Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
  • B01J23/755—Nickel
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/63—Pore volume
  • B01J35/633—Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/63—Pore volume
  • B01J35/635—0.5-1.0 ml/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
  • B01J35/647—2-50 nm
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0215—Coating
  • B01J37/0219—Coating the coating containing organic compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
  • B01J37/031—Precipitation
  • B01J37/035—Precipitation on carriers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/06—Washing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
  • B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
  • B01J37/086—Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
  • C01B3/24—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons
  • C01B3/26—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds of hydrocarbons using catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
  • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
  • C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
  • C01B3/40—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
  • C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
  • C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
  • C10G2/33—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts characterised by the catalyst used
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
  • C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
  • C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
  • B01J2235/30—Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/80—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their amorphous structures
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for manufacturing a powder of boehmite particles at least partially coated with a zirconium coating, to a process for manufacturing a powder of alumina particles at least partially coated with a layer of zirconium, to the powders thus manufactured, and to the use of these powders in the field of catalysis.
• Catalysis concerns numerous reactions in varied technical fields, in particular for environmental applications, petrochemistry or fine chemistry. It consists in modifying the rate of a chemical reaction by placing the reagents of this reaction in contact with a catalyst, for example platinum, which does not appear in the reaction balance.
• a catalyst for example platinum
• the catalyst is deposited beforehand on a support, for example in the form of a powder or a body consisting of such a powder. The powder may also itself occasionally serve as catalyst.
• Alumina particle powders have limited hydrothermal resistance. This is why zirconia-coated alumina particle powders were developed. The application of an undoped zirconia coating however reduces the strong acidity.
• the boehmite particle powder having: a specific surface area of greater than 220 m 2 /g and less than 390 m 2 /g, and a pore volume of greater than 0.6 cm 3 /g and less than 1 .1 cm 3 /g, and strong acidity, measured after calcination at 800°C for 2 hours, greater than 7 ⁇ /g and less than 12 ⁇ /g,
• step d) after the end of step c) and at least up to the end of step e), adjusting the pH to a value above 1 and below 4;
• the powder obtained after step f) makes it possible to manufacture, after the calcination step, a powder which has a particularly high specific surface area thermal stability, hydrothermal resistance and strong acidity.
• a process according to the invention comprises yet another, and preferably several, of the following optional characteristics:
• the zirconium oxalate concentration in the solution obtained after step a) is greater than 1 .5 mol/l and less than 2.1 mol/l.
• the homogeneity of the dispersion of boehmite particles in the solution containing a solvent and zirconium oxalate is thereby improved.
• step c) the boehmite particle powder is introduced in the form of an aqueous suspension of boehmite particles.
• the amount of boehmite particle powder introduced is such that the ratio of the number of moles of Zr element provided by the zirconium oxalate divided by the number of moles of Al element provided by the boehmite particles is greater than 0.29, preferably greater than 0.34 and/or less than 0.365.
• the boehmite particle powder has:
• step d the pH is adjusted to a value above 2, preferably above 3, and/or below 3.5.
• step e the mixing is performed at a temperature below 80°C.
• the process comprising a step i) of calcination, preferably at a temperature of between 600°C and 1 100°C.
• the invention also relates to a powder of coated boehmite particles, each coated boehmite particle comprising a boehmite grain or an aggregate of boehmite grains, and a zirconium coating, the said coating extending on average over more than 90% of the surface of the said coated boehmite particle, the zirconium being bridged via a C 2 0 4 2" group.
• the powder of coated boehmite particles according to the invention comprises more than 95%, preferably more than 98%, more than 99% and preferably substantially 100%, by number, of coated boehmite particles each consisting of a single grain of boehmite and a zirconium coating.
• more than 90% by number of the boehmite grains have an ovoid shape, the largest ellipse that may be inscribed in the contour of a grain of ovoid shape, on a photograph of the said grain, having a large axis with a length of greater than 10 nm and less than 20 nm, the largest dimension perpendicular to the said large axis being greater than 4 nm and less than 10 nm, or have the form of a fibre, the length of a boehmite grain in fibre form, on a photograph of the said boehmite grain, being greater than 60 nm and less than 100 nm and the largest dimension of this grain perpendicular to the said length being between 2 and 5 nm.
• a powder may especially be obtained or be liable to have been obtained at the end of a step f) of a process according to the invention.
• the invention also relates to a powder of coated alumina particles, each coated alumina particle comprising an alumina grain or an aggregate of alumina grains, and a layer of zirconium, the said layer covering on average more than 60% of the surface of the said coated alumina particle,
• the mass content of zirconium expressed in the form of zirconia, on the basis of the mass of the powder, being between 14% and 20%, and
• the strong acidity measured after calcination at 800°C for 2 hours, being greater than 9 ⁇ /g.
• the zirconium of the zirconium layer is in the form of zirconia.
• the zirconia layer is obtained by calcination, at a temperature of greater than 400°C, preferably greater than 600°C, preferably greater than 800°C and less than 1200°C, of a zirconium coating.
• a powder may thus be obtained or may be liable to have been obtained at the end of a step i) of a process according to the invention.
• the powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention comprises more than 50%, preferably more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, by number, of coated alumina particles according to the invention each consisting of a single grain of alumina and a zirconium layer, preferably in the form of zirconia.
• the mass content of zirconium, expressed in the form of zirconia, on the basis of the mass of the powder, is greater than 15%, preferably greater than 16%, preferably greater than 17% and/or less than 19%, preferably less than 18%.
• the zirconia of the layer is amorphous for more than 95% of its mass, or is crystalline, for more than 50% of its mass, in a quadratic and/or cubic crystallographic form, and/or is at least partially stabilized, the stabilizer content being between 1 mol% and 10 mol% on the basis of the molar sum of the contents of stabilizer and of zirconia.
• the content of stabilized alumina in the periphery of the grain or of the aggregate of grains is greater than that in the central region of the said grain or of the said aggregate of grains.
• the zirconium of the layer is not in a metallic form.
• a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention may especially have: a specific surface area of less than 300 m 2 /g and greater than 100 m 2 /g, and/or a pore volume of greater than 0.3 cm 3 /g, and less than 1 cm 3 /g, and/or a median pore diameter of greater than 3 nm and less than 15 nm.
• the invention relates to the use of a powder of coated boehmite particles according to the invention as a catalyst or a catalyst support in a catalytic reaction.
• the invention relates to the use of a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention as a catalyst or a catalyst support in a catalytic reaction, preferably chosen from the group formed by:
• hydrocarbon conversion reactions including selective oxidation reactions, hydrogenation reactions, dehydrogenation reactions, hydrogenolysis reactions, isomerization reactions, dehydrocyclization reactions and reforming reactions; selective hydrogenation reactions, and in particular selective hydrogenation reactions of molecules containing at least one carbonyl function CO, and selective hydrogenation reactions of molecules containing at least two double bonds;
• a powder of coated alumina particles or of coated boehmite particles preferably comprises more than 10, more than 1000, more than 1 000 000 coated alumina particles or coated boehmite particles, respectively.
• the percentiles or "centiles" 10 (D 10 ), 50 (D 50 ) and 90 (D 90 ) are the particle sizes of a powder corresponding to the volume percentages, 10%, 50% and 90%, respectively, on the cumulative particle size distribution curve of the particle sizes of the powder, the particle sizes being classified in increasing order. For example, 90% by volume of the particles of the powder have a size less than D 90 and 10% by volume of the particles have a size greater than or equal to D 10 .
• the percentiles may be determined by means of a particle size distribution established by means of a laser granulometer.
• the laser granulometer used herein is a Partica LA-950 machine from the company Horiba.
• D 50 corresponds to the "median size" of a set of particles, i.e. the size dividing the particles of this set into first and second populations that are equal by volume, these first and second populations comprising only particles having a size greater than or equal to, or less than, respectively, the median size.
• the specific surface area of a powder is calculated via the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method as described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society 60 (1938), pages 309 to 316.
• covered or “coated” particle means a particle consisting of a single grain or an aggregate of several grains and a coating or a layer at least partially covering and preferably totally covering the said grain or the said aggregate.
• An “aggregate” is an assembly of grains bound together, for example via charge effects or by polarity.
• coating means a deposit of solid material extending over the surface of a particle.
• the coating or layer may penetrate into any pores at the surface of the particle.
• a coating or layer is, however, delimited by an interface with the particle marking a break in the chemical composition.
• coating and "layer” are synonymous.
• coating has been used when the particle concerned is made of boehmite and the term “layer” has been used when the particle concerned is made of alumina.
• a grain for example an alumina or boehmite grain
• a particle for example a zirconium coating
• a layer for example a zirconium or zirconia layer
• alumina constitutes the main constituent of an alumina grain.
• a powder of given particles for example a powder of coated boehmite or alumina particles, is a powder comprising more than 90% by mass of such particles.
• the pore volume is the volume occupied by all of the open pores of a material, per unit volume of this material.
• the “degree of coverage" of a particle powder means the ratio between the total surface area of coating on the said particles and the total surface area of the said particles, as an arithmetic mean on all of the said particles.
• the means are arithmetic means.
• Anions N' and N" can be either mineral (e.g. CI " ) and organic (e.g.
• the oxide contents refer to the overall contents for each of the corresponding chemical elements, expressed in the form of the most stable oxide, according to the usual convention in the industry.
• a solvent preferably water
• zirconium oxalate is mixed with zirconium oxalate so as to obtain a solution.
• the zirconium oxalate is dissolved in the solvent and the solution then comprises a solvent, oxalate ions (C 2 0 4 ) 2" and a compound comprising a zirconium ion.
• a person skilled in the art knows how to adapt the conditions, especially the pH and/or the temperature of the solution, in order to obtain dissolution of the zirconium oxalate in the solvent.
• the concentration of zirconium oxalate in the solution is greater than 1 .5 mol/l, preferably greater than 1.6 mol/l, preferably greater than 1 .7 mol/l, preferably greater than 1 .8 mol/l and less than 2.1 mol/l, preferably less than 2 mol/l, preferably less than 1.9 mol/l.
• Zirconium oxalate can be obtained by dissolution of a zirconium salt, in a nitric acid and oxalic acid solution, in a solvent, preferably water, in amounts such that: the ratio of the number of moles of oxalic acid to the number of moles of zirconium salt is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to 2, a ratio of 1 .5 being preferred; the ratio of the number of moles of nitric acid to the number of moles of zirconium salt is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to
• zirconium salts salts of monocarboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids which general formulas are Zr(RCOO) 4 , ZrO(RCOO) 2 , Zr[R(C00 2 )]2 and ZrO[R(C00 2 )], R being hydrogen or any hydrogeno-carbonated chain such as CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 3 H 7 or C 4 H 9 , can be cited.
• zirconium formiate, zirconium acetate, zirconium proprionate or zirconium tartrate are used.
• Double salts which are soluble in any acidic media can also be used, such as ammonium zirconium carbonate (Zr(OH) 2 (C0 3 )2(NH 4 ) 2 ).
• zirconium oxalate consists in dissolving a zirconium hydroxide Zr(OH) 4 precipitate in a mixture of nitric acid, or hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid in quantities such that: the ratio of the number of moles of oxalic acid to the number of moles of zirconium hydroxide is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to 2, a ratio of 1 .5 being preferred; - the ratio of the number of moles of nitric acid, or of hydrochloric acid, to the number of moles of zirconium hydroxide is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to 2, a ratio of 1.5 being preferred.
• the mixture is then stirred until a clear, homogeneous solution is obtained.
• the zirconium hydroxide precipitate can be obtained by neutralizing any acidic solution comprising zirconium ion with a base.
• Preferred bases for preparing zirconium hydroxide precipitate are ammonia, soda, potash and amines.
• Preferred acidic solutions for preparing zirconium hydroxide precipitate are zirconyl nitrate, zirconium oxychloride and zirconium acetate.
• Zirconium oxalate is preferably obtained by mixing oxalic acid and zirconium oxynitrate or zirconium oxychloride, in a solvent, preferably in water, in amounts such that the ratio of the number of moles of oxalic acid to the number of moles of zirconium oxynitrate or of zirconium oxychloride is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to 2. A ratio equal to about 1.5 is preferred. The mixture is then stirred until a clear, homogeneous solution is obtained.
• zirconium oxalate is obtained by mixing zirconium basic carbonate, a nitric acid and oxalic acid solution, in a solvent, preferably in water, in amounts such that: the ratio of the number of moles of oxalic acid to the number of moles of zirconium basic carbonate is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to 2, a ratio of about 1.5 being preferred; the ratio of the number of moles of nitric acid to the number of moles of zirconium basic carbonate is greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, preferably less than or equal to 2, a ratio of about 1.5 being preferred.
• step b) the pH of the solution is adjusted to a value preferably above 6 and preferably below 7.5.
• the pH value is adjusted to a value substantially equal to 7.
• aqueous ammonia (for example 1 M) may, for example, be added.
• the powder of boehmite particles is preferably a powder having
• a specific surface area preferably greater than 240 m 2 /g and/or, preferably, less than 350 m 2 /g, preferably less than 300 m 2 /g, preferably less than 280 m 2 /g, and/or a pore volume less than 0.9 cm 3 /g, and/or
• S ⁇ 1000 ppm preferably S ⁇ 700 ppm, preferably S ⁇ 500 ppm, preferably S ⁇ 100 ppm, preferably S ⁇ 50 ppm, preferably S ⁇ 10 ppm, and/or
• - CaO ⁇ 900 ppm preferably CaO ⁇ 500 ppm, preferably CaO ⁇ 100 ppm, preferably CaO ⁇ 50 ppm, and/or - Na 2 0 ⁇ 400 ppm, preferably Na 2 0 ⁇ 100 ppm, preferably Na 2 0 ⁇ 40 ppm, and/or
• Si0 2 ⁇ 500 ppm preferably Si0 2 ⁇ 250 ppm.
• the boehmite particle powder has a median size of greater than 1 ⁇ and less than 40 m.
• the boehmite particles of the powder contain more than 90%, more than 95%, preferably more than 99% or even substantially 100% of boehmite.
• the amount of boehmite particle powder introduced is preferably such that the ratio of the number of moles of Zr element provided by the zirconium oxalate divided by the number of moles of Al element provided by the boehmite particles is greater than 0.29, preferably greater than 0.34 and/or preferably less than 0.365.
• the boehmite particle powder is introduced, into the solution obtained at the end of step b), preferably at room temperature, preferably with stirring and quite slowly so as to obtain a homogeneous mixture.
• step d) the pH is adjusted to a value preferably above 2, preferably above 3 and/or preferably below 3.5. In one embodiment, the pH is adjusted to a value of between 2 and 4, and preferably between 3 and 3.5.
• nitric acid for example 1 M
• nitric acid for example 1 M
• step e) mixing is performed, preferably for a time of greater than 10 minutes, preferably greater than 20 minutes. A mixing time of 30 minutes is suitable for use.
• the temperature is adjusted to a value of greater than 30°C and less than 90°C, preferably less than 80°C. A temperature equal to 50°C is suitable for use.
• step f) all the known filtration techniques may be performed, and in particular filtration through a Buchner funnel.
• the filtration is performed after rinsing with an acidic solution with a pH above 2, preferably above 3, and/or preferably below 3.5.
• the filtration is performed after rinsing with an acidic solution with a pH of between 2 and 4, and preferably between 3 and 3.5.
• step g) the solution filtered in step f) is rinsed with water preferably having an electrical resistivity of greater than or equal to 2 ⁇ /cm, preferably with deionized water.
• the solution is then filtered again, preferably through a Buchner funnel with deionized water.
• the coated boehmite particles according to the invention may be in the form of a paste.
• a coated boehmite particle of a powder according to the invention consists of a boehmite grain covered with a zirconium coating or an aggregate of boehmite grains covered with such a coating.
• the boehmite grain(s) preferably comprise more than 90%, more than 95%, preferably more than 99%, preferably substantially 100% of boehmite (AIO(OH)), as a mass percentage.
• the mass of the zirconium coating preferably represents more than 64%, more than 65%, more than 68% and/or less than 73%, less than 69% of the mass of the boehmite grain or of the aggregate of boehmite grains.
• the coating preferably covers more than 92%, more than 95% or substantially 100% of the surface of the boehmite grain or of the aggregate of boehmite grains.
• the zirconium content in a coated boehmite particle is greater than 32.6%, preferably greater than 33%, preferably greater than 34% and/or less than 37%, preferably less than 35%, as a mass percentage on the basis of the mass of the coated boehmite particle.
• the zirconium of the coating is bridged to the boehmite grain(s) via C 2 0 4 2" groups.
• the Zr, C and O atoms together preferably represent more than 90%, more than 95%, preferably substantially 100% of the mass of the coating, Zr being bridged via C 2 0 4 2" groups.
• the zirconium coating is in the form of a monolayer of Zr 4+ ions bridged with C 2 0 4 2" groups.
• the powder of coated boehmite particles according to the invention comprises more than 50%, preferably more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, by number, of coated boehmite particles consisting of a single boehmite grain covered with a zirconium coating.
• a coated boehmite particle may have an ovoid shape, the largest ellipse that may be inscribed in the contour of such a particle preferably having a large axis with a length of greater than 10 nm, greater than 12 nm, greater than 13 nm and less than 20 nm, or even less than 19 nm.
• the largest dimension perpendicular to the said large axis is greater than 4 nm, greater than 5 nm, greater than 6 nm and less than 10 nm.
• a coated boehmite particle may also have the form of a fibre and the length of the said particle in fibre form is greater than 60 nm, or even greater than 70 nm and less than 100 nm, or even less than 90 nm, or even less than 80 nm. Preferably, the largest dimension of this particle perpendicular to the said length is between 2 and 5 nm.
• the specific surface area of a powder of coated boehmite particles is preferably less than 390 m 2 /g, less than 350 m 2 /g, less than 300 m 2 /g, less than 250 m 2 /g, and/or greater than 100 m 2 /g, greater than 120 m 2 /g.
• the pore volume of a powder of coated boehmite particles is preferably greater than 0.3 cm 3 /g, preferably greater than 0.45 cm 3 /g, and/or less than 1 cm 3 /g, preferably less than 0.65 cm 3 /g.
• the median pore diameter is preferably greater than 3 nm, preferably greater than 6 nm and/or less than 15 nm, preferably less than 13 nm.
• the median size D 50 of the powder of coated boehmite particles, determined by laser granulometry, is preferably between 6 and 20 ⁇ , and/or
• the size D 90 of the powder of coated boehmite particles, determined by laser granulometry, is preferably between 12 and 40 ⁇ , and/or
• the size D 10 of the powder of coated boehmite particles, determined by laser granulometry, is preferably between 3 and 10 ⁇ .
• step h) the drying is preferably performed at a temperature of between 80°C and 200°C, preferably for a time of between 5 hours and 24 hours. Drying at 1 10°C for 12 hours is suitable for use. Any known technique for drying powders may be performed.
• the calcination is preferably performed at a temperature of between 600°C and 1 100°C.
• the calcination may or may not be performed at the same site as the preceding steps. In particular, it may be performed in situ, i.e. after the powder has been installed for use.
• the boehmite particles coated with a zirconium coating may be installed in the form of a washcoat, and then calcined during a first temperature rise. They then become transformed only into a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention.
• a coated alumina particle of a powder according to the invention consists of a single grain of alumina covered with a layer of zirconium or an aggregate of alumina grains covered with such a layer.
• the alumina is preferably obtained by calcination of boehmite, in particular during a step i) of a process according to the invention.
• the oxides represent more than 98%, more than 99%, or even substantially 100% of the mass of the alumina grain(s).
• the alumina grain(s) preferably comprise more than 90%, more than 95%, preferably substantially 100% of alumina, as a mass percentage.
• the alumina may be in a crystallographic form corresponding to a transition alumina, preferably delta alumina and/or theta alumina and/or gamma alumina, preferably delta alumina and/or theta alumina.
• the oxides represent more than 95%, more than 98%, more than 99%, or even substantially 100% of the mass of the zirconia layer.
• the layer preferably covers more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, more than 90%, or even more than 92%, more than 95% or substantially 100% of the surface of the alumina grain or of the aggregate of alumina grains.
• the hydrothermal resistance is thereby improved.
• the zirconium is in the form of zirconia.
• the layer preferably comprises more than 90%, more than 95%, preferably substantially 100% of zirconia, as a mass percentage on the basis of the mass of the layer.
• the zirconia content in a coated alumina particle according to the invention is greater than 14%, preferably greater than 15%, preferably greater than 16%, preferably greater than 17% and/or less than 20%, preferably less than 19%, preferably less than 18%, as a mass percentage on the basis of the oxides.
• the zirconia may be amorphous or crystalline, and optionally doped.
• the zirconia of the layer is amorphous for more than 95% of its mass.
• the zirconia of the layer is crystalline, for more than 50%, preferably for more than 60%, preferably for more than 70%, preferably for more than 80%, or even for more than 90%, or even for more than 95%, or even for more than 99%, or even for substantially 100% of its mass in a quadratic and/or cubic crystallographic form, the remainder being amorphous or monoclinic, preferably amorphous.
• a coated alumina particle may have an ovoid shape, the largest ellipse that may be inscribed in the contour of such a particle preferably having a large axis with a length of greater than 8 nm, greater than 10 nm, greater than 12 nm and less than 20 nm, or even less than 19 nm, or even less than 17 nm.
• the largest dimension perpendicular to the said large axis is greater than 3 nm, greater than 4 nm, greater than 5 nm and less than 10 nm, less than 9 nm.
• a coated alumina particle may also have the form of a fibre and the length of the said particle in fibre form is greater than 50 nm, or even greater than 60 nm and less than 100 nm, or even less than 90 nm, or even less than 85 nm.
• the largest dimension of this particle perpendicular to the said length is between 2 nm and 5 nm.
• the zirconia of the layer may be doped with a known zirconia stabilizer such as yttrium, magnesium, cerium, scandium or tungsten, preferably yttrium.
• a known zirconia stabilizer such as yttrium, magnesium, cerium, scandium or tungsten, preferably yttrium.
• the stabilizer content is between 1 mol% and 10 mol%, preferably between 2 mol% and 9 mol% on the basis of the molar sum of the contents of stabilizer and of zirconia.
• the zirconia layer consists of only one layer of zirconia molecules.
• part of the zirconia of the layer may migrate to stabilize the surface alumina of the alumina grain.
• the median size D 50 of the powder of coated alumina particles, determined by laser granulometry, is between 5 ⁇ and 20 ⁇ , and/or
• the size D 90 of the powder of coated alumina particles, determined by laser granulometry, is between 10 ⁇ and 40 ⁇ , and/or
• the size D 10 of the powder of coated alumina particles, determined by laser granulometry, is between 2 ⁇ and 10 ⁇ .
• the strong acidity, measured after calcination at 800°C for 2 hours is greater than 10 ⁇ /g.
• the strong acidity, measured after calcination at 800°C for 2 hours, is preferably less than 50 ⁇ -iol/g, preferably less than 40 ⁇ -iol/g, preferably less than 30 ⁇ -iol/g, or even less than 20 ⁇ /g, or even less than 15 ⁇ /g, or even less than 12 ⁇ /g.
• the oxides represent more than 98%, more than 99%, or even substantially 100% of the powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention.
• the chemical composition of the powder of coated alumina particles, after calcination at 800°C, is preferably such that, as mass percentages:
• ppm 100 ppm, preferably S ⁇ 50 ppm, preferably S ⁇ 10 ppm, and/or - CaO ⁇ 900 ppm, preferably CaO ⁇ 500 ppm, preferably CaO ⁇ 100 ppm, preferably CaO ⁇ 50 ppm, and/or - Na 2 0 ⁇ 400 ppm, preferably Na 2 0 ⁇ 100 ppm, preferably Na 2 0 ⁇ 40 ppm, and/or
• Si0 2 ⁇ 500 ppm preferably Si0 2 ⁇ 250 ppm.
• the zirconia content in a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention is greater than 14%, preferably greater than 15%, preferably greater than 16%, preferably greater than 17% and/or less than 20%, preferably less than 19%, preferably less than 18%, as mass percentages on the basis of the oxides of the powder.
• the specific surface area of a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention is preferably less than 300 m 2 /g, less than 250 m 2 /g, and/or greater than 100 m 2 /g, greater than 120 m 2 /g.
• the pore volume of a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention is preferably greater than 0.3 cm 3 /g, preferably greater than 0.45 cm 3 /g, and/or less than 1 cm 3 /g, preferably less than 0.65 cm 3 /g.
• the median pore diameter is preferably greater than 3 nm, preferably greater than 6 nm and/or less than 15 nm, preferably less than 13 nm.
• the shape and size of the coated alumina particles according to the invention are substantially identical to those of the boehmite particles from which they are derived.
• a deaggregation may optionally be performed after step h) or step i), in order to break down any aggregates in the final powder.
• a powder of coated boehmite particles or a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention may be used as catalyst or as catalyst support. It may also be placed in the form of a body which may be used as catalyst or as catalyst support.
• the catalyst deposited on the surface of the support may be a metal, preferably chosen from the group of metals from columns 8, 9 and 10 of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
• the catalyst may also be an oxide, preferably chosen from lanthanum oxide and/or transition metal oxides, for instance V 2 0 5 or Cr 2 0 3 , and/or oxides of elements from columns 14 and 15, preferably tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and/or bismuth (Bi) oxides.
• oxides preferably chosen from lanthanum oxide and/or transition metal oxides, for instance V 2 0 5 or Cr 2 0 3 , and/or oxides of elements from columns 14 and 15, preferably tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and/or bismuth (Bi) oxides.
• the catalyst may also be a carbide, preferably chosen from transition metal carbides, for instance molybdenum carbide and/or tungsten carbide.
• the catalyst may also be a sulfide, preferably chosen from transition metal sulfides, preferably molybdenum sulfides and tungsten sulfides, optionally doped with cobalt or nickel (for example CoMoS).
• the support is impregnated with an aqueous or non-aqueous solution containing a catalyst precursor.
• the impregnated support then undergoes a maturation step to enable the impregnation solution to penetrate by capillary action into the pores of the support.
• the duration of this step is generally greater than 5 hours.
• the impregnated support is then dried by any drying means known to those skilled in the art, for instance by baking, optionally under vacuum.
• the drying temperature is generally less than 500°C, or even less than 250°C, in particular when the powder is a boehmite powder according to the invention, the drying time being adjusted such that the impregnated support has, at the end of this step, a residual moisture content of less than 1 % by mass.
• the impregnated support is a powder of coated alumina particles according to the invention
• the said impregnated and dried support then undergoes a calcination step, generally at a temperature of greater than 800°C and less than 1000°C, and generally for a stage time of greater than 1 hour.
• the calcination step makes it possible to remove any binders contained in the support and originating from the impregnation solution.
• the drying step and the calcination step may be performed as a single operation.
• the dried and optionally calcined impregnated support then undergoes an activation operation, known to those skilled in the art.
• This step proceeds under a controlled atmosphere, adjusted to the selected catalyst (for example under a sulfurizing mixture for a sulfide-based catalyst).
• the support may be termed a "catalytic system”.
• this activation step may be performed directly in the catalysis reactor.
• An additional optional step of passivation may be performed after activation, especially to facilitate the transportation of the catalytic system. Generally, this step is performed under a flush of gas in an oxidizing medium, at temperatures below 100°C. A reactivation step must then be performed in the reactor.
• the catalyst represents less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 7%, less than 5% of the mass of the catalytic system.
• the examples that follow are given for illustrative purposes and are non-limiting.
• the pore volume is conventionally measured by adsorption and desorption of nitrogen at -196°C, on a Nova 2000 model machine sold by the company Quantachrome.
• the samples are desorbed beforehand under vacuum at 250°C for 2 hours.
• the hydrothermal resistance is measured by evaluation of the stability of the specific surface area and of the pore volume.
• the sample is brought to a temperature of 800°C, at an increase rate equal to 2°C/minute.
• steam is injected into the reactor, via a stream of helium, so as to maintain a content of steam in contact with the powder of 10% by volume.
• the powder is maintained at 800°C for 16 hours.
• the temperature is then returned to room temperature at a rate equal to 5°C/minute, the introduction of steam being stopped at a temperature of 200°C.
• the change in the specific surface area is equal to 100x(1 -[[(specific surface area before heat treatment) - (specific surface area after heat treatment)]/(specific surface area before heat treatment)]).
• a change of close to 100 shows high stability of the specific surface area.
• the change in the pore volume is equal to 100x(1 x[[(pore volume before heat treatment) - (pore volume after heat treatment)]/(pore volume before heat treatment)]).
• a change of close to 100 shows high stability of the pore volume.
• the strong acidity of a particle powder calcined beforehand at 800°C is determined by adsorption and desorption of NH 3 , measured as a function of the temperature, on an Atochem 2920 machine sold by the company Micromeritics. NH 3 is adsorbed onto the acid sites and the desorption of NH 3 as the temperature increases is recorded. This desorption is linked to the number of acid sites present. The desorption of NH 3 at temperatures below 500°C gives the weak acidity of the powder. The desorption of NH 3 at temperatures above 500°C gives the strong acidity of the powder.
• the degree of coverage is evaluated by comparison of the adsorption-desorption of S0 2 of the test sample and of a reference powder of particles consisting of the material of the grains of the test sample, the particle size distributions of the sample and of the said reference powder being substantially identical.
• a comparison of the amounts of S0 2 measured after desorption on an alumina powder at least partially coated with zirconia and on a reference alumina powder makes it possible to determine the degree of coverage of the said coated alumina powder.
• a boehmite powder Versal calcined at a temperature equal to 800°C may be used as reference powder to evaluate the degree of coverage of a powder of alumina particles coated with a zirconium coating.
• the measurements are performed on powders calcined beforehand for 2 hours, at a temperature equal to 800°C for Examples 1 , 4, 6, 10 and 1 1 , equal to 900°C for Examples 2, 7 and 9, and equal to 1000°C for Examples 3 and 8.
• 0.2 to 0.5 g of a sample of test powder is placed in a mass spectrometer.
• the sample is then brought to 800°C and maintained for 1 hour at this temperature.
• the temperature of the sample is then reduced to 150°C and the said sample is exposed to a flush of helium containing 1031 ppm of S0 2 , at a flow rate equal to 50 ml/minute, for 30 minutes.
• the sample is then cooled to room temperature and exposed to a flush of nitrogen, at a flow rate equal to 50 ml/minute, for 1 hour.
• the amount of S0 2 desorbed is then measured by temperature- programmed spectroscopy (thermal programmed desorption, TPD), with a temperature increase rate of 5°C/minute up to 1050°C, under a stream of nitrogen equal to 50 ml/minute.
• TPD temperature- programmed desorption
• the amount of S0 2 desorbed is calculated by the area of the peaks of the TPD curve.
• S0 2 is desorbed with alumina at a temperature below 700°C, and with zirconia at a temperature above 700°C.
• the degree of coverage Dc of a coated particle powder is evaluated by the following ratio:
• Dc 100x[1 - [(amount of S0 2 desorbed below 700°C on the sample)/(amount of S0 2 desorbed below 700°C on the reference powder)]].
• the thermal stability of the specific surface area is determined via the following method: a sample of the test powder is brought to and maintained at 800°C, 900°C or 1000°C, respectively, for 2 hours, and then returned to room temperature. Measurement of the specific surface area is then performed. For each of the calcination temperatures, the thermal stability of the specific surface area is evaluated via the following ratio:
• the thermal stability of the test powder at a given temperature is compared with the measurement of the specific surface area of a boehmite powder Versal which has undergone a heat treatment at an identical temperature.
• the particle form may be determined using a bright-field transmission electron microscope.
• the starting materials used for the examples are the following: a boehmite powder Versal sold by the company Sasol, which has a specific surface area equal to 286 m 2 /g and a pore volume equal to 0.72 cm 3 /g;
• a boehmite powder Catapal B sold by the company Sasol which has a specific surface area equal to 210 m 2 /g and a pore volume equal to 0.34 cm 3 /g;
• Examples 1 * , 2 * and 3 * which are outside the invention, are powders of theta and delta alumina particles, obtained after calcination at a temperature T equal to 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C, respectively, for 2 hours of a boehmite powder Versal.
• Example 4 * which is outside the invention, is a zirconium hydrate powder sold by the company Saint-Gobain Zirpro, calcined at 800°C for 2 hours.
• Example 5 according to the invention, was manufactured according to the process below according to the invention:
• step a) a mixture of zirconium basic carbonate, nitric acid and oxalic acid in water is prepared.
• the ratio of the number of moles of oxalic acid/number of moles of zirconium basic carbonate is equal to 1 .5 and the ratio of the number of moles of nitric acid/number of moles of zirconium basic carbonate is equal to 1 .5.
• the said mixture is then stirred until a clear, homogeneous solution is obtained.
• step b) the pH of the solution is adjusted to a value equal to 7 by adding 1 M aqueous ammonia.
• step c) an aqueous suspension containing 77 g of a boehmite powder Versal is introduced into the mixture obtained at the end of step b), so as to obtain a homogeneous mixture.
• the ratio of the number of moles of zirconium element provided by the zirconium oxalate divided by the number of moles of aluminium element provided by the boehmite particles is equal to 0.31 .
• step d) the pH of the suspension is adjusted to a value equal to 3, by adding 1 N nitric acid and/or 1 N ammonia.
• step e the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes, at a temperature equal to 50°C, with a pH maintained at a value of 3.
• step f) the mixture obtained is filtered through a Buchner funnel with an acidic solution at a pH equal to 3 (solution of water + nitric acid) and then rinsed with deionized water and filtered in step g) through a Buchner funnel with deionized water.
• the mixture obtained is then dried in a step h) at 1 10°C for 12 hours.
• the powder obtained is a powder of boehmite particles covered with a zirconium coating, the mass of the zirconium coating representing 68% of the mass of the coated boehmite particles.
• Examples 6 to 8 according to the invention are theta and delta alumina powders, obtained after calcination (step i)) at a temperature T equal to 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C, respectively, for 2 hours of the powder according to Example 5, the temperature increase and decrease rates being equal to 100°C/hour.
• the zirconium layer consists for more than 99% of zirconia.
• Example 9 * which is outside the invention, is a theta and delta alumina powder manufactured as in Example 6, but in step b) the boehmite powder used was a boehmite powder Catapal B.
• Example 10 * which is outside the invention, is a theta and delta alumina powder manufactured as in Example 6, but, in step a), a mixture of zirconium oxynitrate and of citric acid in water was prepared, the ratio of the number of moles of citric acid/number of moles of zirconium oxynitrate being equal to 2.
• the obtained solution contained zirconium citrate, and not zirconium oxalate.
• Example 1 1 * is a powder of particles of alumina coated with a zirconium layer, manufactured as according to the following process, known of the prior art:
• a zirconium oxynitrate concentrated solution is diluted with de-ionized water in order to obtain 600 ml of a solution of zirconium oxynitrate having a zirconia concentration of 80 g/l.
• Said precipitate is filtered and washed with 6 liters of de-ionized water.
• the obtained cake is resuspended in de-ionized water at a pH of 7.5, and the suspension is acidified by adding a 68% nitric acid solution such that the zirconia concentration of the solution is 10 % as a percentage by weight.
• the mean particle size measured with the quasi-elastic light dispersion method is equal to 4 nm.
• Aminocaproic (98%, Aldrich 6-aminocaprioic acid) is added to the solution while stirred, in order to increase and stabilize the pH to 4.5.
• the thermal stability of the textural properties is close to that of alumina, at identical calcination temperatures, and
• hydrothermal resistance is close to that of zirconia, at identical calcination temperatures
• the strong acidity measured after calcination at 800°C for 2 hours, is greater than 9 ⁇ -iol/g.
• Example 9 * illustrates the fact that the use, in step c), of a boehmite powder not having the required characteristics does not make it possible to obtain an alumina powder according to the invention, the measured percentage of zirconia not making it possible to cover more than 60% of the surface of the theta and delta alumina particles.
• Example 10 * illustrates the fact that it is necessary to use zirconium oxalate in step a).
• Examples 6, 7 and 8 according to the invention illustrate the impact of the calcination temperature T applied during step i) on the characteristics of the powders, and also the possibility of using a mixture of zirconium basic carbonate, nitric acid and oxalic acid as zirconium oxalate precursors.
• the powder according to Example 6 has an amount of S0 2 desorbed before 700°C equal to 520 ⁇ /g.
• the preparation was performed by impregnation, without excess of solution, of the powder of each example with a solution of nickel nitrate (Ni(N0 3 )2.6H 2 0 (from Panreac).
• Ni(N0 3 )2.6H 2 0 from Panreac
• This method which is simple to perform, is well known to those skilled in the art.
• After impregnation of the powder it is left to undergo maturation for 8 hours at room temperature, in order to allow the solution to penetrate by capillary action into the pores.
• the various impregnated powders are dried in an oven at 210°C for a stage time of 12 hours.
• the various dried impregnated powders are calcined in air for 2 hours (temperature increase and decrease ramps of 10°C/minute) at a temperature of 900°C.
• Catalytic tests were performed on a methane vapour-reforming reaction (CH 4 + H 2 0 -> CO + 3H 2 ), in an open fixed-bed Pyrex reactor, operating at low conversion and at atmospheric pressure.
• the tests were performed according to the following procedure: 75 mg of the catalytic system (in the present case the powder of Examples 3 * , 4 * , 1 1 * and 8, coated with nickel) are placed in the reactor.
• the bed of powders is reduced at 900°C for 90 minutes under H 2 with a flow rate equal to 100 Nml/minute (temperature increase ramp equal to 10°C/minute).
• the temperature is then set at 800°C and the reaction mixture of methane- steam in a stream of nitrogen is introduced into the reactor over 10 hours.
• the methane flow rate is 12 000 ml/hour and per gram of catalyst, the H 2 0/CH 4 mole ratio set at 3 and the N 2 /CH 4 mole ratio set at 1.5.
• the degree of conversion of the methane, as a percentage, defined as the ratio of the amount of methane that has reacted and of the amount of methane introduced into the reactor, is measured continuously after the introduction of the reaction medium. Table 3 below gives the results obtained:
• Example 3 * The methane vapour-reforming reaction is stabilized at and above 180 minutes with the powder according to Example 3 * , which is outside the invention. Before, it is not possible to determine a degree of conversion of methane. This phenomenon is well known in certain catalysis reactions, for which a stabilization time is necessary. When this stabilization is reached, after 180 minutes, the degree of conversion of the methane is between 95% and 97%.
• the methane vapour-reforming reaction is stabilized more quickly with the powder according to Example 4 * , which is outside the invention.
• This stabilization time is less than 30 minutes.
• the degree of conversion of methane changes between 35% and 55%, after 600 minutes.
• the stabilization time of the vapour-reforming reaction of methane obtained with the powder according to Example 8 is also less than 30 minutes: the stabilization time is less than 5 minutes. When this stabilization is reached, the degree of conversion of methane changes between 97% and 99%, after 600 minutes.
• the stabilization time of the vapour-reforming reaction of methane obtained with the powder according to Example 1 1 * is about 20 minutes.
• the degree of conversion of methane changes between 91 % and 98%, after 600 minutes.
• the powder according to the invention makes it possible to improve the catalytic performance.

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• 2012
  • 2012-08-01 FR FR1257503A patent/FR2994104A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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