WO2014024473A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014024473A1 WO2014024473A1 PCT/JP2013/004740 JP2013004740W WO2014024473A1 WO 2014024473 A1 WO2014024473 A1 WO 2014024473A1 JP 2013004740 W JP2013004740 W JP 2013004740W WO 2014024473 A1 WO2014024473 A1 WO 2014024473A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to a negative electrode material for producing a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery having high energy density and excellent large current load characteristics while maintaining high output and excellent cycle characteristics. .
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are used as power sources for portable electronic devices. However, the functions of portable electronic devices are diversifying and power consumption is increasing. Therefore, it is required to further increase the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery. Lithium ion secondary batteries are also used as power sources for electric tools and electric vehicles. In electric vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), maintaining a high charge / discharge cycle characteristic for more than 10 years and a large current load characteristic sufficient to drive a high-power motor And a high volumetric energy density is required to extend the cruising range.
- BEV battery electric vehicles
- HEV hybrid electric vehicles
- Japanese Patent No. 3534391 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-190555 Japanese Patent No. 3361510 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-320740 (US Pat. No. 5,587,255)
- graphite is used for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- Graphite includes natural graphite and artificial graphite. Natural graphite is available at a relatively low cost. Natural graphite itself is scaly. When natural graphite and a binder are mixed to obtain a paste, which is applied to a current collector, the natural graphite is oriented in one direction (see FIG. 1). When a battery having such an electrode is charged, the electrode expands in only one direction, and the battery performance decreases. In addition, since the surface of natural graphite is highly active, a large amount of gas is generated due to reaction with the electrolytic solution during the initial charge, thereby reducing the initial efficiency. Furthermore, the cycle characteristics are not so good.
- Patent Document 1 describes a graphite material obtained by coating artificial carbon on the surface of natural graphite formed into a spherical shape.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the graphite material has some performance required as a power source for portable electronic devices, but is sufficient for the performance required as a power source for electric vehicles and electric tools. Not reached.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a material formed by graphitizing mesocarbon microspheres. By using this material, a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent large current load characteristics can be manufactured. However, the cycle characteristics cannot be maintained over a long period of 10 years or longer.
- the negative electrode material using so-called hard carbon or amorphous carbon described in Patent Document 4 is excellent in characteristics against a large current and has relatively good cycle characteristics.
- the volumetric energy density is too low and the price is very expensive, it is used only for some special large batteries.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode material for producing a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery having high energy density and excellent large current load characteristics while maintaining high output and excellent cycle characteristics. That is.
- a mixed graphite material containing graphite (A) made of artificial graphite and graphite (B) formed by processing natural graphite into a spherical lump shape A mixture comprising 100 parts by mass of a mixed graphite material, 1.5 parts by mass of carboxymethyl cellulose as a thickener, 1.5 parts by mass of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as a binder and 100 parts by mass of water is provided on a copper foil. Lithium ion two-layer coating is applied at a dry coating thickness of 150 ⁇ m, dried at 70 ° C. for 12 hours, and then pressed at 1 t / cm 2 so that the porosity of the mixture layer is in the range of 25 to 36%.
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- Negative electrode material for secondary batteries [2] In the mixture layer, the ratio of the area of the 110 diffraction peak to the area of the 004 diffraction peak in the X-ray diffraction is 0.05 to 0.17.
- Graphite (A) has a 50% particle size in a volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of 10 to 30 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 0.5 to 5.0 m 2 / g, and graphite (B) is based on volume
- Graphite (A) is synthesized from non-acicular petroleum pitch coke as a raw material and has an isotropic crystal structure and has substantially no coating layer on the particle surface. With an aspect ratio of 1.00 to 1.32, an R value by laser Raman of 0.01 or more and 0.2 or less, and a thermal expansion coefficient of 30 ° C. to 100 ° C. of 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 ° C. ⁇ 1
- the negative electrode material according to any one of [1] to [3], which is at least 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 ° C. ⁇ 1 .
- [5] The negative electrode material according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the amount of graphite (A) contained in the mixed graphite material is 30 to 70% by mass.
- the negative electrode material according to any one of [1] to [6], further containing 0.1 to 15 parts by mass of fibrous carbon with respect to 100 parts by mass of the mixed graphite material.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery obtained by applying a mixture comprising the negative electrode material according to any one of [1] to [7] above and a binder on a current collector.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery containing a mixed graphite material contains graphite (A) made of artificial graphite and graphite (B) made by processing natural graphite into a spherical shape, Graphite (A) has an isotropic crystal structure synthesized from non-acicular petroleum-based pitch coke, and has an aspect ratio of primary particles of 1.00 to 1.32 and R by laser Raman.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery having a value of 0.01 to 0.2 and a mixing ratio of graphite (A) in the mixed graphite material of 20 to 80% by mass.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery containing a mixed graphite material A negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, wherein the negative electrode has a porosity in the range of 25 to 36% when the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery is pressurized at 1 t / cm 2 .
- the negative electrode material according to the present invention When the negative electrode material according to the present invention is used, a lithium ion secondary battery having a high energy density and excellent large current load characteristics can be obtained while maintaining high output and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the negative electrode material according to the present invention can be manufactured by a method that is excellent in economy and mass productivity and improved in safety.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention is made of a mixed graphite material containing graphite (A) and graphite (B).
- the graphite (A) used in the present invention is made of artificial graphite.
- Artificial graphite is produced, for example, by pulverizing a carbon raw material such as coke into a predetermined size and heat-treating the pulverized product at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher.
- As the graphite (A) it is possible to use artificial graphite whose outermost layer is coated with amorphous carbon, or whose outermost layer is coated with a graphite layer.
- the carbon raw material preferably has a weight loss of heating (for example, a volatile content of hydrocarbon accompanying carbonization) of 5 to 20% by mass when heated from 300 ° C. to 1200 ° C. in an inert atmosphere. If the amount of heat loss is small, the particle shape tends to be plate-like after pulverization, and the pulverized surface (edge portion) is exposed, and the specific surface area tends to increase and side reactions tend to increase. On the other hand, if the amount of heat loss is large, many particles are bound in the process of graphitization, which tends to affect the yield.
- a weight loss of heating for example, a volatile content of hydrocarbon accompanying carbonization
- the carbon raw material is pulverized.
- a known jet mill, hammer mill, roller mill, pin mill, vibration mill or the like is used for pulverizing the carbon raw material.
- the carbon raw material is preferably pulverized with a heat history as low as possible.
- the pulverization is performed with a low heat history, the carbon raw material is easily pulverized, and the crack direction during crushing becomes almost random, and the aspect ratio tends to be small.
- the probability that the edge portion exposed to the pulverized surface is repaired in the subsequent heating process is increased, and there is an effect that side reactions during charging and discharging can be reduced.
- the pulverized carbon raw material may be fired at a low temperature of about 500 to 1200 ° C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere before it is graphitized.
- gas generation in the next graphitization treatment can be reduced, and the bulk density is lowered, so that the graphitization treatment cost can be reduced.
- the graphitization treatment of the pulverized carbon raw material is desirably performed in an atmosphere in which the carbon raw material is not easily oxidized.
- a heat treatment method in an atmosphere such as argon gas, a heat treatment method in an Atchison furnace (non-oxidizing graphitization process), and the like can be given.
- the non-oxidizing graphitization process is preferable from the viewpoint of cost.
- the lower limit of the temperature in the graphitization treatment is usually 2000 ° C, preferably 2500 ° C, more preferably 2900 ° C, and most preferably 3000 ° C.
- the upper limit of the temperature in the graphitization treatment is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3300 ° C. from the viewpoint that a high discharge capacity is easily obtained. It is preferable not to crush or pulverize the resulting artificial graphite after the graphitization treatment. If the powder is crushed or pulverized after the graphitization treatment, the smooth surface may be damaged and the performance may be deteriorated.
- the graphite (A) used in the present invention has a 50% particle size in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of preferably 10 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 25 ⁇ m, still more preferably 12 to 20 ⁇ m. If the 50% particle size is too small, the number of particles that cannot efficiently participate in the electrochemical reaction with lithium ions tends to increase, and the capacity and cycle characteristics tend to decrease. Conversely, if the 50% particle size is too large, the contact area with the electrolyte will be small, and the output characteristics will tend to deteriorate.
- the particle size distribution can be adjusted by crushing and classifying the carbon raw material.
- the pulverizer include a hammer mill, a jaw crusher, and a collision pulverizer.
- the classification can be performed by an airflow classification method or a sieve classification method.
- the air classifier include a turbo classifier and a turboplex.
- the graphite (A) used in the present invention has a BET specific surface area of preferably 0.5 to 5.0 m 2 / g, more preferably 1 to 6 m 2 / g, still more preferably 1 to 4 m 2 / g. is there. If the BET specific surface area is too large, the surface activity of the particles increases, the Coulomb efficiency decreases due to decomposition of the electrolyte, and the cycle characteristics tend to decrease. On the other hand, if the BET specific surface area is too small, the contact area with the electrolytic solution decreases, and the output characteristics tend to deteriorate.
- graphite (A) is synthesized from non-acicular petroleum pitch coke as a raw material, has an isotropic crystal structure, and has substantially no coating layer on the particle surface.
- the aspect ratio is 1.00 to 1.32
- the R value by laser Raman is 0.01 or more and 0.2 or less
- the thermal expansion coefficient at 30 ° C. to 100 ° C. is 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 ° C. ⁇ 1 or more. What is 5.0 * 10 ⁇ -6> (degreeC) -1 or less is preferable.
- graphite (A) suitably used in the present invention has d 002 calculated by X-ray diffraction of preferably 0.335 to 0.340 nm, more preferably 0.335 to 0.337 nm.
- the graphite (B) used in the present invention is obtained by processing natural graphite into a spherical block shape. Natural graphite has a scale-like shape, and its edge surface is exposed. The edge surface easily reacts with the electrolytic solution, which is a factor of reducing the initial capacity efficiency. Natural graphite usually has high crystallinity. Natural graphite suitably used in the present invention has a d 002 calculated by X-ray diffraction of preferably 0.335 to 0.340 nm, more preferably 0.335 to 0.337 nm. Graphite (B) can be obtained by applying a mechanical external force to natural graphite and subjecting it to granulation spheroidization.
- Examples of the apparatus for spheroidizing natural graphite include a hybridizer manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd., a mechanofusion manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Co., Ltd., and a system that combines a high-speed chopper and a liner.
- the aspect ratio (length of major axis / length of minor axis) of graphite (B) used in the present invention is preferably 6 or less, more preferably 1 to 5.
- the aspect ratio can be obtained from an optical microscope image.
- the measurement may be performed by image analysis using an FPIA 3000 manufactured by Sysmex.
- the material that has become graphitic by heat treatment is pulverized, the particles tend to be flaky and the aspect ratio is high.
- the aspect ratio is high, the electrical conductivity of the electrode can be increased, but the graphite is easily oriented in one direction. Therefore, when lithium ions are intercalated into the graphite crystal by charging, the electrode is integrated. It becomes easy to expand in the direction, and the particle indirect point is lost due to the large expansion and contraction, and the cycle characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the graphite (B) used in the present invention has a 50% particle diameter in a volume-based cumulative particle size distribution, preferably 12 to 25 ⁇ m. Furthermore, it is preferable that the graphite (B) has the same 50% particle diameter as compared with the above-mentioned graphite (A), specifically, the difference between the 50% particle diameters of both is less than 10 ⁇ m. If the difference in 50% particle size between graphite (A) and graphite (B) is too large, the smaller graphite fills the gap between the larger graphite particles, and the liquid absorption property tends to deteriorate.
- the upper limit of the BET specific surface area of the graphite (B) used in the present invention is preferably 7 m 2 / g, more preferably 6 m 2 / g.
- the lower limit value of the BET specific surface area is preferably 1 m 2 / g, more preferably 1.5 m 2 / g. If the BET specific surface area is too large, the contact frequency with the electrolytic solution increases, so that the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate.
- the mixture (slurry) containing graphite (B) with a large specific surface area has a high viscosity, and there exists a tendency for applicability
- the outermost layer of graphite (B) may be coated with amorphous carbon or a fired product (graphite) of amorphous carbon.
- the amount of graphite (A) contained in the mixed graphite material is preferably 20 to 90% by mass, more preferably 20 to 80% by mass, still more preferably 30 to 70% by mass, and most preferably 50 to 70% by mass. .
- the mass ratio of graphite (B) to graphite (A) contained in the mixed graphite material is preferably 1/9 to 8/2, more preferably 3/7 to 7/3, still more preferably 5/5 to 7 /. 3. If the ratio of graphite (A) is too small, it is difficult to secure the voids of the electrode and to suppress the orientation, and the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate. Conversely, if the proportion of graphite (A) is too large, the conductivity of the electrode tends to decrease.
- the mixed graphite material can be obtained by mixing the above graphite (A) and graphite (B).
- the mixing method is not particularly limited.
- a high-speed chopper such as a Henschel mixer or a Spartan Luzer, a Nauter mixer, a ribbon mixer, or the like can be used to perform uniform mixing at high speed.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention preferably further contains fibrous carbon.
- fibrous carbon When fibrous carbon is contained, the liquid retentivity of the electrolytic solution is increased, and lithium ions are easily doped / dedoped smoothly even in a low temperature environment.
- the content of fibrous carbon is preferably 0.01 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 15 parts by mass, and further preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the mixed graphite material. is there.
- fibrous carbon When there is too much fibrous carbon, there exists a tendency for an electrical capacity to become small.
- the amount of fibrous carbon is small, the value of internal resistance at a low temperature (for example, ⁇ 40 ° C.) tends to increase.
- Fibrous carbon is preferably carbon fiber produced by vapor phase growth, so-called vapor grown carbon fiber, because of its high conductivity, small fiber diameter, and high aspect ratio. Further, among vapor grown carbon fibers, higher conductivity is preferable, and high crystallinity is desirable. In addition, since it is necessary to quickly pass a current through the entire negative electrode, the vapor grown carbon fiber includes a branched fiber (branched carbon fiber) whose crystal growth direction is parallel to the fiber axis. It is preferable. When the branched carbon fiber is contained, a network is easily formed between the graphite particles, the strength of the negative electrode is increased, and the conductivity or thermal conductivity is improved.
- the vapor grown carbon fiber can be produced, for example, by blowing an organic compound gasified with iron serving as a catalyst in a high temperature atmosphere.
- the vapor grown carbon fiber may be as it is produced, heat treated at 800 to 1500 ° C., or graphitized at 2000 to 3000 ° C., for example. May be.
- the heat treatment or graphitization treatment is preferably performed at 1500 ° C. or higher, more preferably 2000 ° C. or higher, so that the crystallinity can be increased and the conductivity can be increased. It is also effective to add boron or the like that has a function of promoting the degree of graphitization before heat treatment or graphitization.
- the vapor-grown carbon fiber of a preferable form may include those having a hollow communicating in the fiber axis direction.
- a hollow-structure carbon fiber has a structure in which a carbon layer is wound in a cylindrical shape.
- the carbon layer may have a portion that is not completely cylindrical or a portion in which a portion of the cylinder is cut off. Further, the carbon layer may have a portion where two or more layers are laminated, a portion where only one layer is formed, and the like.
- the cross section of the cylinder is not limited to a perfect circle but includes an ellipse or a polygon.
- the carbon layer is not limited by crystallinity, specifically the value of d002 .
- a suitable carbon layer has d 002 of preferably 0.344 nm or less, more preferably 0.339 nm or less, and further preferably 0.338 nm or less. Moreover, it is preferable that Lc is 40 nm or less. D 002 and Lc are the average distance between the 002 crystal planes and the average length of the crystal c-axis measured by the X-ray diffraction method.
- the preferred fibrous carbon used in the present invention has a fiber outer diameter of 2 to 1000 nm and an aspect ratio of 10 to 15000. Further, more preferable fibrous carbon used in the present invention has a fiber outer diameter of 10 to 500 nm and a fiber length of 1 to 100 ⁇ m (corresponding to an aspect ratio of 2 to 2000), or a fiber outer diameter of 2 to 50 nm. And a fiber length of 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m (corresponding to an aspect ratio of 10 to 25000).
- a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention further includes a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions known as a negative electrode active material, in addition to the graphite mixture and the fibrous carbon. Also good.
- the material include Si simple substance, Sn simple substance, Si alloy, Sn alloy, Si—Sn alloy, Si oxide, Sn oxide, and Si—Sn composite oxide.
- the content of the material is preferably 1 to 1000 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 100 parts by mass, and still more preferably 1 to 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the mixed graphite material.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is a mixture comprising the mixed graphite material and a binder applied on a copper foil, dried, and then pressurized at 1 t / cm 2.
- the mixture layer has a porosity of 25 to 36%, preferably 28 to 34%. By having such a porosity, a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery having high energy density and excellent large current load characteristics can be produced while maintaining high output and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the mixture used for determining the porosity is 100 parts by mass of mixed graphite material, 1.5 parts by mass of thickener (CMC), 1.5 parts by mass of binder (SBR), and 100 parts by mass of solvent (water). It is a slurry made by mixing. Copper foil is normally used as a current collector for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the dry coating thickness of the mixture is 150 ⁇ m, and drying is performed at 70 ° C. for 12 hours.
- a mixture containing the mixed graphite material and a binder is applied onto a copper foil, dried, and then at 1 t / cm 2 .
- the ratio of the area of the 110 diffraction peak to the area of the 004 diffraction peak in the X-ray diffraction of the mixture layer formed by pressing is preferably 0.05 to 0.17. It means that the smaller the area ratio, the larger the orientation of graphite.
- the mixture used for determining the area ratio is 100 parts by mass of the mixed graphite material, 1.5 parts by mass of the thickener (CMC), 1.5 parts by mass of the binder (SBR), and the solvent (water) 100.
- Copper foil is normally used as a current collector for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the dry coating thickness of the mixture is 150 ⁇ m, and drying is performed at 70 ° C. for 12 hours.
- a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery is a mixed graphite material containing graphite (A) made of artificial graphite and graphite (B) made by processing natural graphite into a spherical shape.
- the graphite (A) has an isotropic crystal structure synthesized from non-acicular petroleum pitch coke as a raw material, and has an aspect ratio of primary particles of 1.00 to 1. 32, the R value by laser Raman is 0.01 or more and 0.2 or less, and the amount of graphite (A) contained in the mixed graphite material is preferably 20 to 80% by mass.
- the voids inside the mixture layer are held by graphite A that is not easily crushed by pressurization.
- the graphite is easily crushed and oriented by pressurization, and the voids in the mixture layer cannot be maintained.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention is obtained by applying a mixture containing the negative electrode material according to the present invention and a binder on a current collector.
- the mixture is, for example, a slurry obtained by diluting a binder with a solvent and kneading the negative electrode material according to the present invention.
- binder examples include fluorine-based polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene; rubbers such as SBR (styrene butadiene rubber).
- the amount of the binder used is preferably 0.5 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.
- a solvent suitable for each binder can be used.
- toluene, N-methylpyrrolidone, etc. are mentioned as a solvent suitable for the fluoropolymer.
- the solvent suitable for SBR include water. The solvent may be used in an amount sufficient to adjust the viscosity to be suitable for applying the mixture.
- a ribbon mixer for kneading the negative electrode material and the binder according to the present invention, known apparatuses such as a ribbon mixer, a screw type kneader, a spartan luzer, a redige mixer, a planetary mixer, and a universal mixer can be used.
- Examples of the current collector include copper, aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, and alloys thereof.
- a copper foil is preferred as the current collector for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the method for applying the mixture to the current collector is not particularly limited. For example, it can be applied with a doctor blade or a bar coater. After coating, the obtained mixture layer can be dried and pressure-molded by a roll press or the like.
- the porosity is preferably 15 to 40%, more preferably 20 to 36%, still more preferably 25 to 34%, and particularly preferably 30 to 33%.
- the negative electrode porosity is calculated from the thickness, coating amount, specific gravity, and the like of the mixture layer formed on the current collector. Since the negative electrode porosity is related to the permeability of the electrolytic solution, it may affect the battery performance.
- the negative electrode porosity can be adjusted by the type and amount of graphite contained in the mixture, coating conditions and pressure molding conditions. When the porosity of the negative electrode is small, the liquid permeability decreases and the movement and diffusion of lithium ions tend to be hindered, so that the cycle characteristics at the high rate tend to decrease. When the porosity is large, the energy density tends to be low.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to another embodiment of the present invention preferably has a negative electrode porosity of 25 to 36%, more preferably 25 to 34%, even more preferably when pressurized at 1 t / cm 2. Is in the range of 30 to 33%.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention preferably has a negative electrode porosity of 25 to 36%, more preferably 25 to 34% when pressurized at 1 t / cm 2 after charge / discharge. More preferably, it is in the range of 30 to 33%.
- the negative electrode porosity is calculated from the thickness, coating amount, specific gravity and the like of the mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery in a preferred embodiment of the present invention contains a mixed graphite material.
- the mixed graphite material here contains graphite and a substance that is not easily crushed by pressure.
- Examples of the mixed graphite material include those containing natural graphite or artificial graphite and a substance that is not easily crushed by pressurization, and those containing graphite (A) and graphite (B) as described above (the negative electrode material according to the present invention) ) And the like.
- graphite (A) is preferable.
- a binder is added to the mixed graphite material to obtain a mixture, thereby forming a negative electrode.
- the amount of the binder contained in the mixture is preferably 10% by mass or less with respect to the mixed graphite material.
- the kind of binder is not specifically limited.
- the electrode expands slightly by charging / discharging, but the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery in a preferred embodiment of the present invention has a gap even when the electrode after charging / discharging is pressurized again at 1 t / cm 2. A rate of 25-36% is secured.
- the lithium ion secondary battery which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention has the said negative electrode.
- the lithium ion secondary battery usually contains a positive electrode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution (or electrolyte).
- the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery contains at least a positive electrode active material.
- a lithium-containing transition metal oxide is usually used.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide is an oxide containing at least a transition metal element and a lithium element.
- the transition metal element is preferably at least one selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo and W, and more preferably at least one selected from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. .
- the molar ratio of lithium element / transition metal element is preferably 0.3 to 2.2.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide may contain Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Si, P, B, Mg, etc. within a range of less than 30 mole percent of the transition metal element. .
- the value of x is a value before the start of charging / discharging, and increases / decreases by charging / discharging.
- the positive electrode active material has a 50% particle size in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution, preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m. Further, the positive electrode active material preferably has a total volume of 95% or more of the total volume of particles in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less in the volume-based particle size distribution. Furthermore, the positive electrode active material has a volume-based particle size distribution in which the total volume of particles falling in the range of 3 ⁇ m or less is 18% or less of the total volume, and the total volume of particles falling in the range of 15 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less is 18 of the total volume. % Or less is preferable.
- the positive electrode active material has a BET specific surface area of preferably 0.01 to 50 m 2 / g, more preferably 0.2 to 1 m 2 / g. Further, the positive electrode active material preferably has a pH of 7 or more and 12 or less. The pH here is adjusted to 5 ml of the positive electrode active material by adding distilled water to a total of 100 ml, boiled, then returned to room temperature, and the evaporated water is supplemented with the addition of distilled water. And then the supernatant was measured with a pH meter.
- the positive electrode may further contain a conductive additive and a binder. These may be used in the positive electrode of a conventional lithium ion secondary battery.
- the conductive aid used for the positive electrode include conductive carbon such as acetylene black, furnace black, and ketjen black; vapor grown carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, and carbon nanofiber.
- the binder used for the positive electrode include fluorine such as polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, and vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
- a rubber such as a high molecular weight polymer and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).
- a separator may be provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator include non-woven fabrics mainly composed of polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, cloth, microporous films, or combinations thereof.
- a well-known electrolytic solution or electrolyte can be used for the lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the electrolytic solution or the electrolyte include an organic electrolytic solution, an inorganic solid electrolyte, and a polymer solid electrolyte. Of these, organic electrolytes are preferred from the viewpoint of electrical conductivity.
- Organic electrolyte is obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- Organic solvents include ethers such as diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether Formamide, N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-ethylformamide, N, N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-ethylacetamide, N, N-diethylacetamide , N, N-dimethylpropionamide, hexamethylphosphoryl Amide such as sulfoxide; Sulfur-containing compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide, sul
- esters such as ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, and ⁇ -butyrolactone
- ethers such as dioxolane, diethyl ether, and diethoxyethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran
- carbonate-based nonaqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are more preferable. These solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a lithium salt is usually used as the electrolyte used for the organic electrolyte.
- the lithium salt include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCl, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , and LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- polymer solid electrolyte examples include a polyethylene oxide derivative and a polymer containing the derivative, a polypropylene oxide derivative and a polymer containing the derivative, a phosphate ester polymer, a polycarbonate derivative and a polymer containing the derivative.
- the lithium ion secondary battery may include members necessary for the battery configuration other than those described above, and there is no restriction on the selection thereof.
- the diffraction peak waveform was measured using a sample horizontal multipurpose X-ray diffractometer (Ultima IV, manufactured by Rigaku Corporation). The ratio of the area of the 110 diffraction peak to the area of the d 002 , Lc, and 004 diffraction peaks was calculated.
- TG / DTA analyzer exstar6000 TG / DTA, manufactured by SII Nano Technology
- 10 mg of the sample was placed on a platinum pan, and the temperature was raised to 1000 ° C. at 10 ° C./min under a flow of air of 100 ml / min, and thermal analysis was performed.
- the obtained mixture layer was punched out together with a copper foil to obtain a small foil piece having a size of 18 mm ⁇ . It was sandwiched between super steel press plates and pressed to a press pressure of 1.0 t / cm 2 . The porosity was calculated from the true density of the mixture and the thickness of the mixture layer. Moreover, 3 microliters of propylene carbonate (PC) was dripped at the mixture layer of the pressed small foil piece with the micro syringe. The dropped PC soaks into the mixture layer and is observed with the naked eye as if the PC disappeared from the surface of the mixture layer. The time from the end of dropping until PC disappeared from the surface of the mixture layer was measured. This time was used as an index of liquid absorbency.
- PC propylene carbonate
- Production Example 1 (Preparation of graphite a) Petroleum coke was pulverized with a bantam mill manufactured by Hosokawa Micron. Next, air classification is performed with a turbo classifier TC-15N manufactured by Nissin Engineering Co., Ltd. to obtain a carbon raw material substantially free of particles having a particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m or less. The carbon raw material was filled in a graphite crucible with a screw lid, and heat-treated at 3100 ° C. in an Atchison furnace to obtain graphite a. Graphite a had a 50% particle size of 15.5 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 2.3 m 2 / g. Moreover, the coating amount of the mixture was 7 mg / cm 2 . In graphite a, the porosity of the mixture layer was 36.4%, and the liquid absorption property of the mixture layer was 11 seconds.
- ⁇ Battery evaluation> (Anode production) Add 1.5 g of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener and water appropriately to 100 g of the mixed graphite material, adjust the viscosity, add 3.8 g of an aqueous solution in which styrene butadiene rubber fine particles with a solid content ratio of 40% are dispersed, and stir and mix Thus, a slurry dispersion having sufficient fluidity was prepared. The prepared dispersion was applied onto a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using a doctor blade so as to be uniform with a dry coating thickness of 150 ⁇ m, and dried on a hot plate. Then, it dried at 70 degreeC with the vacuum dryer for 12 hours. The dried electrode was adjusted to a density of 1.5 g / cc by roll pressing to obtain a negative electrode for battery evaluation.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- N-methyl-pyrrolidone is added as appropriate to 90 g of Li 3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 , 5 g of carbon black (manufactured by TIMCAL) as a conductive additive, and 5 g of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder. While stirring and mixing, a slurry dispersion was prepared. The produced dispersion was applied onto a 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil with a roll coater, dried, and then pressure-formed with a roll press. The coating amount of the obtained positive electrode was 10 mg / cm 2 and the electrode density was 3.0 g / cc.
- ⁇ Battery fabrication> The negative electrode and the positive electrode were punched out to obtain a negative electrode piece and a positive electrode piece having an area of 20 cm 2 .
- An Al tab was attached to the Al foil of the positive electrode piece, and an Ni tab was attached to the Cu foil of the negative electrode piece.
- a polypropylene microporous film was sandwiched between a negative electrode piece and a positive electrode piece, and placed in an aluminum laminate in that state. And electrolyte solution was poured into it. Thereafter, the opening of the aluminum laminate was sealed by heat sealing to produce a battery for evaluation (design capacity: 25 mAh).
- Example 1 70 parts by mass of graphite a and 30 parts by mass of graphite b were placed in a Fuji Panda Spartan Luther and mixed for 5 minutes to obtain a mixed graphite material A.
- the mixed graphite material A had a 50% particle size of 15.9 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 3.1 m 2 / g.
- the porosity of the mixture layer was 33.8%, and the liquid absorption property of the mixture layer was 39 seconds.
- the thickness of the mixture layer after the 1.0 t / cm 2 press was about 50 ⁇ m.
- the coating amount of the mixture was 7 mg / cm 2 .
- Table 1 shows the graphite orientation (A (110) / A (004)) and battery characteristics in the mixture layer.
- Example 2 A mixed graphite material B was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of graphite a was changed to 50 parts by mass and the amount of graphite b was changed to 50 parts by mass.
- the mixed graphite material B had a 50% particle size of 16.39 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 3.9 m 2 / g.
- the porosity of the mixture layer was 32.0%, and the liquid absorption property of the mixture layer was 36 seconds.
- the thickness of the mixture layer after the 1.0 t / cm 2 press was about 50 ⁇ m.
- the coating amount of the mixture was 7 mg / cm 2 .
- Table 1 shows the graphite orientation (A (110) / A (004)) and battery characteristics in the mixture layer.
- Example 3 A mixed graphite material C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of graphite a was changed to 30 parts by mass and the amount of graphite b was changed to 70 parts by mass.
- the mixed graphite material C had a 50% particle size of 16.8 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 4.7 m 2 / g.
- the porosity of the mixture layer was 31.2%, and the liquid absorption property of the mixture layer was 77 seconds.
- the thickness of the mixture layer after the 1.0 t / cm 2 press was about 50 ⁇ m.
- the coating amount of the mixture was 7 mg / cm 2 .
- Table 1 shows the graphite orientation (A (110) / A (004)) and battery characteristics in the mixture layer.
- Comparative Example 1 The orientation of the mixture layer (A (110) / A (004)) and battery characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixed graphite material A was changed to only graphite a. The results were as shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 2 The orientation of the mixture layer (A (110) / A (004)) and battery characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixed graphite material A was changed to only graphite b. The results were as shown in Table 1.
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Description
天然黒鉛は比較的に安価に入手できる。天然黒鉛そのものは鱗片状を成している。天然黒鉛とバインダーとを混合してペーストを得、それを集電体に塗布すると一つの方向に天然黒鉛が配向する(図1参照)。そのような電極を有する電池に充電すると電極が一方向にのみ膨張し、電池性能が低下する。また、天然黒鉛の表面は高活性であるので、初回充電時に電解液との反応などによってガスが多量に発生して初期効率を低下させる。さらに、サイクル特性もそれほど良くない。
混合黒鉛材100質量部、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース1.5質量部、バインダーとしてのスチレンブタジエンラバー(SBR)1.5質量部および水100質量部とを含んでなる合剤を銅箔上に乾燥塗膜厚150μmで塗布し、70℃で12時間乾燥させ、次いで1t/cm2で加圧してなる合剤層の空隙率が25~36%の範囲のいずれかになる、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料。
〔2〕 合剤層は、X線回折において、004回折ピークの面積に対する110回折ピークの面積の比が、0.05~0.17である。〔1〕に記載の負極材料。
〔3〕 黒鉛(A)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径が10~30μm且つBET比表面積が0.5~5.0m2/gであり、且つ
黒鉛(B)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径が12~25μm且つBET比表面積が1.5~7.0m2/gである、〔1〕または〔2〕に記載の負極材料。
〔5〕 混合黒鉛材に含有する黒鉛(A)の量が30~70質量%である、〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
黒鉛(A)は、非針状の石油系ピッチコークスを原料として合成された、等方性の結晶構造を有するもので、一次粒子のアスペクト比が1.00~1.32で、レーザーラマンによるR値が0.01以上0.2以下であり、且つ 混合黒鉛材に含有する黒鉛(A)の量が20~80質量%であるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料。
〔7〕 混合黒鉛材100質量部に対して0.1~15質量部の繊維状炭素をさらに含有する、〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
〔9〕 前記〔8〕に記載の負極を有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
〔10〕 混合黒鉛材を含有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、
前記混合黒鉛材が人造黒鉛からなる黒鉛(A)と天然黒鉛を球塊状に加工してなる黒鉛(B)とを含有するものであり、
黒鉛(A)は、非針状の石油系ピッチコークスを原料として合成された、等方性の結晶構造を有するもので、一次粒子のアスペクト比が1.00~1.32、レーザーラマンによるR値が0.01以上0.2以下であり、且つ混合黒鉛材中の黒鉛(A)の混合比率が20~80質量%である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
〔11〕 混合黒鉛材を含有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、
前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極を1t/cm2で加圧した場合の負極の空隙率が25~36%の範囲のいずれかである、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
本発明に係る負極材料は、経済性および量産性に優れ、且つ安全性の改善された方法により製造することができる。
本発明の一実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料は、黒鉛(A)と黒鉛(B)とを含有する混合黒鉛材からなるものである。
本発明に用いられる黒鉛(A)は、人造黒鉛からなるものである。人造黒鉛は、例えば、コークスなどの炭素原料を所定の大きさに粉砕し、該粉砕品を温度2000℃以上にて熱処理することによって製造される。黒鉛(A)としては、人造黒鉛の最外層に非晶質炭素が被覆されたもの、該最外層に黒鉛層が被覆されたものなどを用いることもできる。
黒鉛化処理における温度の下限は、通常2000℃、好ましくは2500℃、さらに好ましくは2900℃、最も好ましくは3000℃である。黒鉛化処理における温度の上限は特に限定されないが、高い放電容量が得られやすいという観点から、好ましくは3300℃である。
黒鉛化処理の後、得られた人造黒鉛を解砕または粉砕しないことが好ましい。黒鉛化処理後に解砕または粉砕すると、滑らかになった表面が傷つき、性能が低下するおそれがある。
本発明に用いられる黒鉛(B)は、天然黒鉛を球塊状に加工してなるものである。 天然黒鉛は鱗片状を成していて、そのエッジ面が露出している。該エッジ面は電解液と反応しやすく、初回容量効率を低下させる要因となっている。
天然黒鉛は通常、高い結晶性を有する。本発明に好適に用いられる天然黒鉛は、X線回折により算出されるd002が、好ましくは0.335~0.340nm、より好ましくは0.335~0.337nmである。
黒鉛(B)は、天然黒鉛に機械的外力を加え、造粒球状化処理を施すことによって得ることができる。天然黒鉛を球状化するための装置としては、例えば、奈良機械社製のハイブリダイザー、ホソカワミクロン社製のメカノフュージョン、高速チョッパーとライナーを組み合わせてなるシステムなどが挙げられる。
なお、黒鉛(B)の最外層に、非晶質炭素もしくは非晶質炭素の焼成品(黒鉛)の被覆があっても構わない。
気相法炭素繊維は、製造した状態のままのものであってもよいし、例えば800~1500℃で熱処理したものであってもよいし、例えば2000~3000℃で黒鉛化処理したものであってもよい。好ましくは1500℃以上、より好ましくは2000℃以上で熱処理または黒鉛化処理を行うことで結晶化度が上がり、導電性を増加させることができる。また、黒鉛化度を促進させる働きのあるホウ素などを熱処理または黒鉛化処理の前に添加しておくことが有効である。
本発明の一実施形態のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、本発明に係る負極材料とバインダーとを含んでなる合剤を集電体上に塗布することによって得られる。
合剤は、例えば、バインダーを溶媒で希釈して本発明に係る負極材料と混練することによって得られるスラリー状のものである。
溶媒は、各々のバインダーに適したものが使用できる。例えば、フッ素系ポリマーに適した溶媒としてはトルエン、N-メチルピロリドンなどが挙げられる。SBRに適した溶媒としては水などが挙げられる。溶媒は合剤を塗布するのに適した粘度に調整するのに十分な量を使用すればよい。
本発明の別の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、1t/cm2で加圧した場合における負極空隙率が好ましくは25~36%、より好ましくは25~34%、さらに好ましくは30~33%の範囲のいずれかである。また、本発明の好ましい実施形態におけるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、充放電後に1t/cm2で加圧した場合における負極空隙率が好ましくは25~36%、より好ましくは25~34%、さらに好ましくは30~33%の範囲のいずれかである。負極空隙率は集電体上に形成した合剤層の厚さ、塗布量、比重などから算出する。本発明の好ましい実施形態におけるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、混合黒鉛材を含有するものである。ここでの混合黒鉛材は黒鉛と加圧によってつぶれにくい物質とを含有するものである。混合黒鉛材としては、天然黒鉛または人造黒鉛と加圧によってつぶれにくい物質とを含有するものや、上記のような黒鉛(A)と黒鉛(B)とを含有するもの(本発明に係る負極材料)などが挙げられる。加圧によってつぶれにくい物質としては、黒鉛(A)が好ましいものとして挙げられる。当該混合黒鉛材にバインダーを添加して合剤を得、これによって負極を形成する。合剤に含有されるバインダーの量は混合黒鉛材に対して好ましくは10質量%以下である。バインダーの種類は特に限定されない。一般に、電極は充放電を行うことで若干膨らむが、本発明の好ましい実施形態におけるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極は、充放電後の電極を再び1t/cm2で加圧した場合においても、空隙率25~36%が確保される。
本発明の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、前記の負極を有するものである。リチウムイオン二次電池には、負極以外に、通常、正極、セパレータおよび電解液(または電解質)が含まれている。
遷移金属元素としては、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Mo及びWから選ばれる少なくとも1つが好ましく、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co及びNiから選ばれる少なくとも1つがさらに好ましい。
リチウム元素/遷移金属元素とのモル比は、好ましくは0.3~2.2である。
リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、遷移金属元素の30モルパーセント未満の範囲でAl、Ga、In、Ge、Sn、Pb、Sb、Bi、Si、P、B、Mgなどを含有していてもよい。
正極活物質は、BET比表面積が、好ましくは0.01~50m2/g、より好ましくは0.2~1m2/gである。
また、正極活物質は、pHが、好ましくは7以上12以下である。なお、ここでのpHは、正極活物質5gに蒸留水を添加し全体で100mlとなるように調整し、それを煮沸し、次いで室温に戻し、蒸発した分の水を蒸留水の添加で補って100mlに戻し、次いで上澄み液をpH計で測定したものである。
正極に用いられる導電助剤としては、例えば、アセチレンブラック、ファーネスブラック、ケッチェンブラックなどの導電性カーボン;気相法炭素繊維、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバなどを挙げることができる。
正極に用いられるバインダーとしては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン-クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体などのフッ素含有高分子重合体、スチレンブタジエンラバー(SBR)などのゴムを挙げることができる。
(比表面積)
比表面積測定器(ユアサアイオニクス社製NOVA1200)を用いて液体窒素温度下(77K)における窒素ガス吸着量を求め、BET法で算出した。
試料水平型多目的X線回折装置(UltimaIV、リガク社製)を用いて回折ピーク波形を測定した。d002、Lc、および004回折ピークの面積に対する110回折ピークの面積の比を算出した。
熱分析にはTG/DTA分析器(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製、EXSTAR6000 TG/DTA)を用いた。白金パンの上に試料を10mg載せ、空気100ml/分流通下、10℃/分にて1000℃まで昇温させて、熱分析を行った。
秤量した試料0.05gを純水200mlの入ったビーカーに入れ、これにトリトンX-100(ICNバイオメディカル社製、和光純薬販売)の0.1%水溶液2滴を滴下した。前記ビーカーを超音波で5分間分散処理した。その後、ビーカーに純水50mlを加え再度超音波で3分間分散処理した。レーザー回析散乱式粒度分布測定装置(日機装社製 マイクロトラックHRA)によって分散液中の粒子の粒度分布を測定した。
黒鉛材100gに、増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース1.5gおよび水97.72gを加え混ぜ合わせた。これに固形分含有率40%のスチレンブタジエンラバー微粒子の分散した水溶液3.8gを加え攪拌・混合し、塗布に適した流動性を有するスラリー(合剤)を作製した。作製した分散液を厚さ20μmの銅箔上にドクターブレードを用いて乾燥塗膜厚150μmとなるように塗布し、ホットプレート上で乾燥し、その後、真空乾燥機に入れて70℃で12時間乾燥させて、銅箔上に合剤層を形成した。合剤の塗布量は約7mg/cm2である。
得られた合剤層を銅箔とともに打ち抜いて18mmφの大きさの小箔片を3つ得た。それらのうち2つを超鋼製プレス板で挟み、プレス圧0.1t/cm2、およびプレス圧1.0t/cm2となるようにそれぞれプレスした。プレスしていない小箔片(表1には「0.0t/cm2プレス」と表記した。)、0.1t/cm2でプレスした小箔片、および1.0t/cm2でプレスした小箔片を測定用セルに両面テープで貼り付け、下記の条件でX線回折を測定した。
X線発生条件: 電圧40KV,電流30mA、
測定範囲:110面 74~80°, 004面 52~58°、
管球: 銅、
得られた回折ピーク波形を平滑化処理し、バックグランド除去及びKα2除去を行った。その後、2θ=53.2~54.7°に表れる004回折ピークの面積に対する2θ=77~78.5°に現れる110回折ピークの面積の比を算出した。
石油系コークスを細川ミクロン社製バンタムミルで粉砕した。次に、日清エンジニアリング社製ターボクラシファイアーTC-15Nで気流分級し、粒径0.5μm以下の粒子を実質的に含まない炭素原料を得る。該炭素原料を、ネジ蓋つき黒鉛ルツボに充填し、アチソン炉にて3100℃で加熱処理して、黒鉛aを得た。黒鉛aは、50%粒子径が15.5μm、BET比表面積が2.3m2/gであった。また、合剤の塗布量は7mg/cm2であった。黒鉛aは合剤層の空隙率が36.4%、合剤層の吸液特性が11秒であった。
平均粒径6μmの鱗片状の天然黒鉛をハイブリダイザー(奈良機械製)にて球状化して、黒鉛bを得た。黒鉛bは、50%粒子径が16.7μm、BET比表面積が5.9m2/gであった。また、合剤の塗布量は7mg/cm2であった。黒鉛bは合剤層の空隙率が14.2%、合剤層の吸液特性が301秒であった。
(負極作製)
混合黒鉛材料100gに増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)1.5g、水を適宜加えて粘度を調節し、固形分比40%のスチレンブタジエンラバー微粒子の分散した水溶液3.8gを加え攪拌・混合し、充分な流動性を有するスラリー状の分散液を作製した。作製した分散液を厚み20μmの銅箔上にドクターブレードを用いて乾燥塗膜厚150μmで均一となるように塗布し、ホットプレートにて乾燥した。その後、真空乾燥機で70℃、12時間乾燥した。乾燥した電極はロールプレスにより密度を1.5g/ccと調製し、電池評価用負極を得た。
Li3Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3 90g、導電助剤としてカーボンブラック(TIMCAL社製)5g、および結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5gにN-メチル-ピロリドンを適宜加えながら攪拌・混合し、スラリー状の分散液を作製した。
作製した分散液を厚さ20μmのアルミ箔上にロールコーターにより塗布し、乾燥させ、その後、ロールプレスにて加圧成形した。得られた正極の塗布量は10mg/cm2であり、電極密度は3.0g/ccであった。
非水溶媒として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を体積比3:7で混合し、電解質塩として六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1.0mol/L溶解させたものを電解液とした。
上記負極および正極を打ち抜いて面積20cm2の負極片および正極片を得た。正極片のAl箔にAlタブを、負極片のCu箔にNiタブをそれぞれ取り付けた。ポリプロピレン製フィルム微多孔膜を負極片と正極片との間に挟み入れ、その状態でアルミラミネートに入れた。そして、それに電解液を注液した。その後、アルミラミネートの開口部を熱融着によって封止して評価用の電池(設計容量25mAh)を作製した。
上限電圧4.15VとしてCC(コンスタントカレント)およびCV(コンスタントボルテージ)モードで、5mAで、カットオフ電流値1.25mAで充電を行った。
下限電圧2.8Vとして、CCモードで5mAの放電を行って、初回放電容量を測定した。
初回放電容量(1C=25mAh)を基準として、満充電状態から210分間、0.1CでCC放電し、30分間休止し、次いで25mAで5秒間放電した。このときの電圧降下量を測定した。電圧降下量からオームの法則(R=ΔV/0.025)により電池内部抵抗を測定した。SOC50%
上限電圧4.15VとしてCCおよびCVモードで、50mAで、カットオフ電流値1.25mAで充電を行った。
下限電圧2.8Vとして、CCモードで50mAの放電を行った。
上記条件で、500サイクル充放電を繰り返した。
500サイクル時の放電容量を測定した。初回放電容量に対する500サイクル時放電容量の割合を算出し、それを放電容量維持率とした。
(500サイクル後放電容量維持率(%))
=(500サイクル時放電容量)/(初回放電容量)×100
黒鉛a 70質量部と、黒鉛b 30質量部とを不二パンダル製スパルタンリューザーに入れ、5分間混合して、混合黒鉛材Aを得た。混合黒鉛材Aは50%粒子径が15.9μm、BET比表面積が3.1m2/gであった。
混合黒鉛材Aは合剤層の空隙率が33.8%、合剤層の吸液特性が39秒であった。1.0t/cm2プレス後の合剤層の厚さは約50μmであった。合剤の塗布量は7mg/cm2であった。合剤層中の黒鉛配向性(A(110)/A(004))、および電池特性は表1に示すとおりであった。
黒鉛aの量を50質量部に、黒鉛bの量を50質量部に変えた以外は実施例1と同じ方法で混合黒鉛材Bを得た。混合黒鉛材Bは50%粒子径が16.39μm、BET比表面積が3.9m2/gであった。
混合黒鉛材Bは合剤層の空隙率が32.0%、合剤層の吸液特性が36秒であった。1.0t/cm2プレス後の合剤層の厚さは約50μmであった。合剤の塗布量は7mg/cm2であった。合剤層中の黒鉛配向性(A(110)/A(004))、および電池特性は表1に示すとおりであった。
黒鉛aの量を30質量部に、黒鉛bの量を70質量部に変えた以外は実施例1と同じ方法で混合黒鉛材Cを得た。混合黒鉛材Cは50%粒子径が16.8μm、BET比表面積が4.7m2/gであった。
混合黒鉛材Cは合剤層の空隙率が31.2%、合剤層の吸液特性が77秒であった。1.0t/cm2プレス後の合剤層の厚さは約50μmであった。合剤の塗布量は7mg/cm2であった。合剤層中の黒鉛配向性(A(110)/A(004))、および電池特性は表1に示すとおりであった。
混合黒鉛材Aを黒鉛aのみに変えた以外は実施例1と同じ方法で合剤層の配向性(A(110)/A(004))および電池特性の評価を行った。結果は表1に示すとおりであった。
混合黒鉛材Aを黒鉛bのみに変えた以外は実施例1と同じ方法で合剤層の配向性(A(110)/A(004))および電池特性の評価を行った。結果は表1に示すとおりであった。
Claims (11)
- 人造黒鉛からなる黒鉛(A)と、天然黒鉛を球塊状に加工してなる黒鉛(B)とを含有する混合黒鉛材からなるものであって、
混合黒鉛材100質量部、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース1.5質量部、バインダーとしてのスチレンブタジエンラバー1.5質量部および水100質量部とを含んでなる合剤を銅箔上に乾燥塗膜厚150μmで塗布し、70℃で12時間乾燥させ、次いで1t/cm2で加圧してなる合剤層の空隙率が25~36%の範囲のいずれかになる、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料。 - 合剤層は、X線回折において、004回折ピークの面積に対する110回折ピークの面積の比が、0.05~0.17である請求項1に記載の負極材料。
- 黒鉛(A)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径が10~30μm且つBET比表面積が0.5~5.0m2/gであり、且つ
黒鉛(B)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径が12~25μm且つBET比表面積が1.5~7.0m2/gである、請求項1または2に記載の負極材料。 - 黒鉛(A)は、非針状の石油系ピッチコークスを原料として合成された、等方性の結晶構造を持ち、且つ粒子表面にコーティング層を実質的に有しないもので、一次粒子のアスペクト比が1.00~1.32で、レーザーラマンによるR値が0.01以上0.2以下で、且つ30℃~100℃の熱膨張率が4.0×10-6℃-1以上5.0×10-6℃-1以下である、請求項1~3のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
- 混合黒鉛材に含有する黒鉛(A)の量が30~70質量%である、請求項1~4のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
- 人造黒鉛からなる黒鉛(A)と、天然黒鉛を球塊状に加工してなる黒鉛(B)とを含有する混合黒鉛材からなるものであって、
黒鉛(A)は、非針状の石油系ピッチコークスを原料として合成された、等方性の結晶構造を有するもので、一次粒子のアスペクト比が1.00~1.32で、レーザーラマンによるR値が0.01以上0.2以下であり、且つ 混合黒鉛材に含有する黒鉛(A)の量が20~80質量%であるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料。 - 混合黒鉛材100質量部に対して0.1~15質量部の繊維状炭素をさらに含有する、請求項1~6のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかひとつに記載の負極材料とバインダーとを含んでなる合剤を集電体上に塗布して得られる、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項8に記載の負極を有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 混合黒鉛材を含有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、
前記混合黒鉛材が人造黒鉛からなる黒鉛(A)と天然黒鉛を球塊状に加工してなる黒鉛(B)とを含有するものであり、
黒鉛(A)は、非針状の石油系ピッチコークスを原料として合成された、等方性の結晶構造を有するもので、一次粒子のアスペクト比が1.00~1.32、レーザーラマンによるR値が0.01以上0.2以下であり、且つ混合黒鉛材中の黒鉛(A)の混合比率が20~80質量%である、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。 - 混合黒鉛材を含有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、
前記リチウムイオン二次電池用負極を1t/cm2で加圧した場合の負極の空隙率が25~36%の範囲のいずれかである、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
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| US11562862B2 (en) | 2017-03-23 | 2023-01-24 | Gs Yuasa International Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20150027167A (ko) | 2015-03-11 |
| JP6154380B2 (ja) | 2017-06-28 |
| CN104521038B (zh) | 2017-08-22 |
| CN104521038A (zh) | 2015-04-15 |
| KR101887952B1 (ko) | 2018-08-13 |
| JPWO2014024473A1 (ja) | 2016-07-25 |
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