WO2014064971A1 - 標的粒子の検出方法 - Google Patents
標的粒子の検出方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014064971A1 WO2014064971A1 PCT/JP2013/068406 JP2013068406W WO2014064971A1 WO 2014064971 A1 WO2014064971 A1 WO 2014064971A1 JP 2013068406 W JP2013068406 W JP 2013068406W WO 2014064971 A1 WO2014064971 A1 WO 2014064971A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6834—Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase
- C12Q1/6837—Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase using probe arrays or probe chips
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6816—Hybridisation assays characterised by the detection means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting a target particle using an optical system capable of detecting light from a minute region in a solution, such as an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- the sample required for the measurement may be in a very low concentration and in a very small amount as compared with the prior art.
- the amount used for one measurement is about several tens of ⁇ L. Since the measurement of the time on the order of seconds can be repeated several times in one measurement, the measurement time is greatly shortened.
- FCS in a system in which the light intensity detected when non-luminous particles dispersed in a solution in which a large amount of luminescent material is dissolved enters the confocal volume,
- iFCS inverted FCS
- the scanning molecule counting method uses the optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope to move the position of the light detection region of the optical system in the measurement sample solution, while in the light detection region.
- the light emitted from the luminescent particles is detected, whereby each of the luminescent particles in the measurement sample solution is individually detected, and the concentration of the luminescent particles or the density or number density of the luminescent particles in the measurement sample solution is detected. It is a technology that makes it possible to acquire information.
- the scanning molecule counting method is configured to detect light from a light detection region of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope, as in the case of optical analysis techniques such as FIDA, for the light detection mechanism itself. Similar to FIDA and the like, the amount of the measurement sample solution may be a very small amount (for example, about several tens of ⁇ L), and the measurement time is short. On the other hand, in the scanning molecule counting method, unlike FIDA which requires statistical processing such as calculating fluctuations in fluorescence intensity, such statistical processing is not executed. For this reason, the photoanalysis technique of the scanning molecule counting method can be applied to a measurement sample solution in which the number density or concentration of particles is significantly lower than the level required for an optical analysis technique such as FIDA.
- the concentration or number density of the target particles in the measurement sample solution is very high. Even if it is low, the state or characteristic of the target particle can be detected and analyzed (see, for example, Patent Document 5).
- the scanning molecule counting method that individually detects the light of a single particle that emits light
- the light from the single particle is weak, and is easily affected by stray light or Raman scattering of water. That is, in the case of an analysis method for identifying an increase in light intensity value representing light emitted from a luminescent particle as a signal of the luminescent particle, light due to stray light or water Raman scattering may be mistakenly identified as a signal of the luminescent particle. is there.
- particles to be observed are limited to luminescent particles.
- luminescent labels fluorescent labels, phosphorescent labels, etc.
- the observation target particles may be denatured by applying a luminescent label.
- the present invention uses a scanning molecule counting method to suppress non-luminous target particles (particles to be detected) in a measurement sample solution while suppressing the influence of stray light or water Raman scattering, and without labeling luminescence. It aims to provide a detection method.
- the present inventor has obtained a substantially constant background light from the light detection region of the optical system in a scanning molecule counting method using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- a scanning molecule counting method using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- the detected light intensity hardly changes, but when a relatively large particle passes, the light is shielded by the particle and detected.
- Inverted scanning molecule counting method has been developed that uses this phenomenon to count non-luminescent molecules in the measurement sample solution.
- the size per molecule is relatively large compared to the photodetection region.
- the free observation particles are removed from the measurement system, and the number of the observation particles is calculated. If it is counted, it is found that the observation particles can be detected by the conventional inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- observation from the observation particles bound to the target particles is observed. The inventors have also found that the particles can be easily separated, and have completed the present invention.
- the target particle detection method is the following (1) to (14).
- a method for detecting non-luminous particles using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope (A) a step of binding a non-luminescent observation particle and a solid phase carrier in a solution or an interface of a solution via a target particle to be detected to form a complex; (B) after the step (a), removing free observation particles from the solution; (C) after the step (b), separating the observation particles from the complex; (D) After the step (c), a step of preparing a measurement sample solution in which the separated observation particles are dispersed; and (e) a position of a light detection region of the optical system in the measurement sample solution.
- a method for detecting target particles. (2) The target particle detection method according to (1), wherein an average outer diameter of the observation particles is 35% or more of a diameter of a light detection region of the optical system.
- the target particle is a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid analog
- the step (d) Detection of target particles according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the solid phase carrier is separated and removed from the observation particles, and the measurement sample solution in which only the observation particles are dispersed is prepared.
- the solid phase carrier is a particle whose average outer diameter is less than 35% of the diameter of the light detection region of the optical system, In place of the steps (c) and (d), (C ′) after the step (b), preparing a measurement sample solution in which a complex composed of the observation particles, the target particles, and the solid phase carrier is dispersed; (1) or (2) target particle detection method.
- the target light according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the background light is fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, or scattered light caused by a substance dispersed in the measurement sample solution. Detection method.
- the target particle detection method according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the background light is illumination light.
- the detection of the signal indicating the presence of the observation particles smoothes the time-series light intensity data, and the intensity of the smoothed time-series light intensity data measured from the intensity of the background light is below a predetermined threshold.
- the step (e) the number of signals representing the presence of the individually detected observation particles is counted, and the observation particles detected during the movement of the position of the light detection region are counted.
- the method for detecting a target particle according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein the number is counted.
- the number density or concentration of the observation particles in the measurement sample solution is further determined based on the detected number of observation particles.
- the movement of the position of the light detection region, the detection of light from the light detection region, and the detection of a signal indicating the presence of the observation particle in the step (e) represent the presence of the observation particle.
- the concentration of the observation particles in the measurement sample solution is determined based on the time taken to reach the predetermined number repeatedly until the number of signals reaches the predetermined number. ) To (12).
- the target particle detection method according to the present invention uses the principle of the scanning molecule counting method, the target particle can be detected even when the number density or concentration of the target particles in the measurement sample solution is very low. can do.
- the target particle detection method according to the present invention does not require the target particle to be luminescently labeled. Therefore, even a particle that is denatured when a photolabel is applied can be detected as the target particle.
- the target particle detection method according to the present invention does not directly detect the target particle, but indirectly detects the target particle by detecting the observation particle. Therefore, the target particle is compared with the light detection region. Even small molecules can be detected.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure explaining the principle of the fall of the detected light quantity when a nonluminous single particle approachs into a photon detection area. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the ratio of the diameter of a photon detection area
- FIG. 1 It is a figure explaining the principle of the fall of the detected light quantity when a nonluminous single particle approachs into a photon detection area. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the ratio of the diameter of a photon detection area
- FIG. 4 is a model diagram showing a mode of particle movement when a single particle moves through the light detection region by moving the position of the light detection region in the sample solution at a speed faster than its diffusion movement speed. .
- the figure explaining the example of the signal processing process of the detection signal in the process sequence for detecting presence of a single particle from the time-sequential light intensity data (time change of photon count) measured according to the inverted scanning molecule counting method. is there.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing another aspect of the processing procedure of the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the form of a flowchart. It is the figure which represented another one aspect
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the measurement results of the number of peaks of each measurement sample solution in Example 1.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the measurement results of the number of peaks of each measurement sample solution in Example 2.
- the target particle detection method according to the present invention uses a confocal microscope or an optical system of a multiphoton microscope to detect non-luminescent particles. , Using an inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method is a method for detecting light including a substantially constant background light from a light detection region of the optical system, and using the decrease in light intensity detected from the light detection region as an index.
- a scanning molecule counting method that detects the presence of particles passing through a region.
- the particles to be observed are luminescent particles, and non-luminescent particles cannot be detected. Therefore, when non-luminous particles are intended for observation, it is necessary to attach luminescent labels such as fluorescent labels to the particles. However, depending on the particle, it may be difficult to apply the luminescent label, or the particle may be modified due to the application of the luminescent label.
- the “light detection region” of the optical system of the confocal microscope or the multiphoton microscope is a minute region in which light is detected in those microscopes, and illumination light is given from the objective lens. Corresponds to a region where the illumination light is condensed. In the confocal microscope, such a region is determined particularly by the positional relationship between the objective lens and the pinhole.
- particles dispersed in a solution and moving randomly are particles such as atoms, molecules or aggregates thereof dispersed or dissolved in a solution (either luminescent or non-luminescent). It may be a particle that is not fixed to a substrate or the like and is free to Brownianly move in the solution.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method as in the scanning molecule counting method, while moving the position of the light detection region in the measurement sample solution, that is, while sequentially scanning the measurement sample solution with the light detection region, Light detection is performed.
- “non-luminous particles having a certain size with respect to the light detection region” are included in the light detection region.
- the light detection region that moves in the measurement sample solution includes the non-luminous particles, the light intensity of the background light that reaches the light detection unit from the light detection region due to the presence of the particles or The amount of light will decrease.
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the sequentially detected light, a decrease in the light intensity or light amount of the background light is individually detected as a signal of the non-luminous particles, thereby the presence of particles.
- particle signal refers to a signal indicating the presence of the particle unless otherwise specified.
- optical analyzer for inversion scanning molecule counting method a light beam obtained by combining an optical system of a confocal microscope capable of executing FCS, FIDA, and the like with a photodetector as schematically illustrated in FIG. 1A in a basic configuration. It can be realized by an analyzer.
- optical analysis apparatus 1 includes optical systems 2 to 17 and a computer 18 for controlling the operation of each part of the optical system and acquiring and analyzing data.
- the optical system of the optical analyzer 1 may be the same as the optical system of a normal confocal microscope, in which laser light (Ex) emitted from the light source 2 and propagated through the single mode fiber 3 is emitted from the fiber.
- the light diverges at an angle determined by a specific NA at the end and is emitted, becomes collimated light by the collimator 4, is reflected by the dichroic mirror 5, and the reflection mirrors 6 and 7, and enters the objective lens 8.
- a microplate 9 in which a sample container or well 10 into which a sample solution of 1 to several tens of ⁇ L is dispensed is typically arranged is emitted from the objective lens 8.
- the laser light is focused in the sample solution in the sample container or well 10 to form a region with high light intensity (excitation region).
- an arbitrary luminescent substance that generates background light may be dispersed or dissolved.
- the luminescent substance is excited and substantially constant light is emitted to become background light, and when the non-luminous particles enter the excitation region, the background Light will be reduced.
- the light (Em) emitted from the excitation region passes through the objective lens 8 and the dichroic mirror 5, is reflected by the mirror 11, collected by the condenser lens 12, passes through the pinhole 13, and passes through the barrier filter. 14 (here, only a light component in a specific wavelength band is selected), introduced into the multimode fiber 15, reaches the photodetector 16, and is converted into a time-series electrical signal. Thereafter, it is input to the computer 18 and processing for detecting single particles (particles exhibiting behavior as one particle) is performed in a manner described later.
- the pinhole 13 is disposed at a position conjugate with the focal position of the objective lens 8, and is schematically shown in FIG. 1B.
- the focal region of the laser light illustrated in FIG. 1B is usually a light detection region in the present optical analysis device having an effective volume of about 1 to 10 fL (typically, the light intensity has a vertex at the center of the region).
- the effective volume is the volume of a substantially elliptical sphere bounded by the plane where the light intensity is 1 / e 2 ), and is called the confocal volume.
- the photo detector 16 is preferably used for photon counting.
- An ultrasensitive photo detector that can be used is used.
- the light intensity is measured in a manner in which the number of photons arriving at the photodetector is sequentially measured for a predetermined unit time (BIN TIME) over a predetermined time. Executed. Therefore, in this case, the time-series light intensity data is time-series photon count data.
- a stage position changing device 17a for moving the horizontal position of the microplate 9 may be provided on a microscope stage (not shown) in order to change the well 10 to be observed.
- the operation of the stage position changing device 17a may be controlled by the computer 18. With this configuration, it is possible to achieve quick measurement even when there are a plurality of specimens.
- a mechanism for scanning the sample solution with the light detection region that is, for moving the focal region, that is, the position of the light detection region in the sample solution.
- a mechanism for moving the position of the light detection region for example, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 1C, a mirror deflector 17 that changes the direction of the reflection mirror 7 may be employed (light detection region). To move the absolute position).
- a mirror deflector 17 may be the same as a galvanometer mirror device provided in a normal laser scanning microscope.
- the stage position changing device 17a may be operated to move the position (method of moving the absolute position of the sample solution).
- the mirror deflector 17 or the stage position changing device 17a cooperates with the light detection by the light detector 16 under the control of the computer 18 in order to achieve a desired movement pattern of the position of the light detection region.
- the movement locus of the position of the light detection region may be arbitrarily selected from a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a straight line, a curve, or a combination thereof (in the program in the computer 18, various movement patterns can be selected.
- the absolute position of the light detection region can be moved while moving the position of the sample solution. May be executed. In this case, it is avoided that the same single particle is repeatedly detected when the light detection region in the short time passes through the same region. Or, by moving the absolute position of the light detection region, the same region is intentionally repeatedly passed through the light detection region, the same single particle is periodically detected multiple times, and the signal An improvement in accuracy may be achieved. In this case, after the absolute position of the light detection region is moved for a predetermined time, the position of the sample solution moves intermittently, and the same single particle is moved to another place in the sample solution. May be performed to increase the number of single particles detected. Although not shown, the position of the light detection region is moved in the vertical direction by moving the objective lens 8 or the stage up and down, and the locus of the position of the light detection region is three-dimensionally within the sample solution. It may be designed to be deployed.
- the above optical system is used as a multiphoton microscope. In that case, since there is light emission only in the focal region (light detection region) of the excitation light, the pinhole 13 may be removed. In addition, when the luminescent material that generates background light emits light regardless of excitation light due to chemiluminescence or bioluminescence, the optical systems 2 to 5 for generating excitation light may be omitted. When the luminescent material that generates background light emits light by phosphorescence or scattering, the optical system of the confocal microscope is used as it is.
- a plurality of excitation light sources 2 may be provided, and the wavelength of the excitation light may be appropriately selected depending on the excitation wavelength of the luminescent substance.
- a plurality of photodetectors 16 may be provided, and may be separately detected according to the wavelength of the background light.
- the background light may be provided by illumination light. In that case, the sample solution is illuminated from above the objective lens by transmitted illumination (may be Koehler illumination).
- the inverted scanning molecule counting method is a scanning molecule counting method in the form of detecting the shadow of a single particle, that is, in the presence of background light, the position of the light detection region in the sample solution.
- the presence of a single particle is individually detected and counted in a manner that detects a decrease in background light as a single particle signal when moving and non-luminous single particles are included in the light detection region.
- information on the concentration in the sample solution is acquired.
- the optical path is changed by driving a mechanism (mirror deflector 17) for moving the position of the light detection region, or a sample solution is injected.
- a mechanism mirror deflector 17
- the horizontal position of the container 10 (microplate 9) is moved to move the position of the light detection region CV in the sample solution, that is, light detection.
- Light detection is performed while scanning the sample solution by the region CV.
- the luminescent material is dispersed in the sample solution, and a large number of luminescent materials are present in the light detection region CV.
- t2 Basically, light from these luminescent materials is detected substantially uniformly.
- the degree of decrease in the light intensity can be estimated from the relationship between the diameter of the non-light-emitting single particle and the diameter of the light detection region.
- the light intensity distribution in the light detection region has a maximum intensity Imax at the center as shown by a solid line in the figure, and moves toward the radius r direction. It has a bell-shaped profile f (r) that decreases.
- FIG. 2D is a diagram in which the ratio ⁇ / ⁇ of the decrease in light intensity with respect to the radius ratio b / a is plotted using Equation (3).
- the ratio b / a of the single particle radius to the radius of the light detection region should be 0.15 or more.
- the ratio b / a of the detectable single particle radius to the radius of the photodetection region is 0.35.
- the single particle to be observed is a quencher or a fluorescence energy transfer acceptor
- the single particle absorbs ambient light (for example, 10 nm). It can be reduced from the illustrated radius.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a processing procedure in the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the form of a flowchart.
- Measurement of the light intensity in the optical analysis by the inverted scanning molecule counting method is performed by driving the mirror deflector 17 or the stage position changing device 17a during the measurement to move the position of the light detection region in the sample solution (within the sample solution).
- the scanning may be performed in the same manner as the light intensity measurement process in FCS or FIDA.
- the operation process typically, after the sample solution is injected into the well 10 of the microplate 9 and placed on the stage of the microscope, the user inputs an instruction to start measurement to the computer 18.
- the computer 18 detects a light stored in a storage device (not shown) (a procedure for moving the position of the light detection region in the sample solution, and light from the light detection region during movement of the position of the light detection region). Then, according to the procedure for generating time-series light intensity data, irradiation of excitation light and measurement of light intensity in the light detection region in the sample solution are started.
- the mirror deflector 17 or the stage position changing device 17a drives the mirror 7 (galvanomirror) or the microplate 9 on the stage of the microscope, and the wells.
- the position of the light detection region is moved, and at the same time, the light detector 16 sequentially converts the detected light into an electric signal and transmits the electric signal to the computer 18. Then, time-series light intensity data is generated from the transmitted signal and stored.
- the photodetector 16 is an ultra-sensitive photodetector that can detect the presence or absence of the arrival of one photon. Therefore, when the light is detected by photon counting, the time-series light intensity data is It may be a series of photon count data.
- the moving speed of the position of the light detection region during the measurement of the light intensity may be a predetermined speed that is arbitrarily set, for example, experimentally or so as to suit the purpose of analysis.
- the size or volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed is required, so that the moving distance is grasped.
- the movement of the position of the light detection region is executed in the manner.
- the movement speed is basically a constant speed.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the moving speed of the position of the light detection region in order to carry out quantitatively accurate detection of single particles or counting of the number of single particles from the measured time-series light intensity data. For this reason, it is preferable that the moving speed is set to a value faster than the moving speed by the random movement of the single particle, that is, the Brownian movement. Since the observation target particle of the inverted scanning molecule counting method is a particle that is dispersed or dissolved in a solution and moves freely at random, the position moves with time by Brownian motion. Therefore, when the moving speed of the position of the light detection region is slower than the movement due to the Brownian motion of the particle, the particle moves randomly in the region as schematically illustrated in FIG. 4A.
- the particles cross the light detection region in a substantially straight line, so that in the time-series light intensity data, as shown in the uppermost part of FIG.
- the light intensity change profile corresponding to one particle becomes substantially uniform (if a single particle passes through the light detection region substantially linearly, the light intensity change profile is an inverse of the excitation light intensity distribution. It is almost the same as the profile.), So that the correspondence between individual particles and light intensity can be easily identified, the moving speed of the position of the light detection region is the average moving speed (diffusion moving speed) due to the Brownian motion of the particles Set faster than.
- the moving speed of the light detection region is set to be higher than the diffusion moving speed of the single particle, thereby making one single particle correspond to one signal (representing the presence of a single particle). It becomes possible.
- the moving speed of the position of the light detection region may be set to 15 mm / s or the like, which is approximately 10 times or more.
- the profile of the change in the light intensity by setting the moving speed of the position of the light detection region in various ways is expected (typically, the excitation light intensity distribution).
- a preliminary experiment for finding a condition that is substantially the same as that described above may be repeatedly performed to determine a suitable moving speed of the position of the light detection region.
- the computer 18 performs various processes such as single particle signal detection, single particle counting, and concentration calculation by processing according to a program stored in the storage device. Analysis is performed.
- the determination as to whether one particle has entered the light detection region may be made based on the shape of the time-series light intensity data by the above processing. Typically, it may be determined that one single particle has entered the light detection region when a signal having a light intensity below a predetermined threshold, as measured from the intensity of the background light, is detected. More specifically, a signal indicating the presence of a single particle is usually a time-series detection value of the light detection unit, that is, a downwardly convex bell-shaped pulse in the light intensity data, which is below a certain intensity. The noise appears as a high intensity signal or is not a bell-shaped pulse.
- the time-series light intensity data it may be configured to detect a bell-shaped pulse-like signal that is convex below the predetermined threshold as measured from the intensity of the background light as a signal representing the presence of a single particle.
- the “predetermined threshold value” can be set to an appropriate value experimentally.
- the light intensity obtained by the photoanalyzer used in the inverted scanning molecule counting method is relatively weak, and a fine increase / decrease occurs, and this fine increase / decrease in the light intensity detects a signal indicating the presence of a single particle. Deteriorating accuracy. Therefore, after smoothing the time-series light intensity data and processing the data so that minor increases and decreases in the light intensity can be ignored, the intensity measured from the intensity of the background light in the smoothed time-series light intensity data is below a predetermined threshold. A downwardly convex bell-shaped pulse-like signal having a signal may be detected as a signal representing the presence of a single particle.
- the number of signals may be counted to count the number of single particles included in the light detection region (particle counting).
- information on the number density or concentration of the identified single particles in the sample solution can be obtained by combining the number of detected single particles and the amount of movement of the position of the light detection region.
- the number density or concentration ratio of a plurality of sample solutions, or the relative number density or concentration ratio with respect to the standard sample solution serving as a reference for the concentration or number density is calculated, or An absolute number density value or concentration value may be determined using a relative number density or concentration ratio relative to a standard sample solution that is a reference for concentration or number density.
- the total volume of the movement locus of the position of the light detection region is specified by any method, for example, by moving the position of the light detection region at a predetermined speed, the number density or concentration of single particles Can be calculated specifically. This will be described in more detail below.
- a signal in which the time width in which the decrease in light intensity below the threshold continues is not within the predetermined range is determined as a noise or foreign matter signal.
- the intensity A and the width a calculated by fitting the equation (7) to a significant light intensity decrease profile (a profile that can be clearly determined not to be fluctuation of background light) are predetermined.
- a signal having the intensity A and the width a outside the predetermined range is determined as a noise or foreign matter signal and may be ignored in subsequent analysis or the like.
- a processing method for collectively detecting single particles from time-series light intensity data first, with respect to time-series light intensity data (FIG. 4C, uppermost “detection result (unprocessed)”).
- the smoothing (smoothing) process is performed (step 110 in FIG. 3, upper “smoothing” in FIG. 4C).
- the light emitted by the luminescent material is probabilistically emitted, and the light intensity is relatively weak. Therefore, the fine increase / decrease occurs.
- the detection accuracy of a signal indicating the presence of the signal is deteriorated.
- the smoothing process makes it possible to ignore the fine increase and decrease on the data.
- the smoothing process may be performed by, for example, a moving average method.
- the parameters for executing the smoothing process are the moving speed (scanning speed) of the position of the light detection region when acquiring the light intensity data.
- BIN TIME may be set as appropriate.
- a first derivative value with respect to time of the time series light intensity data is calculated (step 120).
- the time differential value of the time-series light intensity data has a large change in the value at the time of change of the signal value, as illustrated in the lower “time differential” in FIG. 4C.
- Significant signal start and end points can be advantageously determined.
- a significant pulse signal is sequentially detected on the time-series light intensity data, and it is determined whether or not the detected signal is a signal corresponding to a single particle. Specifically, first, on the time-series time differential value data of the time-series light intensity data, with reference to the time differential value sequentially, the start point and the end point of one pulse signal are searched and determined, A pulse presence region is identified (step 130). When one pulse existence area is specified, a downward convex bell-shaped function fitting is performed on the smoothed time-series light intensity data in the pulse existence area ("bell-shaped function fitting" in the lower part of FIG. 4C).
- Parameters such as the peak intensity (maximum decrease from background light) Ipeak, the pulse width (full width at half maximum) Wpeak, and the correlation coefficient (of the least squares method) in the fitting are calculated (step) 140).
- the bell-shaped function to be fitted is typically a Gaussian function, but may be a Lorentz-type function.
- the calculated bell-shaped function parameter is within a range assumed for the bell-shaped profile parameter drawn by the pulse signal detected when one luminescent particle passes through the light detection region, That is, whether the peak intensity, pulse width, and correlation coefficient of the pulse are within predetermined ranges, for example, The following conditions: 20 ⁇ s ⁇ pulse width ⁇ 400 ⁇ s peak intensity> 4.0 [pc / 10 ⁇ s] (A) Correlation coefficient> 0.95 Whether or not the condition is satisfied is determined (step 150).
- the signal determined that the calculated bell-shaped function parameter is within the range assumed in the signal corresponding to one particle is determined to be a signal corresponding to one particle.
- a pulse signal whose calculated bell-shaped function parameter is not within the assumed range is ignored as noise.
- the search and determination of the pulse signal in the processing of steps 130 to 150 described above may be repeatedly executed over the entire time series light intensity data (step 160).
- the process which detects the signal of a luminescent particle separately from time series light intensity data is not restricted to said procedure, You may perform by arbitrary methods.
- the number of particles detected may be counted to determine the number of particles (particle counting). If the total volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed is calculated by an arbitrary method, the number density or concentration of particles in the sample solution is determined from the volume value and the number of particles (step 170). ).
- the total volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed may be theoretically calculated based on the wavelength of the excitation light or detection light, the numerical aperture of the lens, and the adjustment state of the optical system.
- control solution a solution having a known concentration
- control solution a plurality of solutions having different concentrations of single particles are prepared, and measurement is performed on each of them.
- the calculated average value of Vt is adopted as the total volume Vt of the region through which the light detection region passes. You may be supposed to.
- the volume of the light detection region and the total volume of the region through which the light detection region has passed are given by any method, for example, using FCS or FIDA, without depending on the above method. You can.
- information on the relationship between the concentration C and the number N of various standard particles (formula (6)) for the assumed movement pattern of the light detection region is stored in the computer 18. This information may be stored in advance in the storage device, and the information on the relationship stored as appropriate when the user of the device performs detection of a single particle may be used.
- the counting, concentration, etc. of the particles in the sample solution can be determined by the above processing procedure.
- Single particle detection process for detecting a certain number of signals
- single light detection is performed on the obtained light intensity data.
- a single particle signal is detected. That is, the number of single particle signals obtained during an arbitrarily set measurement time is counted.
- the measurement time is sufficient to prepare for the case where the particle concentration is low. Will be set longer.
- the concentration of the particles in the sample solution is high, the measurement of the light intensity is continued for more than the time necessary to determine the characteristics such as the concentration with an acceptable or satisfactory accuracy.
- the particle concentration in the sample solution is lower than the concentration assumed by the experimenter and the set measurement time is insufficient, the error of the result becomes large.
- the number of single particle signals detected varies depending on the length of the set measurement time, and particularly when the single particle concentration is low, the single particle concentration calculated from the number of detection signals. The variation in value may increase and the accuracy may decrease.
- measurement is performed until the number of single particle signals reaches an arbitrarily set number, and the single particle concentration value is calculated based on the measurement time. It may be. That is, as another aspect of the single particle detection process, the measurement of the light intensity while moving the light detection region and the detection of the signal of the single particle are repeated until the number of signals reaches a predetermined number. The time required for the number of particles to reach a predetermined number is measured, and based on the time required for the number of such single particle signals to reach a predetermined number, the particle concentration is determined. Good.
- the time required for measuring the light intensity is shortened, and when the particle concentration in the sample solution is low, the result (ie, particle concentration) is required.
- the light intensity measurement can be continued until the number of particles that achieve the desired accuracy is obtained. That is, the measurement time is optimized according to the concentration of single particles.
- the number of single particle signals is a predetermined number. The time taken to reach the value reflects the number of particles that achieve the required accuracy in the results, so the particle concentration value determined based on that time is acceptable or satisfactory. It is expected to have accuracy.
- a predetermined number is set to a number that achieves the accuracy required for the result, the time required to detect the predetermined number of single particles or any result derived therefrom The variation is suppressed to be small, and the accuracy of the result can be satisfied.
- the particle concentration C is linearly proportional to the detection speed V, and the correspondence between the particle concentration C and the detection speed V is easy to understand. It may be determined using V.
- the single particle detection processing for detecting a certain number of signals may be executed, for example, by the processing procedure shown in the flowchart of FIG.
- a series of processes of moving the position of the light detection region, detecting light from the light detection region, detecting a single particle signal, and counting the detected particle signal It is repeatedly executed until the detected particle number X reaches the end particle number XE (a predetermined number that the luminescent particle number should reach) at every analysis time interval t (predetermined time interval).
- (A) Initial setting Referring to FIG. 5, in the operation process, specifically, first, after injecting the sample solution into the well 10 of the microplate 9 and placing it on the stage of the microscope, the user uses a computer. When an instruction to start light intensity measurement and particle detection / counting processing is input to 18, the computer 18 sets an end particle number XE (step 10) and an analysis time interval t as initial settings. (Step 20) is performed.
- the number of end particles XE and the analysis time interval t may be arbitrarily set by the user.
- the number XE of end particles can be appropriately determined with reference to the result of a preliminary experiment using a solution having a known particle concentration so that the accuracy required for the result value of the particle concentration can be achieved.
- the analysis time interval t is an arbitrary time interval that is sufficiently shorter than the time from the start of processing until the number of particles (X) reaches the number of end particles (XE), taking into account the processing speed in the apparatus 1 and the like. May be set as appropriate.
- the end particle number XE and the analysis time interval t values determined in advance with reference to the result of a preliminary experiment using a solution having a known particle concentration are stored in the apparatus 1 and stored. The value may be used automatically or by user selection.
- the light detection / particle number detection process in step 30 may be the same as the process shown in FIG.
- the light intensity is measured over the analysis time interval t while moving the position of the light detection region in the sample solution (scanning in the sample solution), and then the obtained analysis is performed.
- the computer 18 detects a signal indicating the presence of a single particle and counts the number of detections by processing according to a program stored in the storage device.
- Step 40 in FIG. 5 the total number of detected luminescent particles X (t n ) becomes X (t n ⁇ 1 ) + x ( 14) (Step 40 in FIG. 5).
- X (t n-1 ) is the total number of particles detected up to the previous analysis time interval t, and its initial value is zero.
- Steps 30 to 40 are performed until the total number of detected luminescent particles X (t n ) reaches the end particle number XE, that is, X (t n ) ⁇ XE (15) Is repeated at each analysis time interval t until the above is established (step 50). If the equation (15) is satisfied while the steps 30 to 50 are repeated, the processing of measuring the light intensity of the sample solution and detecting / counting the particles is completed.
- the end time TE may be stored (step 60).
- each process indicated by a dotted line in the drawing is executed. Specifically, first, the latest total number of detected particles X (t n ) calculated in step 40 is displayed on the display (step 52). If the repeated execution of steps 30 to 50 has already been performed, the value of the total number of detected particles X (t n ) so far is updated. Next, in order to calculate the measurement end time TE or the measurement remaining time Tr, the particle detection speed v after the start of the processing of Steps 30 to 50 is calculated (Step 54).
- T p is the current time.
- Tr the remaining measurement time Tr (time until the end of the processing in steps 30 to 50)
- Tr (XE ⁇ X (t n )) / v (17)
- the measurement of the light intensity in step 100 of FIG. 3 may be continuously performed during the execution of the signal processing steps other than step 100 from the start to the end of the measurement. That is, in the light detection / particle number detection process, when the light intensity measurement over the analysis time interval t of one cycle is completed, the light intensity measurement over the analysis time interval t of the next cycle is continued as it is.
- the computer 18 executes processing for detecting and counting the particle signal from the light intensity data acquired over the analysis time interval t of the completed cycle. Thereby, detection / counting of particles is achieved in real time.
- cross-sectional area S of the passage region of the light detection region in the equations (10) to (13) is theoretically calculated based on the wavelength of the excitation light or detection light, the numerical aperture of the lens, and the adjustment state of the optical system.
- control solution for a solution having a known particle concentration (control solution), measurement of light intensity and particle detection described above under the same conditions as the measurement of the sample solution to be examined. It may be determined from the number of particles detected by counting and the concentration of luminescent particles in the control solution.
- a plurality of solutions having different concentrations of particles are prepared as a control solution, and measurement is performed on each of them.
- the calculated average value of S is adopted as the cross-sectional area S of the light detection region. Good.
- an analysis time interval t Is not a fixed value, but may be modified according to the detection state of the luminescent particles.
- FIG. 6A shows, in the form of a flowchart, the measurement of the light intensity of the sample solution and the particle detection / counting process configured to include a process (step 20 ′) for correcting the analysis time interval t according to the particle detection status.
- FIG. 6B shows the calculation processing of the analysis time interval t in step 20 ′ in the form of a flowchart.
- the same step number is assigned to the same process as in FIG.
- the analysis time interval t is corrected (step 20 ′).
- the process of the example shown in the drawing is a predetermined number of times N (hereinafter referred to as “scheduled number of updates”) in one measurement from the start until the number of particles reaches the end particle number XE.
- the light intensity measurement and particle detection / counting processing cycles are configured to be executed. Specifically, as an initial setting, first, after setting the number XE of end particles (step 10) and storing the start time Ts (step 25), first the light intensity measurement and particle detection / counting processing are executed.
- Step 50 the total number of detected particles X (t n ) and / or the measurement end time TE or the remaining measurement time Tr are displayed on a display such as the monitor of the computer 18. (Steps 52 and 58). If the number of particles has reached the end particle number XE in the first processing cycle, the light intensity measurement and particle detection / counting processes are terminated (step 50).
- the measurement remaining time Tr reflects the detection state of particles in the sample solution to be observed. It will be optimized according to the detection status of such particles.
- ⁇ Target particle detection method> In the detection method according to the present invention, non-luminous particles are detected using an inverted scanning molecule counting method using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope. As described above, the inverted scanning molecule counting method can measure even relatively low concentration particles of the order of pM or less in a situation where the molecules are discrete. For this reason, even if the concentration of the target particle to be analyzed in the sample solution is very low, the target particle can be counted with high sensitivity by the detection method according to the present invention.
- the target particles that are the detection target are not directly counted, but the observation particles that have a size that can be counted by the inverted scanning molecule counting method and that can bind to the target particles.
- the target particles are indirectly detected by detecting the observation particles in the measurement sample solution. For this reason, the target particle has a smaller size per molecule than the volume of the light detection region of the optical system (that is, the target particle is detected from the light detection region when the particle passes through the light detection region).
- Inverted scanning molecule counting method can be used even when the light intensity is hardly reduced), and target particles are detected without luminescence labeling while suppressing the influence of stray light and water Raman scattering. be able to.
- the detection method includes the following steps (a) to (e), and detects non-luminous particles using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- steps (a) to (e) detects non-luminous particles using an optical system of a confocal microscope or a multiphoton microscope.
- A a step of binding a non-luminous observation particle and a solid phase carrier in a solution or at an interface of the solution via a target particle to be detected to form a complex
- B after the step (a), removing the free observation particles from the solution
- C after the step (b), separating the observation particles from the complex
- step (D) After the step (c), a step of preparing a measurement sample solution in which the separated observation particles are dispersed; and (e) a position of a light detection region of the optical system in the measurement sample solution.
- a step of detecting the observation particles in the measurement sample solution by individually detecting a decrease in light intensity that occurs when the light enters the substrate as a signal indicating the presence of each of the observation particles.
- the target particle that is the target of detection by the detection method according to the present invention is a non-luminescent particle.
- Non-luminescent means the property of not emitting light due to fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, light scattering, and the like.
- the target particles may be non-luminous with respect to background light and measurement light (light irradiated to the measurement sample solution in order to detect background light during measurement by the inverted scanning molecule counting method). Further, it may be a particle that emits fluorescence or the like when irradiated with light of a wavelength other than background light and measurement light.
- the size and specific gravity of the target particle are not particularly limited, but the target particle can be more effectively exhibited in the solution because the effect of the present invention of indirectly counting the target particle using the observation particle can be exhibited.
- Particles that are dispersed and move randomly are preferably particles that have a background light variation rate of 10% or less when passing through the light detection region of the optical system of a confocal microscope or multiphoton microscope used for measurement. It is more preferable that the particle has a background light fluctuation rate of 1% or less. Small particles having a background light fluctuation rate of 10% or less are very difficult to detect directly by the inverted scanning molecule counting method, but can be detected by using observation particles.
- the average outer diameter is preferably less than 35% of the diameter of the light detection region of the optical system, and more preferably less than 30%.
- the target particles may be any particles as long as they are non-luminescent particles, and are not particularly limited.
- biological molecules such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleic acid analogs, lipids, sugar chains, amino acids or aggregates thereof, particulate biological objects such as viruses and cells, or non-biological particles (For example, atoms, molecules, micelles, metal colloids, etc.).
- non-biological particles For example, atoms, molecules, micelles, metal colloids, etc.
- a plurality of different or similar biomolecules may be bound.
- the nucleic acid may be DNA, RNA, or an artificially amplified nucleic acid such as cDNA.
- Nucleic acid analogues include those in which side chains of natural nucleotides (naturally occurring nucleotides) such as DNA and RNA are modified with functional groups such as amino groups, and labeled with proteins, low molecular compounds, etc. And the like. More specifically, for example, Bridged Nucleic Acid (BNA), nucleotides in which the 4′-position oxygen atom of natural nucleotides is substituted with sulfur atoms, and hydroxyl groups in the 2′-position of natural ribonucleotides are substituted with methoxy groups. Nucleotides, Hexitol Nucleic Acid (HNA), peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and the like.
- BNA Bridged Nucleic Acid
- HNA Hexitol Nucleic Acid
- PNA peptide nucleic acid
- the target particle in the detection method according to the present invention is preferably a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid-like substance.
- the nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid analog may be a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule or a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule.
- Specific examples include nucleic acid molecules having base sequences present in animal and plant chromosomes, bacterial and viral genes, and nucleic acid molecules having artificially designed base sequences.
- target particles for example, microRNA, siRNA, mRNA, hnRNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA by PCR amplification, cDNA synthesized from RNA using reverse transcriptase, and the like are preferable.
- the observation particles and the solid phase carrier used in the detection method according to the present invention are both sites that specifically or non-specifically bind or adsorb to target particles (hereinafter referred to as “target particle binding sites”). Have). Further, the observation particles and the solid phase carrier are bound via the target particles. That is, the target particle binding sites included in both are independently bonded to different sites of one target particle.
- the target particle binding site includes an oligonucleotide that hybridizes with the target particle, a nucleic acid-binding protein (eg, a nucleic acid-binding antibody), and a nucleic acid.
- a nucleic acid-binding protein eg, a nucleic acid-binding antibody
- the oligonucleotide may be DNA, RNA, artificially amplified, such as cDNA, and a nucleotide chain or base pair in the same manner as a natural nucleobase.
- the nucleic acid-like substance capable of forming a part may be included in part or all.
- the target particle binding site provided in the observation particle and the solid phase carrier used in the present invention may be non-specifically bound to the target particle, but from the point of accuracy of target particle detection / quantification. It is preferable that it specifically binds.
- the target particle binding site that specifically binds to the target particle may be any site that binds preferentially to the target particle over binding to other substances having similar physical or chemical properties to the target particle. It is not necessary that the substance does not bind to any substance other than the target particles.
- the oligonucleotide used as the target particle binding site may have a base sequence completely complementary to the partial base sequence of the target particle. It may have a base sequence having a mismatch of 1 to several bases with a partial base sequence.
- the observation particles and the solid phase carrier used in the detection method according to the present invention include, for example, a substance having a target particle binding site (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “substance that binds to a target particle”) as a particle or a solid phase carrier. It can manufacture by immobilizing on the surface.
- the method for immobilizing a substance that binds to the target particle on the surface of the observation particle and the solid phase carrier is not particularly limited, and a physical adsorption method may be used.
- a method of chemically bonding to a group may be used. When chemically bonding, it can be bonded by a method suitable for each functional group.
- an EDAC reaction a reaction in which EDC and NHS are mixed in advance to bond a carboxylic acid and an amino group
- a reaction in which amino groups are cross-linked using a bipolar linker an activated aldehyde group or a tosyl group
- a reaction that binds a functional group in a substance that binds to the target particle When the surface of the observation particle or the solid phase carrier does not have a functional group, the surface may be coated with the functional group in advance.
- the observation particle and solid phase carrier used in the detection method according to the present invention are not limited to those having a substance that binds to the target particle directly on the surface, but the substance that binds to the target particle is reversible on the surface. It may be bonded.
- the observation particle or solid phase carrier has avidin on its surface
- the oligonucleotide that hybridizes with the target particle is labeled with biotin, and the resulting biotin-labeled oligonucleotide is used as the observation particle or solid phase.
- the observation particles used in the detection method according to the present invention are non-luminous particles that are dispersed in the measurement sample solution and move randomly.
- the observation particles are preferably particles whose background light fluctuation rate exceeds 10% when passing through the light detection region of the optical system of the confocal microscope or multiphoton microscope used for measurement. It is more preferable that the particles have a light fluctuation rate of 15% or more.
- the size of the observation particles is preferably 35% or more, more preferably 50% or more of the diameter of the light detection region of the optical system. If the average outer diameter is 35% or more of the diameter of the optical detection region of the optical system, it is possible to accurately detect observation particles dispersed in the measurement sample solution and moving randomly by the inverted scanning molecule counting method. it can.
- the material of the observation particles may be a specific gravity that can be dispersed and randomly moved in the measurement sample solution.
- plastic particles such as polystyrene particles, latex particles, polyacrylamide resin particles, polymethyl methacrylate particles, polyethylene particles, polyvinyl chloride particles, polyamide particles, polyacrylate particles, polyurethane particles; silica particles, ceramics Inorganic particles such as particles, zirconia particles, silica-alumina particles and glass particles; agarose gel particles and the like.
- the solid phase carrier used in the detection method according to the present invention is not particularly limited in shape, material, etc., as long as it can be separated from the observation particles dispersed in the solution by solid-liquid separation treatment. is not.
- the particles may be separable from the observation particles depending on the specific gravity, the presence or absence of magnetism, or the like, or may be a porous film, a container, a chip substrate, or the like.
- the material of the solid phase carrier is not particularly limited as long as it is insoluble in water or a solvent used for measurement and can immobilize a substance that binds to target particles on its surface.
- natural rubber polystyrene, polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, and other plastics; kaolin, carbon, carbon, activated carbon, glass, silica, alumina, Examples include inorganic substances such as silica-alumina; natural organic polymers such as gelatin, liposomes, and blood cells; magnetic substances.
- solid phase carrier used in the present invention, magnetic particles, silica membranes, silica filters, plastic plates, plastic containers, glass containers, and chip substrates are preferable because separation from free observation particles is easy. Particles are more preferred.
- the observation particles are not magnetic particles.
- the magnetic particles used as the solid support are not particularly limited as long as they can be easily magnetized by magnetic induction.
- Examples of magnetic particles include particles made of a metal such as triiron tetroxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), iron sesquioxide ( ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 ), various ferrites, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and chromium, or Examples thereof include particles made of an alloy containing cobalt, nickel, manganese, and the like.
- the magnetic particles may be particles composed of only a magnetic material, or may be particles in which fine particles of a magnetic material are contained inside non-magnetic material particles, and a magnetic material on the surface of the non-magnetic material particles.
- fine-particles may be sufficient.
- non-magnetic particles include latex particles made of a hydrophobic polymer, latex particles made of a crosslinked hydrophilic polymer, gelatin, and liposome.
- hydrophobic polymer examples include polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polycoupleramide, and polyethylene terephthalate. Latex particles made of a copolymer of about 2 to 4 types of monomers may also be used.
- crosslinked hydrophilic polymer examples include polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, poly (2-oxyethyl acrylate), poly (2-oxyethyl methacrylate), poly (2,3- Dioxypropyl acrylate), poly (2,3-dioxypropyl methacrylate), polyethylene glycol methacrylate, dextran, and the like.
- the particles used as the solid support may be particularly referred to as “separation particles”.
- the size of the separation particles used in the present invention is sufficiently small that it cannot be detected by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the fluctuation rate of the background light when the separation particles pass through the optical detection region of the optical system. Is preferably 10% or less, more preferably 1% or less.
- the separation particles are not detected by the inverted scanning molecule counting method, and the free separation particles are dispersed in the measurement sample solution during the measurement by the inverted scanning molecule counting method in the subsequent step (e). Even so, the observation particles can be specifically detected with reduced noise.
- the average outer diameter is preferably less than 35% of the diameter of the optical detection region of the optical system, and more preferably less than 30%.
- the observation particles and the solid phase carrier are bonded via the target particles to form a complex composed of these particles.
- the binding reaction between the observation particle, the solid phase carrier, and the target particle can be performed in an appropriate solvent.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it does not damage the target particles, labeling particles, and solid phase carrier. It is typically an aqueous solution, but may be an organic solvent such as formamide or any other liquid.
- the solvent can be appropriately selected from buffers generally used in the technical field. Examples of the buffer include a phosphate buffer such as PBS (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4), a Tris buffer, and the like.
- the observation particles, the solid phase carrier, and the target particles may be reacted at the same time, or the respective binding reactions may be performed sequentially.
- a solution containing both particles by adding observation particles and target particles (usually a test sample for the purpose of investigating whether target particles are contained or not) is added to a solvent.
- the solution is brought into contact with a solid phase carrier (if the particles for separation are used, the particles for separation are added to the solution) for observation.
- a solid phase carrier may be bound to target particles that are bound to the particles.
- the solution in which the target particles are added to the solvent is brought into contact with the solid phase carrier (if separation particles are used, the separation particles are added to the solution), and after the solid phase carrier and the target particles are bound,
- the observation particles may be added to the solution, and the observation particles may be bound to the target particles bound to the solid phase carrier.
- contacting a solution with a solid phase carrier means, for example, when the solid phase carrier is a porous membrane, the solution may be permeated through the porous membrane, and when the solid phase carrier is a container.
- the solution may be injected into the container, and when the solid support is a chip substrate, the solution may be dropped on the surface of the chip substrate or the chip substrate may be immersed in the solution.
- the solution containing the observation particles and the target particles is used as the solid phase carrier. After the contact (adding the separation particles to the solution when using the separation particles), the incubation particles and the target particles in the solution are simply incubated for a predetermined time if necessary. And a solid support can be formed.
- the target particle and the target particle binding site in the observation particle or solid phase carrier are nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acid analogues
- the nucleic acid molecules in the solution are denatured and then both are associated. Is preferred.
- “denaturing a nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid-like substance” means dissociating a base pair. For example, it means that a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule is a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule.
- the target particle binding site in the observation particle or solid phase carrier is an oligonucleotide containing a nucleic acid-like substance such as PNA, even if the target particle is a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule, a special denaturation treatment is performed. In some cases, the target particle binding site and the target particle can be bound to each other.
- the denaturation treatment examples include denaturation by high temperature treatment (thermal denaturation) and denaturation by low salt concentration treatment.
- thermal denaturation high temperature treatment
- low salt concentration treatment it is preferable to perform heat denaturation because the operation is simple.
- heat denaturation can denature nucleic acid molecules and the like in the solution by treating the solution at a high temperature. Generally, it can be denatured by keeping it at 90 ° C. for DNA and 70 ° C. for RNA for several seconds to 2 minutes, but the temperature for denaturation varies depending on the base length of the target particle. If it can be modified, it is not limited to this temperature.
- denaturation by low salt concentration treatment can be performed by adjusting the salt concentration of the solution to be sufficiently low, for example, by diluting with purified water or the like.
- target particles in the solution are associated with target particles binding sites in observation particles or solid phase carriers to form a complex.
- the temperature of the solution is reduced to a temperature at which the target particle and the target particle binding site can specifically hybridize (specific association conditions). Both of them can be brought together as appropriate.
- the temperature of the solution containing both is lowered to a temperature of Tm value ⁇ 3 ° C. of a region having a base sequence complementary to the target particle in the target particle binding site.
- the salt concentration of the solution is determined specifically by the target particle and the target particle binding site in the observation particle or solid phase carrier by adding a salt solution or the like. By raising the concentration to a level at which it can hybridize with each other, the two in the solution can be appropriately associated.
- the temperature at which two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can specifically hybridize can be determined from the melting curve of the aggregate composed of both.
- the melting curve can be obtained, for example, by changing the temperature of a solution containing only both from a high temperature to a low temperature and measuring the absorbance and fluorescence intensity of the solution. From the obtained melting curve, the temperature ranges from the temperature at which the two denatured single-stranded nucleic acid molecules started to form an aggregate to the temperature at which almost all became an aggregate. It can be set as the temperature which can be soybean.
- the salt concentration in the solution from a low concentration to a high concentration instead of the temperature, the melting curve is determined in the same manner, and the concentration at which two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules can specifically hybridize is determined. Can be sought.
- the specific association condition differs depending on the type of target particle or target particle binding site, and is determined experimentally.
- the Tm value (melting temperature) can be substituted.
- the Tm value of the region hybridizing with the target particle (50% of the double-stranded DNA is single-stranded DNA) from the base sequence information of the target particle binding site.
- Temperature of dissociation can be calculated.
- a condition in which the temperature is a value in the vicinity of the Tm value for example, a condition in which the Tm value is about ⁇ 3 ° C. can be set as the specific association condition.
- the specific association conditions can be determined in more detail by experimentally obtaining a melting curve in the vicinity of the calculated Tm value.
- the temperature of the solution in order to suppress non-specific hybridization, it is preferable to lower the temperature of the solution relatively slowly when forming a complex. For example, after denaturing nucleic acid molecules by setting the temperature of the solution to 70 ° C. or higher, the temperature of the solution can be lowered at a rate of temperature decrease of 0.05 ° C./second or higher.
- a surfactant In order to suppress nonspecific hybridization, it is also preferable to add a surfactant, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, urea or the like to the solution in advance. These compounds may be added alone or in combination of two or more. By adding these compounds, nonspecific hybridization can be made difficult to occur in a relatively low temperature environment.
- the observation particles in the free state are removed from the solution. That is, the observation particles that are not bound to the solid phase carrier through the target particles are separated and removed from the complex composed of the solid phase carrier, the target particles, and the observation particles.
- the solid phase carrier is a porous membrane, a container, a chip substrate, etc.
- the free observation particles can be separated and removed from the solid phase carrier by removing the liquid component from the solution prepared in step (a). it can.
- the solid support is magnetic particles, for example, the magnet is brought close to the container in which the solution prepared in step (a) is placed, and the magnetic particles are converged on the surface of the container closest to the magnet. After the treatment, the supernatant may be removed.
- the solution prepared in step (a) is centrifuged with a centrifugal force that precipitates the solid phase carrier but does not precipitate free observation particles. The supernatant may be removed.
- the solution prepared in step (a) cannot pass through the solid support with the pore size that cannot be passed through the solid support.
- the solid phase carrier remaining on the surface of the porous membrane may be recovered by filtration using a porous membrane that can be formed.
- a measurement sample solution in which the separated observation particles are dispersed is prepared.
- the particles need to move randomly in the measurement sample solution.
- the solid phase carrier is a porous film, a container, a chip substrate, or the like. Can disperse observation molecules in a solution by separating the observation particles from the complex containing the solid phase carrier.
- the solid phase carrier is a separation particle, the observation particle is separated from the complex containing the solid phase carrier, so that the freedom of movement of the observation particle in the solution is combined with the solid phase carrier.
- the particles for observation can be detected with high accuracy by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the target particle is a biomolecule
- the target particle when the target particle is a nucleic acid, the target particle can be decomposed by performing a nucleolytic enzyme treatment, and when the target particle is a protein, the target particle can be decomposed.
- a solution containing a nucleolytic enzyme or a proteolytic enzyme is brought into contact with the solid phase carrier from which free observation particles have been removed in step (b), and an enzyme reaction is performed.
- the solvent for the solution containing these enzymes include the same solvents as those described in the description of the step (a).
- the target particle is a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid-like substance and the target particle binding site of the observation particle and the solid phase carrier is an oligonucleotide that hybridizes with the target particle, the observation particle, the target particle, and the solid phase carrier
- the particles for observation can be separated from the solid phase carrier by denaturing the nucleic acid molecule in the complex consisting of For example, after preparing the solution containing the solid phase carrier by adding a solvent to the solid phase carrier after removing the free observation particles in the step (b), the solution is used when the target particle is DNA.
- the target particle is RNA at 90 to 100 ° C., heating to 70 to 100 ° C. allows the observation particles bound to the solid phase carrier to be separated.
- the measurement sample solution in which the observation particles are dispersed can be prepared by separating the observation particles from the complex containing the solid phase carrier, but the noise in the inverted scanning molecule counting method can be further reduced. It is preferable that no solid phase carrier exists in the light detection region in the sample solution. Therefore, in the present invention, it is preferable that the measurement sample solution prepared in the step (d) is obtained by separating and removing the complex containing the solid phase carrier.
- the measurement sample solution prepared in the step (d) is obtained by separating and removing the complex containing the solid phase carrier.
- the solution in the container can be used as a measurement sample solution without mixing of the complex containing the solid phase carrier without performing special separation treatment.
- the complex composed of the observation particle, the target particle, and the separation particle (triplet complex) is It can move randomly in solution as much as free observational particles. Therefore, the ternary complex can be directly subjected to measurement by the inverted scanning molecule counting method without being separated from the separation particles.
- the measurement sample solution in which the tripartite complex is dispersed can be prepared by dispersing the separation particles after removing the free observation particles in the step (b) in a solvent.
- the solvent include the same solvents as those described in the description of the step (a).
- step (e) the observation particles in the measurement sample solution prepared in step (d) are calculated by the inverted scanning molecule counting method. By detecting the observation particles, the target particles are indirectly detected.
- the measurement sample solution is installed in the optical analyzer for the inverted scanning molecule counting method, and the position of the light detection region of the optical system in the measurement sample solution is determined by the method described above.
- Moving detecting light including a substantially constant background light from the light detection region while moving the position of the light detection region in the measurement sample solution, and generating time-series light intensity data,
- time-series light intensity data In the time-series light intensity data, a decrease in light intensity that occurs when the observation particles enter the light detection region is detected by individually detecting a signal representing the presence of each of the observation particles.
- the number density or concentration ratio of a plurality of measurement sample solutions, or the relative number density or concentration ratio with respect to the standard measurement sample solution serving as a reference for the concentration or number density is calculated,
- an absolute number density value or a concentration value may be determined using a relative number density or concentration ratio with respect to a standard measurement sample solution which is a standard of concentration or number density.
- the number density or concentration of the observation particles can be calculated specifically. Based on the information regarding the number density or concentration of the observation particles in the measurement sample solution thus obtained, the number density or concentration of the target particles in the test sample can also be determined.
- the substantially constant background light that should be included in the light from the light detection region may be illumination light such as transmitted illumination, and is dispersed in the measurement sample solution. It may be fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, or scattered light by the formed substance. In this case, when the substance that emits or scatters light is not dispersed in the solution used as the measurement sample solution, the substance that actively emits or scatters light may be dissolved or dispersed in the solution. Further, when the solution used as the measurement sample solution emits autofluorescence, the autofluorescence may be used as the background light.
- the substance When dissolving or dispersing a substance that emits or scatters light in the measurement sample solution for background light, the substance may be added to the measurement sample solution before measurement by the inverted scanning molecule counting method.
- the substance is typically a fluorescent substance, but may be a substance that emits light by phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, light scattering, or the like.
- the fluorescent substance is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that emits fluorescence by emitting light of a specific wavelength, and is appropriately selected from fluorescent dyes used in FCS, FIDA, and the like. be able to.
- the oligonucleotide consisting of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is used as the target particle (target DNA), the avidinized polystyrene beads are used as observation particles, and biotin is bound to the oligonucleotide consisting of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the biotinylated DNA probe 1 is used as a “substance that binds to the target particle” that binds to the surface of the avidinized polystyrene beads, the avidinized magnetic beads are used as separation particles, and the oligonucleotide consisting of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 is used.
- the detection method according to the present invention was performed using the biotinylated DNA probe 2 to which biotin was bound as a “substance that binds to the target particle” that binds to the surface of the avidinized magnetic beads.
- TES buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM EDTA, 1M NaCl, pH 8.0) containing 160 fM avidinized polystyrene beads (product name: sphero streptavidin SVP-40-5, manufactured by sphero, diameter (average outer diameter): 4 ⁇ m).
- TES buffer containing 2.7 ⁇ M of 3′-biotinylated DNA probe 1 are mixed at 5: 3, and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with stirring to give 3′-biotin to the avidinized polystyrene beads.
- DNA probe 1 was bound. Unreacted 3′-biotinylated DNA probe 1 was removed by washing the resulting DNA probe 1-modified polystyrene beads 5 times by centrifugation.
- TES buffer containing 10 pM avidinized magnetic beads product name: Dynabeads myone, manufactured by Invitrogen, diameter: 1 ⁇ m
- TES buffer containing 10 ⁇ M 5′-biotinylated DNA probe 2 were mixed in an equal amount and allowed to room temperature for 1 hour.
- the 3'-biotinylated DNA probe 2 was bound to the avidinylated magnetic beads by incubating with stirring at Unreacted 3′-biotinylated DNA probe 2 was removed by washing the resulting DNA probe 2 modified magnetic beads 5 times by centrifugation.
- DNA probe 1 modified polystyrene beads DNA probe 2 modified magnetic beads, TES buffer, and target DNA of various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50 fM) are mixed at 1: 5: 3: 1. And incubated for 24 hours at room temperature with agitation. This solution was brought close to a magnet to cause precipitation. After discarding the supernatant, TES buffer was added so as to be the same as the original volume to suspend the precipitate. This solution and an equal volume of a 20 vol% polyethylene glycol solution containing 6 nM ATTO (registered trademark) 488 were mixed to prepare a measurement sample solution.
- nM ATTO registered trademark
- a complex containing avidinized polystyrene beads in the prepared measurement sample solution was detected by an inverted scanning molecular counting method.
- a single-molecule fluorescence measuring device MF20 manufactured by Olympus
- an optical system of a confocal fluorescence microscope and a photon counting system is used as an optical analysis device, and each measurement sample solution described above is used.
- excitation light laser light of 488 nm of 50 ⁇ W was used, and light in a wavelength band of 510 to 560 nm was measured using a bandpass filter 535BP to generate time-series light intensity data.
- the light detection region in the measurement sample solution is designed to have a diameter of 4 ⁇ m, and is rotated at a moving speed (scanning speed) of 9000 rpm (67.5 mm / second) to obtain a signal obtained from an avalanche photodiode (APD).
- BIN TIME was detected in 10 ⁇ s, and was measured as 60 seconds in the plate continuous measurement mode.
- Each measurement sample solution was measured three times in order to evaluate variation.
- the time series data obtained by the measurement was smoothed by the Savinzky-Golay algorithm, and then the peak was detected by differentiation. Of the regions regarded as peaks, a region that can approximate a Gaussian function was extracted as a signal, and the number of peaks was calculated.
- FIG. 7 shows the number of peaks obtained as a result of measurement for each measurement sample solution. It was observed that the number of peaks increased depending on the target DNA concentration.
- observation particles whose average outer diameter is 100% of the diameter of the light detection region and observation particles whose average outer diameter is 25% of the diameter of the light detection region are used. Therefore, from this result, when using observation particles whose average outer diameter is 100% or more of the diameter of the light detection region and observation particles whose average outer diameter is 25% or less of the diameter of the light detection region, It is apparent that the target particles can be detected by the detection method according to the present invention.
- the detection method in this example has a detection limit of 5 fM and target particles It became clear that the concentration of can be detected.
- Example 2 DNA-modified polystyrene beads having oligonucleotides consisting of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 as target particles (target DNA) and oligonucleotides (probe DNA3) consisting of the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 immobilized on the surface
- target DNA target DNA
- probe DNA3 oligonucleotides
- DNA modified polystyrene beads were obtained. This reaction solution was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes to precipitate double-stranded DNA-modified polystyrene beads, and the supernatant was removed and collected. The recovered beads were washed by removing the supernatant after centrifugation at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes in 2.5 M KCl.
- Steps (a), (b), (c) and (d)> The prepared 1.2 pM DNA-modified polystyrene beads, 100 nM biotinylated DNA probe 2 used in Example 1, TES buffer, and various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10 pM) used in Example 1 DNA mixed at 1: 1: 7: 1 was annealed by raising the temperature to 98 ° C. using a thermal cycler and then lowering to 20 ° C. at 0.1 ° C./min.
- a solution containing the double-stranded DNA formed by annealing was mixed with an avidinized magnetic bead (product name: Bio-Estapore Microspheres-BE-M08 / 08, 3, manufactured by Millipore) in an equal amount, and at room temperature.
- an avidinized magnetic bead product name: Bio-Estapore Microspheres-BE-M08 / 08, 3, manufactured by Millipore
- TES buffer was added so as to be the same as the original volume to suspend the precipitate.
- this solution was heated to 95 ° C., brought into proximity with a magnet to cause precipitation, and the supernatant was collected to obtain a solution containing DNA-modified polystyrene beads separated from avidinized magnetic beads.
- ⁇ Process (e)> The DNA-modified polystyrene beads in the prepared measurement sample solution were detected by the inverted scanning molecular counting method. Specifically, time-series data was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the measurement time was 100 seconds in the plate continuous measurement mode. The time series data obtained by the measurement was smoothed by the Savinzky-Golay algorithm, and then the peak was detected by differentiation. Of the regions regarded as peaks, the number of peaks having an odds ratio of 5.6 or more was calculated.
- FIG. 8 shows the number of peaks obtained as a result of the measurement for each measurement sample solution.
- the average value ⁇ 1SD of the calculated peak number of each measurement sample solution is 37 ⁇ 8.3 at 10 M, 48 ⁇ 12.0 at 10 fM, 76 ⁇ 14.2 at 100 fM, 79 ⁇ 23 at 1 pM. .7.
- the number of peaks increased depending on the target DNA concentration, and the number of peaks was saturated at 100 pM.
- the detection method in this example can detect the concentration of the target particle with a detection limit of 100 fM. Became clear.
- the detection method according to the present invention can detect the target particles that are present only in a very low concentration in the test sample by the inverted scanning molecule counting method, the detection method according to the present invention is clinical It can be used in the field of analysis / inspection of a sample having a very small concentration of a substance to be analyzed such as a specimen.
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Abstract
Description
(1) 共焦点顕微鏡又は多光子顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、非発光性の粒子を検出する方法であって、
(a)非発光性の観測用粒子、及び固相担体を、検出対象である標的粒子を介して溶液中又は溶液の界面にて結合させ、複合体を形成させる工程;
(b)前記工程(a)の後、遊離状態の観測用粒子を前記溶液から除去する工程;
(c)前記工程(b)の後、前記観測用粒子を前記複合体から分離させる工程;
(d)前記工程(c)の後、分離された観測用粒子を分散させた測定試料溶液を調製する工程;及び
(e)前記測定試料溶液内に於ける前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動させながら前記光検出領域から実質的に一定の背景光を含む光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成し、前記時系列光強度データにおいて前記観測用粒子が前記光検出領域内へ進入した際に生ずる光強度の低下を、前記観測用粒子の各々の存在を表す信号として個別に検出することにより、前記測定試料溶液中の観測用粒子検出する工程;
を有する、標的粒子の検出方法。
(2) 前記観測用粒子の平均外径が、前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の35%以上である、前記(1)の標的粒子の検出方法。
(3) 前記標的粒子が核酸分子又は核酸類似物質であり、
前記工程(c)における前記観測用粒子の分離を、当該複合体中の標的粒子を変性させることにより行う、前記(1)又は(2)の標的粒子の検出方法。
(4) 前記工程(d)が、
前記固相担体を前記観測用粒子より分離除去し、前記観測用粒子のみを分散させた前記測定試料溶液を調製することである、前記(1)~(3)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(5) 前記固相担体が、平均外径が前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の35%未満である粒子であり、
前記工程(c)及び(d)に代えて、
(c’)前記工程(b)の後、前記観測用粒子、前記標的粒子、及び前記固相担体からなる複合体を分散させた測定試料溶液を調製する工程、
を行う、前記(1)又は(2)の標的粒子の検出方法。
(6) 前記背景光が、前記測定試料溶液内に分散された物質による蛍光、りん光、化学発光、生物発光又は散乱光である、前記(1)~(5)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(7) 前記背景光が照明光である、前記(1)~(5)のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
(8) 前記光検出領域の位置の移動を、その移動速度が前記単一粒子の拡散移動速度よりも速い速度にて行う、前記(1)~(7)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(9) 前記光検出領域の位置の移動を、前記光学系の光路を変更することにより行う、前記(1)~(8)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(10) 前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の検出が、前記背景光の強度から計って所定の閾値より低い光強度を有する信号が検出されたときに1つの観測用粒子が前記光検出領域に入ったと判定することである、前記(1)~(9)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(11) 前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の検出が、前記時系列光強度データを平滑化し、前記平滑化した時系列光強度データにおいて前記背景光の強度から計って所定閾値を下回る強度を有する下に凸の釣鐘型のパルス状信号を検出することである、前記(1)~(10)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(12) 前記工程(e)において、更に、前記個別に検出された観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の数を計数して前記光検出領域の位置の移動中に検出された前記観測用粒子の数を計数する、前記(1)~(11)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(13) 前記工程(e)において、更に、前記検出された観測用粒子の数に基づいて、前記測定試料溶液中の観測用粒子の数密度又は濃度を決定する、前記(1)~(12)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
(14) 前記工程(e)における前記光検出領域の位置の移動、前記光検出領域からの光の検出、及び前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の検出を、前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の数が予め定められた数に達するまで、繰り返し、当該予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間に基づいて前記測定試料溶液中の前記観測用粒子の濃度を決定する、前記(1)~(12)のいずれかの標的粒子の検出方法。
<反転型走査分子計数法のための光分析装置の構成>
反転型走査分子計数法は、基本的な構成において、図1Aに模式的に例示されている如き、FCS、FIDA等が実行可能な共焦点顕微鏡の光学系と光検出器とを組み合わせてなる光分析装置により実現可能である。同図を参照して、光分析装置1は、光学系2~17と、光学系の各部の作動を制御すると共にデータを取得し解析するためのコンピュータ18とから構成される。光分析装置1の光学系は、通常の共焦点顕微鏡の光学系と同様であってよく、そこにおいて、光源2から放射されシングルモードファイバー3内を伝播したレーザー光(Ex)が、ファイバーの出射端において固有のNAにて決まった角度にて発散する光となって放射され、コリメーター4によって平行光となり、ダイクロイックミラー5、反射ミラー6、7にて反射され、対物レンズ8へ入射される。対物レンズ8の上方には、典型的には、1~数十μLの試料溶液が分注される試料容器又はウェル10が配列されたマイクロプレート9が配置されており、対物レンズ8から出射したレーザー光は、試料容器又はウェル10内の試料溶液中で焦点を結び、光強度の強い領域(励起領域)が形成される。測定に供される試料溶液中には、背景光を生ずる任意の発光物質が分散又は溶解されていてもよい。この場合、非発光性粒子が励起領域に進入していないときには、発光物質が励起されて実質的に一定の光が放出されて、背景光となり、非発光性粒子が励起領域に進入すると、背景光が低減することとなる。
反転型走査分子計数法は、端的に述べれば、単一粒子の影を検出する形式の走査分子計数法にて、即ち、背景光の存在下で、試料溶液内にて光検出領域の位置を移動し、非発光性の単一粒子が光検出領域に包含された際の背景光の低下を単一粒子の信号として検出する態様にて、単一粒子の存在が個別に検出され、その計数、或いは、試料溶液中の濃度に関する情報が取得される。
α=4π∫r2 f(r)dr [積分区間は、0~a] …(1)
にて与えられる。一方、光検出領域内に、半径bの非発光性の単一粒子が進入し、図2Cの下段の如く光検出領域の中心に位置するとき、その領域の発光物質が排除されることとなるので、図2Cの上段の斜線領域に相当する光量が低減することとなる。その排除される発光物質に相当する光量、つまり低下量βは、
β=4π∫r2 f(r)dr [積分区間は、0~b] …(2)
にて与えられる。かくして、光強度の低下の割合は、β/αにより概算することが可能となる。
f(r)=0.684exp(-2r2 ) …(3)
となる。図2Dは、式(3)を用いて、半径比b/aに対する光強度の低下の割合β/αをプロットした図である。同図を参照して、典型的には、背景光の変動率が1%程度であり、単一粒子による光強度の低下の割合が1%以下であると、信号の検出が不可能となるので、光検出領域の半径に対する単一粒子半径の比b/aは、0.15以上とすべきである。また、単一粒子による光強度の低下の割合を10%以上とする場合には、光検出領域の半径に対する検出可能な単一粒子半径の比b/aは、0.35となる。
反転型走査分子計数法では、観測対象となる粒子を含む試料溶液の光強度が測定された後、分析される。図3に、反転型走査分子計数法における処理手順の一態様を、フローチャートの形式で表す。
反転型走査分子計数法による光分析における光強度の測定は、測定中にミラー偏向器17又はステージ位置変更装置17aを駆動して、試料溶液内での光検出領域の位置の移動(試料溶液内の走査)を行う他は、FCS又はFIDAにおける光強度の測定過程と同様の態様にて実行されてよい。操作処理において、典型的には、マイクロプレート9のウェル10に試料溶液を注入して顕微鏡のステージ上に載置した後、使用者がコンピュータ18に対して、測定の開始の指示を入力すると、コンピュータ18は、記憶装置(図示せず)に記憶されたプログラム(試料溶液内において光検出領域の位置を移動する手順と、光検出領域の位置の移動中に光検出領域からの光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成する手順)に従って、試料溶液内の光検出領域における励起光の照射及び光強度の計測が開始される。かかる計測中、コンピュータ18のプログラムに従った処理動作の制御下、ミラー偏向器17又はステージ位置変更装置17aは、ミラー7(ガルバノミラー)又は顕微鏡のステージ上のマイクロプレート9を駆動して、ウェル10内において光検出領域の位置の移動を実行し、これと同時に光検出器16は、逐次的に検出された光を電気信号に変換してコンピュータ18へ送信し、コンピュータ18では、任意の態様にて、送信された信号から時系列の光強度データを生成して保存する。なお、典型的には、光検出器16は、一光子の到来の有無を検出できる超高感度光検出器であるので、光の検出が、フォトンカウンティングによる場合、時系列光強度データは、時系列のフォトンカウントデータであってよい。
から、
Δt=(2Wo)2 /6D …(5)
となるので、粒子がブラウン運動により移動する速度(拡散移動速度)Vdifは、概ね、Vdif=2Wo/Δt=3D/Wo …(6)
となる。そこで、光検出領域の位置の移動速度は、かかるVdifを参照して、それよりも十分に速い値に設定されてよい。例えば、観測対象粒子の拡散係数が、D=2.0×10-10m2/s程度であると予想される場合には、Woが、0.62μm程度だとすると、Vdifは、1.0×10-3m/sとなるので、光検出領域の位置の移動速度は、その略10倍以上の15mm/sなどと設定されてよい。なお、観測対象粒子の拡散係数が未知の場合には、光検出領域の位置の移動速度を種々設定して光強度の変化のプロファイルが、予想されるプロファイル(典型的には、励起光強度分布と略同様)となる条件を見つけるための予備実験を繰り返し実行して、好適な光検出領域の位置の移動速度が決定されてよい。
上記の処理により時系列光強度データが得られると、コンピュータ18において、記憶装置に記憶されたプログラムに従った処理により、単一粒子の信号の検出、単一粒子のカウンティング、濃度算出等の各種分析が実行される。
以下、より詳細に説明する。
時系列の光強度データにおいて、一つの粒子の光検出領域を通過する際の軌跡が、図4Bに示されている如く略直線状である場合、その粒子に対応する信号における光強度の変化は、(光学系により決定される)光検出領域内の光強度分布を反映した下に凸の略釣鐘状のプロファイルを有する(図4C最上段参照)。従って、走査分子計数法では、基本的には、背景光から計った適宜設定される閾値を下回る光強度の低下が継続する時間幅が所定の範囲にあるとき、その光強度の低下のプロファイルを有する信号が一つの粒子が光検出領域を通過したことに対応すると判定され、一つの粒子の検出が為されるようになっていてよい。そして、閾値を下回る光強度の低下が継続する時間幅が所定の範囲にない信号は、ノイズ又は異物の信号として判定される。また、光検出領域の光強度分布が、背景光Ibgから下に凸のガウス分布:
I=Ibg-A・exp(-2t2 /a2 ) …(7)
であると仮定できるときには、有意な光強度の低下のプロファイル(背景光のゆらぎではないと明らかに判断できるプロファイル)に対して式(7)をフィッティングして算出された強度A及び幅aが所定の範囲内にあるとき、その光強度のプロファイルが一つの粒子が光検出領域を通過したことに対応すると判定され、一つの粒子の検出が為されてよい。なお、強度A及び幅aが所定の範囲外にある信号は、ノイズ又は異物の信号として判定され、その後の分析等において無視されてよい。
下記の条件:
20μ秒<パルス幅<400μ秒
ピーク強度>4.0[pc/10μs] …(A)
相関係数>0.95
を満たすか否か等が判定される(ステップ150)。かくして、算出された釣鐘型関数のパラメータが一つの粒子に対応する信号において想定される範囲内にあると判定された信号は、一つの粒子に対応する信号であると判定される。一方、算出された釣鐘型関数のパラメータが想定される範囲内になかったパルス信号は、ノイズとして無視される。
更に、検出された単一粒子の信号の数を計数して、粒子の数の決定が為されてもよい(粒子のカウンティング)。また、任意の手法にて、光検出領域の通過した領域の総体積が算定されれば、その体積値と粒子の数とから試料溶液中の粒子の数密度又は濃度が決定される(ステップ170)。
Vt=N/C …(8)
により与えられる。また、対照溶液として、単一粒子の複数の異なる濃度の溶液が準備され、それぞれについて測定が実行されて、算出されたVtの平均値が光検出領域の通過した領域の総体積Vtとして採用されるようになっていてよい。そして、Vtが与えられると、単一粒子のカウンティング結果がnの試料溶液の粒子濃度cは、
c=n/Vt …(9)
により与えられる。なお、光検出領域の体積、光検出領域の通過した領域の総体積は、上記の方法によらず、任意の方法にて、例えば、FCS、FIDAを利用するなどして与えられるようになっていてよい。また、本実施形態の装置においては、想定される光検出領域の移動パターンについて、種々の標準的な粒子についての濃度Cと粒子の数Nとの関係(式(6))の情報をコンピュータ18の記憶装置に予め記憶しておき、装置の使用者が単一粒子の検出を実施する際に適宜記憶された関係の情報を利用できるようになっていてよい。
上記の単一粒子検出処理においては、或る設定した時間に亘って光測定を実行した後、得られた光強度データ上にて単一粒子の信号が検出される。つまり、任意に設定された測定時間中に得られた単一粒子の信号の数が計数される。その場合、試料溶液中の粒子濃度が未知であるとき、或る固定された測定時間に亘って光強度の測定を行う場合には、粒子の濃度が低い場合に備えて、測定時間は、十分に長く設定されることとなる。一方、試料溶液中の粒子の濃度が高い場合には、濃度等の特性を許容可能な又は満足する精度にて決定するのに必要な時間以上に光強度の測定が継続されることとなる。また、試料溶液中の粒子濃度が実験者の想定した濃度よりも低く、設定された測定時間が足りない場合には、結果の誤差が大きくなってしまう。このように、設定された測定時間の長さによって、検出される単一粒子の信号数の変動することとなり、特に、単一粒子濃度が低いときには、検出信号数から算定される単一粒子濃度値のばらつきが大きくなって精度が低下し得る。
そして、単一粒子の信号の数が達するべき予め定められた数を結果に要求される精度を達成する粒子数に設定しておくことにより、単一粒子の信号の数が予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間には、結果に要求される精度を達成する粒子数が反映されることとなるので、その時間に基づいて決定される粒子の濃度値は、許容可能な又は満足する精度を有していることが期待される。つまり、予め定められた数を結果に要求される精度を達成する数に設定しておけば、その予め定められた数の単一粒子の検出に要した時間又はそれから導出される任意の結果におけるばらつきは、小さく抑制され、結果の精度を満足するものとすることが可能となる。
粒子の濃度値と、信号数が予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間とは、以下の如く、関係づけられる。即ち、或る粒子濃度Cの試料溶液中において、時間τに亘って、光検出領域を走査速度uにて移動させた場合、光検出領域の断面積をSとすると、検出される粒子信号の数Xは、
X=CSuτNA …(10)
となる。ここで、NA は、アボガドロ数である。従って、信号数が予め定められた数XEに達するのに時間Tを要したとすると、粒子濃度Cは、
C=XE/(STuNA ) …(11)
により、時間Tの関数として与えられる。なお、式(11)において、単位時間当たりの粒子の検出速度Vは、信号数が予め定められた数XEに達するのに要した時間Tと粒子検出数XEとに基づいて
V=XE/T …(12)
により与えられるので、粒子濃度Cは、
C=V/(SuNA ) …(13)
と表される。この式(13)においては、粒子濃度Cが、検出速度Vに一次に比例し、粒子濃度Cと検出速度Vとの対応関係がわかり易いので、実際の実験においては、粒子濃度Cは、検出速度Vを用いて決定されてもよい。
一定の信号数を検出する単一粒子検出処理は、例えば、図5のフローチャートに示した処理手順により実行されてよい。同図の例においては、端的に述べれば、光検出領域の位置の移動、光検出領域からの光の検出、単一粒子の信号の検出及び検出された粒子信号の計数の一連の処理が、解析時間間隔t(所定の時間間隔)毎に、検出された粒子数Xが終了粒子数XE(発光粒子数が到達すべき予め定められた数)に到達するまで反復して実行される。なお、以下に述べる一連の処理及び構成は、コンピュータ18の処理作動により実現されることは理解されるべきである。
図5を参照して、操作処理において、具体的には、まず、マイクロプレート9のウェル10に試料溶液を注入して顕微鏡のステージ上に載置した後、使用者がコンピュータ18に対して、光強度の測定と粒子の検出・計数の処理の開始の指示を入力すると、コンピュータ18は、初期設定として、終了粒子数XEの設定(ステップ10)及び解析時間間隔tの設定(ステップ20)を行う。終了粒子数XEと解析時間間隔tとは、使用者により任意に設定されてよい。終了粒子数XEは、粒子濃度の結果値に要求される精度を達成できるように粒子濃度が既知の溶液を用いた予備実験による結果を参考にして適宜決定可能である。解析時間間隔tとしては、処理の開始後から粒子数(X)が終了粒子数(XE)に到達するまでの時間よりも十分に短い任意の時間間隔が、装置1における処理速度等を考慮して適宜設定されてよい。また、終了粒子数XEと解析時間間隔tとは、それぞれ、粒子濃度が既知の溶液を用いた予備実験による結果を参考にして予め決定された値が、装置1において記憶され、かかる記憶された値が自動的に又は使用者の選択により使用されるようになっていてもよい。
上記の如く終了粒子数XEと解析時間間隔tの設定が為されると、以下の如く、解析時間間隔t毎に、解析時間間隔tに亘る走査分子計数法による光強度の測定処理及び測定された光強度データからの粒子信号の検出並びに粒子数xの検出(ステップ30)と、ステップ30にて検出された粒子数xを累積して粒子の総数X(tn)を算定する処理(ステップ40)とが粒子の総数X(tn)が終了粒子数XEに到達するまで(ステップ50)、反復して実行される。なお、ステップ30~50の処理の反復実行に先だって、一連の処理の開始時間Tsが記憶されてよい(ステップ25)。
X(tn )=X(tn-1 )+x …(14)
により算出される(図5-ステップ40)。なお、X(tn-1)は、前回の解析時間間隔tまでに検出された粒子の検出総数であり、その初期値は0である。そして、ステップ30~40は、発光粒子の検出総数X(tn)が終了粒子数XEに到達するまで、即ち、
X(tn )≧XE …(15)
が成立するまで(ステップ50)、解析時間間隔t毎に繰り返される。そして、ステップ30~50を反復しているうちに、式(15)が成立すると、試料溶液の光強度の測定と粒子の検出・計数との処理が終了する。ステップ30~50の反復処理が終了すると、終了時間TEが記憶されてよい(ステップ60)。
ところで、解析時間間隔t毎にステップ30~50の反復実行期間において(式(15)が成立するまで)、コンピュータ18のモニター上などの表示器に、粒子の検出総数X(tn)及び/又は測定終了時間TE若しくは測定残り時間Trが表示されるようになっていてよい。かかる構成によれば、使用者は、それらの表示を見ることによって、実行中の測定がいつ頃終了するのかを予測することができる点で有利である。
v=X(tn )/(Tp-Ts) …(16)
により与えられてよい。ここで、Tpは、現在の時刻である。かくして、粒子の検出速度vを用いて、測定残り時間Tr(ステップ30~50の処理終了までの時間)が、
Tr=(XE-X(tn ))/v …(17)
により推定され、また、測定終了時間TE(ステップ30~50の処理が終了する時間)が、
TE=Tp+Tr …(18)
により推定される(ステップ56)。そして、推定された測定終了時間TE若しくは測定残り時間Trが表示器上に表示される(ステップ58)。なお、既にステップ30~50の反復実行が為されている場合には、既に表示されている値が更新される。また、X(tn)=0のときは、式(17)又は(18)は、演算されずに、Tr及びTEは、不明であると表示されてよい。
かくして、粒子数が終了粒子数に到達すると、粒子数が終了粒子数に到達するまでの時間T(=TE-Ts)或いは検出された粒子の信号から得られるその他の情報を用いて、濃度算出等の分析が実行されてよい(ステップ70)。粒子濃度は、既に述べた如く、式(12)を用いて、終了粒子数に到達するまでの時間Tと終了粒子数XEとから、粒子の検出速度Vを算出し、粒子の検出速度Vから、式(13)の関係を用いて決定される。
S=N/(C・NA ・uo・τo) …(19)
により与えられる。また、対照溶液として、粒子の複数の異なる濃度の溶液が準備され、それぞれについて測定が実行されて、算出されたSの平均値が光検出領域の断面積Sとして採用されるようになっていてよい。
上記の試料溶液の光強度の測定と発光粒子の検出・計数の処理において、別の態様として、解析時間間隔tは、固定値ではなく、発光粒子の検出状況に応じて修正されるようになっていてもよい。図6Aは、解析時間間隔tを粒子の検出状況に応じて修正する処理(ステップ20’)を含むよう構成された試料溶液の光強度の測定と粒子の検出・計数の処理をフローチャートの形式で表したものであり、図6Bは、ステップ20’における解析時間間隔tの演算処理をフローチャートの形式で表したものである。なお、図6Aにおいて、図5と同一の処理には、同一のステップ番号が付されている。
t=Tr/(N-k) …(20)
により算定される(ステップ240)。なお、算定される解析時間間隔tには、下限が設定されていてよく、解析時間間隔tが下限値tminを下回るときには、解析時間間隔tは、下限値tminに設定されてよい(ステップ250、260)。上記の如く、解析時間間隔tが修正される態様によれば、測定残り時間Trには、観測対象となっている試料溶液中の粒子の検出状況が反映されているので、解析時間間隔tがかかる粒子の検出状況に応じて最適化されることとなる。
<標的粒子の検出方法>
本発明に係る検出方法では、共焦点顕微鏡又は多光子顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、反転型走査分子計数法を利用して、非発光性の粒子を検出する。前述のように、反転型走査分子計数法は、分子が離散的な状況において、pMオーダー以下の比較的低濃度の粒子に対しても測定が可能である。このため、本発明に係る検出方法により、試料溶液中の解析対象の標的粒子の濃度が非常に低い場合であっても、標的粒子を高感度に計数することができる。
(a)非発光性の観測用粒子、及び固相担体を、検出対象である標的粒子を介して、溶液中又は溶液の界面にて結合させ、複合体を形成させる工程;
(b)前記工程(a)の後、前記遊離状態の観測用粒子を前記溶液から除去する工程;
(c)前記工程(b)の後、前記観測用粒子を前記複合体から分離させる工程;
(d)前記工程(c)の後、分離された観測用粒子を分散させた測定試料溶液を調製する工程;及び
(e)前記測定試料溶液内に於ける前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動させながら前記光検出領域から実質的に一定の背景光を含む光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成し、前記時系列光強度データにおいて前記観測用粒子が前記光検出領域内へ進入した際に生ずる光強度の低下を、前記観測用粒子の各々の存在を表す信号として個別に検出することにより、前記測定試料溶液中の観測用粒子を検出する工程。
また、該架橋した親水性重合体として、例えば、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリメタクリルアミド、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ(2-オキシエチルアクリレート)、ポリ(2-オキシエチルメタクリレート)、ポリ(2,3-ジオキシプロピルアクリレート)、ポリ(2,3-ジオキシプロピルメタクリレート)、ポリエチレングリコールメタクリレート、デキストラン等がある。
例えば、汎用されているプライマー/プローブ設計ソフトウェア等を用いることにより、標的粒子結合部位の塩基配列情報から、標的粒子とハイブリダイズする領域のTm値(2本鎖DNAの50%が1本鎖DNAに解離する温度)を算出することができる。温度がTm値近傍の値である条件、例えばTm値±3℃程度である条件を、特異的会合条件とすることができる。算出されたTm値近傍において実験的に融解曲線を求めることにより、より詳細に特異的会合条件を決定することもできる。
或いは、任意の手法により、例えば、所定の速度にて光検出領域の位置を移動するなどして、光検出領域の位置の移動軌跡の全体積を特定すれば、観測用粒子の数密度又は濃度が具体的に算定できることとなる。こうして得られた測定試料溶液中の観測用粒子の数密度又は濃度に関する情報に基づいて、被検試料中の標的粒子の数密度又は濃度を決定することもできる。
配列番号1で表される塩基配列からなるオリゴヌクレオチドを標的粒子(標的DNA)とし、アビジン化ポリスチレンビーズを観測用粒子とし、配列番号2で表される塩基配列からなるオリゴヌクレオチドにビオチンを結合させたビオチン化DNAプローブ1を、アビジン化ポリスチレンビーズ表面に結合させる「標的粒子と結合する物質」とし、アビジン化磁性ビーズを分離用粒子とし、配列番号3で表される塩基配列からなるオリゴヌクレオチドにビオチンを結合させたビオチン化DNAプローブ2をアビジン化磁性ビーズ表面に結合させる「標的粒子と結合する物質」として用い、本発明に係る検出方法を行った。
160fMのアビジン化ポリスチレンビーズ(製品名:sphero streptavidin SVP-40-5、sphero社製、直径(平均外径):4μm)を含むTESバッファー(10mM Tris-HCl,100mM EDTA,1M NaCl,pH8.0)と、2.7μMの3’-ビオチン化DNAプローブ1を含むTESバッファーを、5:3で混合し、1時間室温で攪拌しながらインキュベートを行うことによって、アビジン化ポリスチレンビーズに3’-ビオチン化DNAプローブ1を結合させた。
得られたDNAプローブ1修飾ポリスチレンビーズに対して、遠心分離処理による洗浄を5回行うことによって、未反応の3’-ビオチン化DNAプローブ1を除去した。
10pMのアビジン化磁性ビーズ(製品名:Dynabeads myone、invitrogen社製、直径:1μm)を含むTESバッファーと10μMの5’-ビオチン化DNAプローブ2を含むTESバッファーを等量で混合し、1時間室温で攪拌しながらインキュベートを行うことによって、アビジン化磁性ビーズに3’-ビオチン化DNAプローブ2を結合させた。得られたDNAプローブ2修飾磁性ビーズに対して、遠心分離処理による洗浄を5回行うことによって、未反応の3’-ビオチン化DNAプローブ2を除去した。
DNAプローブ1修飾ポリスチレンビーズと、DNAプローブ2修飾磁性ビーズと、TESバッファーと、各種濃度(0,0.5,1,5,10,50fM)の標的DNAを1:5:3:1で混合し、24 時間室温で攪拌しながらインキュベートした。この溶液を磁石に近づけることによって沈殿を生じさせ、上清を捨てた後、もとの容量と同じになるようにTESバッファーを加え、沈殿を懸濁させた。この溶液と6nMのATTO(登録商標)488を含む20容量%ポリエチレングリコール溶液を等量混合し、これらを測定試料溶液とした。
調製した測定試料溶液中のアビジン化ポリスチレンビーズを含む複合体を、反転型走査分子計数法により検出した。具体的には、計測においては、光分析装置として、共焦点蛍光顕微鏡の光学系とフォトンカウンティングシステムを備えた1分子蛍光測定装置MF20(オリンパス社製)を用い、上記の各測定試料溶液について、時系列のフォトンカウントデータを取得した。励起光は、50μWの488nmのレーザー光を用い、バンドパスフィルター535BPを用いて、510~560nmの波長帯域の光を測定し、時系列光強度データを生成した。測定試料溶液中における光検出領域は、その直径が4μmに設計されており、9000rpm(67.5mm/秒)の移動速度(走査速度)にて回転させ、アバランシェフォトダイオード(APD)から得られるシグナルをBIN TIMEを10μ秒で検出し、プレート連続測定モードで60秒間と測定した。各測定試料溶液について、ばらつきを評価するために3回ずつ測定を行った。測定によって得られた時系列データをSavinzky-Golayのアルゴリズムでスムージングした後、微分によりピークの検出を行った。ピークとみなされた領域のうち、ガウス関数に近似できる領域をシグナルとして抽出し、ピーク数を算出した。
配列番号1で表される塩基配列からなるオリゴヌクレオチドを標的粒子(標的DNA)とし、配列番号4で表される塩基配列からなるオリゴヌクレオチド(プローブDNA3)を表面に固定化したDNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズを観測用粒子とし、アビジン化磁性ビーズを分離用粒子とし、配3で表される塩基配列からなるオリゴヌクレオチドにビオチンを結合させたビオチン化D列番号NAプローブ2をアビジン化磁性ビーズ表面に結合させる「標的粒子と結合する物質」として用い、本発明に係る検出方法を行った。
100μMのプローブDNA3溶液とそれに対応する相補鎖DNAの100μMの溶液を等量で混合し、サーマルサイクラーを用いて、得られた混合液の温度を98℃まで上げた後、0.1℃/分で20℃まで下げることによってDNAをアニーリングした。次いで、アニーリングにより形成された2本鎖DNAを含む溶液を、超純水を用いて1/10に希釈し、50mg/mLのエポキシ基修飾ポリスチレンビーズ(製品名:micromer(登録商標)epoxy、 micromod社製、直径:4μm)と等量で混合し、50℃で24時間振蕩することによって、プローブDNA3の突出したグアニンのアミノ基とポリスチレンビーズのエポキシ基を反応させ、結合させることによって2本鎖DNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズを得た。この反応溶液を、15000rpmで5分間遠心分離処理し、2本鎖DNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズを沈殿させ、上清を除いて回収した。回収したビーズは、2.5MのKCl中で15000rpm、5分間遠心分離処理後、上清を除くことによって洗浄した。続いて、同様の洗浄操作を0.15MのNaOH中、続いて超純水中で行うことにより、ポリスチレンビーズ表面の2本鎖DNAを一本鎖化した。最終的に、遠心分離処理によって沈殿として回収したビーズを、TESバッファーに懸濁することにより、1.2pM相当の1本鎖のプローブDNA3が表面に修飾されたDNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズを得た。
作製した1.2pMのDNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズ、実施例1で用いた100nMのビオチン化DNAプローブ2、TESバッファー、及び各種濃度(0,0.1,1,10pM)の実施例1で用いた標的DNAを1:1:7:1で混合したものを、サーマルサイクラーを用いて98℃まで温度を上げた後、0.1℃/分で20℃まで下げることによってDNAをアニーリングした。次いで、アニーリングにより形成された2本鎖DNAを含む溶液を、アビジン化磁性ビーズ(製品名:Bio-Estapor Microspheres-BE-M08/0,3,Millipore社製)と等量で混合し、室温で1時間振蕩することにより、アビジン-ビオチン結合を介してDNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズとアビジン化磁性ビーズを架橋させた。この溶液を磁石に近づけることによって沈殿を生じさせ、上清を捨てた後、もとの容量と同じになるようにTESバッファーを加え、沈殿を懸濁させた。その後、この溶液を95℃まで加熱し、磁石に近づけることによって沈殿を生じさせ、上清を回収することにより、アビジン化磁性ビーズから分離したDNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズを含む溶液を得た。この溶液と6nMのATTO(登録商標)488を含む20容量%ポリエチレングリコール溶液を等量混合したものを、測定試料溶液とした。
調製した測定試料溶液中のDNA修飾ポリスチレンビーズを、反転型走査分子計数法により検出した。具体的には、測定時間を、プレート連続測定モードで100秒間とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして時系列データを得た。測定によって得られた時系列データをSavinzky-Golayのアルゴリズムでスムージングした後、微分によりピークの検出を行った。ピークとみなされた領域のうち、オッズ比が5.6以上のピーク数を算出した。
2…光源
3…シングルモードオプティカルファイバー
4…コリメータレンズ
5…ダイクロイックミラー
6、7、11…反射ミラー
8…対物レンズ
9…マイクロプレート
10…ウェル(試料溶液容器)
12…コンデンサーレンズ
13…ピンホール
14…バリアフィルター
14a…ダイクロイックミラー又は偏光ビームスプリッタ
15…マルチモードオプティカルファイバー
16…光検出器
17…ミラー偏向器
17a…ステージ位置変更装置
18…コンピュータ
Claims (14)
- 共焦点顕微鏡又は多光子顕微鏡の光学系を用いて、非発光性の粒子を検出する方法であって、
(a)非発光性の観測用粒子、及び固相担体を、検出対象である標的粒子を介して溶液中又は溶液の界面にて結合させ、複合体を形成させる工程;
(b)前記工程(a)の後、遊離状態の観測用粒子を前記溶液から除去する工程;
(c)前記工程(b)の後、前記観測用粒子を前記複合体から分離させる工程;
(d)前記工程(c)の後、分離された観測用粒子を分散させた測定試料溶液を調製する工程;及び
(e)前記測定試料溶液内に於ける前記光学系の光検出領域の位置を移動させながら前記光検出領域から実質的に一定の背景光を含む光を検出して時系列の光強度データを生成し、前記時系列光強度データにおいて前記観測用粒子が前記光検出領域内へ進入した際に生ずる光強度の低下を、前記観測用粒子の各々の存在を表す信号として個別に検出することにより、前記測定試料溶液中の観測用粒子を検出する工程;
を有する、標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記観測用粒子の平均外径が、前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の35%以上である、請求項1に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記標的粒子が核酸分子又は核酸類似物質であり、
前記工程(c)における前記観測用粒子の分離を、前記複合体中の標的粒子を変性させることにより行う、請求項1又は2に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記工程(d)が、
前記固相担体を前記観測用粒子より分離除去し、当該観測用粒子を分散させた前記測定試料溶液を調製することである、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記固相担体が、平均外径が前記光学系の光検出領域の直径の35%未満である粒子であり、
前記工程(c)及び(d)に代えて、
(c’)前記工程(b)の後、前記観測用粒子、前記標的粒子、及び前記固相担体からなる複合体を分散させた測定試料溶液を調製する工程、
を行う、請求項1又は2に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記背景光が、前記測定試料溶液内に分散された物質による蛍光、りん光、化学発光、生物発光又は散乱光である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記背景光が照明光である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記光検出領域の位置の移動を、その移動速度が前記単一粒子の拡散移動速度よりも速い速度にて行う、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記光検出領域の位置の移動を、前記光学系の光路を変更することにより行う、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
- 前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の検出が、
前記背景光の強度から計って所定の閾値より低い光強度を有する信号が検出されたときに1つの観測用粒子が前記光検出領域に入ったと判定することである、
請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の検出が、
前記時系列光強度データを平滑化し、
前記平滑化した時系列光強度データにおいて前記背景光の強度から計って所定閾値を下回る強度を有する下に凸の釣鐘型のパルス状信号を検出する
ことである、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記工程(e)において、更に、
前記個別に検出された観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の数を計数して前記光検出領域の位置の移動中に検出された前記観測用粒子の数を計数する、
請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記工程(e)において、更に、
前記検出された観測用粒子の数に基づいて、前記測定試料溶液中の観測用粒子の数密度又は濃度を決定する、
請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。 - 前記工程(e)における前記光検出領域の位置の移動、前記光検出領域からの光の検出を、及び前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の検出を、前記観測用粒子の存在を表す信号の数が予め定められた数に達するまで繰り返し、
当該予め定められた数に達するのに要した時間に基づいて、前記測定試料溶液中の前記観測用粒子の濃度を決定する、請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の標的粒子の検出方法。
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| CN201380055334.2A CN104736999B (zh) | 2012-10-25 | 2013-07-04 | 目标粒子的检测方法 |
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| EP2840381B1 (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2017-08-09 | Olympus Corporation | Method for detecting target particles |
| TWI619937B (zh) * | 2016-01-15 | 2018-04-01 | 奇美視像科技股份有限公司 | 以多光子激發技術檢查物體之方法以及量測物體之裝置 |
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| US20150218628A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
| EP2913660A4 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
| CN104736999A (zh) | 2015-06-24 |
| EP2913660A1 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
| JPWO2014064971A1 (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
| CN104736999B (zh) | 2017-04-12 |
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