WO2014054186A1 - 金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置 - Google Patents
金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014054186A1 WO2014054186A1 PCT/JP2012/076256 JP2012076256W WO2014054186A1 WO 2014054186 A1 WO2014054186 A1 WO 2014054186A1 JP 2012076256 W JP2012076256 W JP 2012076256W WO 2014054186 A1 WO2014054186 A1 WO 2014054186A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/02—Electrochemical measuring systems for weathering, corrosion or corrosion-protection measurement
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/006—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light of metals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/304—Gas permeable electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/4163—Systems checking the operation of, or calibrating, the measuring apparatus
- G01N27/4165—Systems checking the operation of, or calibrating, the measuring apparatus for pH meters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/005—H2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/20—Metals
- G01N33/202—Constituents thereof
- G01N33/2022—Non-metallic constituents
- G01N33/2025—Gaseous constituents
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/404—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors
- G01N27/4045—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors for gases other than oxygen
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the amount of hydrogen penetrating into a metal, which can accurately detect the amount of hydrogen penetrating into the metal due to corrosion of the metal.
- “delayed fracture” is likely to occur when the strength of the steel material is increased. This “delayed fracture” becomes remarkably severe as the strength of the steel material increases, and is particularly remarkable in high-strength steel having a tensile strength of 1180 MPa or more (Non-patent Document 1). “Delayed fracture” means that high strength steel is subjected to static load stress (load stress less than tensile strength) and, when a certain amount of time has passed, there is almost no plastic deformation. This is a phenomenon in which sudden brittle fracture occurs, and here it means hydrogen embrittlement type delayed fracture caused by hydrogen entering the steel material.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that in a delayed fracture property evaluation method for evaluating delayed fracture characteristics of a steel material by making the steel material contain diffusible hydrogen by cathodic charging and measuring the critical diffusible hydrogen content, In order to prevent hydrogen from being released from the steel during measurement of the amount of hydrogen, a method of galvanizing the steel has been proposed.
- the technique described in Patent Document 1 is an accelerated test in which hydrogen intrusion into steel is forced to enter hydrogen by cathodic charging, the test was performed under conditions different from the actual usage environment.
- it is possible to give the superiority or inferiority to the occurrence of delayed fracture depending on the type of material it is not a judgment material for estimating whether or not delayed fracture occurs due to the amount of hydrogen intrusion due to corrosion in the actual use environment.
- Non-Patent Document 2 reports on hydrogen intrusion behavior using ammonium thiocyanate.
- this Non-Patent Document 2 a comparison between hydrogen penetration by ammonium thiocyanate and hydrogen penetration by the cathodic charging method is made.
- hydrogen intrusion due to surface corrosion cannot be obtained.
- zinc plating used for rust prevention of automobiles in recent years, etc. The effect of hydrogen on hydrogen intrusion cannot be measured.
- Non-Patent Document 3 reports an example in which a high-strength bolt that has been corroded for a certain period of time in an atmospheric exposure environment is collected and the hydrogen concentration occluded in the bolt is measured. Further, in this Non-Patent Document 3, from the change of the anode current value detected from the opposite surface side by an electrochemical hydrogen permeation method using a test apparatus that exposes one side of a steel sheet to the external environment, The results of investigating the hydrogen intrusion behavior due to corrosion in the sea are reported. However, the data obtained by the atmospheric exposure test disclosed in Non-Patent Document 3 are only test results under environmental factors linked to the topographic specific environment, and various data that change with the movement of the structure. No consideration has been given to continuously assessing corrosion in the environment.
- the metal material that is most concerned about the problem of delayed fracture is a steel material that is widely used as a practical material.
- the problem of delayed fracture will also occur in other metal materials in the future. The possibility is pointed out (for example, non-patent document 4).
- the inventors first “A method of measuring the amount of hydrogen generated by corrosion of metal materials and penetrating into the metal using an electrochemical hydrogen permeation method, which occurs due to a corrosion reaction when one side of a specimen is exposed to a corrosive environment. While the other surface of the subject is a hydrogen detection surface and the potential on the hydrogen detection surface side is held at -0.1 to +0.3 V vs. SCE and diffuses to the detection surface.
- an electrochemical cell composed of a plurality of cell groups divided into at least two cells is disposed on the hydrogen detection surface side of the subject.
- Each cell is filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution having a pH of 9 to 13, and an independent reference electrode and counter electrode are provided, and at least one cell in the cell group is used as a reference cell for correcting the residual current.
- a protective film that blocks contact with the corrosive environment is provided at the corresponding location, and the anode current value detected by a cell other than the reference cell is corrected by the residual current value detected by the reference cell, and the corrected anode current is corrected.
- a method for measuring the amount of hydrogen penetrating into a metal characterized in that the amount of hydrogen penetrating from the corroded surface is calculated based on the value.
- JP 2005-69815 A Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-42800
- An object of the present invention is to propose a device for measuring the amount of hydrogen penetrating into a metal suitable for implementation of the “method for measuring the amount of hydrogen penetrating into the metal” described in Patent Document 2 listed above. .
- the gist configuration of the present invention is as follows. 1.
- An apparatus for measuring the amount of hydrogen generated by corrosion of an object made of a metal material and entering the metal using an electrochemical hydrogen permeation method When one surface of the specimen is exposed to a corrosive environment and a hydrogen intrusion surface generated by a corrosion reaction, and the other surface is a hydrogen detection surface, An electrochemical cell composed of a plurality of cell groups is provided on the hydrogen detection surface side, and each cell of the cell group is filled with an aqueous electrolyte solution having a pH of 9 to 13, and an independent reference electrode and Install a counter electrode, Protection for blocking contact with the corrosive environment in a region on the hydrogen intrusion surface side corresponding to the hydrogen detection region of the reference cell, with at least one cell of the cell group serving as a reference cell for correcting the residual current Providing a membrane, An anode current value detected in a cell other than the reference cell is corrected by a residual current value detected in the reference cell, and an intrusion hydrogen amount from the corro
- the apparatus of the present invention it is possible to accurately detect the amount of hydrogen that penetrates into the metal due to corrosion. Further, if the apparatus of the present invention is used, each part of the metal material constituting the moving body such as an automobile, a ship, and a railway vehicle is generated as it corrodes in a corrosive environment exposed in the use state, and the metal material It is possible to continuously monitor the amount of hydrogen penetrating into it, and to obtain information necessary to determine whether or not delayed fracture occurs due to the amount of hydrogen penetrating due to corrosion in the actual use environment. it can.
- the present invention is a technique that can be applied to various vehicles such as automobiles, motorcycles, railways, and mobile bodies that can be moved on their own, such as ships and airplanes.
- various vehicles such as automobiles, motorcycles, railways, and mobile bodies that can be moved on their own, such as ships and airplanes.
- embodiments will be described in detail with reference to automobiles as representative examples. explain.
- the metal material to be evaluated is not necessarily limited to a steel plate, but here, a case where it is applied to a steel plate will be described as a representative example.
- the present invention measures the amount of hydrogen generated by metal material corrosion and penetrating into the interior by applying the measurement principle of the electrochemical hydrogen permeation method. By exposing, the hydrogen generated during the corrosion penetrates into the steel, and the amount of penetrating hydrogen is measured by taking out hydrogen from the opposite side.
- the electrochemical hydrogen permeation method is a method developed by Devanathan and Stachurski in 1962 (Non-Patent Document 5). As schematically shown in FIG. 1, two electrolytic cells 1a and 1b are formed of one sample 2 It is arranged facing each other across. In the case of the figure, the sample surface of the left electrolytic cell 1a is cathode-polarized at a constant potential or a constant current to generate hydrogen and charge, and the right electrolytic cell 1b is subjected to constant-potential anodic polarization. The hydrogen permeated through 2 is oxidized into hydrogen ions, and the amount of permeated hydrogen is determined from the current value.
- reference numerals 3a and 3b are reference electrodes
- 4a and 4b are electrodes
- 4b is particularly referred to as a counter electrode or a coefficient electrode.
- the electrode 4a is connected to a potentiostat for applying a constant potential or a galvanostat for applying a constant current
- one of the electrodes 4b is connected to a potentiostat for applying a constant potential.
- Reference numerals 5a and 5b denote sintered glass frits for removing the influence of gas and the like generated at the counter electrodes 4a and 4b.
- the above-described electrochemical hydrogen permeation method itself is a method that has been well known as “a method for measuring a hydrogen diffusion coefficient in a steel sheet”.
- the original electrochemical hydrogen permeation method is a method in which hydrogen is electrolytically charged with one side of the sample as a cathode and extracted with the opposite side as an anode.
- a study has been reported in which the surface corresponding to the hydrogen charge surface is exposed to a corrosive environment (Non-Patent Document 3).
- the measurement method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 3 has a problem that a change in the measurement current value due to a change in temperature is not taken into consideration.
- the anode holding current measured on the hydrogen detection surface side by the electrochemical hydrogen permeation method is superimposed with the passive holding current of the test material.
- This passive holding current is the main component of the residual current, and is influenced by various factors, but it varies greatly with temperature.
- the anode current measured on the hydrogen detection surface side by the electrochemical hydrogen permeation method is a weak current. Therefore, the accurate anode current cannot be measured unless the temperature dependence of the residual current is corrected.
- the present inventors have made various studies, and as a result, the electrochemical cell provided on the hydrogen detection surface side is divided into at least two or more divided on the same subject. Consists of cells, and at least one of the cells is used as a reference cell for correcting the residual current, and the corrosive environment is shut off in a region on the hydrogen entry surface side corresponding to the hydrogen detection region of this reference cell. By providing a protective film for this purpose, the temperature dependence of the residual current can be corrected.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows an example of the measuring apparatus of the present invention.
- four cells 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d are provided on the hydrogen detection surface side of a steel plate 6 as an object, and the leftmost cell 7a is used as a reference cell for correcting the residual current.
- reference numeral 8 is a counter electrode (Pt line)
- 9 is a reference electrode (Ir line).
- the number of cells is at least two, and if the number of cells is too large, handling becomes complicated.
- the surface temperature of the steel plate in each cell, the temperature of the electrolyte solution in the cell, etc. are all the same temperature.
- a protective film 10 is provided on the hydrogen entry surface side of the reference cell 7a. Since the portion covered with the protective film 10 does not corrode and therefore does not cause hydrogen intrusion, the current measured on the hydrogen detection surface side of the reference cell is considered as the residual current itself.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows reactions on the corroded surface (hydrogen intrusion surface) side and the hydrogen detection surface side of a cell (also referred to as a channel) without a protective film.
- the solution in the anode electrode chamber needs to be an electrolyte solution having a pH of 9 to 13. This is because if the pH is less than 9, it is difficult to maintain the passivation of the surface of the steel plate at a predetermined potential, while if the pH exceeds 13, damage to the environment will occur if it is accidentally leaked. Because is big.
- an electrolyte solution having an appropriate pH an aqueous NaOH solution of about 0.1 to 0.2 M (mol / liter) is suitable.
- the electrolyte solution having an appropriate pH is not necessarily limited to a 0.1 to 0.2M NaOH aqueous solution, and the steel plate surface of the hydrogen detection surface is maintained at a potential sufficient for the ionization reaction of hydrogen.
- any electrolyte solution can be used as long as it can ensure a passivated state of the surface of the steel sheet.
- using a gel electrolyte instead of the electrolyte solution is advantageous not only for preventing liquid leakage but also for ease of handling.
- the potential of the hydrogen detection surface must be kept at ⁇ 0.1 to +0.3 V vs. SCE at all times. This is because if the potential of the hydrogen detection surface is out of this range, a stable hydrogen ionization current cannot be obtained.
- SCE is a saturated calomel electrode, and the potential of this SCE with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is represented by +0.244 V (vs SHE, 25 ° C.).
- the reference electrode for controlling the potential various electrodes that are currently in practical use can be used.
- an electrode containing chloride such as an Ag / AgCl electrode
- contamination of the anode electrode chamber solution with chloride ions destroys the passivation of the sample surface, increasing the residual current, and the measured value is May be inaccurate.
- an Ir / Ir oxide electrode can be obtained by immersing Ir wire in the anode electrode chamber solution, and a stable potential can be obtained for a long time. It was done. That is, the most suitable electrode as the reference electrode is an Ir / Ir oxide electrode, and a potential of about ⁇ 0.04 vs. SSE can be stably obtained.
- SSE is a silver-silver chloride electrode, and the potential of this SSE with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is represented by +0.199 V (vs SHE, 25 ° C.).
- the surface of the hydrogen detection surface is preferably coated with a metal having a large hydrogen diffusion constant and promoting the oxidation reaction of hydrogen.
- a metal having a large hydrogen diffusion constant and promoting the oxidation reaction of hydrogen examples include Pd, Pd alloy, Ni Etc.
- plating may be performed by cathodic electrolysis in an aqueous solution containing palladium ions such as [Pd (NH 3 ) 4 ] Cl 2 .H 2 O.
- Pd alloy Pd—Ni, Pd—Co alloy, or the like can be used.
- the film thickness of Pd plating or Pd alloy plating is preferably 10 to 100 nm.
- Ni plating may be performed by cathodic electrolysis in a known plating bath such as a Watt bath. The thickness of the Ni plating is also preferably 10 to 100 nm.
- Pd or a Pd alloy can be plated on the Ni plating.
- the protective film provided on the hydrogen intrusion surface is not particularly limited, and any protective film can be used as long as it can block the corrosive environment. Specific examples include attaching stainless steel foil via an organic adhesive or the like.
- the present invention it is possible to accurately detect the amount of hydrogen that enters the interior of the metal due to corrosion regardless of environmental changes such as temperature changes. Therefore, if the measuring device of the present invention is attached to a moving body such as an automobile, a ship, and a railway vehicle, each part of the metal material constituting the moving body is affected by changes in the environment exposed in the usage state. In addition, the amount of hydrogen penetrating into the metal material can be continuously and accurately monitored. As a result, it is possible to accurately determine whether or not various types of moving bodies are delayed and destroyed by the amount of hydrogen intrusion due to corrosion in their actual use environment.
- the inventors examined an apparatus that can stably measure the amount of hydrogen that penetrates into a metal with corrosion without damaging the cell due to freezing of the internal solution even in winter.
- the electrolyte solution inside the cell is less than ⁇ 5 ° C. considering the heat generated by the moving body. I think it would be good.
- an organic compound effective for lowering the freezing point may be added to the aqueous electrolyte solution.
- an organic compound although it does not restrict
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- DMFA dimethylformamide
- a suitable addition ratio of such an organic compound is about 5 to 30% by volume.
- the freezing point is further lowered as the addition amount is increased.
- the cell is exposed to a low-temperature environment that exceeds expectations and the electrolyte is solidified, and even when volume expansion of the electrolyte occurs, the bubble shrinks to the cell body. It was found that the damage of can be reduced. However, in such a case, if the bubble comes into contact with the hydrogen detection surface, the detection sensitivity of the amount of invading hydrogen decreases, and the essential significance of the present invention is impaired. This is very important.
- the method of arranging the bubbles so as not to contact the hydrogen detection surface is not particularly limited. For example, a bag-like object containing bubbles may be arranged inside the cell, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The internal structure of the cell may be used.
- reference numeral 11 denotes bubbles
- 12 denotes an electrolytic solution
- 13 denotes an O-ring.
- the amount of bubbles is not particularly defined, but considering the volume expansion in the coagulation of water, the volume ratio is preferably about 5 to 15% of the solution.
- the anodic reaction on the hydrogen detection surface is affected, so the type of bubbles is preferably an inert gas.
- Example 1 The experiment was performed using a measuring device having four cells (CH1 to CH4) having the structure shown in FIG.
- a mild steel plate having a thickness of 1.0 mm plated with Pd at a thickness of 100 nm on the hydrogen detection surface side was used.
- the reference cell was channel 3 (CH3), and a stainless steel foil was attached as a protective film to a location corresponding to the corroded surface side of CH3.
- 300 mL of 0.5M NaCl was dropped on the corrosive surface of each cell, then dried at 25 ° C and 35% RH (relative humidity) for 4 hours or longer, and then at 25 ° C and 85% RH (relative humidity) for 24 hours or longer.
- the temperature was maintained, and then the temperature was increased stepwise.
- the potential of the hydrogen detection surface was kept at 0 V vs SCE. The temperature change and humidity change at this time are shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows changes in the anode current density detected in each channel corresponding to the temperature changes shown in FIG. It can be seen that the anode current density value of the reference electrode (CH3) that does not corrode on the surface of the steel plate increases with increasing temperature. This is presumably because the residual current due to the oxidation current of Pd on the hydrogen detection surface side increased as the temperature increased. Thus, the temperature dependence of the residual current is a level that cannot be ignored.
- CH3 reference electrode
- the permeated hydrogen amount is converted according to the following formula.
- Permeated hydrogen current density i H (mA / cm 2 10 ⁇ 6 A / cm 2 )
- M H i H ⁇ 1.036 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 11 (mol / scm 2 )
- m H i H ⁇ 6.24 ⁇ 10 12 (pieces / scm 2 )
- Example 2 The measurement apparatus used in Example 1 was actually mounted on an automobile, and a measurement system schematically shown in FIG. 9 was constructed.
- Four channel cells were installed at three locations: a) a fender, b) a room, and c) under the floor (floor lower surface).
- a battery-powered multichannel potentiostat was created and housed in the trunk along with a dedicated battery.
- the test material was a mild steel plate having the same thickness as that of Example 1: 1.0 mm, and the average speed per hour in the premises of the steel works for 6 hours from 9:00 to 15:00 for five days from Monday to Friday. Drive at 40km / h. In addition, it stops at the parking lot from 15:00 to 9:00 of the next day.
- the maximum value of the anode current density detected during this period is shown as an invention example in which correction by the reference electrode is performed, and as a comparative example in which correction is not performed, it is shown in comparison with FIG.
- the anode current density of the inventive example was not different depending on the installation part.
- the comparative example a difference in anode current density depending on the installation site was observed. This difference is considered to be the difference between the site where the temperature rose due to daylight (fender) and the site where the temperature did not rise much (under the floor) depending on the installation site. It can be seen that an accurate anode current density value (permeated hydrogen current density value) can be obtained without being affected by a temperature change by correcting the measured anode current density value by the reference electrode according to the present invention. .
- Example 3 The steel plate used was a commercial mild steel plate (thickness: 0.8 mm), sheared to 40 ⁇ 50 mm, and polished on both sides to # 2000. Subsequently, in order to remove the processed layer formed at the time of polishing, the both surfaces were subjected to chemical polishing of about 60 ⁇ m with an aqueous solution composed of a mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide. (Plating on the hydrogen detection surface) About 100 mm of Pd plating was performed on the hydrogen detection surface using a commercial K-pure palladium plating solution (manufactured by Kojima Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- aqueous electrolyte solution in the cell As the electrolyte aqueous solution, 0.1N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution added with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at various ratios was used, and the freezing point in each case was measured. (Configuration of cells on the detection surface side) The structure having two cells shown in FIG. 11 was used, and the structure of the portion corresponding to 7a and 7b was changed as follows. Structure A: The structure shown in FIG. 5 was filled with electrolyte without containing bubbles. Structure B: The structure shown in FIG. 5 was used, the amount of bubbles was 15 vol% of the electrolytic aqueous solution volume, and the bubbles were sealed with nitrogen.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- FIG. 12 shows the minimum temperature change during the period from the Japan Meteorological Agency HP.
- the vehicle was run after covering with a bag other than the corroded steel plate surface.
- Table 1 shows the date when cell breakage or leakage of electrolyte solution was observed during the period. Table 1 also shows the maximum value of current density obtained for each period and the maximum value of current density after correction according to the present invention. Furthermore, after the period is over, no. 2 and no. Table 1 also shows the results of leaving the cell No. 4 in the -20 ° C refrigeration tester installed in the laboratory and examining the damaged state of the cell.
- No. No. 1 is a comparative example in which only an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is used as an electrolytic solution.
- leakage of the electrolytic solution due to cell breakage was observed. 2 ⁇ No. No cell damage was observed in No. 4.
- the current value is detected. As described above, this is considered to be a residual current change due to a temperature change, and it can be seen that the temperature change can be eliminated by performing the temperature correction according to the invention example. Further, No.
- the amount of hydrogen generated by corrosion in a corrosive environment in which each part of the metal material constituting the moving body whose environment changes continuously is exposed in use and enters the metal material. can be continuously and accurately monitored.
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Description
鋼材に侵入する水素は、鋼板の腐食に伴って発生し、その一部が鋼材に侵入することによって引き起こされると考えられている。このような観点から、鋼材への水素侵入に着目した遅れ破壊の評価方法が種々提案されている。
しかしながら、特許文献1に記載された技術は、鋼中への水素侵入は陰極チャージにより強制的に水素を侵入させる加速試験であることから、実際の使用環境とは異なる条件の下で、供試材の種類による遅れ破壊発現の優劣をつけることはできるものの、実際の使用環境での腐食に伴う水素侵入量で遅れ破壊が起こるか否かを推定するための判断材料にはならない。
しかしながら、非特許文献2に開示のチオシアン酸アンモニウムを用いた水素侵入量の評価方法においては、表面の腐食による水素侵入を得られるものではなく、例えば近年自動車の防錆用途として用いられる亜鉛めっき等が水素侵入に及ぼす影響を測定できるものではない。
しかしながら、非特許文献3に開示の大気暴露試験によって得られるデータは、いずれも地勢的な特定環境と結びついた環境因子の下での試験結果にすぎず、構造体の移動に伴い変化する種々の環境下における腐食を継続的に把握することについては、考慮が払われていない。
また、非特許文献3に示された鋼板の片面を外部環境に暴露する試験装置を用いた大気暴露における水素透過試験では、環境の温度変化に伴うアノード側の残余電流の変化が考慮されていないことから、測定値の定量性にも問題があった。
しかしながら、上記した振動などの物理的要因や地勢的な環境変化が避けられない移動体について、腐食に伴う水素侵入量を継続的かつ定量的に計測した例は、これまで皆無であった。
「金属材料の腐食に伴って発生し金属内部に侵入する水素の量を、電気化学的水素透過法を用いて測定する方法であって、被検体の片面を腐食環境に暴露し腐食反応により発生する水素の侵入面とする一方、該被検体の他面を水素検出面とし、該水素検出面側の電位を−0.1~+0.3V vs SCEに保持した状態で該検出面に拡散してくる水素の流束をアノード電流として測定するに際し、該被検体の水素検出面側に、少なくとも2つに分割された複数のセル群で構成された電気化学セルを配置し、該セル群の個々のセルの内部にはpHが9~13の電解質水溶液を充填すると共に、それぞれ独立した参照電極と対極を設置し、該セル群のうち少なくとも一つのセルを残余電流を補正するための基準セルとし、該基準セルの水素侵入面側に対応する箇所には腐食環境との接触を遮断する保護膜を設け、該基準セル以外のセルで検出したアノード電流値を、該基準セルで検出した残余電流値により補正し、この補正したアノード電流値に基づいて腐食面側からの侵入水素量を算出することを特徴とする金属内部への侵入水素量の測定方法。」
を開発し、特許文献2において開示した。
本発明は、上掲した特許文献2に記載の「金属内部への侵入水素量の測定方法」の実施に供して好適な金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置を提案することを目的とする。
1.金属材料からなる被検体の腐食に伴って発生し金属内部に侵入する水素の量を、電気化学的水素透過法を用いて測定する装置であって、
該被検体の一方の面を腐食環境に暴露し腐食反応により発生する水素の侵入面、他方の面を水素検出面とするとき、
該水素検出面側に、複数のセル群で構成された電気化学セルを設け、該セル群の個々のセルの内部にpHが9~13の電解質水溶液を充填すると共に、それぞれ独立した参照電極と対極を設置し、
該セル群のうち少なくとも一つのセルを残余電流を補正するための基準セルとし、該基準セルの水素検出領域に対応する水素侵入面側の領域に、腐食環境との接触を遮断するための保護膜を設け、
該基準セル以外のセルで検出したアノード電流値を、該基準セルで検出した残余電流値により補正し、この補正したアノード電流値に基づいて腐食面側からの侵入水素量を算出することを特徴とする金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置。
また、本発明装置を用いれば、自動車、船舶、鉄道車両などの移動体を構成する金属材料の各部位が、その使用状態で曝される腐食環境下で腐食することに伴い発生し、金属材料中に侵入する水素の量を連続的にモニタリングすることが可能となり、実際の使用環境での腐食に伴う水素侵入量で遅れ破壊が生じるか否かを判断するために必要な情報を得ることができる。
図中、符号3a,3bは参照電極、4a,4bは電極であり、特に4bは対電極または係数電極という。そして、電極4aは、定電位を付与するポテンショスタットまたは定電流を付与するガルバノスタットと接続され、一方と電極4bは、定電位を付与するポテンショスタットと接続されている。なお、5a,5bは、対電極4a,4bで発生するガス等の影響を除去するための焼結ガラスフリットである。
本来の電気化学的水素透過法は、図1に示したように、試料の片面側を陰極にして水素を電解チャージし、反対面側を陽極にして引き抜く手法であるが、これを応用して、水素チャージ面側に相当する面を腐食環境に曝すという研究が報告されている(前掲非特許文献3)。
しかしながら、非特許文献3に開示された測定方法では、温度の変化による測定電流値の変化が考慮されていないという問題があったことは、前述したとおりである。また、電気化学的水素透過法によって水素検出面側で測定されるアノード電流には、水素の酸化電流の他に、供試材の不動態保持電流が重畳されている。この不動態保持電流は、残余電流の主体をなすもので、様々な因子に影響されるが、特に温度による変化が大きい。
同図において、各セルにおける鋼板の表面温度、セル内の電解質溶液の温度等はすべて同じ温度とする。また、基準セル7aの水素侵入面側には保護膜10が設けられている。このような保護膜10で被覆された部分は腐食せず、従って水素侵入も起こらないことから、基準セルの水素検出面側で測定される電流は残余電流そのものと考えられる。
水素検出面側の表面電位を水素のイオン化反応に十分な電位に保持することで、拡散によって検出面側に到達した水素はすべて水素イオンとして取り出される。なお、本発明において、水素検出面側の鋼板の表面は不動態化されている。これにより、水素検出側で検出されるアノード電流が実質的に水素透過電流に相当すると考えることができる。
従って、かくして得られた電流値を、基準セルて求めた残余電流値で補正することにより、温度変化に伴う残余電流の変化にかかわらず、正確なアノード電流値を計測することができ、その結果、このアノード電流値に基づいて正確な侵入水素量を算出することが可能になるのである。
ここで、SCEは、飽和カロメル電極のことであり、このSCEの標準水素電極(SHE)に対する電位は+0.244V(vs SHE,25℃)で示される。
ただし、Ag/AgCl電極のような塩化物を含む電極を用いる場合、アノード極室溶液中への塩化物イオンによる汚染によって、サンプル表面の不動態が破壊されて残余電流が大きくなり、測定値が不正確になるおそれがある。
ここで、SSEは、銀−塩化銀電極のことであり、このSSEの標準水素電極(SHE)に対する電位は+0.199V(vs SHE,25℃)で示される。
また、Niで被覆する場合は、ワット浴等の既う知のめっき浴中で陰極電解することで、Niめっきを行えばよい。Niめっきの膜厚も10~100nmにすることが好ましい。
さらに、Niめっきの上に、PdやPd合金をめっきすることもできる。
従って、本発明の測定装置を、自動車、船舶、鉄道車両などの移動体に取り付ければ、移動体を構成する金属材料の各部位が、その使用状態で曝される環境の変化に左右されることなく、金属材料中に侵入する水素量を連続的かつ正確にモニタリングすることができる。
その結果、各種移動体にについて、それらの実際の使用環境での腐食に伴う水素侵入量で遅れ破壊が生じるか否かを的確に判断することが可能となる。
そこで、上記した溶液漏出の原因について調査した結果、低温時に内部溶液が凍結し、溶液が膨張することによって、セルが破損するためであることが明らかとなった。
本発明の特徴である移動体の金属部位内部へ侵入する水素量を正確にモニタリングするためには、冬季走行においても安定した正確な侵入水素量の測定が必要である。
一般的な市街地における走行環境下においては、移動体の発熱を考慮するとセル内部の電解液が−5℃以下になることは少ないと考えられるため、電解液の凝固点温度を−5℃以下にすれば良いと考えられる。
そして,かかる有機化合物としては、特に制限はされないものの、イソプロピルアルコールやグリセリン、エチレングリコールなどが特に好適であることが判明した。さらに、電気化学的活性の低い極性溶媒であるジメチルスルフォキシド(DMSO)やジメチルフォルモアミド(DMFA)なども有利に適合することが判明した。
ここに、かような有機化合物の好適な添加割合は、5~30体積%程度である。また、添加量を増加するに従って凝固点はより降下する。
これらの有機化合物は、ウィンドウォッシャー液等にも充填されている有機化合物類であり、万が一漏出した場合においても環境への悪影響はほとんどない。
気泡を水素検出面に接しないように配する方法については、特に限定はされないが、例えばセル内部に気泡を入れた袋状の物を配しても良いし、図4及び図5のようなセルの内部構造とすればよい。図4,5中、符号11が気泡、12が電解液であり、13でOリングを示す。
なお、気泡の量は特に規定されないが、水の凝固における体積膨張を考慮すると、体積率で溶液の5~15%程度とすることが好ましい。気泡に酸素が存在する場合、水素検出面のアノード反応に影響を与える為、気泡の種類は不活性ガスが好ましい。
実験は、図2に示した構造になるセル数4個(CH1~4)の測定装置を用いて行った。被検体としては、水素検出面側にPdを厚み:100nmでめっきした板厚:1.0mmの軟鋼板を用いた。基準セルはチャンネル3(CH3)であり、このCH3の腐食面側に対応する箇所には保護膜としてステンレス箔を貼着した。各セルの腐食面側の表面に0.5M NaClを300mL滴下、ついで25℃,35%RH(相対湿度)で4時間以上乾燥したのち、25℃,85%RH(相対湿度)に24時間以上保持し、その後、段階的に温度を上昇させた。水素検出面の電位は0V vs SCEに保持した。この時の温度変化および湿度変化を図6に示す。
本来、鋼板表面で腐食の起こっていない基準電極(CH3)のアノード電流密度値も、温度の上昇に伴って上昇していることが分かる。これは、水素検出面側のPdの酸化電流による残余電流が温度の上昇により増加したためと考えられる。このように、残余電流の温度依存性は、無視できないレベルである。
4Chのアノード電流密度値が他のChに比べて小さかったのは、最初に滴下した0.2M NaClの位置がずれていたために、検出面に対応する水素侵入面側の腐食面積が小さかったためである。
そして、上記のようにして求めた透過水素電流密度値から、次式により、透過水素量(侵入水素量)を算出する。
かくして、温度変化の如何にかかわらず、正確な透過水素電流値ひいては透過水素量(侵入水素量)を検出することができる。
透過水素電流密度 iH(mA/cm2=10−6A/cm2)
単位面積当たりの透過水素量 MH(mol/scm2),mH(個/scm2)
MH=iH×1.036×10−11(mol/scm2),
mH=iH×6.24×1012(個/scm2)
実施例1で用いた測定装置を、実際に自動車に搭載し、図9に模式的に示す計測システムを構築した。4チャンネルセルの設置箇所は、a)フェンダー、b)室内、c)床下(フロア下面)の3箇所とした。バッテリー駆動のマルチチャンネルポテンショスタットを作成し、専用バッテリーと一緒にトランク内に収納した。供試材は、実施例1と同じ板厚:1.0mmの軟鋼板とし、月曜日から金曜日までの5日間、毎日、9:00~15:00の6時間にわたって製鉄所の構内を平均時速:40km/hで走行する。なお、15:00から翌日の9:00までは駐車場に停車する。
試験片をセットしてから初期の5日間で、各部位での腐食はまだほとんど起きておらず、図10に示したとおり、発明例のアノード電流密度は設置部位による違いは見られなかった。これに対し、比較例では、設置部位によるアノード電流密度の違いが見られた。この違いは、設置部位により、昼間の日照で温度が上昇した部位(フェンダー)と、あまり温度が上昇しなかった(床下)部位の違いと考えられる。
実測されたアノード電流密度値について、本発明に従い、基準電極による補正を行うことにより、温度変化の影響を受けることなしに正確なアノード電流密度値(透過水素電流密度値)が得られることが分かる。
使用した鋼板は商用の軟鋼板(厚さ:0.8mm)を用い、40×50mmにせん断加工を行い、両面を♯2000まで研磨した。ついで、研磨時に形成される加工層を除去するために両面を弗酸と過酸化水素水の混合液からなる水溶液により約60μm化学研磨を行った。
(水素検出面へのめっき)
水素検出面に商用のK−ピュアパラジウムめっき液(小島化学社製)を用いて約100mmのPdめっきを行った。
(セル内の電解質水溶液)
電解質水溶液として、0.1Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液にジメチルスルフォキシド(DMSO)を種々の比率で添加したものを用い、各場合における凝固点を測定した。
(検出面側のセルの構成)
図11に示す2個のセルを有する構造のものを用い、7a,7bにあたる部位の構造を以下のように変更した。
構造A:図5に示す構造で、気泡を含まず、電解液を充填した。
構造B:図5に示す構造とし、気泡量は電解水溶液体積の15vol%とし、気泡は窒素を封入した。
セルの1つのチャンネル上にはエポキシ系樹脂及びステンレス箔を配することで温度変化を補正するために腐食をしないセルを設置した。
以上のセルを、商用の乗用車に搭載し、製鉄所内を2011年1月18日から2月2日まで15日間走行した。気象庁HPより期間中の最低気温変化を図12に示す。なお、凍結による内容液漏出を防ぐため、腐食される鋼板面以外を袋で覆った上で走行を行った。
さらに、期間終了後、No.2及びNo.4のセルを実験室に設置している−20℃の冷凍試験機内に放置し、セルの破損状態について調べた結果も、表1に併記する。
No.1は、電解液に水酸化ナトリウム水溶液のみの比較例であるが、1月27日にセルの破損による電解液の漏出が認められたものの、発明例であるNo.2~No.4にはセルの破損は認められなかった。
また、期間1においては、鋼板表面にほとんど腐食した形跡は認められなかったため、腐食による鋼板への水素侵入はなく、電流値は検出されないはずであるが、温度補正を行わない場合、比較的大きな電流値が検出されていることが分かる。これは上述したとおり、気温変化による残余電流変化と考えられ、発明例による温度補正を行うことで、温度変化を除去できていることが分かる。
さらに、ジメチルスルフォキシド(DMSO)を添加したNo.2~No.4と、添加していないNo.1を比較すると、その電流値に差異は認められないことから、ジメチルスルフォキシド(DMSO)を添加することによる精度への影響はないことが分かる。
次に、期間2及び期間3においては、路面水上を走行したため、鋼板の腐食が認められ、それに対応する電流密度の増加が認められたが、腐食に伴い発生し鋼板中に侵入する水素量をモニタリングできていることが分かる。
さらに、−20℃の低温環境に保持した場合、セルNo.2には破損が認められた。一方、内部に気泡を配したセルNo.4の場合には凍結は認められたもののセルの破損は認められなかった。このことから、想定を超える気温変化に対してもセル内部に気泡を配することによって、破損を抑制できることが確認された。
2 試料
3 参照電極
4 電極
4b 対電極
5 焼結ガラスフリット
6 被検体(鋼板)
7 セル
7a 基準セル
8 対極
9 参照電極
10 保護膜
11 気泡
12 電解液
13 Oリング
Claims (5)
- 金属材料からなる被検体の腐食に伴って発生し金属内部に侵入する水素の量を、電気化学的水素透過法を用いて測定する装置であって、
該被検体の一方の面を腐食環境に暴露し腐食反応により発生する水素の侵入面、他方の面を水素検出面とするとき、
該水素検出面側に、複数のセル群で構成された電気化学セルを設け、該セル群の個々のセルの内部にpHが9~13の電解質水溶液を充填すると共に、それぞれ独立した参照電極と対極を設置し、
該セル群のうち少なくとも一つのセルを残余電流を補正するための基準セルとし、該基準セルの水素検出領域に対応する水素侵入面側の領域に、腐食環境との接触を遮断するための保護膜を設け、
該基準セル以外のセルで検出したアノード電流値を、該基準セルで検出した残余電流値により補正し、この補正したアノード電流値に基づいて腐食面側からの侵入水素量を算出することを特徴とする金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置。 - 前記参照電極としてIr/Ir酸化物電極を用いることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置。
- 前記電解質水溶液中に、凍結防止のために有機化合物を添加したことを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置。
- 前記電解質水溶液中に添加する有機化合物が、イソプロピルアルコール、グリセリンまたはエチレングリコールあるいはジメチルスルフォキシドまたはジメチルフォルモアミドであることを特徴とする請求項1,2または3に記載の金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置。
- 前記電解質水溶液を充填した電気化学セルの内部に、水素検出面との接触を避けて、気泡を配置したことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置。
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US14/429,880 US20150219549A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | Apparatus that measures the amount of hydrogen penetrated into metal |
| PCT/JP2012/076256 WO2014054186A1 (ja) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | 金属内部への侵入水素量の測定装置 |
| EP12886067.3A EP2905612B1 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | Apparatus for measuring amount of hydrogen penetrated into metal |
| CN201710060860.8A CN106908375A (zh) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | 金属内部侵入氢量的测定装置 |
| IN1668DEN2015 IN2015DN01668A (ja) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | |
| CN201280076180.0A CN104685350A (zh) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | 金属内部侵入氢量的测定装置 |
| KR1020157005570A KR20150038577A (ko) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | 금속 내부에 대한 침입 수소량의 측정 장치 |
| KR1020167024815A KR101725747B1 (ko) | 2012-10-03 | 2012-10-03 | 금속 내부에 대한 침입 수소량의 측정 장치 |
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| EP (1) | EP2905612B1 (ja) |
| KR (2) | KR20150038577A (ja) |
| CN (2) | CN104685350A (ja) |
| IN (1) | IN2015DN01668A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2014054186A1 (ja) |
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| JP2017122633A (ja) * | 2016-01-07 | 2017-07-13 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 耐水素脆化特性評価方法 |
| US10798589B2 (en) | 2018-02-22 | 2020-10-06 | FG Innovation Company Limited | Methods and devices for measurement reporting in beam operations |
| JP2021043076A (ja) * | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-18 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 水素透過試験装置 |
| JPWO2021245848A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-09 | ||
| JP7287590B1 (ja) * | 2022-03-17 | 2023-06-06 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 表面処理亜鉛めっき鋼板 |
| WO2023176027A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-17 | 2023-09-21 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 表面処理亜鉛めっき鋼板 |
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| JP2017122633A (ja) * | 2016-01-07 | 2017-07-13 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 耐水素脆化特性評価方法 |
| US10798589B2 (en) | 2018-02-22 | 2020-10-06 | FG Innovation Company Limited | Methods and devices for measurement reporting in beam operations |
| JP2021043076A (ja) * | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-18 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 水素透過試験装置 |
| WO2021049379A1 (ja) * | 2019-09-11 | 2021-03-18 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 水素透過試験装置 |
| JP7149242B2 (ja) | 2019-09-11 | 2022-10-06 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 水素透過試験装置 |
| JPWO2021245848A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-09 | ||
| WO2021245848A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-03 | 2021-12-09 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 水素透過試験装置 |
| JP7368780B2 (ja) | 2020-06-03 | 2023-10-25 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 水素透過試験装置 |
| JP7287590B1 (ja) * | 2022-03-17 | 2023-06-06 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 表面処理亜鉛めっき鋼板 |
| WO2023176027A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-17 | 2023-09-21 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 表面処理亜鉛めっき鋼板 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20150038577A (ko) | 2015-04-08 |
| EP2905612A1 (en) | 2015-08-12 |
| CN106908375A (zh) | 2017-06-30 |
| IN2015DN01668A (ja) | 2015-07-03 |
| KR101725747B1 (ko) | 2017-04-10 |
| EP2905612B1 (en) | 2017-03-01 |
| CN104685350A (zh) | 2015-06-03 |
| WO2014054186A8 (ja) | 2015-02-26 |
| EP2905612A4 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
| US20150219549A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
| KR20160110554A (ko) | 2016-09-21 |
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