[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2014074005A1 - Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture - Google Patents

Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2014074005A1
WO2014074005A1 PCT/RU2012/000916 RU2012000916W WO2014074005A1 WO 2014074005 A1 WO2014074005 A1 WO 2014074005A1 RU 2012000916 W RU2012000916 W RU 2012000916W WO 2014074005 A1 WO2014074005 A1 WO 2014074005A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy
filter
kev
rays
ray tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/RU2012/000916
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Alexandra Igorevna BOTYACHKOVA
Gennadiy Gennadievich KARPINSKIY
Stepan Alexandrovich Polikhov
Reiner Franz Schulz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to PCT/RU2012/000916 priority Critical patent/WO2014074005A1/en
Publication of WO2014074005A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014074005A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/083—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining the flow rates in a multi-phase mixture according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • volumetric flow as well as phase composition of the fluid needs to be determined.
  • Volumetric flow can be detected by conventional flow rate detectors, e.g. by recording the pressure drop in a Venturi tube.
  • phase composition it is known to employ X-ray absorption, utilizing the fact that gas and liquid phases, as well as different elements, usually exhibit different absorption coefficients. By measuring X-ray or gamma absorption at at least two different wavelengths, the ratio of the individual phases can therefore be determined.
  • X-rays of at least two different energies are provided and the absorption of the X-rays by the mixture is measured by means of an X-ray detector.
  • the X-rays of different energies are provided by operating an X-ray tube at different acceleration voltages.
  • the X-ray tube output is filtered by a first filter with a low attenuation coefficient in the 20-30 keV energy range and a high attenuation coefficient in the >30 keV energy range.
  • a Rhodium filter is used for this purpose.
  • the X-ray tube output is filtered by a second filter with a high attenuation coefficient in the ⁇ 60 keV range and a low attenuation coefficient in the 60-80 keV range. Attenuating the low energy photons is of particular importance, since the presence of low-energy photons during a high- energy measurement significantly lowers the accuracy of the measurement, particularly regarding the distinction between oil and water.
  • the second filter has a K-edge at a wavelength corresponding to the K-emission line of the X-ray tube, so that the high- energy part of the spectrum is further pronounced.
  • a Wolfram, Hafnium or Tantalum filter is used as second filter.
  • a scintillator based on doped Gadolinium oxisulfide is used as X-ray detector.
  • Such detectors have a higher sensitivity in the high-energy spectrum, thereby lowering the influence of low-energy photons in high-energy measurements.
  • the invention is not limited to the application to flowing liquid/gas mixtures in tubes, but it can also be used for the measurement of the flow of any masses, e.g. solids/liquids on a conveyor belt.
  • FIG 1 A schematic representation of an X-ray tube suitable for
  • FIG 2 a graph showing the linear attenuation coefficients of oil and water for photons in the energy range up to 100 keV;
  • FIG 3 a graph representing the calibration triangle for multiphase flow measurements with and without low-energy interference during a high- energy measurement
  • FIG 4 a graph representing the influence of two filters used in an embodiment of the method according to the invention on a low-energy X-ray spectrum emitted by an X-ray tube
  • FIG 5 a graph representing the influence of two filters used in an embodiment of the method according to the invention on a high-energy X-ray spectrum emitted by an X-ray tube
  • FIG 6 a graph representing the input and output spectra of a gadolinium oxisulfide scintillator used in an embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • FIG 7 a graph representing the distribution of photons emitted by a gadolinium oxisulfide scintillator depending on the energy of the photons absorbed by the scintillator.
  • electrons are emitted from a cathode 14 within a vacuum chamber 16 and accelerated towards an anode 18 by an acceleration voltage.
  • an acceleration voltage When the electrons hit the anode 18, X-ray photons are produced and directed through an X-ray transparent window 20 in the desired direction.
  • the energy of the photons is dependent on the acceleration voltage and the material of the anode 18.
  • a first filter 22 and a second filter 24 are placed within the optical path of the X-rays.
  • the filters 22, 24 have to fulfill certain criteria:
  • the resulting spectrum needs a clearly marked peak in the energy range between 20 and 30 keV.
  • the first filter 22 is for example a Rhodium filter with high attenuation for energies greater than 30 keV and low attenuation between 20 and 30 keV.
  • the spectrum needs a well-defined peak between 60 and 80 keV without any (or just a very small) low-energy interference. Therefore, the second filter 24needs a high attenuation coefficient for photons below 60 keV and low attenuation between 60 and 80 keV. It is furthermore advantageous to use a filter 24 with a K-edge close to the K emission line of the anode material. For Tungsten anodes, Wolfram, Hafnium or Tantalum work well as filter materials.
  • the thickness of the filters 22, 24 has to be selected to allow a good X-ray intensity during both high and low energy operation.
  • the first filter 22 has to cut off the spectrum above 30 keV and to transmit the intensive characteristic K line.
  • the second filter 24 has to be selected such as to reduce the influence of the K line after the first filter 22.
  • FIG 4 shows the influence of the filters 22, 24 on the X-ray spectrum during low- voltage operation of the X-ray tube 10 at 30 kV acceleration voltage.
  • the first graph to the left shows the source spectrum, the middle graph the spectrum after application of the first filter 22 and the rightmost graph the spectrum after subsequent application of the second filter 24, in this case a Hafnium filter.
  • the first filter 22 cuts off the spectrum at energies higher than 25 keV and reduces the total intensity by about two thirds.
  • the second filter 24 has no significant effect on the spectral shape, but further reduces the intensity by another two thirds.
  • the resulting spectrum shows a clearly defined low-energy peak at roughly 20 keV.
  • FIG 5 depicts the influence of the filters 22, 24 on the X-ray spectrum during operation in high-voltage mode, i.e. at an acceleration voltage of 75 kV.
  • the source spectrum is less well-defined and broader than in low- voltage mode, spanning an energy range of 15-80 keV.
  • Application of the first filter 22, as seen in the middle graph the initial spectrum is strongly attenuated with regard to photons with an energy of more than 25 keV. However, the spectrum retains a significant high-energy peak.
  • the second filter 24 reduces the low energy peak by a factor of 4, while letting the high energy peak pass. Furthermore, the second filter 24 adds its own characteristic K- line at 57 keV, as shown in the rightmost graph.
  • the remaining low-energy portion of the resulting spectrum can still influence the accuracy of the measurement. This is solved by the use of a doped gadolinium oxisulfide scintillator as X-ray detector 12.
  • Such a detector 12 emits about 41 photons in the visible green range for every keV of absorbed energy. This dependence of the photon count on the absorbed energy leads to an overrepresentation of the high-energy portions of the absorbed spectrum, thereby lowering low energy interference when the X-ray tube 10 is operated in high- voltage mode. As can be seen from FIG 7, the total contribution of low-energy X-ray photons on the emitted photon count of the detector 12 is only about 4%, thereby allowing for highly accurate measurements.
  • the invention provides a comparatively cheap, accurate and easy handle method for determining the flow rate of mixed-phase fluids in pipelines.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for determining the flow rates of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture, in which X-rays of at least two different energies are provided and the absorption of the X-rays by the mixture is measured by means of an X-ray detector (12). According to the invention, the X-rays of different energies are provided by operating an X-ray tube (10) at different acceleration voltages.

Description

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE FLOW RATE OF THE
CONSTITUENTS OF A MULTI-PHASE MIXTURE
DESCRIPTION
The invention relates to a method for determining the flow rates in a multi-phase mixture according to the preamble of claim 1.
To determine an exact mass flow rates of the constituents of multiphasic fluids such as oil/water/gas mixtures in pipelines, volumetric flow as well as phase composition of the fluid needs to be determined. Volumetric flow can be detected by conventional flow rate detectors, e.g. by recording the pressure drop in a Venturi tube.
To measure phase composition, it is known to employ X-ray absorption, utilizing the fact that gas and liquid phases, as well as different elements, usually exhibit different absorption coefficients. By measuring X-ray or gamma absorption at at least two different wavelengths, the ratio of the individual phases can therefore be determined.
To provide X-rays at different wavelengths, usually two separate cathode-ray tubes are employed. Such a flow meter is disclosed in US 6 265 713 Bl . An alternative solution is the use of gamma emitters, as disclosed in US 2004 0 237 664 Al.
Both approaches are complex and, in the case of gamma emitters, pose significant handling and shielding problems regarding the radioactive source materials.
It is therefore the objective of the present invention to provide a method according to the preamble of claim 1 which allows for an easy and safe generation of X-rays at different wavelengths.
This objective is reached by a method according to claim 1.
In the course of such a method for determining the flow rates in a multi-phase mixture in a pipeline, X-rays of at least two different energies are provided and the absorption of the X-rays by the mixture is measured by means of an X-ray detector.
According to the invention, the X-rays of different energies are provided by operating an X-ray tube at different acceleration voltages.
Since only a single X-ray tube is used, investment and maintenance is significantly lower compared to the use of multi-phase flow meters known from the state of the art which employ two X-ray tubes. Compared to known solutions based on radioactive source materials as gamma emitters, handling and shielding is significantly easier and safer.
In order to yield accurate information about the relative concentrations of the phases in the oil/gas/water mixture, it is advantageous, if low-energy X-rays with an energy of 20-30 keV and high-energy X-rays with an energy of 60-80 keV are provided.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the X-ray tube output is filtered by a first filter with a low attenuation coefficient in the 20-30 keV energy range and a high attenuation coefficient in the >30 keV energy range. This yields a largely monochromatic low-energy peak when the X-ray tube is operated at low voltage, thereby increasing the accuracy of the measurement. Preferentially, a Rhodium filter is used for this purpose.
For producing high-energy X-rays, preferably, the X-ray tube output is filtered by a second filter with a high attenuation coefficient in the <60 keV range and a low attenuation coefficient in the 60-80 keV range. Attenuating the low energy photons is of particular importance, since the presence of low-energy photons during a high- energy measurement significantly lowers the accuracy of the measurement, particularly regarding the distinction between oil and water. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the second filter has a K-edge at a wavelength corresponding to the K-emission line of the X-ray tube, so that the high- energy part of the spectrum is further pronounced. Preferably, for an X-ray tube with Tungsten as anode material, a Wolfram, Hafnium or Tantalum filter is used as second filter.
It is further advantageous, if a scintillator based on doped Gadolinium oxisulfide is used as X-ray detector. Such detectors have a higher sensitivity in the high-energy spectrum, thereby lowering the influence of low-energy photons in high-energy measurements.
The invention is not limited to the application to flowing liquid/gas mixtures in tubes, but it can also be used for the measurement of the flow of any masses, e.g. solids/liquids on a conveyor belt.
In the following part, the invention and its embodiments are further explained with reference to the drawings, which show in:
FIG 1 A schematic representation of an X-ray tube suitable for
embodiment of a method according to the invention;
FIG 2 a graph showing the linear attenuation coefficients of oil and water for photons in the energy range up to 100 keV;
FIG 3 a graph representing the calibration triangle for multiphase flow measurements with and without low-energy interference during a high- energy measurement;
FIG 4 a graph representing the influence of two filters used in an embodiment of the method according to the invention on a low-energy X-ray spectrum emitted by an X-ray tube; FIG 5 a graph representing the influence of two filters used in an embodiment of the method according to the invention on a high-energy X-ray spectrum emitted by an X-ray tube; FIG 6 a graph representing the input and output spectra of a gadolinium oxisulfide scintillator used in an embodiment of the method according to the invention; and
FIG 7 a graph representing the distribution of photons emitted by a gadolinium oxisulfide scintillator depending on the energy of the photons absorbed by the scintillator. In order to determine the flow rate in a pipeline transporting a multiphase mixture of oil, water and gas, X-rays are produced by an X-ray tube 10, transmitted across the pipeline and detected by a scintillator 12. Using X-rays of at least two different energies allows for determination of the ratio between the phases, which, together with a conventionally measured flow velocity, yields the total flow rate for all the components in the mixture.
Within the X-ray tube 10, electrons are emitted from a cathode 14 within a vacuum chamber 16 and accelerated towards an anode 18 by an acceleration voltage. When the electrons hit the anode 18, X-ray photons are produced and directed through an X-ray transparent window 20 in the desired direction. The energy of the photons is dependent on the acceleration voltage and the material of the anode 18.
Since water and oil exhibit markedly different attenuation curves for X-rays of differing energies, as shown in FIG 2, operating the X-ray tube 10 at different acceleration voltages can be used to distinguish the phases in the mixture.
The different attenuation properties of water, oil and air at low and high X-ray energies (corresponding to about 30 keV and 80 keV respectively), are depicted in the graph in FIG 3. As can be readily appreciated, water shows the highest attenuation at high and low energies, while oil shows a markedly lower attenuation for low-energy photons. Air has a very weak attenuation at both high and low energies. Since X-ray sources are not monochromatic, and, in particular the Bremsstrahlung covers a wide spectral range, there can arise problems, if the X-ray tube 10 emits a significant amount of low-energy photons when it is operated at high voltage. This is depicted in FIG 3 by the short-dashed line. In particular, the position of oil in the calibration triangle is markedly shifted, reducing the area of the triangle and lowering the accuracy of the measurement.
It is therefore important to filter the emitted spectra. To this end a first filter 22 and a second filter 24 are placed within the optical path of the X-rays. The filters 22, 24 have to fulfill certain criteria:
At low voltage operation of the X-ray tube 10, the resulting spectrum needs a clearly marked peak in the energy range between 20 and 30 keV. To achieve this, the first filter 22 is for example a Rhodium filter with high attenuation for energies greater than 30 keV and low attenuation between 20 and 30 keV.
At high voltage operation, the spectrum needs a well-defined peak between 60 and 80 keV without any (or just a very small) low-energy interference. Therefore, the second filter 24needs a high attenuation coefficient for photons below 60 keV and low attenuation between 60 and 80 keV. It is furthermore advantageous to use a filter 24 with a K-edge close to the K emission line of the anode material. For Tungsten anodes, Wolfram, Hafnium or Tantalum work well as filter materials.
The thickness of the filters 22, 24 has to be selected to allow a good X-ray intensity during both high and low energy operation. The first filter 22 has to cut off the spectrum above 30 keV and to transmit the intensive characteristic K line. The second filter 24 has to be selected such as to reduce the influence of the K line after the first filter 22. FIG 4 shows the influence of the filters 22, 24 on the X-ray spectrum during low- voltage operation of the X-ray tube 10 at 30 kV acceleration voltage. The first graph to the left shows the source spectrum, the middle graph the spectrum after application of the first filter 22 and the rightmost graph the spectrum after subsequent application of the second filter 24, in this case a Hafnium filter.
As can be seen, the first filter 22 cuts off the spectrum at energies higher than 25 keV and reduces the total intensity by about two thirds. The second filter 24 has no significant effect on the spectral shape, but further reduces the intensity by another two thirds. The resulting spectrum shows a clearly defined low-energy peak at roughly 20 keV. FIG 5 depicts the influence of the filters 22, 24 on the X-ray spectrum during operation in high-voltage mode, i.e. at an acceleration voltage of 75 kV. As can be seen in the leftmost graph, the source spectrum is less well-defined and broader than in low- voltage mode, spanning an energy range of 15-80 keV. Application of the first filter 22, as seen in the middle graph, the initial spectrum is strongly attenuated with regard to photons with an energy of more than 25 keV. However, the spectrum retains a significant high-energy peak.
The second filter 24 reduces the low energy peak by a factor of 4, while letting the high energy peak pass. Furthermore, the second filter 24 adds its own characteristic K- line at 57 keV, as shown in the rightmost graph.
The remaining low-energy portion of the resulting spectrum can still influence the accuracy of the measurement. This is solved by the use of a doped gadolinium oxisulfide scintillator as X-ray detector 12.
Such a detector 12 emits about 41 photons in the visible green range for every keV of absorbed energy. This dependence of the photon count on the absorbed energy leads to an overrepresentation of the high-energy portions of the absorbed spectrum, thereby lowering low energy interference when the X-ray tube 10 is operated in high- voltage mode. As can be seen from FIG 7, the total contribution of low-energy X-ray photons on the emitted photon count of the detector 12 is only about 4%, thereby allowing for highly accurate measurements.
In summary, the invention provides a comparatively cheap, accurate and easy handle method for determining the flow rate of mixed-phase fluids in pipelines.
List of reference signs
10 X-ray tube
12 X-ray detector
14 cathode
16 . vacuum chamber
18 anode
20 window
22 first filter
24 second filter

Claims

1. Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture, in which X-rays of at least two different energies are provided and the absorption of the X-rays by the mixture is measured by means of an X-ray detector (12),
characterized in that
the X-rays of different energies are provided by operating an X-ray tube (10) at different acceleration voltages.
2. Method according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that low-energy X-rays with an energy of 20-30 keV and high-energy X-rays with an energy of 60-80 keV are provided.
3. Method according to claim 2,
characterized in that the X-ray tube (10) output is filtered by a first filter (22) with a low attenuation coefficient in the 20-30 keV energy range and a high attenuation coefficient in the >30 keV energy range.
4. Method according to claim 3,
characterized in that a Rhodium filter is used as the first filter (22).
5. Method according to any of claims 2 to 4,
characterized in that the X-ray tube (10) output is filtered by a second filter (24) with a high attenuation coefficient in the <60 keV range and a low attenuation coefficient in the 60-80 keV range.
6. Method according to claim 5,
characterized in that the second filter (24) has a K-edge at a wavelength corresponding to the K-emission line of the X-ray tube (10).
7. Method according to claim 6,
characterized in that for an X-ray tube (10) with Tungsten as anode material, a Wolfram, Hafnium or Tantalum filter is used as second filter (24).
8. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 7,
characterized in that a scintillator based on doped Gadolinium Oxisulfide is used as X- ray detector.
PCT/RU2012/000916 2012-11-09 2012-11-09 Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture Ceased WO2014074005A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/RU2012/000916 WO2014074005A1 (en) 2012-11-09 2012-11-09 Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/RU2012/000916 WO2014074005A1 (en) 2012-11-09 2012-11-09 Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014074005A1 true WO2014074005A1 (en) 2014-05-15

Family

ID=48670051

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/RU2012/000916 Ceased WO2014074005A1 (en) 2012-11-09 2012-11-09 Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2014074005A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102015200701A1 (en) 2015-01-19 2016-07-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Measuring device for quantifying different proportions of a fluid mixture, and a corresponding method
RU2659763C1 (en) * 2017-10-05 2018-07-03 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Корпорация Уралтехнострой" Multiphase x-ray flowmeter
RU2790574C1 (en) * 2022-03-21 2023-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Корпорация Уралтехнострой" X-ray filter

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3860817A (en) * 1973-08-10 1975-01-14 Gen Electric Reducing patient X-ray dose during fluoroscopy with an image system
US6097786A (en) * 1998-05-18 2000-08-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring multiphase flows
WO2012169923A1 (en) * 2011-06-08 2012-12-13 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and method for measuring the flow-rate and composition of a multi-phase fluid mixture

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3860817A (en) * 1973-08-10 1975-01-14 Gen Electric Reducing patient X-ray dose during fluoroscopy with an image system
US6097786A (en) * 1998-05-18 2000-08-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring multiphase flows
WO2012169923A1 (en) * 2011-06-08 2012-12-13 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and method for measuring the flow-rate and composition of a multi-phase fluid mixture

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DUCOTE JUSTIN ET AL: "Quantification of breast density with dual energy mammography: An experimental feasibility study", MEDICAL PHYSICS, AIP, MELVILLE, NY, US, vol. 37, no. 2, 26 January 2010 (2010-01-26), pages 793 - 801, XP012135604, ISSN: 0094-2405, ISBN: 978-1-930524-56-9, DOI: 10.1118/1.3284975 *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102015200701A1 (en) 2015-01-19 2016-07-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Measuring device for quantifying different proportions of a fluid mixture, and a corresponding method
RU2659763C1 (en) * 2017-10-05 2018-07-03 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Корпорация Уралтехнострой" Multiphase x-ray flowmeter
RU2818189C1 (en) * 2017-10-05 2024-04-25 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Корпорация Уралтехнострой" Multiphase x-ray flowmeter
RU2790574C1 (en) * 2022-03-21 2023-02-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Корпорация Уралтехнострой" X-ray filter
RU2836859C1 (en) * 2024-08-18 2025-03-24 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ФОТОН" Method of determining equivalent filtration

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
RU2437126C2 (en) High-voltage x-ray generator, apparatus and method for investigating oil well formation using said generator
RU2533758C2 (en) Device and method for measurement of multiphase fluid flow
AU2021102216A4 (en) X-ray fluorescence analyzer with a plurality of measurement channels, and a method for performing x-ray fluorescence analysis
Wansleben et al. Photon flux determination of a liquid-metal jet X-ray source by means of photon scattering
AU2021107551A4 (en) X-ray fluorescence analyzer system and a method for performing x-ray fluorescence analysis of an element of interest in slurry
RU2010129923A (en) DEVICE AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING PHASE FRACTION FACILITIES USING X-RAYS RAYS OPTIMIZED FOR UNDRAINED GAS
Khodyuk et al. Nonproportional response between 0.1–100 keV energy by means of highly monochromatic synchrotron X-rays
CN105890689B (en) Measuring device and measuring method for measuring gas-oil-water three-phase mass flow in moisture
NO334998B1 (en) Method and apparatus for measuring flow rate for multiphase mixing
CN113841030A (en) Dual beam multi-phase fluid analysis system and method
AU2021107549A4 (en) X-ray fluorescence analyzer, and a method for performing x-ray fluorescence analysis
WO2009093927A1 (en) Method and device for multiphase fraction metering based on high pressure xe filled ionization chamber
CN102317763B (en) Device for emitting a first beam of high-energy photons and a second beam of lower-energy photons, and associated method and measuring unit
US20120328075A1 (en) System and method for measuring the thickness of a zinc layer on steel and for measuring the iron concentration in a zinc layer
US11079222B2 (en) Radiation-based thickness gauge
US7957504B2 (en) Method and apparatus for measuring enrichment of UF6
WO2014074005A1 (en) Method for determining the flow rate of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture
Hendee et al. Gas‐Flow Proportional Counter for Soft X‐Ray Detection
Scholze et al. Detector calibration and measurement of fundamental parameters for X-ray spectrometry
Birks Apparatus for Vacuum X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Light Elements
CN106646585A (en) Quasi-monoenergetic X-ray calibration platform
Lad et al. Compton scattering of 320-keV γ rays by K-shell electrons of holmium and gold
Metzger The B (E2) for the first 2+ state in 90Zr
WO2014074004A1 (en) Method for determining the flow rates of the constituents of a multi-phase mixture
ITVI20100117A1 (en) METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DENSITY OF A MULTIPHASE FLUID, A DENSY METER USING THIS METHOD AND A MULTIFASE METER USING THIS DENSIMETER

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 12858696

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 12858696

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1