at 500 ° C. to 1250 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere containing a halogen compound, (2) Gas phase deashing A lithium ion capacitor having an average particle size of 3 to 30 ⁇ m, including a step of pulverizing the carbonaceous precursor, and (3) firing the pulverized carbonaceous precursor at less than 1100 ° C.
- Carbonaceous materials [5] The specific surface area is 20 to 150 m 2 / g, the potassium element content is 0.1 wt% or less, and the iron element content is 0.02 wt% or less, [3] Or the carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode according to [4], [6] Lithium ion capacitor negative electrode containing the carbonaceous material according to any one of [3] to [5] [7]
- the lithium ion capacitor negative electrode has one or both sides of the active material layer with respect to the metal current collector plate
- the lithium ion capacitor negative electrode according to [6] wherein the active material layer on one side has a thickness of 80 ⁇ m or less, [8]
- Patent Document 8 discloses activated carbon with high trihalomethane and humic acid adsorptivity, and heat-treats a carbonaceous material having an ignition residue of 3% by weight or more in an inert gas stream containing a halogen compound. It is described to do. It is estimated that this heat treatment forms a pore structure suitable for adsorption of trihalomethane and humic acid on the carbonaceous surface.
- the heat treatment described in Patent Document 8 uses a halogen compound in the same manner as the vapor phase demineralization in the present invention, but the heat treatment in Patent Document 8 has a mixing ratio of halide of 20% from the examples. In the heat treatment at 500 ° C. or lower or 1300 ° C.
- the object is to produce activated carbon having the above specific surface area and high adsorptivity for trihalomethane and humic acid, which is different from the purpose of vapor phase deashing in the present invention.
- activated carbon having a large specific surface area used for adsorption of harmful substances. Therefore, the technical field of the carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of the present invention having a small specific surface area used for a lithium ion capacitor is different from the technical field of the invention described in Patent Document 8.
- the vapor phase deashing in the present invention is a treatment for improving electrical characteristics as a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode.
- Patent Document 8 describes that the above heat treatment improves the adsorptivity of trihalomethane and humic acid, but the electrical characteristics of the carbonaceous material as a negative electrode are improved, and the disclosure also suggests. It is surprising that a carbonaceous material having excellent electrical properties as a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode can be obtained by heat treatment with a halogen compound.
- a plant-derived carbonaceous material for a negative electrode excellent in electrical characteristics as a negative electrode of a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode is obtained industrially and in large quantities. be able to.
- a plant-derived carbonaceous material for negative electrode from which potassium element and iron element have been efficiently removed, lithium having excellent input / output characteristics and low resistance at low temperature The carbonaceous material for negative electrodes which can manufacture an ion capacitor can be obtained.
- a carbonaceous material having a small average particle diameter can be obtained industrially and in large quantities, so that a thin lithium ion capacitor negative electrode can be produced. . That is, the resistance of the negative electrode can be reduced, and a lithium ion capacitor that can be rapidly charged and has low irreversible capacity and excellent output characteristics can be produced.
- the lithium ion capacitor using the carbonaceous material for the negative electrode of the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention exhibits excellent output characteristics and cycle characteristics as compared with the carbonaceous material derived from petroleum pitch. By removing particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less, a lithium ion capacitor having a further low irreversible capacity can be obtained.
- the carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor of the present invention the alternating current resistance value of the cell can be reduced because the specific surface area is less than 175 m 2 / g.
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material for lithium ion capacitor negative electrode comprises (1) plant-derived char having an average particle size of 100 to 10,000 ⁇ m and a halogen compound.
- a gas phase deashing step in which heat treatment is performed at 500 ° C. to 1250 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere, (2) a step of pulverizing the carbonaceous precursor degassed in a gas phase, and (3)
- This is a method for producing a carbonaceous material having an average particle size of 3 to 30 ⁇ m, comprising a step of firing at less than 1100 ° C. in an oxidizing gas atmosphere.
- the production method of the present invention may include a step of removing particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less to 3.0% by volume or less simultaneously with the pulverization step (2) or after the pulverization step (2).
- the plant as a raw material is not particularly limited.
- coconut shells are particularly preferable because they are available in large quantities.
- the coconut as a raw material for the coconut shell is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include palm palm (oil palm), coconut palm, salak, and coconut palm.
- coconut shells obtained from these palms can be used alone or in combination, but they are used as foods, detergent raw materials, biodiesel oil raw materials, etc. A shell is particularly preferred.
- these plants can be pre-fired and obtained in the form of char (for example, coconut shell char), which is preferably used as a raw material.
- Char generally refers to a carbon-rich powdery solid that is not melted and softened when coal is heated, but here it is a carbon-rich powder that is produced without heating and softening organic matter. It also refers to a solid in the form of a solid.
- the method for producing char from the plant is not particularly limited.
- the char is produced by heat-treating the plant material at 300 ° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere.
- the carbonaceous material for negative electrodes manufactured from these plant-derived chars can be doped with a large amount of active material, it is useful as a negative electrode material for lithium ion capacitors.
- plant-derived char contains many metal elements, and particularly contains a lot of potassium (for example, about 0.3% for coconut shell char).
- Carbonaceous materials produced from plant-derived char containing a large amount of metal elements such as iron (for example, coconut shell char, about 0.1% of iron element) are electrochemical when used as a negative electrode. Adverse effects on safety properties and safety. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the content of potassium element, iron element, etc. contained in the carbonaceous material for negative electrode as much as possible.
- plant-derived char contains alkali metals (for example, sodium), alkaline earth metals (for example, magnesium or calcium), transition metals (for example, iron and copper), and other elements.
- alkali metals for example, sodium
- alkaline earth metals for example, magnesium or calcium
- transition metals for example, iron and copper
- the content of these metals is also preferably reduced. This is because if these metals are contained, the impurities are eluted into the electrolyte during dedoping from the negative electrode, and there is a high possibility that the battery performance and safety will be adversely affected.
- Gas phase decalcification process (1) In the gas phase decalcification step (1) in the production method of the present invention, plant-derived char is heat-treated at 500 ° C. to 1250 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere containing a halogen compound. By this vapor phase decalcification, potassium element, iron element and the like can be efficiently removed. In particular, iron element can be efficiently removed as compared with liquid phase demineralization. Further, other alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals such as copper and nickel can be removed.
- the halogen compound used for vapor phase deashing is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, iodine bromide, chlorine fluoride (ClF), Examples thereof include iodine chloride (ICl), iodine bromide (IBr), bromine chloride (BrCl) and the like, or compounds that generate these halogen compounds by thermal decomposition, or mixtures thereof, preferably hydrogen chloride. .
- the halogen compound may be used in a mixture with an inert gas, and the inert gas to be mixed is not particularly limited as long as it does not react with the carbonaceous material at the treatment temperature.
- the concentration of impurity gas contained in the inert gas, particularly oxygen, is preferably as low as possible, but the oxygen concentration that is usually allowed is 0 to 2000 ppm, more preferably 0 to 1000 ppm.
- the mixing ratio of the inert gas and the halogen compound is not limited as long as sufficient deashing is achieved, but the amount of the halogen compound with respect to the inert gas is preferably 0. 0.1 to 10.0% by volume, more preferably 0.3 to 5.0% by volume, and still more preferably 0.5 to 3.0% by volume.
- the temperature of the vapor phase decalcification is 500 ° C. to 1250 ° C., preferably 600 ° C. to 1250 ° C., more preferably 700 ° C. to 1200 ° C., and further preferably 800 ° C. to 1150 ° C. If it is less than 500 degreeC, deashing efficiency will fall and deashing may not be enough, and when it exceeds 1250 degreeC, activation by a halogen compound may occur.
- the time for vapor phase deashing is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 minutes to 300 minutes, more preferably 10 minutes to 200 minutes, and further preferably 30 minutes to 150 minutes.
- the gas phase demineralization step (1) in the present invention is a step for removing potassium and iron contained in plant-derived char.
- the potassium content after the vapor phase decalcification step (1) is preferably 0.1% by weight (1000 ppm) or less, more preferably 0.05% by weight (500 ppm) or less, and 0.03% by weight (300 ppm) or less. Further preferred.
- the iron content is preferably 0.02% by weight (200 ppm) or less, more preferably 0.015% by weight (150 ppm) or less, more preferably 0.01% by weight (100 ppm) or less, and 0.005% by weight. (50 ppm) or less is more preferable.
- the dedoping capacity becomes small. This is because not only the undoped capacity is increased, but also these metal elements are eluted into the electrolytic solution and re-deposited, thereby causing a short circuit, which may cause a serious problem in safety.
- the contents of potassium and iron can be measured by a method such as ICP emission analysis or fluorescent X-ray analysis. Since ICP emission analysis is very small amount analysis and is susceptible to analysis accuracy due to uneven distribution of a small number of elements, a method based on general fluorescent X-ray analysis is preferable as powder analysis. In addition, content of potassium and iron in this specification is measured by a fluorescent X ray analysis method.
- the mechanism by which potassium, other alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and the like can be efficiently removed by vapor phase deashing in the production method of the present invention is not clear, but is considered as follows.
- a metal such as potassium contained in plant-derived char reacts with a halide diffused in the char to form a metal halide (for example, chloride or bromide).
- a metal halide for example, chloride or bromide
- potassium, iron, etc. can be decalcified when the produced
- high diffusion of halides in the gas phase can remove potassium and iron more efficiently than liquid phase demineralization.
- the present invention is not limited to the above description.
- the particle diameter of the plant-derived char used for vapor phase demineralization is not particularly limited. However, if the particle size is too small, it becomes difficult to separate the gas phase containing the removed potassium and the like from the plant-derived char, so the lower limit of the particle size is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 300 ⁇ m or more. .
- the upper limit of the particle diameter is preferably 10,000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 8000 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 5000 ⁇ m or less.
- the apparatus used for vapor phase demineralization is not limited as long as it can be heated while mixing the plant-derived char and the mixed gas of the inert gas and the halogen compound.
- the supply amount (circulation amount) of the mixed gas is not limited, but is 1 mL / min or more, preferably 5 mL / min or more, more preferably 10 mL / min or more per 1 g of plant-derived char.
- the heat treatment in the absence of a halogen compound is performed by heat treatment at 500 ° C. to 1250 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere not containing a halogen compound. It is preferable to carry out the reaction at a temperature equal to or higher than the temperature in the inert gas atmosphere containing the first rogen compound.
- the halogen can be removed by shutting off the supply of the halogen compound and performing the heat treatment.
- the time for the heat treatment without a halogen is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 minutes to 300 minutes, more preferably 10 minutes to 200 minutes, and further preferably 10 minutes to 100 minutes.
- the pulverizing step (2) in the production method of the present invention is a step of pulverizing the carbonaceous precursor from which potassium and iron have been removed so that the average particle diameter after firing is 3 to 30 ⁇ m. That is, the average particle size of the obtained carbonaceous material is adjusted to 3 to 30 ⁇ m by the pulverization step (2). Furthermore, it is preferable that the pulverization step (2) includes classification. The average particle diameter can be adjusted more accurately by classification, and particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less can be removed. The plant-derived char (carbon precursor) that has been degassed in the vapor phase does not melt even if heat treatment is performed.
- the order of the pulverization step (2) takes into account the efficiency of the vapor phase demineralization step.
- it will not specifically limit if it is after a deashing process (1), It is preferable to carry out before the below-mentioned baking process (3). This is because, for example, if the pulverization is carried out before decalcification, the recovery rate (yield) in the vapor phase deashing is reduced due to the fine particles, and the laying equipment for collecting the fine particles becomes large, and the equipment volume efficiency This is because it becomes lower.
- pulverization after the firing step is not excluded.
- the pulverizer used for pulverization is not particularly limited.
- a jet mill, a ball mill, a hammer mill, or a rod mill can be used alone or in combination.
- An equipped jet mill is preferred.
- fine powder can be removed by classification after pulverization.
- classification examples include classification with a sieve, wet classification, and dry classification.
- examples of the wet classifier include a classifier using a principle such as gravity classification, inertia classification, hydraulic classification, or centrifugal classification.
- Examples of the dry classifier include a classifier using the principle of sedimentation classification, mechanical classification, or centrifugal classification.
- pulverization and classification can be performed using one apparatus. For example, pulverization and classification can be performed using a jet mill having a dry classification function. Furthermore, an apparatus in which the pulverizer and the classifier are independent can be used. In this case, pulverization and classification can be performed continuously, but pulverization and classification can also be performed discontinuously.
- the order of removing particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less is not particularly limited as long as it is after the pulverization step (2), but it is preferably performed simultaneously with classification in the pulverization step (2).
- the particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less of the carbonaceous material produced by the method of the present invention are 3% by volume or less, more preferably 2.5% by volume or less, and further preferably 2.0% by volume or less.
- the average particle diameter (Dv 50 ) of the carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor obtained by the production method of the present invention is 3 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is less than 3 ⁇ m, the fine powder increases, the specific surface area increases, and an extra pre-doping of lithium ions that is not involved in actual charge / discharge is necessary, which is not preferable.
- a negative electrode is manufactured using the obtained carbonaceous material, one gap formed between the carbonaceous materials is reduced, and movement of lithium in the electrolytic solution is suppressed, which is not preferable.
- the lower limit is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the average particle size is 30 ⁇ m or less, the lithium free diffusion process in the particles is small, and rapid charge / discharge is possible, which is preferable.
- the upper limit of the average particle diameter is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 19 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 17 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 16 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the pulverized carbonaceous precursor is fired in the firing step (3), but shrinkage of about 0 to 20% occurs depending on the conditions of the main firing. Therefore, in order to finally obtain a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor having an average particle diameter Dv 50 of 3 to 30 ⁇ m, the average particle diameter of the pulverized carbonaceous precursor is adjusted to be large in the range of 0 to 20%. It is preferable to do.
- the average particle size after pulverization is not limited as long as the average particle size of the finally obtained carbonaceous material is 3 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size Dv 50 is 3 to 36 ⁇ m. It is preferably prepared, more preferably 3 to 22.8 ⁇ m, further preferably 3 to 20.4 ⁇ m, further preferably 3 to 19.2 ⁇ m, and most preferably 3 to 18 ⁇ m.
- the firing step (3) in the production method of the present invention is a step of heat-treating the pulverized carbonaceous precursor at less than 1100 ° C. in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere. This step is a step generally called “main firing” in the technical field of the present invention. Moreover, in the baking process of this invention, preliminary baking can be performed before this baking as needed.
- the temperature of the main baking is not particularly limited as long as it is lower than 1100 ° C, but the lower limit is preferably 980 ° C or higher, more preferably 1000 ° C or higher, and further preferably 1020 ° C or higher.
- the upper limit of the firing temperature is less than 1100 ° C., preferably 1080 ° C. or less, more preferably 1060 ° C. or less, and most preferably 1050 ° C. or less.
- the firing temperature is lower than 980 ° C., the carbonaceous material has many functional groups, which may cause a reaction with lithium, which is not preferable.
- the main firing is preferably performed in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere.
- the non-oxidizing gas include helium, nitrogen, and argon, and these can be used alone or in combination.
- the main calcination can be performed in a gas atmosphere in which a halogen gas such as chlorine is mixed with the non-oxidizing gas.
- the supply amount (circulation amount) of the gas is not limited, but is 1 mL / min or more, preferably 5 mL / min or more, more preferably 10 mL / min or more per 1 g of decalcified carbon precursor.
- this baking can also be performed under reduced pressure, for example, can also be performed at 10 KPa or less.
- the time for the main firing is not particularly limited, for example, the time for staying at 1000 ° C. or more can be 0.05 to 10 hours, preferably 0.05 to 3 hours, 0.05 to One hour is more preferable.
- the “carbonaceous precursor” means char derived from a vapor phase decalcification plant before the main calcination is performed.
- preliminary firing can be performed.
- the preliminary firing is performed by firing the carbon source at 300 ° C. or higher and lower than 900 ° C.
- Pre-firing removes volatile components such as CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and H 2 , and tar components, and reduces the generation of these components in the main firing, thereby reducing the burden on the calciner.
- the pre-baking temperature is less than 300 ° C., detarring becomes insufficient, and there is a large amount of tar and gas generated in the main baking process after pulverization, which may adhere to the particle surface. This is not preferable because it cannot be maintained and the battery performance is lowered.
- the pre-baking temperature is 900 ° C. or higher, the tar generation temperature region is exceeded, and the energy efficiency to be used is lowered, which is not preferable. Furthermore, the generated tar causes a secondary decomposition reaction, which adheres to the carbon precursor and may cause a decrease in performance, which is not preferable.
- Pre-baking is performed in an inert gas atmosphere, and examples of the inert gas include nitrogen and argon. Pre-baking can also be performed under reduced pressure, for example, 10 KPa or less.
- the pre-baking time is not particularly limited, but can be performed, for example, in 0.5 to 10 hours, and more preferably 1 to 5 hours. In the present invention, the pre-baking means a heat treatment at 300 ° C.
- the carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention comprises (1) plant-derived char having an average particle size of 100 to 10,000 ⁇ m in an inert gas atmosphere containing a halogen compound. A gas phase deashing step in which heat treatment is performed at 500 ° C.
- the carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention is a carbonaceous material obtained by the method for producing a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode.
- the vapor phase decalcification step (1) the pulverization step (2), the firing step (3), the plant-derived char, etc. It is described in the manufacturing method.
- the specific surface area of the carbonaceous material for negative electrode of the present invention is less than 175 m 2 / g, and physical properties such as average particle diameter, specific surface area, potassium element content and iron element content are limited.
- those having a specific surface area of 20 to 150 m 2 / g, a potassium element content of 0.1% by weight or less, and an iron element content of 0.02% by weight or less are preferable.
- Non-graphitizable carbonaceous material The carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of the present invention uses plant-derived char as a carbon source, and is therefore a non-graphitizable carbonaceous material.
- Non-graphitizable carbon has small cycle expansion and contraction due to lithium doping and dedoping reactions, and has high cycle durability.
- the plant-derived char that is the carbon source of the carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of the present invention is the one described in the “plant-derived char” section of the production method of the present invention.
- the average particle size (volume average particle size: Dv 50 ) of the carbonaceous material for negative electrode of the present invention is preferably 3 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter is less than 3 ⁇ m, the fine powder increases, and therefore, it is not preferable because pre-doping of extra lithium ions not involved in actual charge / discharge is necessary.
- the lower limit is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the average particle diameter is 30 ⁇ m or less, the lithium free diffusion process in the particles is small, and rapid charge / discharge is possible. Further, in the lithium ion capacitor, it is important to increase the electrode area for improving the input / output characteristics. For this reason, it is necessary to reduce the coating thickness of the active material on the current collector plate during electrode preparation. In order to reduce the coating thickness, it is necessary to reduce the particle diameter of the active material. From such a viewpoint, the upper limit of the average particle diameter is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 19 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 17 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 16 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 15 ⁇ m or less. .
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode carbon material of the present invention be less than 175 m 2 / g, preferably 20 ⁇ 150m 2 / g, more preferably 30 ⁇ 140m 2 / g, more preferably 30 m 2 / It is 140 m ⁇ 2 > / g or less exceeding g.
- the specific surface area is excessively large, a large amount of solvent is required at the time of producing the electrode, which makes it difficult to handle.
- the specific surface area increases, the number of carbonaceous structure ends increases, so that the number of sites that react with lithium ions increases, which may increase the irreversible capacity.
- the specific surface area is less than 175 m 2 / g, the AC resistance value of the cell becomes small. Further, when the specific surface area is 20 to 150 m 2 / g, the resistance of the lithium ion capacitor can be lowered, and the output density of the lithium ion capacitor can be further improved.
- the potassium element content of the carbonaceous material for negative electrode of the present invention is 0.1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.05% by weight or less, and further preferably 0.03% by weight or less.
- the dedoping capacity may decrease and the undoping capacity may increase.
- the iron content of the carbonaceous material for negative electrode of the present invention is 0.02% by weight or less, more preferably 0.015% by weight or less, more preferably 0.01% by weight or less, and 0.005% by weight or less. Is more preferable.
- a lithium ion capacitor using a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode with a high iron content there is a possibility of generating heat due to a micro short circuit. Moreover, there is a possibility that the doping characteristics and the dedoping characteristics are adversely affected.
- H / C ratio of the carbonaceous material for negative electrode of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- H / C is measured by elemental analysis of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms. Since the hydrogen content of the carbonaceous material decreases as the degree of carbonization increases, H / C tends to decrease. Therefore, H / C is effective as an index representing the degree of carbonization.
- H / C of the carbonaceous material of this invention is not limited, it is 0.1 or less, More preferably, it is 0.08 or less. Especially preferably, it is 0.05 or less. If the ratio H / C of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms exceeds 0.1, many functional groups are present in the carbonaceous material, and the irreversible capacity may increase due to reaction with lithium, which is not preferable.
- the lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention contains the carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention.
- the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention includes the negative electrode of the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention.
- the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention has excellent output characteristics and maintenance-free properties as compared with non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- the lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention is preferably one that occludes and carries lithium ions by a chemical method or an electrochemical method. That is, a lithium ion capacitor in which the negative electrode potential is lowered by previously doping lithium ions into the negative electrode is preferable.
- the means for doping the negative electrode with lithium ions is not particularly limited.
- a lithium ion supply source such as metallic lithium capable of supplying lithium ions can be disposed in the capacitor cell as a lithium electrode.
- the amount of the lithium ion supply source (the weight of lithium metal or the like) only needs to be an amount that provides a predetermined negative electrode capacity.
- the lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention includes the carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode of the present invention, and existing negative electrode manufacturing means can be used. That is, a negative electrode active material powder, a binder and, if necessary, a conductive powder and a thickener (such as CMC) are dispersed in an aqueous or organic solvent to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to the above-described current collector, Alternatively, the slurry may be formed into a sheet shape in advance and attached to a current collector.
- a negative electrode active material powder, a binder and, if necessary, a conductive powder and a thickener such as CMC
- the slurry may be formed into a sheet shape in advance and attached to a current collector.
- a rubber-based binder such as SBR
- a fluorine-containing resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride
- a thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, an acrylic resin, or the like
- the amount of the binder used varies depending on the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material, the electrode shape, etc., but it is appropriate to add it in a proportion of 2 to 40% by weight with respect to the negative electrode active material.
- examples of the conductive agent used as necessary include acetylene black, graphite, and metal powder.
- the amount of the conductive agent used varies depending on the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material, the electrode shape, etc., but it is appropriate to add it in a proportion of 2 to 40% with respect to the negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material used for forming the positive electrode in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly carry lithium ions and anions such as tetrafluoroborate.
- the positive electrode active material include activated carbon, conductive polymer, polyacene-based material, and the like.
- activated carbon having a wide range of particle sizes can be used.
- the average particle diameter (D50) is 3 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average pore diameter is preferably 10 nm or less, and the specific surface area is preferably 600 to 3000 m 2 / g, particularly 1300 to 2500 m 2 / g.
- the positive electrode used in the present invention is formed from the positive electrode active material powder, and the existing means can be used as in the case of the negative electrode. That is, a negative electrode active material powder, a binder and, if necessary, a conductive powder and a thickener (such as CMC) are dispersed in an aqueous or organic solvent to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to the above-described current collector, Alternatively, the slurry may be formed into a sheet shape in advance and attached to a current collector.
- a negative electrode active material powder, a binder and, if necessary, a conductive powder and a thickener (such as CMC) are dispersed in an aqueous or organic solvent to form a slurry, and the slurry is applied to the above-described current collector, Alternatively, the slurry may be formed into a sheet shape in advance and attached to a current collector.
- a rubber-based binder such as SBR
- a fluorine-containing resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride
- a thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene or polyethylene, an acrylic resin, or the like
- the amount of the binder used varies depending on the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material, the electrode shape, etc., but it is appropriate to add it in a proportion of 2 to 40% by weight with respect to the negative electrode active material.
- examples of the conductive agent used as necessary include acetylene black, graphite, and metal powder.
- the amount of the conductive agent used varies depending on the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode active material, the electrode shape, etc., but it is appropriate to add it in a proportion of 2 to 40% with respect to the negative electrode active material.
- Examples of the aprotic organic solvent for forming the aprotic organic solvent electrolyte solution in the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, Examples include dioxolane, methylene chloride, sulfolane and the like. Furthermore, a mixed solution in which two or more of these aprotic organic solvents are mixed can also be used.
- Any electrolyte can be used as long as it is an electrolyte capable of generating lithium ions as the electrolyte dissolved in the single or mixed solvent.
- Examples of such an electrolyte include LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 and the like.
- the electrolyte and the solvent are mixed in a sufficiently dehydrated state to form an electrolyte solution.
- the concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is at least 0.1 mol / L in order to reduce the internal resistance due to the electrolytic solution. The above is preferable, and the range of 0.5 to 1.5 mol / L is more preferable.
- ⁇ Evaluation test items> Particle size distribution
- the sample was put into an aqueous solution containing 0.3% by mass of a surfactant (“Toriton X100” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), treated with an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes or more, and dispersed in the aqueous solution.
- the particle size distribution was measured using this dispersion.
- the particle size distribution measurement was performed using a particle size / particle size distribution measuring apparatus (“Microtrack MT3000” manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- sample (sample) tube was filled with 0.1 g of the sample, and pretreated at 300 ° C. under reduced pressure for 5 hours.
- the sample portion was subjected to nitrogen adsorption isotherm measurement at a liquid nitrogen temperature using a specific surface area / pore distribution measuring apparatus (“Belsorb 28SA” manufactured by Nippon Bell Co., Ltd.).
- BEL analysis software Version 4.0.13
- the two points with the highest correlation coefficient are between a relative pressure of 0.01 or less and a relative pressure of 0.05 to 0.1.
- the specific surface area was determined by selecting more.
- Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- the fluorescent X-ray analysis was performed using LAB CENTER XRF-1700 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation under the following conditions. Using the upper irradiation system holder, the sample measurement area was within the circumference of 20 mm in diameter. The sample to be measured was placed by placing 0.5 g of the sample to be measured in a polyethylene container having an inner diameter of 25 mm, pressing the back with a plankton net, and covering the measurement surface with a polypropylene film for measurement. The X-ray source was set to 40 kV and 60 mA.
- LiF (200) was used as the spectroscopic crystal and a gas flow proportional coefficient tube was used as the detector, and 2 ⁇ was measured in the range of 90 to 140 ° at a scanning speed of 8 ° / min.
- LiF (200) was used for the spectroscopic crystal, and a scintillation counter was used for the detector, and 2 ⁇ was measured in the range of 56 to 60 ° at a scanning speed of 8 ° / min.
- the particle size of the coconut shell char was measured according to JIS K1474 “activated carbon test method 5.3 particle size, 5.4 particle size distribution”. A sieve with an opening of 0.125 mm was placed on the saucer, and 6 to 7 sieves with a wide opening were layered thereon, and the coconut shell char was placed in the uppermost 5.600 mm sieve and screened. When the particle diameter of the coconut shell char was smaller than 0.125 mm, the particle diameter of the coconut shell char was determined by a method for measuring the particle size distribution of the carbonaceous material described later.
- Example 1 The coconut shell char A (containing 98 mass% of particles having a particle size of 2.360 to 0.850 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry-distilling at 500 ° C. with a particle size of 2.360 to 0.850 mm was added to 100 g. Nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas is supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / minute, treated at 975 ° C. for 70 minutes, then only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas is stopped, and further heat treated for 40 minutes to form coconut shell carbon. The precursor F85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor F85 g was roughly pulverized to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liter / min, and calcined at 1000 ° C. for 360 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor.
- Table 1 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Example 2 The coconut shell is crushed and dry-distilled at 500 ° C. to 100 g of coconut shell char A (particle size: 2.360 to 0.850 mm containing 98% by mass) obtained by dry distillation at 500 ° C. Nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas is supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / min. After treatment at 950 ° C. for 90 minutes, only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas is stopped, and heat treatment is further performed for 70 minutes to obtain a coconut shell carbon precursor. The body M85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor M85 g was coarsely pulverized to a center particle size of 7 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liter / min, and calcined at 1050 ° C. for 360 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor.
- Table 1 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- a negative electrode was prepared using the carbonaceous materials obtained in Examples 1 and 2. 92 parts by mass of a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode, 2 parts by mass of acetylene black, 6 parts by mass of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and 90 parts by mass of NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) were mixed to obtain a slurry. Next, the obtained slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 14 ⁇ m, dried, and pressed to obtain an electrode having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m. The density of the obtained electrode was 0.9 to 1.1 g / cm 3 .
- Lithium doping was first performed at a rate of 70 mA / g with respect to the active material mass until 1 mV with respect to the lithium potential, and then a constant voltage of 1 mV with respect to the lithium potential was applied for 8 hours to complete the doping. .
- the capacity (mAh / g) at this time was defined as the charge capacity.
- dedoping was performed up to 2.5 V with respect to the lithium potential at a rate of 70 mA / g with respect to the weight of the active material, and the capacity discharged at this time was defined as the discharge capacity.
- the percentage of discharge capacity / charge capacity was defined as charge / discharge efficiency.
- the electrode prepared by the above preparation method was used as a working electrode, and the counter electrode was used as a LiCoO 2 electrode.
- the configuration of the counter LiCoO2 electrode used was: active material: acetylene black: PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) 89: 5: 6 (mass ratio) (density 3.0 g / cm 3 ) and capacity 165 mAh / g. It was.
- the capacity of the positive electrode was designed to be comparable to the working electrode.
- a single layer laminate cell was made.
- a polyethylene microporous membrane was used as the separator.
- a conventional pause method resistance measurement was performed using the obtained single-layer laminate cell. Specifically, for the rest method resistance measurement, the method described in Shizukuni Yada, “Practical Evaluation Technology for Lithium Ion Batteries / Capacitors”, Technical Information Association (September 2006), or Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-292272. Performed in compliance.
- This method is a direct current internal resistance measurement method for evaluating internal resistance and its time dependency from a voltage change when a direct current is applied to a cell and the current application is stopped in each charge / discharge state.
- the charge and discharge currents were set to be equivalent to 0.5C based on the results of initial charge / discharge capacity measurement.
- the battery is charged by repeating charging for 12 minutes and resting for 1 minute until the cell voltage reaches 4.2V, and discharging is performed for 12 minutes until the cell voltage reaches 2.7V for 1 minute. Discharging was performed while repeating the pause. Resistance was evaluated using the point where the third pause was performed during discharging and the point where the fifth pause was performed during charging.
- the resistance values after discharging three times and after charging five times with lithium ion batteries using the carbonaceous materials of Examples 1 and 2 as the negative electrode material are considered to have excellent output characteristics.
- Example 3 a carbonaceous material having a specific surface area of 47 m 2 / g was produced.
- 100 g of coconut shell char A (containing 98% by mass of particles having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry distillation at 500 ° C. and having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm.
- nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas was supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / minute, treated at 975 ° C. for 70 minutes, then only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas was stopped, and further heat-treated for 40 minutes to form an insulator shell Carbon precursor F85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor F85 g was coarsely pulverized to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liters / minute, and calcined at 1050 ° C. for 360 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode.
- the potassium element content and the iron content of the obtained carbonaceous material were measured according to the above-mentioned “measurement of potassium element content and content of each element such as iron”. Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Example 4 a carbonaceous material having a specific surface area of 80 m 2 / g was produced.
- 100 g of coconut shell char A (containing 98% by mass of particles having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry distillation at 500 ° C. and having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm.
- nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas was supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / minute, treated at 975 ° C. for 70 minutes, then only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas was stopped, and further heat-treated for 40 minutes to form an insulator shell Carbon precursor F85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor F85 g was coarsely pulverized to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liter / min, and calcined at 1000 ° C. for 360 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor.
- Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Example 5 a carbonaceous material having a specific surface area of 129 m 2 / g was produced.
- 100 g of coconut shell char A (containing 98% by mass of particles having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry distillation at 500 ° C. and having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm.
- nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas is supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / minute, treated at 900 ° C. for 70 minutes, then only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas is stopped, and further heat-treated for 40 minutes to form an insulator shell Carbon precursor F85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor F85 g was coarsely pulverized to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liters / minute and baked at 1000 ° C. for 240 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor.
- Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Comparative Example 1 a carbonaceous material having a specific surface area of 9 m 2 / g was produced.
- 100 g of coconut shell char A (containing 98% by mass of particles having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry distillation at 500 ° C. and having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm.
- nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas was supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / minute, treated at 1050 ° C. for 70 minutes, then only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas was stopped, and further heat-treated for 40 minutes to form an insulator shell Carbon precursor F85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor F85 g was coarsely pulverized to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liters / minute, and calcined at 1100 ° C. for 360 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a lithium ion capacitor negative electrode.
- Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Comparative Example 2 a carbonaceous material having a specific surface area of 175 m 2 / g was produced.
- 100 g of coconut shell char A (containing 98% by mass of particles having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry distillation at 500 ° C. and having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm.
- nitrogen gas containing 1% by volume of hydrogen chloride gas is supplied at a flow rate of 10 liters / minute, treated at 900 ° C. for 70 minutes, then only the supply of hydrogen chloride gas is stopped, and further heat-treated for 40 minutes to form an insulator shell Carbon precursor F85g was obtained.
- the obtained coconut shell carbon precursor F85 g was coarsely pulverized to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m with a ball mill, then pulverized and classified with a compact jet mill (Cojet system ⁇ -mkIII), and a pressure firing furnace (manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd.) Then, argon gas was supplied at a flow rate of 1.5 liters / minute and baked at 1000 ° C. for 120 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor.
- Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Comparative Example 3 a carbonaceous material without vapor phase deashing treatment was produced.
- 100 g of coconut shell char A (containing 98% by mass of particles having a particle size of 2.50 to 0.80 mm) obtained by crushing the coconut shell and dry-distilling at 500 ° C. with a ball mill Coarsely pulverize to a center particle size of 8 ⁇ m, then pulverize and classify with a compact jet mill (COJET SYSTEM ⁇ -mkIII) And calcined at 1050 ° C. for 360 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material for evaluating the amount of contained metal.
- Table 3 shows the particle size, specific surface area, and metal content.
- Table 3 shows the decalcification, firing conditions, particle properties, and metal content of the carbonaceous material. From the results in Table 3, the carbonaceous materials of Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 obtained by the vapor phase deashing method and firing of the present invention and the high temperature firing treatment without the vapor phase deashing treatment were obtained. When the metal content of the carbonaceous material comparative example 3 was compared, it was confirmed that the amount of metal elements such as potassium, calcium, aluminum, and iron was significantly reduced by the vapor phase decalcification treatment.
- a negative electrode evaluation electrode was prepared in order to measure charge / discharge capacity as a negative electrode.
- Slurry for coating by mixing 94 parts by mass of carbonaceous material and 6 parts by mass of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride, manufactured by Kureha # 1120) using a solvent NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone) so that the solid content concentration becomes 54%.
- the obtained slurry was coated on a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m, and after primary drying at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes, the coated electrode was about 40 ⁇ m thick by rolling press and secondary drying under vacuum at 120 ° C. for 3 hours.
- An electrode was obtained.
- the density of the obtained electrode was 0.89 to 0.93 g / cm 3 .
- the rolled electrode was punched to a diameter of 14 mm and used as a negative electrode evaluation electrode.
- the negative electrode half cell is placed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C., and charging is performed at a constant current rate of 70 mA / g with respect to the amount of the active material until it reaches 1 mV with respect to the lithium potential. The voltage was applied for 8 hours to complete charging. The capacity at this time was defined as a charging capacity (mAh).
- constant current charging was performed at a rate of 70 mA / g with respect to the amount of active material, and discharging was performed to 2.5 V with respect to the lithium potential.
- the capacity at this time was defined as discharge capacity (mAh).
- the difference between discharge capacity and charge capacity was taken as irreversible capacity, and the percentage of discharge capacity / charge capacity was taken as charge / discharge efficiency.
- Table 4 shows the battery performance (electrode thickness, density, capacity, efficiency vs. Li metal positive electrode) of the negative electrode half cell using the carbonaceous materials obtained in Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the negative electrode capacity of the negative electrode half using the carbonaceous material obtained in Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 of the present invention is such that the discharge capacity is in the range of 1.66 to 1.87 mAh. It can be seen that the charge / discharge efficiency shows negative electrode performance in the range of 70.7 to 80.6%.
- an activated carbon coated electrode for commercial EDLC (MDLC-) coated on a 30 ⁇ m aluminum foil and having a thickness of 60 to 70 ⁇ m and an electrode density of 0.65 to 0.70 g / cm 3. 105N2, manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.), punched to a diameter of 15 mm, and used as a positive electrode for LIC (about 15 F / cc).
- MDLC- commercial EDLC
- a positive electrode for LIC about 15 F / cc
- 1M-LiPF6_EC / DEC 1/1 vol%) was used as the electrolyte
- a 2032 type lithium ion capacitor was used in a glove box under an argon atmosphere. Produced.
- the prepared lithium ion capacitor was subjected to a charge / discharge test and an evaluation of the impedance characteristics of the lithium ion capacitor using a commercially available charge / discharge tester (TOSCAT3100, manufactured by Toyo System) and a commercially available impedance analyzer (Soatron 1225B / 1287).
- TOSCAT3100 commercially available charge / discharge tester
- Soatron 1225B / 1287 commercially available impedance analyzer
- the capacity after repeating the constant current low voltage charge (termination condition; 2 hours) at the rate of 1C and the constant current discharge at the rate of 1C three times was defined as the charge / discharge capacity (mAh).
- the difference between discharge capacity and charge capacity was taken as irreversible capacity, and the percentage of discharge capacity / charge capacity was taken as charge / discharge efficiency.
- an AC impedance measurement was performed on the fully charged lithium ion capacitor in an amplification voltage of 10 mV and a frequency in the range of 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz.
- Table 5 shows the battery performance of lithium ion capacitors using the carbonaceous materials obtained in Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the lithium ion capacitor performance of Comparative Example 2 having a specific surface area of 175 m 2 / g larger than that of Examples 3 to 5 is equivalent to that of Examples 3 to 5 in charge / discharge efficiency, but the resistance value of the cell is high. I understand. Therefore, the lithium ion capacitors using the carbonaceous materials of Examples 3 to 5 have high initial charge / discharge efficiency and low AC resistance value of the cell after 3 cycles. It is done.
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion capacitor according to the present invention is capable of efficiently removing potassium and iron, and industrially and in large quantities produces a carbonaceous material for a negative electrode of less than 20 ⁇ m derived from plants. be able to.
- the lithium ion capacitor negative electrode using the carbonaceous material of the present invention has excellent output characteristics (rate characteristics) and cycle characteristics, and therefore requires a long life and high input / output characteristics, and is a hybrid vehicle (HEV) and an electric vehicle. (EV) can be used.
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Abstract
Description
この文献では、植物性高分子由来の炭素質材料に前記金属元素を含有させることにより、炭素質材料の結晶性を低下させて難黒鉛化している。しかし、この炭素質材料は、金属元素の含有量が多いため、電池特性に悪影響を及ぼす上に、炭素質材料の結晶性及び細孔の均一性も低い。
従って、本発明の目的は、植物由来のチャーを原料とし、カリウム、及び鉄などの元素が十分に脱灰された平均粒径の小さいリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法、及びリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を提供することである。
更に、本発明者らは、液相脱灰及び気相脱灰によって得られた炭素質材料を負極として用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタの性能を検討する段階で、気相脱灰によって得られた炭素質材料を用いた場合に、ドープ特性及び脱ドープ特性が優れる傾向があることを見出した。本発明者らは、液相脱灰及び気相脱灰によって得られた炭素質材料について検討したところ、気相脱灰によって得られた炭素質材料は液相脱灰によって得られた炭素質材料と比較して、鉄元素の除去率が10倍以上優れていることを見出した。鉄元素が酸化鉄として炭素中に存在すると、酸化鉄にリチウムの挿入などの反応が起こり、ドープ特性及び脱ドープ特性に好ましくない影響を与えることが考えられる。更に、酸化鉄が金属鉄まで還元され、その際に不純物が生成する可能性がある。また、炭素中に金属鉄として存在する場合、又は電解液に溶出して金属が再析出した場合は、微小短絡を引き起こし電池の温度が上昇する可能性がある。気相脱灰によって得られた炭素質材料は、鉄元素の除去において優れており、従って液相脱灰により得られた炭素質材料と比較するとドープ特性及び脱ドープ特性に優れ、更に安全性が担保されたリチウムイオンキャパシタを作製できるものと考えられる。
更に、本発明負極用炭素質材料を用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタは、石油ピッチ由来の炭素質材料と比較すると優れた入出力特性及び低温時の抵抗が低かった。
本発明は、こうした知見に基づくものである。
[1](1)平均粒子径100~10000μmの植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理する気相脱灰工程、(2)気相脱灰した炭素質前駆体を粉砕する工程、及び(3)粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で1100℃未満で焼成する工程、を含む平均粒子径が3~30μmのリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法、
[2]粒子径1μm以下の粒子を3.0体積%以下に除去する工程を粉砕工程(2)と同時か、又は粉砕工程(2)より後に含む[1]に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法、
[3](1)平均粒子径100~10000μmの植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理する気相脱灰工程、(2)気相脱灰した炭素質前駆体を粉砕する工程、及び(3)粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で1100℃未満で焼成する工程、により調製される平均粒子径が3~30μm及び比表面積が175m2/g未満であるリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料、
[4]粒子径1μm以下の粒子を3.0体積%以下に除去する工程を粉砕工程(2)と同時か、又は粉砕工程(2)より後に含む[3]に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料、
[5]比表面積が20~150m2/gであり、カリウム元素含有量が0.1重量%以下、及び鉄元素含有量が0.02重量%以下であることを特徴とする、[3]又は[4]に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料、
[6][3]~[5]のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料を含むリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極
[7]リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極は、金属集電板に対し、活物質層が片面又は両面に存在し、片面の活物質層の厚みが80μm以下である、[6]に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極、
[8][3]~[5]のいずれかに記載の負極用炭素質材料を含むリチウムイオンキャパシタ、又は
[9][6]又は[7]に記載の負極電極を含む、リチウムイオンキャパシタ、
に関する。
ここで、特許文献8に記載の熱処理は、本発明における気相脱灰と同じようにハロゲン化合物を用いるものであるが、特許文献8における熱処理は、実施例からハロゲン化物の混合割合が20%と多く、500℃以下または1300℃以上での熱処理では、つづく賦活しょりによって、トリハロメタン吸着量が低くなるとの記載より、炭素質の表面に細孔を形成させ、更に賦活処理によって1000m2/g以上の比表面積を有するトリハロメタン及びフミン酸の吸着性が高い活性炭を製造することを目的とするものであり、本発明における気相脱灰とはその目的を異にするものである。また、特許文献8で製造されるものは、有害物質の吸着に用いる比表面積の大きい活性炭である。従って、リチウムイオンキャパシタに用いる比表面積の小さい本発明の負極用炭素質材料の技術分野と、特許文献8に記載の発明の技術分野は異なるものである。
更に、本発明における気相脱灰は、リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料としての電気的特性を改善させるための処理である。一方、特許文献8には前記の熱処理によって、トリハロメタン及びフミン酸の吸着性が向上することは記載されているが、炭素質材料の負極としての電気的特性が改善されることは、開示も示唆もされておらず、ハロゲン化合物による熱処理によって、リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料としての電気的特性に優れた炭素質材料が得られることは、驚くべきことである。
本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法は、(1)平均粒子径100~10000μmの植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理する気相脱灰工程、(2)気相脱灰した炭素質前駆体を粉砕する工程、及び(3)粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で1100℃未満で焼成する工程を含む、平均粒子径3~30μmの炭素質材料の製造方法である。更に、本発明の製造方法は、粒子径1μm以下の粒子を3.0体積%以下に除去する工程を粉砕工程(2)と同時か、又は粉砕工程(2)より後に含むことができる。
本発明に用いることのできる植物由来のチャー(炭素質前駆体)において、原料となる植物は、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、椰子殻、珈琲豆、茶葉、サトウキビ、果実(みかん、又はバナナ)、藁、広葉樹、針葉樹、竹、又は籾殻を挙げることができる。これらの植物を、単独で又は2種以上組み合わせて使用することができるが、特には大量に入手可能であることから、椰子殻が好ましい。
前記椰子殻の原料の椰子としては、特に限定されるものではなく、パームヤシ(アブラヤシ)、ココヤシ、サラク、又はオオミヤシを挙げることができる。これらの椰子から得られた椰子殻を単独又は組み合わせて使用することができるが、食品、洗剤原料、バイオディーゼル油原料などとして利用され、大量に発生するバイオマス廃棄物であるココヤシ及びパームヤシ由来の椰子殻が特に好ましい。本発明の製造方法においては、これらの植物を仮焼成してチャーの形態で入手することが可能で(例えば椰子殻チャー)、これを素原料として使用することが好ましい。チャーとは、一般的には石炭を加熱した際に溶融軟化しないで生成する炭素分に富む粉末状の固体をいうが、ここでは有機物を加熱し、溶融軟化しないで生成する炭素分に富む粉末状の固体も指すこととする。
植物からチャーを製造する方法は、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば植物原料を不活性雰囲気下で、300℃以上で熱処理することによって製造される。
また、植物由来のチャーは、カリウム以外に、アルカリ金属(例えば、ナトリウム)、アルカリ土類金属(例えばマグネシウム、又はカルシウム)、遷移金属(例えば、鉄や銅)及びその他の元素類を含んでおり、これらの金属類の含有量も減少させることが好ましい。これらの金属を含んでいると負極からの脱ドープ時に不純物が電解液中に不純物が溶出し、電池性能や安全性に悪影響を及ぼす可能性が高いからである。
本発明の製造方法における気相脱灰工程(1)は、植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理するものである。この気相脱灰によって、カリウム元素及び鉄元素などを効率よく除去することができ、特に液相脱灰と比較して、鉄元素を効率よく除去することができる。また、他のアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、更には銅やニッケルなどの遷移金属を除去することが可能である。
ハロゲン化合物は不活性ガスと混合して使用しても良く、混合する不活性ガスは、前記処理温度において、炭素質材料と反応しないものであれば、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば窒素、ヘリウム、アルゴン、クリプトン、又はそれらの混合ガスを挙げることができるが、好ましくは窒素である。更に、不活性ガスに含まれる不純物ガス、特に酸素の濃度としては、低ければ低いほど好ましいが、通常許容される酸素濃度としては、0~2000ppm、より好ましくは、0~1000ppmである。
気相脱灰においては、前記不活性ガスとハロゲン化合物との混合比は、十分な脱灰が達成される限り、限定されるものではないが、好ましくは不活性ガスに対するハロゲン化合物の量が0.1~10.0体積%であり、より好ましくは0.3~5.0体積%であり、更に好ましくは0.5~3.0体積%である。
また、気相脱灰の時間は、特に限定されるものではないが、好ましくは5分から300分であり、より好ましくは10分~200分であり、更に好ましくは30分~150分である。
カリウム及び鉄の含有量は、ICP発光分析法又は蛍光X線分析法などの方法により測定することができる。ICP発光分析は、微少量分析のため僅かな元素の偏在により、分析精度に影響を受け易いため、粉体分析として一般的な蛍光X線分析による方法が好ましい。なお、本明細書におけるカリウム及び鉄の含有量は、蛍光X線分析法によって測定されるものである。
また、気相脱灰に用いる装置も、植物由来のチャーと、不活性ガス及びハロゲン化合物の混合ガスとを混合しながら加熱できる限り、限定されるものではないが、例えば流動炉を用いて、流動床等による連続式又はバッチ式の層内流通方式で行うことができる。混合ガスの供給量(流通量)も、限定されるものではないが、植物由来のチャー1g当たり、1mL/分以上、好ましくは5mL/分以上、更に好ましくは10mL/分以上である。
本発明の製造方法における粉砕工程(2)は、カリウム及び鉄を除去した炭素質前駆体を、焼成後の平均粒子径が3~30μmになるように粉砕する工程である。すなわち、粉砕工程(2)によって、得られる炭素質材料の平均粒子径が3~30μmとなるように調整する。更に、粉砕工程(2)は、分級を含むことが好ましい。分級によって平均粒子径を、より正確に調整することができ、粒子径1μm以下の粒子を除くことも可能である。
気相脱灰された植物由来のチャー(炭素前駆体)は、熱処理を行っても溶融しないため、粉砕工程(2)の順番は、前記気相脱灰工程の効率を考慮し、前記気相脱灰工程(1)の後であれば、特に限定されないが、後述の焼成工程(3)の前に行うことが好ましい。この理由は、例えば粉砕を脱灰前に実施した場合、微粒子のため気相脱灰での回収率(収率)が低下すること、及び微粒を回収する敷設設備が大掛かりになり、設備容積効率が低くなるからである。しかしながら、焼成工程の後に粉砕することを排除するものではない。
分級として、篩による分級、湿式分級、又は乾式分級を挙げることができる。湿式分級機としては、例えば重力分級、慣性分級、水力分級又は遠心分級などの原理を利用した分級機を挙げることができる。また、乾式分級機としては、沈降分級、機械的分級、又は遠心分級の原理を利用した分級機を挙げることができる。
粉砕工程において、粉砕と分級は1つの装置を用いて行うこともできる。例えば、乾式の分級機能を備えたジェットミルを用いて、粉砕と分級を行うことができる。更に、粉砕機と分級機とが独立した装置を用いることもできる。この場合、粉砕と分級とを連続して行うこともできるが、粉砕と分級とを不連続に行うこともできる。
本発明の製造方法においては、前記のように粒子径1μm以下の粒子の含有量を3体積%以下に除去することが好ましい。粒子径1μm以下の粒子の除去は、粉砕工程(2)の後であれば、その順番は特に限定されるものではないが、粉砕工程(2)において分級と同時に行うことが好ましい。
本発明の方法により製造される炭素質材料の粒子径1μm以下の粒子は3体積%以下であり、より好ましくは2.5体積%以下であり、更に好ましくは2.0体積%以下である。粒子径1μm以下の粒子を除去することにより、不可逆容量の低いリチウムイオンキャパシタを得ることができる。
本発明の製造方法によって得られるリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の平均粒子径(Dv50)は、3~30μmである。平均粒子径が3μm未満の場合、微粉が増加し比表面積が増加し、実際の充放電に関与しない余分なリチウムイオンのプレドープが必要になり好ましくない。また、得られた炭素質材料を用いて負極電極を製造した場合、炭素質材料の間に形成される1つの空隙が小さくなり、電解液中のリチウムの移動が抑制されるため好ましくない。平均粒子径として、下限は3μm以上が好ましいが、更に好ましくは4μm以上、特に好ましくは5μm以上である。一方、平均粒子径が30μm以下の場合、粒子内でのリチウムの拡散自由行程が少なく、急速な充放電が可能であり好ましい。更に、リチウムイオンキャパシタでは、入出力特性の向上には電極面積を大きくすることが重要であり、そのため電極調製時に集電板への活物質の塗工厚みを薄くする必要がある。塗工厚みを薄くするには、活物質の粒子径を小さくする必要がある。このような観点から、平均粒子径の上限としては30μm以下が好ましいが、より好ましくは19μm以下であり、更に好ましくは17μm以下であり、更に好ましくは16μm以下、最も好ましくは15μm以下である。
なお、粉砕炭素質前駆体は、焼成工程(3)により、焼成されるが、本焼成の条件により、0~20%程度の収縮がおきる。従って、最終的に平均粒子径Dv50が3~30μmのリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得るために、粉砕炭素質前駆体の平均粒子径を、0~20%程度の範囲で大きめに調製することが好ましい。粉砕後の平均粒子径は、最終的に得られる炭素質材料の平均粒子径が3~30μmとなる限り、限定されるものではないが、具体的には平均粒子径Dv50を3~36μmに調製することが好ましく、3~22.8μmがより好ましく、3~20.4μmが更に好ましく、3~19.2μmが更に好ましく、3~18μmが最も好ましい。
本発明の製造方法における焼成工程(3)は、粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で、1100℃未満で熱処理する工程である。本工程は、本発明の技術分野においては、通常「本焼成」と呼ばれている工程である。また、本発明の焼成工程においては、必要に応じて、本焼成の前に予備焼成を行うことができる。
本焼成の温度は、1100℃未満であれば、特に限定されることはないが、下限は好ましくは980℃以上であり、より好ましくは1000℃以上であり、更に好ましくは1020℃以上である。焼成温度の上限は、1100℃未満であり、好ましくは1080℃以下であり、更に好ましくは1060℃以下であり、最も好ましくは1050℃以下である。焼成温度が980℃よりも低いと炭素質材料に官能基が多くなり、リチウムと反応を起こす可能性があり好ましくない。また、焼成温度が1100℃以上であると脱ドープ容量が小さくなるため好ましくない。
本焼成は、非酸化性ガス雰囲気中で行うことが好ましい。非酸化性ガスとしては、ヘリウム、窒素又はアルゴンなどを挙げることができこれらを単独又は混合して用いることができる。更には塩素などのハロゲンガスを上記非酸化性ガスと混合したガス雰囲気中で本焼成を行うことも可能である。ガスの供給量(流通量)も、限定されるものではないが、脱灰済みの炭素前駆体1g当たり、1mL/分以上、好ましくは5mL/分以上、更に好ましくは10mL/分以上である。また、本焼成は、減圧下で行うこともでき、例えば、10KPa以下で行うことも可能である。本焼成の時間も特に限定されるものではないが、例えば1000℃以上に滞留する時間としては、0.05~10時間で行うことができ、0.05~3時間が好ましく、0.05~1時間がより好ましい。
なお、本明細書において「炭素質前駆体」とは、本焼成が行われる前の気相脱灰植物由来のチャーを意味する。
本発明の製造方法においては、予備焼成を行うことができる。予備焼成は、炭素源を300℃以上900℃未満で焼成することによって行う。予備焼成は、揮発分、例えばCO2、CO、CH4、及びH2などと、タール分とを除去し、本焼成において、それらの発生を軽減し、焼成器の負担を軽減することができる。予備焼成温度が300℃未満であると脱タールが不十分となり、粉砕後の本焼成工程で発生するタール分やガスが多く、粒子表面に付着する可能性があり、粉砕したときの表面性を保てず電池性能の低下を引き起こすので好ましくない。一方、予備焼成温度が900℃以上であるとタール発生温度領域を超えることになり、使用するエネルギー効率が低下するため好ましくない。更に、発生したタールが二次分解反応を引き起こしそれらが炭素前駆体に付着し、性能の低下を引き起こすことがあるので好ましくない。
予備焼成は、不活性ガス雰囲気中で行い、不活性ガスとしては、窒素、又はアルゴンなどを挙げることができる。また、予備焼成は、減圧下で行うこともでき、例えば、10KPa以下で行うことができる。予備焼成の時間も特に限定されるものではないが、例えば0.5~10時間で行うことができ、1~5時間がより好ましい。なお、本発明において、予備焼成とは、本焼成前の不活性ガス雰囲気中での300℃以上900℃未満での熱処理を意味するため、前記気相脱灰処理を予備焼成と見なすこともできる。
また、前記粉砕工程(2)を予備焼成の後に行ってもよい。
本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料は、(1)平均粒子径100~10000μmの植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理する気相脱灰工程、(2)気相脱灰した炭素質前駆体を、粉砕する工程、及び(3)粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で、1100℃未満で焼成する工程、により得ることのできる平均粒子径が3~30μm、及び比表面積が175m2/g未満の炭素質材料である。すなわち、本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料は、前記リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法によって得られる炭素質材料である。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料は、植物由来のチャーを炭素源とするものであり、従って難黒鉛化性炭素質材料である。難黒鉛化性炭素はリチウムのドープ、脱ドープ反応による粒子の膨張収縮が小さく、高いサイクル耐久性を有する。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料の炭素源である植物由来のチャーは、前記本発明の製造方法の「植物由来チャー」の項に記載されたものである。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料の平均粒子径(体積平均粒子径:Dv50)は、3~30μmが好ましい。平均粒子径が3μm未満の場合、微粉が増加するために、実際の充放電に関与しない余分なリチウムイオンのプレドープが必要になり好ましくない。また、負極電極を製造した場合、炭素質材料の間に形成される1つの空隙が小さくなり、電解液中のリチウムの移動が抑制されるため好ましくない。平均粒子径として、下限は3μm以上が好ましいが、更に好ましくは4μm以上、特に好ましくは5μm以上である。一方、平均粒子径が30μm以下の場合、粒子内でのリチウムの拡散自由行程が少なく、急速な充放電が可能である。更に、リチウムイオンキャパシタでは、入出力特性の向上には電極面積を大きくすることが重要であり、そのため電極調製時に集電板への活物質の塗工厚みを薄くする必要がある。塗工厚みを薄くするには、活物質の粒子径を小さくする必要がある。このような観点から、平均粒子径の上限としては30μm以下が好ましいが、より好ましくは19μm以下であり、更に好ましくは17μm以下であり、更に好ましくは16μm以下であり、最も好ましくは15μm以下である。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料の比表面積は175m2/g未満であって、好ましくは20~150m2/gであり、より好ましくは30~140m2/gであり、更に好ましくは30m2/gを超えて140m2/g以下である。比表面積が過度に大きい場合には、電極作製時に溶剤が多量に必要となり取り扱いにくくなる。また、比表面積の増加に伴い、炭素質構造末端が増加するためリチウムイオンと反応する部位が増加し、不可逆容量が増大してしまうおそれがある。比表面積が175m2/g未満であることにより、セルの交流抵抗値が小さくなる。また、比表面積が20~150m2/gであることによって、リチウムイオンキャパシタの抵抗を低くすることができ、更なるリチウムイオンキャパシタの出力密度向上が可能となる。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料のカリウム元素含有量は、0.1重量%以下であり、0.05重量%以下がより好ましく、0.03重量%以下が更に好ましい。カリウム含量が0.5重量%を超えた負極用炭素質材料を用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタでは、脱ドープ容量が小さくなること、及び非脱ドープ容量が大きくなることがある。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料の鉄の含有量は、0.02重量%以下であり、0.015重量%以下がより好ましく、0.01重量%以下がより好ましく、0.005重量%以下が更に好ましい。鉄の含量が多い負極用炭素質材料を用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタでは、微小短絡により発熱を起こす可能性がある。また、ドープ特性及び脱ドープ特性に、悪影響を与える可能性もある。
本発明の負極用炭素質材料のH/C比は、特に限定されるものではない。H/Cは、水素原子及び炭素原子を元素分析により測定されたものであり、炭素化度が高くなるほど炭素質材料の水素含有率が小さくなるため、H/Cが小さくなる傾向にある。従って、H/Cは、炭素化度を表す指標として有効である。本発明の炭素質材料のH/Cは、限定されないが0.1以下であり、より好ましくは0.08以下である。特に好ましくは0.05以下である。水素原子と炭素原子の比H/Cが0.1を超えると、炭素質材料に官能基が多く存在し、リチウムとの反応により不可逆容量が増加することがあるので好ましくない。
本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極は、本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を含むものである。本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタは、本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極を含むものである。本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタは、非水電解質二次電池と比較して優れた出力特性及びメインテナンスフリー性を有している。
本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、負極にリチウムイオンをドーピングさせる手段は特に限定されない。例えば、リチウムイオンを供給可能な、金属リチウムなどのリチウムイオン供給源をリチウム極としてキャパシタセル内に配置できる。リチウムイオン供給源の量(リチウム金属等の重量)は、所定の負極の容量が得られる量だけあればよい。
なお、以下に本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタ用炭素質材料の物性値(「粒径分布」、「比表面積」、「カリウム元素含有率及び鉄等の各元素含有率の測定(蛍光X線分析)」の測定法を記載するが、実施例を含めて、本明細書中に記載する物性値は、以下の方法により求めた値に基づくものである。
(粒径分布)
試料を界面活性剤(和光純薬工業(株)製「ToritonX100」)が0.3質量%含まれた水溶液に投入し、超音波洗浄器で10分以上処理し、水溶液中に分散させた。
この分散液を用いて粒度分布を測定した。粒度分布測定は、粒子径・粒度分布測定装置(日機装(株)製「マイクロトラックMT3000」)を用いて行った。d10、d50、d90の求め方は以下の通りである。
d10の求め方:累積体積が10%となる粒子径
d50の求め方:累積体積が50%となる粒子径(=中心粒子径)
d90の求め方:累積体積が90%となる粒子径。
試料(サンプル)管に試料を0.1g充填し、減圧下、300℃で5時間の前処理を行った。サンプル部を液体窒素温度にて、比表面積/細孔分布測定装置(日本ベル(株)製「Belsorp28SA」)を用いて窒素吸着等温線測定を行った。得られた吸着等温線をBEL解析ソフトウェア(Version4.0.13)用いて、最も相関係数が高くなる2点を、相対圧0.01以下と、相対圧0.05~0.1の間より選択し、比表面積を求めた。
カリウム元素含有率及び鉄等の各元素含有率の測定のために、予め所定カリウム元素及び鉄等の各元素族元素を含有する炭素試料を調整し、蛍光X線分析装置を用い、カリウムKα線の強度とカリウム含有量との関係、及び鉄等の各元素Kα線の強度と鉄等の各元素含有量との関係に関する検量線を作成した。ついで試料について蛍光X線分析におけるカリウムKα線及び鉄等の各元素Kα線の強度を測定し、先に作成した検量線よりカリウム含有量及び鉄等の各元素含有量を求めた。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。蛍光X線分析は、(株)島津製作所製LAB CENTER XRF-1700を用い、以下の条件で行なった。上部照射方式用ホルダーを用い、試料測定面積を直径20mmの円周内とした。被測定試料の設置は、内径25mmのポリエチレン製容器の中に被測定試料を0.5g入れ、裏をプランクトンネットで押さえ、測定表面をポリプロフィレン製フィルムで覆い測定を行った。X線源は40kV、60mAに設定した。カリウムについては、分光結晶にLiF(200)、検出器にガスフロー型比例係数管を使用し、2θが90~140°の範囲を、走査速度8°/minで測定した。鉄については、分光結晶にLiF(200)、検出器にシンチレーションカウンターを使用し、2θが56~60°の範囲を、走査速度8°/minで測定した。
椰子殻チャーの粒度をJIS K1474「活性炭試験方法 5.3 粒度、5.4粒度分布」に準拠して測定した。受け皿に目開きが0.125mmのふるいを重ね、その上に段階的に目開きの広い6~7個のふるいを重ね、最上段の5.600mmのふるいに椰子殻チャーを入れふるい分けた。また、椰子殻チャーの粒子径が0.125mmより小さい場合は後述する炭素質材料の粒度分布の測定方法により椰子殻チャーの粒子径を求めた。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.360~0.850mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.360~0.850mmの粒子を98質量%含有)を100gに対して、塩化水素ガス1体積%含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給して、975℃で70分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に40分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1000℃で360分間焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表1に示す。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.360~0.850mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.360~0.850mmの粒子を98質量%含有)100gに対して、塩化水素ガスを1体積%含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給し、950℃、90分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に70分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体M85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体M85gをボールミルで中心粒径7μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1050℃で360分焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表1に示す。
実施例1~2で得られた炭素質材料を用いて、負極電極の作成を行った。
リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料92質量部、アセチレンブラック2質量部及びPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)6質量部とNMP(N-メチルピロリドン)90質量部とを混合しスラリーを得た。次いで、得られたスラリーを厚さ14μmの銅箔に塗布し、乾燥し、プレスして厚さ60μmの電極を得た。得られた電極の密度は0.9~1.1g/cm3であった。
前記作成方法で作成した電極を作用極として使用し、金属リチウムを対極及び参照極として使用し、エチレンカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートとを、前者/後者=3/7(体積比)で混合した溶媒に1モル/リットルの濃度でLiPF6を溶解した溶液を電解液として使用して、アルゴンライボックス中で電気化学セルを作成した。セパレータにはガラス繊維不織布を利用した。
リチウムのドーピングは、まずリチウム電位に対して1mVになるまで活物質質量に対して70mA/gの速度で行い、更にリチウム電位に対して1mVの定電圧を8時間印加して、ドーピングを終了した。このときの容量(mAh/g)を充電容量とした。次いで、活物質重量に対し70mA/gの速度でリチウム電位に対して2.5Vまで脱ドーピングを行い、このとき放電した容量を放電容量とした。放電容量/充電容量の百分率を充放電効率とした。
25℃での抵抗測定においては、前記作成方法で作成した電極を作用極として使用し、対極にLiCoO2電極に使用した。使用した対極のLiCoO2電極の構成は、活物質:アセチレンブラック:PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)を89:5:6(質量比)(密度3.0g/cm3)で、容量は165mAh/gであった。正極の容量は作用極と同程度になるように設計した。エチレンカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートとを、前者/後者=3/7(体積比)で混合した溶媒に1モル/リットルの濃度でLiPF6を溶解した溶液を電解液として使用して、アルゴンライボックス中で単層ラミネートセルを作成した。セパレータにはポリエチレン微多孔膜を利用した。
得られた単層ラミネートセルを用いて、慣用の休止法抵抗測定を行った。詳細には、休
止法抵抗測定については、矢田静邦、「リチウムイオン電池・キャパシタの実践評価技術」、技術情報協会(2006年9月)、又は特開2008-292272号公報に記載の方法に準拠して行った。この方法はセルに直流電流を印加し、各充電・放電状態で電流印加を休止した時の電圧変化から、内部抵抗及びその時間依存性を評価する直流内部抵抗測定法である。
充電、放電電流は、初期充放電容量測定の結果を基に0.5C相当になるように設定した。各測定温度にて、セル電圧が4.2Vに達するまで、12分の充電と1分の休止を繰り返しながら充電を行い、放電はセル電圧が2.7Vに達するまで12分の放電1分の休止を繰り返しながら放電を行った。放電時3回目の休止を行った点、および充電時5回目の休止を行った点を用いて抵抗を評価した。抵抗値(Rt)は、式:Rt=ΔVt/Irにより算出した。結果を表2に示す。
本実施例では、比表面積47m2/gの炭素質材料を作製した。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.50~0.80mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.50~0.80mmの粒子を98質量%含有)を100gに対して、塩化水素ガス1体積%を含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給して、975℃で70分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に40分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1050℃で360分間焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。
得られた炭素質材料のカリウム元素含有率及び鉄含有率は、前記「カリウム元素含有率及び鉄等の各元素含有率の測定」に従って測定した。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。
本実施例では、比表面積80m2/gの炭素質材料を作製した。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.50~0.80mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.50~0.80mmの粒子を98質量%含有)を100gに対して、塩化水素ガス1体積%を含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給して、975℃で70分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に40分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1000℃で360分間焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。
本実施例では、比表面積129m2/gの炭素質材料を作製した。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.50~0.80mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.50~0.80mmの粒子を98質量%含有)を100gに対して、塩化水素ガス1体積%を含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給して、900℃で70分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に40分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1000℃で240分間焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。
本比較例では、比表面積9m2/gの炭素質材料を作製した。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.50~0.80mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.50~0.80mmの粒子を98質量%含有)を100gに対して、塩化水素ガス1体積%を含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給して、1050℃で70分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に40分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1100℃で360分間焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。
本比較例では、比表面積175m2/gの炭素質材料を作製した。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.50~0.80mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.50~0.80mmの粒子を98質量%含有)を100gに対して、塩化水素ガス1体積%を含む窒素ガスを10リットル/分の流量で供給して、900℃で70分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、更に40分間熱処理して椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gを得た。得られた椰子殻炭素前駆体F85gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1000℃で120分間焼成してリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。
本比較例では、気相脱灰処理無しの炭素質材料を作製した。
椰子殻を破砕し500℃で乾留して得られた粒径2.50~0.80mmの椰子殻チャーA(粒径2.50~0.80mmの粒子を98質量%含有)100gをボールミルで中心粒径8μmまで粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(コジェットシステムα-mkIII)で粉砕、分級し、加圧焼成炉((株)モトヤマ製)でアルゴンガスを1.5リットル/分の流量で供給し、1050℃で360分間焼成して含有金属量評価用の炭素質材料を得た。粒径、比表面積、及び金属含有量を表3に示す。
実施例3~5および比較例1~2で得られた炭素質材料を用いて、負極としての充放電容量を測定するため負極セル評価用電極の作製を行なった。炭素質材料94質量部とPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン、#1120クレハ製)6質量部を、溶媒NMP(N-メチルピロリドン)を用いて固形分濃度が54%になるように混合し塗工用スラリーを得た。次いで、得られたスラリーを厚さ18μmの銅箔に塗工、80℃にて10分間一次乾燥後、圧延プレス、120℃にて3時間真空下二次乾燥によって塗工電極厚さ40μm前後の電極を得た。得られた電極の密度は0.89~0.93g/cm3であった。圧延電極は直径14mmに打抜いて負極評価用電極として用いた。
前記作成法で作製した電極(直径14mm)を作用極として使用し、厚さ200μmの金属リチウムを対極(直径15mm)として使用し、ポリプロフィレン系セパレーター(セルガード#2400)を使用して、1M-LiPF6_EC/DEC(1/1vol%)を電解液として使用して、アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中で2032型の負極ハーフセルを作製した。作製した負極ハーフセルは、市販充放電試験機(TOSCAT3100、東洋システム製)を用いて充放電試験を実施した。まず、負極ハーフセルを25℃の恒温槽に置き充電はリチウム電位に対して1mVになるまで活物質量に対して70mA/gの速度で定電流充電を行い、更にリチウム電位に対して1mVの定電圧を8時間印加して、充電を完了した。このときの容量を充電容量(mAh)とした。次にいで、活物質量に対し70mA/gの速度で定電流充電を行いリチウム電位に対して2.5Vまで放電を行い、このときの容量を放電容量(mAh)とした。放電容量と充電容量差を不可逆容量、放電容量/充電容量の百分率を充放電効率とした。
実施例3~5および比較例1~2で得られた炭素質材料を用いて、前記負極ハーフセル作製と同様の方法により負極セルを作製し炭素質負極とLi正極を短絡させ、70℃で16時間放置することで炭素質材料へのLiイオンのプレドープを行なった。次に、アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中でプレドープ済みの負極ハーフセルを分解し、HC電極を取り出しリチウムイオンキャパシタ用負極として用いた。リチウムイオンキャパシタ用の正極としては、30μmのアルミ箔上に塗工され厚さは60~70μm、電極密度は0.65~0.70g/cm3の市販EDLC用の活性炭塗工電極(MDLC-105N2、宝泉株式会社製)、直径15mmに打抜いてLIC用の正極(約15F/cc)として用いた。次に、ポリプロフィレン系セパレーター(セルガード#2400)を使用して、1M-LiPF6_EC/DEC(1/1vol%)を電解液として使用して、アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中で2032型のリチウムイオンキャパシタを作製した。作製したリチウムイオンキャパシタは、市販充放電試験機(TOSCAT3100、東洋システム製)および市販インピーダンスアナライザー(Soatron1225B/1287)を用いて充放電試験とリチウムイオンキャパシタのインピーダンス特性の評価を実施した。まず、初期充電としてリチウムイオンキャパシタを25℃の恒温槽に置き、充電は1Cのレートで4.0Vまで定電流充電を行い、更に4.0Vの定電圧を12時間印加して、充電を完了した。次いで、1Cのレートで2.0Vまで定電流放電を実施した。次いで、1Cのレートで定電流低電圧充電(終止条件;2時間)と1Cのレートの定電流放電を3回繰り返した後の容量を充放電容量(mAh)とした。放電容量と充電容量差を不可逆容量、放電容量/充電容量の百分率を充放電効率とした。リチウムイオンキャパシタの交流抵抗測定は満充電後のリチウムイオンキャパシタに対して交流インピーダンス測定を増幅電圧10mV、周波数を0.1Hz~1MHz範囲で測定を実施した。
Claims (9)
- (1)平均粒子径100~10000μmの植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理する気相脱灰工程、
(2)気相脱灰した炭素質前駆体を粉砕する工程、及び
(3)粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で、1100℃未満で焼成する工程、
を含む、平均粒子径が3~30μmのリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法。 - 粒子径1μm以下の粒子を3.0体積%以下に除去する工程を粉砕工程(2)と同時か、又は粉砕工程(2)より後に含む請求項1に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料の製造方法。
- (1)平均粒子径100~10000μmの植物由来のチャーを、ハロゲン化合物を含む不活性ガス雰囲気中で500℃~1250℃で熱処理する気相脱灰工程、
(2)気相脱灰した炭素質前駆体を粉砕する工程、及び
(3)粉砕した炭素質前駆体を、非酸化性ガス雰囲気下で、1100℃未満で焼成する工程、
により調製される、平均粒子径が3~30μm及び比表面積が175m2/g未満である、リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料。 - 粒子径1μm以下の粒子を3.0体積%以下に除去する工程を粉砕工程(2)と同時か、又は粉砕工程(2)より後に含む請求項3に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料。
- 比表面積が20~150m2/gであり、カリウム元素含有量が0.1重量%以下、及び鉄元素含有量が0.02重量%以下であることを特徴とする、請求項3又は4に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極用炭素質材料。
- 請求項3~5のいずれか一項に記載の炭素質材料を含むリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極。
- リチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極は、金属集電板に対し、活物質層が片面又は両面に存在し、片面の活物質層の厚みが80μm以下である、請求項6に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタ負極電極。
- 請求項3~5のいずれか一項に記載の負極用炭素質材料を含むリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
- 請求項6又は7に記載の負極電極を含む、リチウムイオンキャパシタ。
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| SE547225C2 (en) * | 2023-10-26 | 2025-06-10 | Stora Enso Oyj | A method for producing a carbon enriched material |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2892066B1 (en) | 2018-03-07 |
| EP2892066A1 (en) | 2015-07-08 |
| JP5647377B2 (ja) | 2014-12-24 |
| CN104641435B (zh) | 2017-05-03 |
| KR20150039885A (ko) | 2015-04-13 |
| US20150270072A1 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
| EP2892066A4 (en) | 2016-06-01 |
| JPWO2014034859A1 (ja) | 2016-08-08 |
| TWI508915B (zh) | 2015-11-21 |
| US9508494B2 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
| CN104641435A (zh) | 2015-05-20 |
| TW201418154A (zh) | 2014-05-16 |
| KR101545116B1 (ko) | 2015-08-17 |
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