WO2014017470A1 - 酸素化物の製造システム及び酸素化物の製造方法 - Google Patents
酸素化物の製造システム及び酸素化物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C07C29/15—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively
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- C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
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- C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0435—Catalytic purification
- C01B2203/045—Purification by catalytic desulfurisation
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- C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
- C01B2203/0485—Composition of the impurity the impurity being a sulfur compound
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an oxygenate production system and an oxygenate production method.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-162789 filed in Japan on July 23, 2012 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-37934 filed in Japan on February 27, 2013. The contents are incorporated here.
- Bioethanol is being popularized as an alternative fuel for petroleum.
- Bioethanol is mainly produced by saccharification and fermentation of sugarcane and corn.
- woody and herbaceous biomass also referred to as cellulose biomass
- cellulose biomass woody and herbaceous biomass
- waste wood and unused parts of crops such as rice straw that do not compete with food and feed
- saccharification methods there are concentrated sulfuric acid saccharification method, dilute sulfuric acid / enzymatic saccharification method, hydrothermal saccharification method and the like, but many problems still remain to produce bioethanol at low cost.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an oxygenate production system that can efficiently produce oxygenates over a long period of time even when a rhodium-containing catalyst is used.
- the oxygenated product production system includes a desulfurization apparatus for bringing a raw material gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide into contact with a desulfurizing agent containing copper, a raw material gas treated by the desulfurization apparatus, and an oxygen containing rhodium. And a synthesizing device for contacting with the synthesis catalyst of the chemical compound.
- the oxygenated product production method of the present invention includes a desulfurization step in which a raw material gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide and a desulfurization agent containing copper are brought into contact, and a raw material gas treated in the desulfurization step and an oxygen containing rhodium. And a synthesis step of contacting with a compound synthesis catalyst.
- oxygenates mean molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, such as acetic acid, ethanol, acetaldehyde, methanol, propanol, methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate.
- an oxygenated product can be efficiently produced over a long period of time using a catalyst containing rhodium.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results of Example 2.
- the oxygenated product production system 1 shown in FIG. 1 includes a desulfurization apparatus 10 and a synthesis apparatus 20.
- a raw material gas supply line 13 is connected to the desulfurization apparatus 10, and the raw material gas supply line 13 is connected to a raw material gas supply source (not shown).
- the desulfurization apparatus 10 and the synthesis apparatus 20 are connected by a desulfurization gas transfer line 14, and the synthesis gas transfer line 24 is connected to the synthesis apparatus 20.
- the source gas supply source may be any source gas that can supply a source gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as source gas).
- Examples of the source gas supply source include a storage tank for storing source gas, a gasifier for gasifying organic substances such as biomass and plastic, and the like. Any gasifier may be used as long as it can generate a raw material gas from an organic substance. Examples thereof include a fixed bed gasifier, a fluidized bed gasifier, and a spouted bed gasifier.
- the raw material gas supply line 13 is a member that supplies the raw material gas to the desulfurization apparatus 10, and examples thereof include a pipe made of stainless steel.
- the desulfurization gas transfer line 14 is a member that transfers the raw material gas processed by the desulfurization apparatus 10 to the synthesis apparatus, and examples thereof include a pipe made of stainless steel.
- the synthesis gas transfer line 24 is a member that transfers the synthesis gas generated by the synthesis apparatus 20 and includes, for example, a pipe made of stainless steel or the like.
- the desulfurization apparatus 10 may be any device that can contact a raw material gas and a desulfurization agent containing copper (hereinafter, simply referred to as a desulfurization agent).
- Examples of the desulfurization apparatus 10 include an apparatus equipped with a reaction bed filled with a desulfurization agent (hereinafter also referred to as a desulfurization reaction bed).
- the desulfurization reaction bed may be a fixed bed or a fluidized bed.
- FIG. 2 An example of the desulfurization apparatus 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 2 includes a desulfurization reaction tube 11 in which a desulfurization agent is filled and a desulfurization reaction bed 12 is formed therein, a temperature control unit 15 connected to the desulfurization reaction tube 11, a pressure control unit 16, Is provided.
- the desulfurization reaction tube 11 is preferably made of a material that is inert to the raw material gas, and preferably has a shape that can withstand heating of about 100 to 500 ° C. or pressurization of about 10 MPa.
- Examples of the desulfurization reaction tube 11 include a substantially cylindrical member made of stainless steel.
- the temperature control part 15 should just be what can make the desulfurization reaction bed 12 in the desulfurization reaction tube 11 arbitrary temperature, for example, an electric furnace etc. are mentioned.
- the pressure control unit 16 may be any pressure control unit as long as the pressure in the desulfurization reaction tube 11 can be set to an arbitrary pressure.
- the desulfurization apparatus 10 may include a known device such as a gas flow rate control unit that adjusts the flow rate of the raw material gas such as mass flow.
- the desulfurizing agent contains copper.
- an oxygenated synthesis catalyst hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as a synthesis catalyst
- a decrease in activity over time can be suppressed.
- the desulfurizing agent may contain a metal other than copper (an arbitrary metal for the desulfurizing agent).
- the optional metal for the desulfurizing agent include zinc, aluminum, and chromium. These arbitrary metals for desulfurization agents may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the optional metal for the desulfurizing agent is determined in consideration of the function required for the desulfurizing agent.
- the desulfurizing efficiency of the desulfurizing agent can be further improved by using zinc together, and the heat resistance of the desulfurizing agent can be increased by using aluminum together. Can be enhanced.
- the desulfurizing agent may be an aggregate of copper and an arbitrary metal for the desulfurizing agent, or may be a supported catalyst in which copper and an arbitrary metal for the desulfurizing agent are supported on a carrier. It is preferably an aggregate with an arbitrary metal. If it is an aggregate
- the copper content in the desulfurizing agent is preferably 5 to 60 mol%, more preferably 7 to 52 mol%, and even more preferably 12 to 40 mol%. If it is less than the lower limit, the desulfurization effect may be reduced, and if it exceeds the upper limit, copper may be easily sintered.
- the zinc content in the desulfurizing agent is preferably 5 to 60 mol%, more preferably 10 to 45 mol%, and more preferably 16 to 36 More preferred is mol%. If it is less than the lower limit, copper may be easily sintered, and if it exceeds the upper limit, the desulfurization effect may be reduced.
- the molar ratio represented by copper / zinc (hereinafter sometimes referred to as copper / zinc ratio) is preferably 1/10 to 10/3, more preferably 1/3 to 2/1, 2.3 to 1/1 is more preferable. If the copper / zinc ratio is within the above range, the sulfur content in the raw material gas can be removed better.
- the molar ratio represented by aluminum / copper is preferably 1/20 to 2/1, and 3/10 to 1 / 1 is more preferable. If the aluminum / copper ratio is less than the lower limit, the heat resistance may not be sufficiently increased, and if it exceeds the upper limit, the desulfurization effect may be reduced.
- the desulfurizing agent may contain chromium oxide or the like in an upper limit of 2 to 3% by mass.
- the desulfurizing agent is manufactured by a conventionally known metal catalyst manufacturing method such as a so-called coprecipitation method or a supporting method.
- a method for producing a desulfurizing agent will be described by taking a coprecipitation method as an example.
- a precipitate of a copper compound and a compound of an arbitrary metal for a desulfurizing agent such as a zinc compound is formed, and then the precipitate is fired.
- the obtained desulfurizing agent is a mixture of metallic copper and / or copper oxide and an arbitrary metal for desulfurizing agent and / or its oxide.
- a copper compound and an arbitrary metal compound for a desulfurizing agent are dissolved in water to obtain a metal aqueous solution.
- a metal aqueous solution and a precipitant aqueous solution are dropped into pure water to form a precipitate.
- the aqueous metal solution is dropped into the aqueous precipitant solution while stirring the aqueous precipitant solution at an arbitrary temperature to form a precipitate.
- the obtained precipitate is washed with pure water and then dried at an arbitrary temperature (for example, 100 to 150 ° C.) to obtain a dried product.
- the obtained dried product is calcined at an arbitrary temperature (for example, 250 to 350 ° C.) to obtain a desulfurizing agent.
- a copper compound what is necessary is just a water-soluble thing, For example, nitrate, acetate, etc. are mentioned.
- the arbitrary metal compound for the desulfurization agent may be water-soluble, and examples thereof include nitrates and acetates.
- the precipitant aqueous solution include a sodium carbonate aqueous solution and a potassium carbonate aqueous solution.
- the aqueous precipitant solution may contain 1 to 5% by mass of a known molding aid such as graphite, if necessary.
- the obtained desulfurizing agent is subjected to a reduction treatment (the operation of subjecting the desulfurization agent to a reduction treatment may be referred to as a desulfurization agent reduction operation) to be activated.
- a gas containing hydrogen reducing gas
- the reducing gas is a mixed gas of hydrogen and an inert gas (for example, nitrogen or the like).
- the content of hydrogen in the reducing gas is not particularly limited, but is preferably 6% by volume or less, more preferably 0.5 to 4% by volume.
- the synthesizer 20 is not limited as long as it can contact the raw material gas treated in the desulfurizer 10 (in particular, sometimes referred to as desulfurized gas) and an oxygenated synthesis catalyst (hereinafter also referred to simply as “synthetic catalyst”). Good.
- Examples of the synthesizer 20 include those equipped with a reaction bed filled with a synthesis catalyst (hereinafter also referred to as a synthesis reaction bed).
- the synthesis reaction bed may be a fixed bed or a fluidized bed.
- An example of the synthesis apparatus 20 will be described with reference to FIG. 3 includes a synthesis reaction tube 21 in which a synthesis catalyst is filled and a synthesis reaction bed 22 is formed therein, a temperature control unit 25 connected to the synthesis reaction tube 21, a pressure control unit 26, and the like. Is provided.
- the synthesis reaction tube 21 is preferably made of a material that is inert to the desulfurized gas and the synthesized oxygenate, and preferably has a shape that can withstand heating of about 100 to 500 ° C. or pressurization of about 10 MPa.
- Examples of the synthesis reaction tube 21 include a substantially cylindrical member made of stainless steel.
- the temperature control part 25 should just be what can make the synthesis reaction bed 22 in the synthesis reaction tube 21 arbitrary temperature, for example, an electric furnace etc. are mentioned.
- the pressure control unit 26 may be any pressure control unit as long as the pressure in the synthesis reaction tube 21 can be set to an arbitrary pressure. Examples thereof include a known pressure valve provided in the synthesis gas transfer line 24.
- the synthesizer 20 may include a known device such as a gas flow rate control unit that adjusts the flow rate of the desulfurized gas such as mass flow.
- the synthesis reaction bed 22 may be filled with only the synthesis catalyst, or may be filled with a mixture of the synthesis catalyst and a diluent such as silicon oxide. By using silicon oxide together, it is possible to suppress the synthesis reaction bed 22 from generating excessive heat.
- the synthesis catalyst contains rhodium.
- oxygenates can be efficiently synthesized from the desulfurized gas.
- the synthesis catalyst may contain an optional metal such as an alkali metal or a transition metal (hereinafter sometimes referred to as an optional metal for a catalyst).
- the alkali metal include lithium, sodium, and potassium.
- the synthesis catalyst contains an alkali metal, the synthesis efficiency of oxygenates is increased.
- the alkali metal lithium is preferable. By using lithium, generation of by-products can be reduced, CO conversion can be increased, and oxygenates can be synthesized more efficiently.
- the “CO conversion rate” means “percentage occupied by the number of moles of consumed CO in the number of moles of CO in the desulfurized gas”.
- Transition metals include titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese and the like.
- the synthesis catalyst contains a transition metal, the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate is increased.
- the transition metal manganese and titanium are preferable. By using manganese and / or titanium, oxygenates can be efficiently synthesized and the amount of ethanol in the oxygenates can be increased.
- the synthesis catalyst for example, those containing rhodium and one or more selected from manganese and lithium, and those containing rhodium, one or more selected from manganese and lithium, and titanium are preferable.
- the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate is increased, and the amount of ethanol in the oxygenate is increased.
- the synthetic catalyst may be an aggregate of rhodium and an optional metal for catalyst, or may be a supported catalyst in which rhodium and an optional metal for catalyst are supported on a carrier, and among these, a supported catalyst is preferable.
- a supported catalyst By making it a supported catalyst, the contact efficiency between rhodium and any metal for catalyst and desulfurization gas increases, and oxygenates can be synthesized more efficiently.
- the rhodium content is too small, and there is a possibility that the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate may not be sufficiently increased. There is a risk that the synthesis efficiency of the compound will not be sufficiently increased.
- b is preferably 0.0006 to 0.67. If the amount is less than the above lower limit, the content of manganese is too small and the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate may not be sufficiently increased. There is a risk that the synthesis efficiency of the compound will not be sufficiently increased.
- c is preferably 0.00056 to 0.51.
- d is preferably 0.0026 to 0.94. If it is less than the above lower limit, the content of titanium is too small, there is a possibility that the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate is not sufficiently increased, and if it exceeds the above upper limit, the content of other metal components is too small, There is a possibility that the synthesis efficiency of oxygenates may not be sufficiently increased.
- the support those known as metal catalyst supports can be used, for example, silica, titania, alumina, ceria and the like.
- Silica is preferred because various products with different specific surface areas and pore sizes can be procured on the market.
- the “selectivity” is the percentage occupied by the number of moles of C converted to a specific oxygenate in the number of moles of CO consumed in the desulfurization gas. For example, according to the following formula ( ⁇ ), the selectivity for ethanol as an oxygenate is 100 mol%.
- the selectivity for ethanol as an oxygenate is 50 mol%
- the selectivity for acetaldehyde as an oxygenate is also 50 mol%.
- a carrier having a specific surface area of 10 to 1000 m 2 / g and a pore diameter of 1 nm or more is preferable.
- the carrier preferably has a narrow particle size distribution.
- the average particle size of the carrier is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 to 5000 ⁇ m.
- Various carriers having different specific surface areas, pore diameters, pore volumes, and particle diameters are commercially available.
- the catalyst activity, product distribution, and the like can be adjusted by appropriately selecting the type of the carrier. For example, if a carrier having a small pore diameter is selected, the supported rhodium and the optional metal for the catalyst have a smaller particle size, or when the desulfurization gas is passed through and reacted, the diffusion rate of the reaction gas and product is increased. It is considered that the catalyst activity and the product distribution change due to the decrease.
- the total amount of metal with respect to 100 parts by mass of the support is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by mass. If it is less than the lower limit, the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate may be lowered, and if it exceeds the upper limit, the metal is not likely to be in a uniform and highly dispersed state, and the synthesis efficiency of the oxygenate may be lowered.
- a synthetic catalyst is manufactured according to the manufacturing method of a conventionally well-known metal catalyst.
- the method for producing the catalyst include an impregnation method, an immersion method, an ion exchange method, a coprecipitation method, a kneading method, and the like.
- the impregnation method is preferable.
- the resulting catalyst is a more uniformly dispersed rhodium and optional metal for the catalyst.
- the contact efficiency with the desulfurization gas is further increased, and oxygenates can be synthesized more efficiently. .
- Rhodium used for catalyst preparation and raw material compounds of optional metals for catalysts include oxides; chlorides; inorganic salts such as nitrates and carbonates; oxalates, acetylacetonate salts, dimethylglyoxime salts, ethylenediamine acetates, etc.
- an organic salt or a chelate compound a carbonyl compound, a cyclopentadienyl compound, an ammine complex, an alkoxide compound, an alkyl compound, etc., those used for preparing a metal catalyst are usually used as rhodium and an optional metal compound for a catalyst. Can be mentioned.
- a method for producing a synthetic catalyst by the impregnation method will be described.
- rhodium and a raw material compound of an arbitrary metal for a catalyst are dissolved in a solvent such as water, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, hexane, benzene, toluene, and the carrier is immersed in the obtained solution (impregnation solution).
- the impregnating liquid is adhered to the carrier.
- the impregnating solution is sufficiently permeated into the pores of the carrier, and then the solvent is evaporated to form a catalyst.
- a method of impregnating the carrier with the impregnating solution a method in which a solution in which all raw material compounds are dissolved is impregnated in the carrier (simultaneous method), a solution in which each raw material compound is separately dissolved is prepared, and each solution is sequentially added to the carrier. And the like (sequential method) and the like. Among these, the sequential method is preferable.
- the catalyst obtained by the sequential method can synthesize oxygenates more efficiently.
- the obtained synthetic catalyst is subjected to a reduction treatment (an operation for performing a reduction treatment on the synthetic catalyst is sometimes referred to as a catalyst reduction operation) and activated.
- a reduction treatment an operation for performing a reduction treatment on the synthetic catalyst is sometimes referred to as a catalyst reduction operation
- the catalytic reduction operation include those in which a reducing gas is brought into contact with the synthesis catalyst, preferably at 200 to 600 ° C.
- the heating time in the catalyst reduction operation is, for example, preferably 1 to 10 hours, and more preferably 2 to 5 hours.
- the oxygenated product production method of the present invention is a method in which a raw material gas is brought into contact with a desulfurization agent (desulfurization step) and then brought into contact with a synthesis catalyst (synthesis step).
- a desulfurization step desulfurization agent
- synthesis step synthesis catalyst
- the raw material gas 30 is not particularly limited as long as it contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
- the raw material gas 30 may be prepared from natural gas or coal, or a biomass gas obtained by gasifying biomass. It may be obtained by gasifying organic waste such as waste plastic, waste paper, and waste clothing.
- the biomass gas can be obtained by a conventionally known method such as heating the pulverized biomass in the presence of water vapor (for example, 800 to 1000 ° C.).
- the source gas 30 is mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, that is, the total of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the source gas 30 is preferably 50% by volume or more, and 80% by volume or more. Is more preferable, and more preferably 90% by volume or more. As the content of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the raw material gas 30 increases, the amount of oxygenated product generated can be increased, and the oxygenated product can be produced more efficiently.
- the volume ratio represented by hydrogen / carbon monoxide in the source gas 30 (hereinafter sometimes referred to as H 2 / CO ratio) is preferably 0.1 to 10, more preferably 0.5 to 3, More preferably, ⁇ 2.5. If it is in the said range, it will become a stoichiometrically appropriate range by reaction by which the oxygenate in the synthetic
- the source gas 30 is preferably one containing as little impurities as possible.
- methane, ethane, ethylene, nitrogen, dioxide, and other gases that are obtained by gasifying organic waste such as biomass gas and waste plastic, waste paper, and waste clothing (hereinafter sometimes referred to as recycle gas).
- Carbon, water, and sulfur content such as hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and thiophene (C 4 H 4 S) are included.
- Sulfur is usually contained in the recycle gas in an amount of 10 to 100 ppm by volume, and causes the activity of the synthesis catalyst to be reduced early. Therefore, in the desulfurization step, the raw material gas 30 is brought into contact with the desulfurizing agent to remove as much sulfur as possible from the raw material gas 30.
- the inside of the desulfurization reaction tube 11 of the desulfurization apparatus 10 is set to an arbitrary temperature and an arbitrary pressure, and the raw material gas 30 is caused to flow into the desulfurization reaction tube 11 from the raw material gas supply line 13.
- the raw material gas 30 that has flowed into the desulfurization reaction tube 11 flows through the desulfurization reaction bed 12 while being in contact with the desulfurization agent, and the sulfur content is removed to become a desulfurization gas 32 (desulfurization step).
- the temperature condition (desulfurization temperature) of the desulfurization process that is, the temperature in the desulfurization reaction tube 11 takes into account the composition of the desulfurization agent, the desulfurization pressure described later, the flow rate of the raw material gas 30, the type of the target oxygenate, and the like. It is determined.
- the desulfurization temperature can be appropriately determined, for example, in the range of 50 to 400 ° C., preferably 80 to 300 ° C., more preferably 80 to 180 ° C., and still more preferably 80 to 150 ° C. 80 to 120 ° C. is particularly preferable, and 90 to 110 ° C. is most preferable.
- the desulfurization temperature is not less than the above lower limit value, the sulfur content in the raw material gas 30 can be more efficiently removed, and if the desulfurization temperature is not more than the above upper limit value, the production of methanol as a by-product can be suppressed.
- the pressure condition (desulfurization pressure) of the desulfurization process is the composition of the desulfurization agent, the desulfurization temperature, the flow rate of the raw material gas 30, the type of target oxygenate, the reaction condition of the oxygenate, etc. To be determined.
- the desulfurization pressure is preferably 0.1 to 5 MPa, and more preferably 0.5 to 3 MPa. If the desulfurization pressure is equal to or higher than the above lower limit value, the sulfur content in the raw material gas 30 can be removed more efficiently. If the desulfurization pressure is equal to or lower than the upper limit value, less energy is required for pressure increase.
- the desulfurization pressure may be the same as or different from the synthesis pressure described later. If the desulfurization pressure is the same as the synthesis pressure or 0.01 to 0.6 MPa higher than the synthesis pressure, the energy required for the pressure increase can be used without waste.
- SV of the raw material gas 30 in the desulfurization reaction bed 12 is calculated in the standard state, preferably 100 ⁇ 5000h -1, more preferably 500 ⁇ 2000h -1.
- the sulfur content in the desulfurized gas 32 is preferably 10 volume ppb or less, more preferably 1 volume ppb or less, further preferably 0.1 volume ppb or less, and may be 0 volume ppb.
- the interior of the synthesis reaction tube 21 is set to an arbitrary temperature and an arbitrary pressure, and the desulfurization gas 32 is caused to flow into the synthesis reaction tube 21 from the desulfurization gas transfer line 14.
- the desulfurization gas 32 that has flowed into the synthesis reaction tube 21 flows through the synthesis reaction bed 22 while being in contact with the synthesis catalyst, and part of the desulfurization gas 32 becomes oxygenate to become a synthesis gas 34 containing oxygenate (synthesis process). ).
- an oxygenate is generated by a catalytic reaction represented by the following formulas (1) to (5).
- 2H 2 + 2CO ⁇ CH 3 COOH (4) 2H 2 + CH 3 COOH ⁇ CH 3 CH 2 OH + H 2 O (5)
- the temperature condition (synthesis temperature) of the synthesis process that is, the temperature in the synthesis reaction tube 21 is determined in consideration of the synthesis pressure, the composition of the desulfurization gas 32 described later, the type of the target oxygenate, and the like.
- the synthesis temperature is, for example, preferably 150 to 450 ° C., more preferably 200 to 400 ° C., and further preferably 250 to 350 ° C. If the synthesis temperature is equal to or higher than the lower limit, the rate of the catalytic reaction can be sufficiently increased, and the oxygenate can be produced more efficiently. If the synthesis temperature is not more than the above upper limit, the oxygenate can be produced more efficiently by using the oxygenate synthesis reaction as the main reaction.
- the pressure condition (synthesis pressure) in the synthesis step that is, the pressure in the synthesis reaction tube 21 is, for example, preferably 0.5 to 10 MPa, more preferably 1 to 7.5 MPa, and further preferably 2 to 5 MPa.
- the synthesis pressure is equal to or higher than the lower limit, the rate of the catalytic reaction can be sufficiently increased and the oxygenate can be produced more efficiently. If the synthesis pressure is not more than the above upper limit, the oxygenate can be produced more efficiently by using the oxygenate synthesis reaction as the main reaction.
- the synthesis gas 34 is not particularly limited as long as it contains an oxygenate, but preferably contains at least one selected from acetic acid, ethanol and acetaldehyde, and more preferably contains ethanol. This is because the synthesis catalyst can efficiently produce the C2 compound. In addition, by adjusting the synthesis temperature, the synthesis pressure, the SV of the desulfurization gas 32 in the synthesis reaction bed 22, etc., it is possible to control the selectivity and production amount of the obtained oxygenate.
- the synthesis gas 34 discharged from the synthesis gas transfer line 24 may be treated with a gas-liquid separator or the like to separate the unreacted desulfurized gas 32 and the oxygenated product.
- a primary desulfurization device may be provided upstream of the desulfurization device 10.
- the primary desulfurization apparatus include a reaction bed filled with a known desulfurization agent (non-copper desulfurization agent) containing no copper such as zinc oxide, a cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) catalyst, or nickel-molybdenum.
- a known desulfurization agent non-copper desulfurization agent
- Co-Mo cobalt-molybdenum
- nickel-molybdenum nickel-molybdenum
- examples thereof include a (Ni—Mo) catalyst and a reaction bed filled with a non-copper desulfurization agent at the subsequent stage, a PSA apparatus, and the like.
- the reaction bed filled with the non-copper-based desulfurizing agent or the non-copper-based desulfurizing agent and the Co—Mo catalyst or Ni—Mo catalyst may be formed upstream of the desulfurization reaction tube 11 of the desulfurization apparatus 10.
- the sulfur content in the raw material gas 30 can be reduced to 10 ppm by volume or less.
- the desulfurization efficiency of the desulfurization agent of the desulfurization device 10 is further increased, the load on the desulfurization agent is reduced, and the content of the raw material gas 30 in the raw material gas 30 over a long period of time. Sulfur content can be removed as much as possible.
- a process (ethanolation process) in which a product other than ethanol eg, acetic acid, acetaldehyde or the like, a C2 compound other than ethanol or an ester such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, or methyl formate
- a product other than ethanol eg, acetic acid, acetaldehyde or the like, a C2 compound other than ethanol or an ester such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, or methyl formate
- the ethanolification step include a method in which an oxygenate containing acetaldehyde, acetic acid and the like is brought into contact with a hydrogenation catalyst and converted to ethanol.
- the hydrogenation catalyst a catalyst known in the art can be used, and copper, copper-zinc, copper-chromium, copper-zinc-chromium, iron, rhodium-iron, rhodium-molybdenum, palladium, palladium- Examples thereof include iron, palladium-molybdenum, iridium-iron, rhodium-iridium-iron, iridium-molybdenum, rhenium-zinc, platinum, nickel, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, platinum oxide, and ruthenium oxide.
- These hydrogenation catalysts may be supported catalysts that are supported on the same support as that used in the catalyst of the present invention.
- supported catalysts include copper, copper-zinc, copper-chromium, and copper-zinc- A copper-based catalyst in which chromium is supported on a silica-based carrier is preferable.
- a simultaneous method or a sequential method may be used as in the case of a synthetic catalyst.
- a step of converting the product into acetaldehyde by treating the product with a gas-liquid separator or the like and taking out ethanol and oxidizing the ethanol may be provided.
- oxidation catalyst such as a metal catalyst mainly composed of gold, platinum, ruthenium, copper or manganese, or an alloy catalyst containing two or more of these metals. Methods and the like.
- oxidation catalysts may be supported catalysts in which a metal is supported on the same carrier as that used for the synthesis catalyst.
- the PSA method known as a desulfurization method and the method using zinc oxide as a desulfurization agent cannot sufficiently reduce the sulfur content in the raw material gas.
- the activity of the synthesis catalyst is lowered early.
- a wet method is adopted as the desulfurization method, it is difficult to control the amount of water in the desulfurization gas, and it is difficult to efficiently produce the target oxygenate.
- the sulfur content in the raw material gas can be removed as much as possible by using a copper-containing desulfurizing agent in preference to methane synthesis. For this reason, the activity fall of a synthetic catalyst can be suppressed and an oxygenate can be manufactured efficiently over a long period of time.
- Rhodium chloride trihydrate (RhCl 3 .3H 2 O) 0.0768 g, lithium chloride monohydrate (LiCl ⁇ H 2 O) 0.0048 g, manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl 2 .4H 2 O) ) 0.61 mL of an aqueous solution containing 0.0433 g was dropped onto the primary support, impregnated, dried at 110 ° C. for 3 hours, and further calcined at 400 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a synthetic catalyst.
- reducing gas hydrogen concentration 30% by volume
- the raw material gas was passed through the desulfurization reaction bed for 1 hour.
- the gas flowing through the desulfurization reaction bed was collected and analyzed by gas chromatography.
- the methanol conversion (mol%) was calculated from the obtained data, and the result is shown in FIG.
- the methanol conversion rate is a percentage of the number of moles of CO consumed for methanol synthesis in the number of moles of CO in the raw material gas.
- FIG. 4 is a graph in which the vertical axis represents the methanol conversion and the horizontal axis represents the reaction temperature. As shown in FIG. 4, when the reaction temperature was lowered, the methanol conversion rate was lowered. At a reaction temperature of 180 ° C. or lower, the methanol conversion was 1 mol% or lower.
- An oxygenated production system 100 shown in FIG. 5 was produced.
- An oxygenated production system 100 includes a desulfurization reaction bed 110, a silicon oxide layer 102, a synthesis reaction bed 120, and an eye plate 104 in a cylindrical reaction tube (inner diameter: 10.7 mm) 101 made of stainless steel in order from the vertical direction.
- the desulfurization reaction bed 110 as the desulfurization apparatus is a layer (length: 11.5 cm) filled with 12.9 g of the desulfurization agent obtained in Preparation Example 1.
- the synthesis reaction bed 120 as the synthesis apparatus is prepared in Preparation Example 2. It is a layer (length 4 cm) filled with a mixture of 0.5 g of the synthetic catalyst obtained in the above and 2.5 g of silicon oxide.
- the silicon oxide layer 102 is a layer (length 4 cm) filled with 5 g of silicon oxide.
- the eye plate 104 is a punching metal made of stainless steel in which a plurality of holes of ⁇ 0.5 mm are formed.
- reducing gas hydrogen concentration 30% by volume
- the pressure in the reaction tube 101 was 0.9 MPa.
- the synthesis gas containing the product discharged from the oxygenate production system 100 was recovered and analyzed by gas chromatography.
- the CO conversion (mol%) was calculated from the obtained data. The result is shown in FIG.
- H 2 S concentration in the feed gas (0.1 vol ppm) are conventional desulfurization method which assumes a case of treating the raw material gas (PSA method, contact or the like between the non-copper-based desulfurizing agent) .
- Example 1 in Example 1 to which the present invention was applied, the CO conversion immediately after the start of the flow of the raw material gas was 10 mol%, and the CO conversion after 260 hours was 8.7 mol%.
- FIG. 7 in Comparative Example 1 in which no desulfurization reaction bed was provided, the CO conversion immediately after the start of the flow of the raw material gas was 10 mol%, and the CO conversion after 140 hours was 1.6 mol%.
- FIG. 8 in Reference Example 1 using a source gas that does not contain H 2 S, the CO conversion rate immediately after starting the distribution of the source gas is 9.0 mol%, and the CO conversion rate after 200 hours is 7. It was 0 mol%.
- Example 1 Comparative Example 1 and Reference Example 1, the selectivity of the main component with respect to the converted CO was ethanol selectivity of 28 to 35 mol%, acetaldehyde selectivity of 20 to 25 mol%, and methane selectivity. It was 30 to 35 mol%. Note that methanol generated in the desulfurization reaction bed 110 was excluded from the calculation of selectivity. From a comparison between Comparative Example 1 and Reference Example 1, it was found that the CO conversion rate of the synthesis catalyst was lowered with time by using a raw material gas containing a sulfur content. From comparison between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, it was found that by applying the present invention, the activity of the synthesis catalyst can be maintained, and oxygenates can be produced efficiently over a long period of time.
- Example 2 An oxygenated production system 200 shown in FIG. 9 was produced.
- a desulfurization apparatus 210 and a synthesis apparatus 220 are connected by a desulfurization gas transfer line 230.
- the desulfurization apparatus 210 includes a stainless steel cylindrical reaction tube (inner diameter 10.7 mm) 212 and a heating unit 214 that covers the reaction tube 212.
- a plate 216 is provided, and a desulfurization reaction bed 211 is formed on the plate 216.
- the desulfurization reaction bed 211 is a layer (length: 5.1 cm) filled with 5.4 g of the desulfurization agent obtained in Preparation Example 1.
- the synthesizer 220 includes a stainless steel cylindrical reaction tube (inner diameter 10.7 mm) 222 and a heating unit 224 that covers the reaction tube 222.
- an eye plate 226 is provided, and a synthesis reaction bed 221 is formed on the eye plate 226.
- the synthesis reaction bed 221 is a layer (length 4 cm) filled with a mixture of 0.5 g of the synthesis catalyst obtained in Preparation Example 2 and 2.5 g of silicon oxide.
- the eye plates 216 and 226 are stainless steel punching metal in which a plurality of holes of ⁇ 0.5 mm are formed.
- COS concentration 0.1 volume ppm
- the synthesis gas containing the product discharged from the oxygenate production system 200 was recovered and analyzed by gas chromatography.
- the CO conversion rate (mol%) was calculated from the obtained data, and the result is shown in FIG. Note that the H 2 S concentration and the COS concentration in the raw material gas are assumed to be a case where the raw material gas is treated by a conventional desulfurization method (PSA method, contact with a non-copper desulfurizing agent, etc.).
- Example 2 As shown in FIG. 10, in Example 2 to which the present invention was applied, the CO conversion rate immediately after starting the distribution of the raw material gas was 27 mol%, the CO conversion rate after 84 hours was 22 mol%, and the CO conversion after 636 hours The rate was 20 mol%.
- the selectivity of the main component with respect to the converted CO was ethanol selectivity of 35 to 40 mol%, acetaldehyde selectivity of 40 to 45 mol%, and methane selectivity of 10 to 15 mol%.
- the selectivity of methanol was less than 1 mol%.
- the sulfur content (S element mass) of the desulfurizing agent after the test was measured by a semiconductor infrared absorption method, it was 2.2 mg in 5.4 g of the desulfurizing agent. Since the concentration of the sulfur component (H 2 S, COS) in the raw material gas is 0.2 ppm by volume and the flow amount of the raw material gas is [200 mL / min ⁇ 636 hours], the amount of the sulfur component circulated ( S element mass) is 2.2 mg. From this, it was found that almost all sulfur components in the raw material gas were adsorbed and removed by the desulfurization reaction bed layer.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2012年7月23日に、日本に出願された特願2012-162789、及び2013年2月27日に、日本に出願された特願2013-37934号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
セルロース系バイオマスを原料とし、従来のエタノール発酵法を用いてバイオエタノールを製造するためには、セルロースを糖化させる必要がある。糖化方法としては、濃硫酸糖化法、希硫酸・酵素糖化法、水熱糖化法等があるが、安価にバイオエタノールを製造するためにはいまだ多くの課題が残されている。
水素と一酸化炭素とを含有する原料ガスからエタノール、アセトアルデヒド、酢酸等の酸素化物を得る方法としては、例えば、ロジウム、アルカリ金属及びマンガンを含有する触媒に原料ガスを接触させる方法が知られている(例えば、特許文献1)。
また、バイオマスから原料ガスを生成し、この原料ガスをエタノールに変換する方法として、硫黄を含有する化合物を原料ガスから除去するステップを含む、エタノールを生成する方法が提案されている(例えば、特許文献2)。
一般に、圧力スイング吸着法(PSA法)、水酸化ナトリウム等を用いた湿式法等の脱硫方式によってバイオマスガス中の硫黄分を1ppm以下にできることが知られている。
しかしながら、従来の脱硫方式を採用しても、ロジウムを含有する触媒の活性低下を有効に抑制できない。
そこで、本発明は、ロジウムを含有する触媒を用いても、長期にわたり酸素化物を効率的に製造できる酸素化物の製造システムを提供することを目的とする。
本発明の一実施形態に係る酸素化物の製造システムについて、以下に図面を参照して説明する。
図1に示す酸素化物の製造システム1は、脱硫装置10と合成装置20とを備えるものである。脱硫装置10には、原料ガス供給ライン13が接続され、原料ガス供給ライン13は、原料ガス供給源(不図示)と接続されている。脱硫装置10と合成装置20とは、脱硫ガス移送ライン14で接続され、合成装置20には、合成ガス移送ライン24が接続されている。
ガス化装置としては、有機物から原料ガスを生成できるものであればよく、例えば、固定床式ガス化炉、流動床式ガス化炉、噴流床式ガス化炉等が挙げられる。
脱硫ガス移送ライン14は、脱硫装置10で処理された原料ガスを合成装置に移送する部材であり、例えば、ステンレス製等の配管が挙げられる。
合成ガス移送ライン24は、合成装置20で生成された合成ガスを移送する部材であり、例えば、ステンレス製等の配管が挙げられる。
図2の脱硫装置10は、脱硫剤が充填されてその内部に脱硫反応床12が形成された脱硫反応管11と、脱硫反応管11に接続された温度制御部15と、圧力制御部16とを備えるものである。
温度制御部15は、脱硫反応管11内の脱硫反応床12を任意の温度にできるものであればよく、例えば、電気炉等が挙げられる。
圧力制御部16は、脱硫反応管11内の圧力を任意の圧力にできるものであればよく、例えば、脱硫ガス移送ライン14に設けられた公知の圧力弁等が挙げられる。
脱硫剤は、銅以外の金属(脱硫剤用任意金属)を含有してもよい。脱硫剤用任意金属としては、亜鉛、アルミニウム、クロム等が挙げられる。これらの脱硫剤用任意金属は、1種単独で用いられてもよいし、2種以上が組み合わされて用いられてもよい。
脱硫剤用任意金属は、脱硫剤に求める機能等を勘案して決定され、例えば、亜鉛を併用することで脱硫剤の脱硫効率をより高められ、アルミニウムを併用することで、脱硫剤の耐熱性を高められる。
脱硫剤中、銅/亜鉛で表されるモル比(以下、銅/亜鉛比ということがある)は、1/10~10/3が好ましく、1/3~2/1がより好ましく、1/2.3~1/1がさらに好ましい。銅/亜鉛比が上記範囲内であれば、原料ガス中の硫黄分をより良好に除去できる。
脱硫剤用任意金属としてクロムを用いる場合、例えば、脱硫剤は、酸化クロム等を上限2~3質量%含有してもよい。
脱硫剤の製造方法について、共沈法を例にして説明する。
共沈法による脱硫剤の製造方法は、銅化合物と、亜鉛化合物等の脱硫剤用任意金属の化合物との沈殿物を形成させ、次いでこの沈殿物を焼成するものである。得られる脱硫剤は、金属銅及び/又は酸化銅と、脱硫剤用任意金属及び/又はその酸化物との混合物である。
まず、銅化合物及び脱硫剤用任意金属の化合物を水に溶解して、金属水溶液を得る。任意の温度(例えば、60~90℃)とした純水を攪拌しつつ、純水中に、金属水溶液と、沈殿剤水溶液とを滴下して、沈殿物を生じさせる。あるいは、任意の温度の沈殿剤水溶液を攪拌しつつ、沈殿剤水溶液中に金属水溶液を滴下して、沈殿物を生じさせる。得られた沈殿物を純水で洗浄した後、任意の温度(例えば、100~150℃)で乾燥して乾燥物を得る。得られた乾燥物を任意の温度(例えば、250~350℃)で焼成して、脱硫剤を得る。
銅化合物としては、水溶性のものであればよく、例えば、硝酸塩、酢酸塩等が挙げられる。脱硫剤用任意金属の化合物としては、水溶性のものであればよく、例えば、硝酸塩、酢酸塩等が挙げられる。
沈殿剤水溶液としては、炭酸ナトリウム水溶液、炭酸カリウム水溶液等が挙げられる。
沈殿剤水溶液は、必要に応じて、グラファイト等の公知の成形助剤を1~5質量%含有してもよい。
脱硫剤還元操作としては、150~300℃で、水素を含有する気体(還元ガス)を脱硫剤に接触させるものが挙げられる。
還元ガスは、水素と不活性ガス(例えば、窒素等)との混合ガスである。還元ガス中の水素の含有量は、特に限定されないが、6体積%以下が好ましく、0.5~4体積%がより好ましい。
図3の合成装置20は、合成触媒が充填されてその内部に合成反応床22が形成された合成反応管21と、合成反応管21に接続された温度制御部25と、圧力制御部26とを備えるものである。
温度制御部25は、合成反応管21内の合成反応床22を任意の温度にできるものであればよく、例えば、電気炉等が挙げられる。
圧力制御部26は、合成反応管21内の圧力を任意の圧力にできるものであればよく、例えば、合成ガス移送ライン24に設けられた公知の圧力弁等が挙げられる。
アルカリ金属としては、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム等が挙げられる。合成触媒がアルカリ金属を含有することで、酸素化物の合成効率が高められる。アルカリ金属としては、リチウムが好ましい。リチウムを用いることで、副生成物の発生を低減し、CO転化率を高め、酸素化物をより効率的に合成することができる。
なお、「CO転化率」とは、「脱硫ガス中のCOのモル数の内、消費されたCOのモル数が占める百分率」を意味する。
aA・bB・cC・dD ・・・・(I)
(I)式中、Aはロジウムを表し、Bはマンガンを表し、Cはアルカリ金属を表し、Dはチタンを表し、a、b、c及びdはモル分率を表し、a+b+c+d=1である。
(I)式中のaは、0.053~0.98が好ましい。上記下限値未満であるとロジウムの含有量が少なすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがあり、上記上限値超であると他の金属の含有量が少なくなりすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがある。
(I)式中のbは、0.0006~0.67が好ましい。上記下限値未満であるとマンガンの含有量が少なすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがあり、上記上限値超であると他の金属の含有量が少なくなりすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがある。
(I)式中のcは、0.00056~0.51が好ましい。上記下限値未満であるとアルカリ金属の含有量が少なすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがあり、上記上限値超であると他の金属の含有量が少なくなりすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがある。
(I)式中のdは、0.0026~0.94が好ましい。上記下限値未満であるとチタンの含有量が少なすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがあり、上記上限値超であると他の金属成分の含有量が少なくなりすぎて、酸素化物の合成効率が十分に高まらないおそれがある。
なお、「選択率」とは、脱硫ガス中の消費されたCOのモル数のうち、特定の酸素化物へ変換されたCのモル数が占める百分率である。例えば、下記(α)式によれば、酸素化物であるエタノールの選択率は100モル%である。一方、下記(β)式によれば、酸素化物であるエタノールの選択率は50モル%であり、酸素化物であるアセトアルデヒドの選択率も50モル%である。
4H2+2CO→CH3CH2OH+H2O ・・・(α)
7H2+4CO→C2H5OH+CH3CHO+2H2O ・・・(β)
加えて、担体は、粒子径の分布が狭いものが好ましい。担体の平均粒子径は、 特に限定されないが、0.5~5000μmが好ましい。
なお、担体としては、比表面積、細孔径、細孔容量、粒子径の異なる種々のものが市販されており、担体の種類を適宜選択することで、触媒活性、生成物分布等を調整できる。
例えば、細孔径の小さい担体を選択すれば、担持されるロジウムや触媒用任意金属の粒径がより小さくなったり、脱硫ガスを通流させ反応させたときに反応ガスや生成物の拡散速度が低くなったりすることにより、触媒活性や生成物分布が変化すると考えられる。
触媒調製に用いられるロジウム及び触媒用任意金属の原料化合物としては、酸化物;塩化物;硝酸塩、炭酸塩等の無機塩;シュウ酸塩、アセチルアセトナート塩、ジメチルグリオキシム塩、エチレンジアミン酢酸塩等の有機塩又はキレート化合物、カルボニル化合物、シクロペンタジエニル化合物、アンミン錯体、アルコキシド化合物、アルキル化合物等の、ロジウム及び触媒用任意金属の化合物として、通常、金属触媒を調製する際に用いられるものが挙げられる。
含浸液を担体に含浸させる方法としては、全ての原料化合物を溶解した溶液を担体に含浸させる方法(同時法)、各原料化合物を別個に溶解した溶液を調製し、逐次的に担体に各溶液を含浸させる方法(逐次法)等が挙げられ、中でも、逐次法が好ましい。逐次法で得られた触媒は、酸素化物をより効率的に合成できる。
触媒還元操作としては、好ましくは200~600℃で、還元ガスを合成触媒に接触させるものが挙げられる。
触媒還元操作における加熱時間は、例えば、1~10時間が好ましく、2~5時間がより好ましい。
本発明の酸素化物の製造方法は、原料ガスを脱硫剤に接触させ(脱硫工程)、次いで、合成触媒に接触させる(合成工程)ものである。酸素化物の製造方法の一例について、図1~3を用いて説明する。
原料ガス30における水素/一酸化炭素で表される体積比(以下、H2/CO比ということがある)は、0.1~10が好ましく、0.5~3がより好ましく、1.5~2.5がさらに好ましい。上記範囲内であれば、後述する合成工程における酸素化物が生成される反応で、化学量論的に適正な範囲となり、酸素化物をより効率的に製造できる。
しかしながら、バイオマスガスや、廃プラスチック、廃紙、廃衣料等の有機性廃棄物をガス化して得られるガス(以下、総じてリサイクルガスということがある)には、メタン、エタン、エチレン、窒素、二酸化炭素、水や、硫化水素(H2S)、硫化カルボニル(COS)、二酸化硫黄(SO2)、チオフェン(C4H4S)等の硫黄分が含まれる。硫黄分は、リサイクルガス中に、通常、10~100体積ppm含有され、合成触媒の活性を早期に低下させる原因となる。
そこで、脱硫工程で原料ガス30を脱硫剤に接触させ、原料ガス30中の硫黄分を可及的に取り除く。
脱硫圧力は、後述する合成圧力と同じでもよいし、異なってもよい。なお、脱硫圧力が合成圧力と同じ、あるいは合成圧力よりも0.01~0.6MPa高い圧力であれば、昇圧に要するエネルギーを無駄なく利用できる。
3H2+2CO→CH3CHO+H2O ・・・(1)
4H2+2CO→CH3CH2OH+H2O ・・・(2)
H2+CH3CHO→CH3CH2OH ・・・(3)
2H2+2CO→CH3COOH・・・(4)
2H2+CH3COOH→CH3CH2OH+H2O ・・・(5)
なお、合成温度、合成圧力、合成反応床22における脱硫ガス32のSV等を調節することで、得られる酸素化物の選択率や生成量を制御できる。
ここで、水素化触媒としては、当該技術分野で知られる触媒が使用でき、銅、銅-亜鉛、銅-クロム、銅-亜鉛-クロム、鉄、ロジウム-鉄、ロジウム-モリブデン、パラジウム、パラジウム-鉄、パラジウム-モリブデン、イリジウム-鉄、ロジウム-イリジウム-鉄、イリジウム-モリブデン、レニウム-亜鉛、白金、ニッケル、コバルト、ルテニウム、酸化ロジウム、酸化パラジウム、酸化白金、酸化ルテニウム等が挙げられる。これらの水素化触媒は、本発明の触媒に用いられる担体と同様の担体に担持させた担持触媒であってもよく、担持触媒としては、銅、銅-亜鉛、銅-クロム又は銅-亜鉛-クロムをシリカ系担体に担持させた銅系触媒が好適である。担持触媒である水素化触媒の製造方法としては、合成触媒と同様に同時法又は逐次法が挙げられる。
あるいは、アセトアルデヒドを高効率に得るために、生成物を気液分離器等で処理してエタノールを取り出し、このエタノールを酸化することによりアセトアルデヒドに変換する工程を設けてもよい。
エタノールを酸化する方法としては、エタノールを液化又は気化した後、金、白金、ルテニウム、銅又はマンガンを主成分とした金属触媒や、これら金属を2種以上含む合金触媒等の酸化触媒に接触させる方法等が挙げられる。これら酸化触媒は、合成触媒に用いられる担体と同様の担体に金属を担持させた担持触媒であってもよい。
また、脱硫方式として湿式法を採用した場合には、脱硫ガス中の水分量の制御が困難となり、目的とする酸素化物を効率的に製造しにくい。
本実施形態の酸素化物の製造システム及び製造方法は、銅を含有する脱硫剤を用いることで、メタン合成に優先して、原料ガス中の硫黄分を可及的に取り除ける。このため、合成触媒の活性低下を抑制でき、長期にわたり、効率的に酸素化物を製造できる。
硝酸銅を0.5モル/L及び硝酸亜鉛を0.5モル/Lで含有する金属水溶液を調製した。60℃の炭酸ナトリウム水溶液(濃度:0.6モル/L)を攪拌しながら、ここに金属水溶液を滴下し、沈殿を生じさせた。生じた沈殿をろ別し、得られた沈殿を水で洗浄した。洗浄した沈殿を高さ1/8インチ(0.32cm)×直径1/8インチ(0.32cm)の円柱状に打錠成形し、これを300℃で焼成して脱硫剤とした。
得られた脱硫剤に、200℃の環境下で水素を2体積%含有する窒素ガスを接触させて、還元処理を施した。
チタンラクテートアンモニウム塩(Ti(OH)2[OCH(CH3)COO-]2(NH4 +)2)0.0123gを含む水溶液0.61mLを、シリカゲル(比表面積:430m2/g、平均細孔径:5.7nm、細孔容量:0.61cm3/g)1.0gに滴下して含浸させた。これを110℃にて3時間乾燥し、さらに400℃にて3時間焼成して一次担持体とした。塩化ロジウム三水和物(RhCl3・3H2O)0.0768gと、塩化リチウム一水和物(LiCl・H2O)0.0048gと、塩化マンガン四水和物(MnCl2・4H2O)0.0433gとを含む水溶液0.61mLを一次担持体に滴下して含浸させ、110℃にて3時間乾燥し、さらに400℃にて3時間焼成して合成触媒を得た。得られた合成触媒は、ロジウム担持率=3質量%/SiO2、Rh:Mn:Li:Ti=0.461:0.346:0.127:0.066(モル比)であった。
調製例1で得られた脱硫剤7.9gを内径10.7mm、長さ40cmのステンレス製の円筒型の反応管に充填して脱硫反応床を形成した。脱硫反応床に、常圧で還元ガス(水素濃度30体積%)をSV=1000h-1で流通させながら、320℃で2時間加熱し、還元処理を施した。
反応温度を100℃、120℃、150℃、180℃、200℃、280℃とし、反応圧力0.9MPaの条件下で、原料ガス(H2/CO比=2、硫黄分を含まず)をSV=1500h-1で脱硫反応床に流通させ、脱硫ガスを得た。
各々の反応温度において、原料ガスを脱硫反応床に1時間流通させた。脱硫反応床を流通したガスを回収し、ガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析した。得られたデータから、メタノール転化率(モル%)を算出し、その結果を図4に示す。メタノール転化率は、原料ガス中のCOのモル数の内、メタノール合成に消費されたCOのモル数が占める百分率である。
図4に示すように、反応温度を低くするとメタノール転化率が低くなった。反応温度180℃以下では、メタノール転化率が1モル%以下となっていた。
図5に示す酸素化物の製造システム100を作製した。酸素化物の製造システム100は、ステンレス製の円筒型の反応管(内径10.7mm)101内に、鉛直方向上方から順に、脱硫反応床110、酸化ケイ素層102、合成反応床120及び目皿104が積層されたものである。
脱硫装置としての脱硫反応床110は、調製例1で得られた脱硫剤12.9gが充填された層(長さ11.5cm)であり、合成装置としての合成反応床120は、調製例2で得られた合成触媒0.5gと酸化ケイ素2.5gとの混合物が充填された層(長さ4cm)である。酸化ケイ素層102は、酸化ケイ素5gが充填された層(長さ4cm)である。目皿104は、φ0.5mmの穴が複数形成されたステンレス製のパンチングメタルである。
得られたデータからCO転化率(モル%)を算出した。その結果を図6に示す。
ここで、脱硫反応床で生成したメタノールは転化率の計算から除外した。
なお、原料ガス中のH2S濃度(0.1体積ppm)は、従来の脱硫方式(PSA法、非銅系脱硫剤との接触等)で原料ガスを処理した場合を想定したものである。
脱硫反応床を設けなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして、CO転化率を算出した。その結果を図7に示す。
H2Sを含まない原料ガス(H2:CO:N2=6:3:1)を用いた以外は比較例1と同様にして、CO転化率を算出した。その結果を図8に示す。
図7に示すように、脱硫反応床を設けなかった比較例1は、原料ガスの流通開始直後におけるCO転化率が10モル%、140時間後におけるCO転化率が1.6モル%であった。
図8に示すように、H2Sを含まない原料ガスを用いた参考例1は、原料ガスの流通開始直後におけるCO転化率が9.0モル%、200時間後におけるCO転化率が7.0モル%であった。
なお、実施例1、比較例1及び参考例1において、変換したCOに対する主成分の選択率は、エタノールの選択率28~35モル%、アセトアルデヒドの選択率20~25モル%、メタンの選択率30~35モル%であった。なお、脱硫反応床110で生成したメタノールを選択率の計算から除外した。
比較例1と参考例1との比較から、硫黄分を含む原料ガスを用いることで、合成触媒のCO転化率が経時的に低くなることが判った。
実施例1と比較例1との比較から、本発明を適用することで、合成触媒の活性を維持でき、長期にわたり酸素化物を効率的に製造できることが判った。
なお、実施例1で用いた合成反応床の上層から取り出した合成触媒について、半導体式赤外線吸収法により硫黄含有量を測定したところ、硫黄含有量は検出限界(0.01質量ppm)未満であった。このことから、原料ガスは、脱硫反応床を流通することで、硫化水素の含有量が1体積ppb未満に低減されていたと予測される。
図9に示す酸素化物の製造システム200を作製した。酸素化物の製造システム200は、脱硫装置210と合成装置220とが、脱硫ガス移送ライン230で接続されたものである。
脱硫装置210は、ステンレス製の円筒型の反応管(内径10.7mm)212と、反応管212を覆う加熱部214とを備える。反応管212内には、目皿216が設けられ、目皿216上に脱硫反応床211が形成されている。
脱硫反応床211は、調製例1で得られた脱硫剤5.4gが充填された層(長さ5.1cm)である。
合成装置220は、ステンレス製の円筒型の反応管(内径10.7mm)222と、反応管222を覆う加熱部224とを備える。反応管222内には、目皿226が設けられ、目皿226上に合成反応床221が形成されている。
合成反応床221は、調製例2で得られた合成触媒0.5gと酸化ケイ素2.5gとの混合物が充填された層(長さ4cm)である。
目皿216、226は、φ0.5mmの穴が複数形成されたステンレス製のパンチングメタルである。
原料ガスを流入させてから任意の時間が経過した後、酸素化物の製造システム200から排出された、生成物を含む合成ガスを回収し、これをガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析した。
得られたデータからCO転化率(モル%)を算出し、その結果を図10に示す。
なお、原料ガス中のH2S濃度及びCOS濃度は、従来の脱硫方式(PSA法、非銅系脱硫剤との接触等)で原料ガスを処理した場合を想定したものである。
なお、この時、変換したCOに対する主成分の選択率は、エタノールの選択率35~40モル%、アセトアルデヒドの選択率40~45モル%、メタンの選択率10~15モル%であった。また、メタノールの選択率は1モル%未満であった。
試験後の脱硫剤を半導体式赤外線吸収法により硫黄含有量(S元素質量)を測定したところ、脱硫剤5.4g中に2.2mgであった。原料ガス中の硫黄成分(H2S、COS)の濃度が0.2体積ppmで、原料ガスの流通量が[200mL/min×636時間]であることから、流通させた硫黄成分の量(S元素質量)は2.2mgとなる。このことから、原料ガス中のほぼ全ての硫黄成分が脱硫反応床層により吸着除去されたことが判った。
また、この試験(脱硫反応床を100℃とした場合)に比べ、脱硫反応床を120℃にした場合には、脱硫剤でのメタノール生成量が多かった。
このように本発明を適用することで、合成触媒の活性を維持でき、長期にわたり酸素化物を効率的に製造できることが判った。
10、210 脱硫装置
20、220 合成装置
11 脱硫反応管
12、110、211 脱硫反応床
13 原料ガス供給ライン
14、230 脱硫ガス移送ライン
15、25 温度制御部
16、26 圧力制御部
21 合成反応管
22、120、221 合成反応床
24 合成ガス移送ライン
30 原料ガス
32 脱硫ガス
34 合成ガス
101、212 反応管
102 酸化ケイ素層
104、216、226 目皿
214、224 加熱部
Claims (2)
- 水素及び一酸化炭素を含有する原料ガスと銅を含有する脱硫剤とを接触させる脱硫装置と、
前記脱硫装置で処理された原料ガスとロジウムを含有する酸素化物の合成触媒とを接触させる合成装置と、
を備える酸素化物の製造システム。 - 水素及び一酸化炭素を含有する原料ガスと銅を含有する脱硫剤とを接触させる脱硫工程と、
前記脱硫工程で処理された原料ガスとロジウムを含有する酸素化物の合成触媒とを接触させる合成工程と、
を備える酸素化物の製造方法。
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13823862.1A EP2876100B1 (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2013-07-23 | Oxygenated product production method |
| US14/416,374 US9975105B2 (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2013-07-23 | System for producing oxygenate and method for producing oxygenate |
| CN201380048557.6A CN104640828B (zh) | 2012-07-23 | 2013-07-23 | 氧化物的制造系统及氧化物的制造方法 |
| JP2014526928A JPWO2014017470A1 (ja) | 2012-07-23 | 2013-07-23 | 酸素化物の製造システム及び酸素化物の製造方法 |
| CA2879840A CA2879840A1 (en) | 2012-07-23 | 2013-07-23 | System for producing oxygenate and method for producing oxygenate |
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| JP2012-162789 | 2012-07-23 | ||
| JP2012162789 | 2012-07-23 | ||
| JP2013037934 | 2013-02-27 | ||
| JP2013-037934 | 2013-02-27 |
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| WO2014017470A1 true WO2014017470A1 (ja) | 2014-01-30 |
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| EP (1) | EP2876100B1 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JPWO2014017470A1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN104640828B (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2879840A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2014017470A1 (ja) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2847233A1 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2013-09-06 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Catalyst for c2 oxygenate synthesis, device for manufacturing c2 oxygenate, and method for manufacturing c2 oxygenate |
| WO2018216555A1 (ja) * | 2017-05-25 | 2018-11-29 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | ガスの脱硫剤および脱硫方法 |
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| JP2003201262A (ja) * | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-18 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | メタノールの製造方法 |
| JP2007016185A (ja) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-01-25 | Takuma Co Ltd | 被処理物ガス化システムと被処理物ガス化方法 |
| JP2009532483A (ja) | 2006-04-05 | 2009-09-10 | ウッドランド バイオフュールズ インコーポレイテッド | 合成ガスを介してバイオマスをエタノールに変換するための方法 |
| JP2012001441A (ja) * | 2010-06-14 | 2012-01-05 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | エタノール製造方法、およびエタノール製造システム |
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| US4476247A (en) * | 1981-12-21 | 1984-10-09 | The Standard Oil Company | Synthesis gas catalyst |
| DE3243206A1 (de) | 1982-11-23 | 1984-05-24 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Verfahren zur reinigung von co und/oder co(pfeil abwaerts)2(pfeil abwaerts) enthaltenden gasen |
| US4546111A (en) * | 1983-04-22 | 1985-10-08 | Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation | Process for the production of oxygenated organic compounds such as methanol |
| US4537909A (en) | 1984-02-28 | 1985-08-27 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Alcohol synthesis |
| GB8610196D0 (en) * | 1986-04-25 | 1986-05-29 | Ici Plc | Sulphur compounds removal |
| US6028119A (en) * | 1997-02-27 | 2000-02-22 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Process for methanol production |
| US7323151B2 (en) * | 2002-02-18 | 2008-01-29 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Process for the selective removal of sulphur compounds from synthesis gas |
| CN1724151A (zh) * | 2004-07-22 | 2006-01-25 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种用于co加氢合成二碳含氧化合物的催化剂 |
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| GB201019054D0 (en) * | 2010-11-11 | 2010-12-29 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Process |
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2013
- 2013-07-23 WO PCT/JP2013/069879 patent/WO2014017470A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2013-07-23 CN CN201380048557.6A patent/CN104640828B/zh active Active
- 2013-07-23 US US14/416,374 patent/US9975105B2/en active Active
- 2013-07-23 JP JP2014526928A patent/JPWO2014017470A1/ja active Pending
- 2013-07-23 EP EP13823862.1A patent/EP2876100B1/en active Active
- 2013-07-23 CA CA2879840A patent/CA2879840A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2017
- 2017-11-29 JP JP2017229401A patent/JP6408114B2/ja active Active
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| JP2003201262A (ja) * | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-18 | Daicel Chem Ind Ltd | メタノールの製造方法 |
| JP2007016185A (ja) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-01-25 | Takuma Co Ltd | 被処理物ガス化システムと被処理物ガス化方法 |
| JP2009532483A (ja) | 2006-04-05 | 2009-09-10 | ウッドランド バイオフュールズ インコーポレイテッド | 合成ガスを介してバイオマスをエタノールに変換するための方法 |
| JP2012001441A (ja) * | 2010-06-14 | 2012-01-05 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | エタノール製造方法、およびエタノール製造システム |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2876100A4 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
| EP2876100B1 (en) | 2025-07-23 |
| EP2876100A1 (en) | 2015-05-27 |
| CN104640828B (zh) | 2017-09-29 |
| JP6408114B2 (ja) | 2018-10-17 |
| CA2879840A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
| US20150182939A1 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
| JPWO2014017470A1 (ja) | 2016-07-11 |
| JP2018048199A (ja) | 2018-03-29 |
| CN104640828A (zh) | 2015-05-20 |
| EP2876100C0 (en) | 2025-07-23 |
| US9975105B2 (en) | 2018-05-22 |
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