Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/40—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • A61K8/41—Amines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/132—Amines having two or more amino groups, e.g. spermidine, putrescine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/14—Drugs for dermatological disorders for baldness or alopecia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q7/00—Preparations for affecting hair growth
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
  • C07C211/01—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C211/02—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
  • C07C211/14—Amines containing amino groups bound to at least two aminoalkyl groups, e.g. diethylenetriamines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition for treating alopecia and in general for combating excessive hair loss.
• the hair follicle is one of the most complex mini-organs in the human body with the capacity to regenerate.
• the growth cycle of hair during post-natal life describes the morphohistological changes to the shaft and the follicle over time.
• the cyclic activity starts with the production of hair, followed by a rapid growth and elongation of the shaft (anagen phase).
• the follicle and the hair subsequently undergo a regression driven by apoptosis (catagen phase), followed by a rest phase (telogen) and finally a hair loss phase (exogen).
• transformations involve a rapid remodeling of epithelial and dermal components based on changes in the expression and/or activity of cytokines, hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters and their cognate receptors, and transcription factors that are recognised as key mediators of the hair cycle.
• All of the hairs of the body are subject to a similar life cycle, although the extension, the duration of the phases and the length of the shaft vary between different areas of the body and between individuals depending on their genetic programming, age and state of health. Moreover, many regulators are involved in the biology of hair, affecting morphogenesis and regulating the initiation of the anagen phase and the duration.
• prolactin is involved in the regulation of hair growth in both mice and humans.
• regulators may be a target of clinical treatments.
• androgens require the enzyme 5a-reductase, which is capable of metabolising testosterone to 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the more potent metabolite.
• DHT 5a-dihydrotestosterone
• This is in fact a mechanism used in both the clinical and the cosmetic field to counteract hair loss in cases of androgenetic alopecia.
• excessive growth of hair can be a problem, particularly for women.
• hirsutism and hypertrichosis result from an extended anagen phase accompanied by an abnormal enlargement of hair follicles.
• ODC ornithine decarboxylase
• polyamines in the hair cycle. This interest is primarily due to the fact that the follicle is one of the most highly proliferative organs.
• ODC the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is a target for inhibitor drugs (such as eflornithine), which results in a decrease in the speed of facial hair growth in vivo and inhibition of the growth of human hair in organ culture.
• one strategy is to change the duration of anagen, shortening it in cases of hirsutism or increasing it to combat alopecia.
• disorders of the human follicle such as hirsutism, grey hair and alopecia have considerable negative effects on the psyche and self- esteem of the individuals affected.
• Patent EP 1469843 by the same applicant discloses a composition for pharmaceutical, cosmetic or dietetic use for combating hair loss, in which the active ingredient is the polyamine known as spermidine, or N'-(3-aminopropyl)-1 ,4- diaminobutane, both for oral use and for topical use on the scalp.
• the formula for spermidine is: H 2 N - (CH 2 ) 3 - NH - (CH 2 ) 4 - NH 2 .
• spermidine like other polyamines, is subject to oxidation, especially in the case of topical application on the scalp, in which the compound remains in extended contact with the air for some time before being absorbed by the skin and performing its action. Any oxidation of spermidine during this time before the absorption would lead to oxidation products which are no longer active, if not potentially harmful.
• the present invention primarily aims to find a solution to this problem.
• potential chemical protection of the amine functional groups subject to oxidation does not appear to be generally suitable in practice, especially in view of the prior art summarised by the following patents.
• WO9937277 describes substituted polyamines for reducing the growth of the hair of mammals by selecting of an area of skin where this effect is to be produced and applying to this area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition, comprising a substituted polyamine as an inhibitor for the biosynthetic hypusine pathway, in an amount which effectively reduces the growth of hair.
• Unwanted hair growth in mammals, including humans, particularly hair growth stimulated by androgens can thus be reduced either in cases of normal growth, or equally in cases of an increase resulting from abnormalities or disorders (for example hirsutism).
• WO02062341 relates to a pharmaceutical composition suitable for topical application on a human or non-human mammal for controlling the growth of hair in the area in which it is applied, comprising an effective amount of a substituted polyamine or a salt thereof.
• hair growth can be regulated by applying particular substituted polyamines, which primarily prevent the formation of ODC in the cells into which they are absorbed, to human and non- human mammals.
• a further object of the present invention is to provide compounds which may be, at least for some properties, even more active than spermidine in combating hair loss.
• - saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl groups consisting of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in which optionally one or more carbon atoms are substituted by fluorine, such as methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, ethylene, vinyl, propylene, butylene; - aryl or arylalkyl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, tolyl, wherein optionally one or more carbon atoms are substituted by fluorine, and wherein said arylalkyl groups comprise saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl groups, consisting of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein optionally one or more carbon atoms are substituted by fluorine, such as methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl
• cycloalkyl groups consisting of 3 to 8 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl groups, consisting of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein optionally one or more carbon atoms are substituted by fluorine, such as methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, ethylene, vinyl, propylene, butylene;
• these compounds according to the present invention turn out to be more active than spermidine in combating alopecia, at least with respect to particular properties as described above.
• the present invention therefore relates to the use of these R-N 1 -spermidine compounds (I) to combat hair loss and to compositions for pharmaceutical or cosmetic use which comprise them as active ingredients.
• a preferred compound of formula (I) according to the present invention is N 1 - methylspermidine, or N-(3-aminopropyl)-N 1 -methyl-1 ,4-butanediamine (CAS Registry Number 51460-23-2), of formula:
• a further preferred compound of formula (I) according to the present invention is N 1 - cyclohexylspermidine, or N-(3-aminopropyl)-N 1 -cyclohexyl-1 ,4-butanediamine (CAS Registry Number 183070-28-2), of formula:
• a further preferred compound of formula (I) according to the present invention is N 1 - ethylspermidine, or N-(3-aminopropyl)-N 1 -ethyl-1 ,4-butanediamine (CAS Registry Number 97141 -36-1 ), of formula: (IV) H 2 N - (CH 2 ) 3 - N 1 (C 2 H 5 ) - (CH 2 ) 4 - NH 2 used in a composition according to the invention as such or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example trihydrochloride (3HCI) or trimaleate.
• 3HCI trihydrochloride
• a further preferred compound of formula (I) according to the present invention is N 1 - propylspermidine, or N-(3-aminopropyl)-N 1 -propyl-1 ,4-butanediamine (CAS Registry Number 62659-14-7), of formula:
• a further preferred compound of formula (I) according to the present invention is N 1 - isobutylspermidine, or N-(3-aminopropyl)-N 1 -isobutyl-1 ,4-butanediamine, of formula:
• the aqueous phase was used without further purifications in the following step, Net3 (0.659 mg, 0.9 ml, 0.00652 mol, 1 eq) was added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 minutes.
• a solution of Boc 2 0 (1 .42 g, 0.00652 mol, 1 eq) in THF (10 ml) was added.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 18 hours.
• the disappearance of the starting product was evaluated by TLC petroleum ether 8/ EtOAc 2. The solvents were evaporated, and the residue was eluted with EtOAc and washed with H 2 0.
• the organic extracts were dehydrated over sodium sulphate and evaporated. 1 .23 g of a brown oil were obtained.
• Fig. 7, 8 and 9 of the appended drawings show, respectively, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and mass spectra of compound 4, that is, of formula (VI) as defined above.
• compositions according to the invention for topical use on the scalp are described by way of non-limiting example.
• N 1 -methyl spermidine is referred to by the corresponding INCI name required for use in cosmetic products, namely: N-methylspermidine. This also applies to the other inventive compounds given as examples.
• Lecithin (Glycine max L.) 0.005-5.0 Denatured alcohol 15.0-20.0
• Helianthus annuus seed oil 0.001 -0.01
• Lecithin (Glycine max L.) 0.005-5.0 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil 0.50-2.00
• Lecithin (Glycine max L.) 0.005-5.0
• Fig. 1 and 2 are graphs of the results of an MTT Assay test.
• Fig. 3 is a graph of the results of an antioxidant test.
• Fig. 4 is a graph of the results of a hair elongation test.
• Fig. 5 and 6 are graphs of the results for the anagen and catagen phases in the test of Fig. 4.
• Fig. 7, 8 and 9 show, respectively, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and mass spectra of compound 4, that is, of formula (VI) as defined above.
• the stability and reactivity of compounds of formula (I) after exposing a solution thereof to ambient air were also studied.
• MTT Assay is a test used for analysing cell viability (Mosmann, 1983). It is a colorimetric test based on the use of the tetrazolium salt MTT, which measures cell viability which can then be quantified by a microplate spectrophotometric reader.
• MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole), a yellow compound, is reduced to formazan, a purple substance, in cellular mitochondria.
• the absorbance of this coloured solution can be quantified by measuring it at a given wavelength (570 nm) using a spectrophotometer. The maximum absorbance will depend on the solvent used.
• MTT Assay for cell determination is useful in measuring the cell growth in response to mitogens, antigenic stimuli, growth factors and other reagents that promote cell growth, cytotoxicity studies, and in the creation of cell growth curves. MTT Assay for cell determination is particularly useful when the cultures are prepared in multi-well plates. For better results, the number of cells should be determined during the exponential growth phase.
• NCTC2544 human keratinocytes (Perry V.P. et al., 1957) was obtained from the National Institute for Cancer Research in Genoa, Italy.
• the cell line was grown in EMEM medium (EBSS) with the addition of 10 % FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 % NEAA 1 X solution and 1 % penicillin (10,000 U/ml) / streptomycin (10,000 pg/ml) mixture, and kept at 37 °C, 5 % CO 2 in 25 cm 2 culture flasks. Every two days, the confluent cultures were split 1 :3 - 1 :6, after washing with PBS 1 X (without Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ), using trypsin/EDTA and seeded at 2-5 * 10 4 cell/cm 2 , 37 °C, 5 % CO 2 .
• EBSS EMEM medium
• Medium for freezing culture medium with addition of 20% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 % penicillin / streptomycin mix and 10 % DMSO.
• METHODS Day 1 seeding the cells
• NCTC 2544 human keratinocyte cells had reached a confluence of approximately 80 %, they were detached and collected with trypsin/EDTA, seeded at a density of 5x 10 4 cell/ml in 96-well plates, and then incubated at 37 °C, 5 % C0 2 (24 h).
• N 1 -methylspermidine both as a free base and as trihydrochloride (3HCI) and trimaleate salt
• N 1 -cycloesilspermidine N 1 - ethylspermidine, N 1 -propylspermidine, N 1 -isobutylspermidine as trihydrochloride (3HCI) salt
• spermidine trihydrochloride salt a reference for comparison.
• Each compound was tested in duplicate. The following concentrations of all of the compounds were tested: 1 nM, 500 nM, 1 ⁇ , 500 ⁇ (final concentration in the culture medium). SDS was used as an internal standard.
• the culture medium was removed from the plate and the wells were seeded with 100 ⁇ of each concentration. Controls only containing culture medium were included in each plate.
• the cells were incubated at 37 °C, 5 % C0 2 , for different treatment times (24-48 h).
• the medium was removed and replaced with 100 ⁇ /well of MTT solution, and the plates were incubated for 3 h at 37 °C, 5 % C0 2 .
• the MTT salt was dissolved in PBS (5 mg/ml) and added to the cells in a 1 :10 dilution in EMEM medium, without phenol red, supplemented with 10 % FCS, 2 mM glutamine, 1 % NEAA 100X solution (liquid) and 1 % antibiotic mix.
• the plate was covered with aluminium foil. Subsequently, the medium was carefully removed. 100 ⁇ of DMSO were added to each well to dissolve the purple formazan product. The plates were covered with aluminium foil and stirred for 15 min at room temperature. The absorbance of the solutions was read at 570 nm with a reference filter at 630 nm in a Biotek ELX808 microplate reader, using a predefined protocol and after correctly defining the layout of the plate.
• optical density data were recorded directly from the software of the Biotek ELX808 microplate reader.
• the software automatically carries out any transformations.
• Fig. 1 and 2 summarise the results obtained in graphs at 24 hours (Fig. 1 ) and 48 hours (Fig. 2) respectively.
• the eight columns given there for each group of equal concentration, as specified therein, are to be attributed respectively, from left to right, to: spermidine, N 1 -methylspermidine, N 1 -cyclohexylspermidine, N 1 - ethylspermidine, N 1 -propylspermidine, N 1 -isobutylspermidine, all in the form of trihydrochloride salt (3HCI); N 1 -methylspermidine trimaleate salt; N 1 - methylspermidine free base.
• 3HCI trihydrochloride salt
• N 1 -methylspermidine trimaleate salt N 1 - methylspermidine free base.
• Cell viability is expressed in percent against the control, that is to say the cell population is grown under standard conditions without the addition of spermidine or of compounds according to the invention.
• concentrations tested (1 nM, 500 nM, 1 mM, 500 mM)
• spermidine has no cytotoxic effects after 24 or 48 hours of exposing of the cell line of human keratinocytes (NCTC2544).
• the cell viability after treatment for 24 or 48 with the compounds according to the invention is not substantially reduced, and in some cases is even improved, demonstrating the lack of cytotoxicity of the compound.
• the results obtained for the compounds according to the invention are not statistically different from those obtained for spermidine.
• MTT assay does not demonstrate cytotoxicity for compounds according to the invention.
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• NCTC2544 cells ( ⁇ 80 % confluence) were detached with trypsin/EDTA and seeded at a density of 5 x 10 4 cells per well, in 96-well plates. Subsequently, the cells were treated with the N-methylspermidine according to the invention and spermidine. The following concentrations of N-methylspermidine and spermidine were tested: 1 nM, 500 nM, 1 ⁇ , 500 ⁇ , 1 mM (final concentration in the culture medium).
• a-tocopherol 250 ⁇ g / ml was used as a comparison.
• the plates were incubated at 37 °C, in 5 % CO 2 , for 1 .5 h.
• the cells grown on basal medium with 1 0 % FBS were used as a control.
• the graph of Fig 3 summarises the results obtained.
• the results obtained from determining the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) confirmed antioxidant activity of spermidine as reported in the literature.
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• the organ culture of hair follicles (HF) in anagen VI phase involved microdissection of HF from the skin of the human scalp (temporo-frontal area) after informed consent from the subjects who were undergoing surgery (face lifts), in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the University of Lubeck.
• the growth phase (anagen) of HF continued for several days to produce a pigmented shaft at a speed similar to the anagen phase in vivo, additionally exhibiting a cyclical growth activity in vitro, spontaneously entering the regression phase of the cycle hair (catagen).
• the isolated follicles were cultured for 6 consecutive days.
• the frozen sections were stored at -80 °C until they were used.
• the measurements of the shaft elongation after the treatment with vehicle, spermidine and N-methylspermidine were taken on days 0, 1 , 4 and 6, using a Zeiss inverted binocular microscope with one eyepiece containing a reticle (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).
• N-methylspermidine brings about a significant increase in the percentage of hair follicles in the anagen phase and a decrease in those in catagen.
• N-methylspermidine In the presence of N-methylspermidine, only 30 % (approximately) of follicles enter catagen spontaneously, whilst in the presence of the vehicle more than 60 % of the follicles enter catagen.
• the graph of Fig 6 shows the corresponding percentage values for the control of the phases of the follicle obtained for spermidine (0.5 ⁇ ) and N-methyl- spermidine (0.5 ⁇ ).
• the instrumentation used consisted of a stage on which both the analysis of the nitrite ions and the analysis of the N-nitrosamines were carried out, the latter under strong denitrosating conditions.
• the nitrogen oxide which developed in accordance with the amount of nitrite ions and that which developed in accordance with the quantity of nitroso groups were evaluated by way of a chemiluminometric detector.
• the content of NO 2" ions was analysed using a reducing mixture of acetic acid/potassium iodide (5 ml/1 ml of 5 % H 2 O soln.) at a temperature of 0-4 °C.
• the nitroso groups were analysed using a denitrosating mixture of acetic acid/hydrobromic acid (5 ml / 1 ml) at a temperature of 70 °C.
• the reagents are commercially available for example from Sigma-Aldrich. High- purity gases (He 2 and NO) were used.
• the method for determining air oxidation of the compound was as follows.
• the residue in the well is eluted with 1 ml of purified water and then used for the chemiluminometric analysis.
• An activity of prolonging the anagen phase and relative inhibition of the catagen phase, as indicated above for N-methylspermidine, is useful in combating many different forms of hair loss, or alopecia, characterised by an excessive effluvium due to a non-physiological reduction in the anagen phase, for example resulting from of androgens, perifollicular inflammation, iron deficiency and estrogens, or the administration of drugs which cause non-physiological effluvium as a side effect.

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