Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
  • H04W16/14—Spectrum sharing arrangements between different networks
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
  • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
  • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

• Communication systems that operate in the same areas of radio frequency spectrum may benefit from coexistence techniques.
• wireless communication systems may benefit from a null subframe indication for coexistence between different network types.
• TV white space In wireless communications, coexistence issues can occur when different systems operate by sharing the same communication resources, such as time, frequency, and space. For instance, with the recent evolution of digital television (TV) broadcasting, substantial amount of spectrum has been available in the very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) bands, which is referred to as TV white space (WS). In TVWS, unlicensed devices have access to whitespace database (WSD) to obtain a list of unoccupied spectrum in which the unlicensed devices are allowed to transmit and receive data.
• WSD whitespace database
• LTE Long term evolution
• 3GPP third generation partnership project
• WiFi Wireless Fidelity
• TDD time division duplex
• LTE and WiFi are designed for different applications and are not compatible with each other. As a result, the two systems may cause mutual interference when they operate within the same frequency band. For instance, when LTE and WiFi are collocated and operating in the same time/frequency resources, LTE may dominate the medium.
• FIG 1 illustrates conventional effects of WiFi/LTE co-existence.
• WiFi throughput conventionally approaches zero as LTE approaches full load.
• One reason for this reduction of throughput may be that WiFi spends considerable amount of time to search for holes in the medium and ultimately drops or otherwise fails to deliver the packet.
• a method includes detecting, at a first radio access technology, the presence of a second radio access technology. The method also includes indicating information about a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of the first radio access technology to the detected second radio access technology.
• a method includes operating a device of a second radio access technology. The method also includes detecting information of a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of a first radio access technology.
• a non-transitory computer readable medium is, in certain embodiments, encoded with instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform a process.
• the process includes detecting, at a first radio access technology, the presence of a second radio access technology.
• the process also includes indicating information about a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of the first radio access technology to the detected second radio access technology.
• a non-transitory computer readable medium is, according to certain embodiments, encoded with instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform a process.
• the process includes operating a device of a second radio access technology.
• the process also includes detecting information of a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of a first radio access technology.
• an apparatus includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code.
• the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to detect, at a first radio access technology, the presence of a second radio access technology.
• the at least one memory and the computer program code are also configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to indicate information about a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of the first radio access technology to the detected second radio access technology.
• an apparatus includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code.
• the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to operate a device of a second radio access technology.
• the at least one memory and the computer program code are also configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to detect information of a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of a first radio access technology.
• An apparatus includes detecting means for detecting, at a first radio access technology, the presence of a second radio access technology.
• the apparatus also includes indicating means for indicating information about a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of the first radio access technology to the detected second radio access technology.
• An apparatus in certain embodiments, includes operating means for operating a device of a second radio access technology.
• the apparatus also includes detecting means for detecting information of a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of a first radio access technology.
• FIG 1 illustrates conventional effects of WiFi/LTE co-existence.
• Figure 2 illustrates a difference between a regular configuration and a coexistence configuration, according to certain embodiments.
• Figure 3 illustrates a time domain pattern for detection according to certain embodiments.
• FIG. 4 illustrates co-existing LTE and WiFi systems according to certain embodiments.
• Figure 5 illustrates an example of LTE TDD frame structure.
• Figure 6 illustrates an LTE frame structure in coexistence mode with 3 coexistence blank subframes, according to certain embodiments.
• Figure 7 illustrates various elements of joint operation of LTE and WiFi networks, according to certain embodiments.
• Figure 8 illustrates a method according to certain embodiments.
• Figure 9 illustrates another method according to certain embodiments.
• Figure 10 illustrates a system according to certain embodiments.
• the LTE system can configure a coexistence frame designed suitable for WiFi to access the medium with reduced interference.
• the coexistence frame may, for example, include at least one null and/or low power subframe.
• sequences or patterns are used to indicate the start of null/low power subframes, duration of null/low power subframe, and the coexistence frame type so that WiFi can configure when it should transmit packets, in which packet size it should transmit, and what the current LTE frame configuration type is.
• LTE can provide a sequence or pattern that can be detected by WiFi to indicate the start of null/low power subframes.
• each sequence can be used to identify the LTE coexistence frame configuration. For example, a frame configuration implicitly can indicate the duration of the null/low power subframe.
• LTE base station (BS)/user equipment (UE) and WiFi devices can share the same frequency band.
• WiFi can operate under distributed coordination function (DCF) protocol, based on a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)/ collision avoidance (CA) mechanism.
• DCF distributed coordination function
• CSMA carrier sense multiple access
• CA collision avoidance
• LTE uplink/downlink (UL/DL) frames can be generated from predefined frame structures, such as those described in 3GPP technical specification (TS) 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8).
• the LTE and WiFi devices may be active in the coexistence mode. Specifically, the LTE devices can be aware of the existence of WiFi devices and the WiFi devices can be aware of the existence of the LTE devices.
• Figure 2 illustrates a difference between a regular configuration and a coexistence configuration, according to certain embodiments.
• a single LTE radio frame T can be made up of LTE UL/DL subframes.
• LTE BS/UE can change TDD uplink-downlink configuration to a predefined coexistence frame configuration.
• the coexistence configuration can include a combination of LTE TDD UL/DL and null subframes or low power subframes, as shown in Figure 2.
• Tl and T2 denote frame times allocated to LTE UL/DL and null subframes, respectively.
• the time Tl can be determined so that it includes primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and cell- specific common reference signals (RSs) to support regular channel access of LTE UEs.
• PSS primary synchronization signal
• SSS secondary synchronization signal
• RSs cell- specific common reference signals
• WiFi may or may not have knowledge about PSS, SSS and RSs.
• the null subframes can be reserved for WiFi channel access. Thus, during null subframes, LTE UE and BS do not transmit and receive any LTE signals.
• the comparative length of Tl and T2 is shown as being about equal, but this is not a requirement.
• the duration of Tl can be dynamically adjusted depending on the traffic load in LTE such that Tl ⁇ Tl ⁇ .
• LTE can restrict the access of UEs to share the medium with WiFi in coexistence mode.
• WiFi access point (AP) and/or station (STA) can individually detect the start of the null subframes in time -domain by using one of following methods
• WiFi devices can perform energy detection (ED) during a time duration longer than T and detect the energy difference between LTE subframes and Null subframes.
• ED energy detection
• the WiFi devices may be unable to distinguish between Null sub frame and uplink subframes with LTE UE transmissions that are hidden from the WiFi device.
• the WiFi user equipment (UE) may detect an incorrect frame configuration and transmit during LTE UL periods.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a time domain pattern for detection according to certain embodiments.
• the WiFi devices can search for a known pattern, as shown in Figure 3, during a time duration longer than T.
• the pattern can be inserted in time domain at any suitable place, such as the beginning of the null subframe as shown in Figure 3 or at the end of the null subframe.
• the sequence can be in the time domain or frequency domain, and thus these examples should not be understood as requiring that the time domain must be used.
• This pattern can be a sequence, such as, for example, a WiFi preamble, a Zadoff-Chu sequence, a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence, Barker sequence, or the like.
• PN pseudorandom noise
• Sequence 1 can indicate Coexistence configuration 1 with Null subframe duration 1ms
• Sequence2 can indicate Coexistence configuration with Null subframe duration 3ms
• Sequence3 can indicate
• different known frame configurations can be indicated by using different numbers of sequences.
• a single sequence can indicate Coexistence configurations with Null subframe duration 1ms
• two sequences can indicate coexistence configuration2 with Null subframe duration 3ms
• three sequences can indicate coexistence configuration 1 with Null subframe duration 6ms.
• the number of sequences can be equal to the number of different LTE frame configurations.
• the WiFi device may be able to reliably detect null subframes without activating the LTE radio. As will be discussed at greater length below, it may be possible for a WiFi device to transmit a frame decodable by LTE to indicate start/stop of WiFi transmission.
• Another method can involve the device having LTE radio capability. If WiFi devices have a separate LTE radio capability, the LTE radio can follow the broadcast channel and can know the LTE frame configuration. This knowledge is used at the WiFi radio of the device. This embodiment may require the WiFi device also to activate the LTE radio, which may consume additional energy.
• All devices within the WiFi network corresponding to a single base station subsystem (BSS) are within the transmission range of an LTE BS. This may be the case because a WiFi network is a short range network.
• FIG. 4 illustrates co-existing LTE and WiFi systems according to certain embodiments.
• the WiFi system can adjust its medium access duration as shown below such that Tcs + Tbo + Tpck + Tov ⁇ T2, where Tcs denotes carrier sense (CS) duration, Tbo denotes backoff duration, Tpck represents the packet length, and Tov denotes the overhead, respectively.
• Overhead can include, for example, short interframe space (SIFS), DCF interframe space (DIFS), point coordination function (PCF) interframe space (PIFS).
• SIFS short interframe space
• DIFS DCF interframe space
• PCF point coordination function
• Each radio frame for LTE TDD UL/DL lasts 10ms, where one radio frame can include a total of ten subframes with 1ms of subframe duration each.
• 'D', 'S', 'LP, ', and, ⁇ ' denote fields for downlink, secondary synchronization signal (SSS), uplink, primary synchronization signal (PSS), and downlink to uplink transition gap, respectively.
• LTE can configure coexistence frames with new configuration numbers 7-10, as shown in Table 1,
• Table 1 In Table 1, ' ⁇ ' denotes a null subframe, which is dedicated to WiFi channel access and 'C represents a known code sequence or pattern in time domain that can be understood by WiFi.
• WiFi is just one example of a radio access technology other than LTE that may be accommodated by the LTE null subframe.
• Table 1 ' ⁇ ' denotes a multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) single frequency network (SFN) subframe, as described in 3GPP TS 36.211; Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8).
• MBMS multimedia broadcast multicast service
• SFN single frequency network
• the change of TDD UL/DL configuration can be notified to devices in the LTE system, using two additional bits, to cover configuration numbers 7, 8, 9, and 10, in a master information block (MIB) carried on the physical broadcasting channel (PBCH) or by adding 2 bits in System Information Block (SIB) carried on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).
• MIB master information block
• SIB System Information Block
• one additional bit in combination with the bits for the current configurations can be used to identify configurations 7-10 as well as additional configurations, which may be reserved configurations.
• a last configuration can be to provide backward compatibility for UEs having no coexistence capability.
• UEs without coexistence capability may fail to understand the current frame.
• the LTE can indicate a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service Single Frequency Network (MBMS SFN) subframe (denoted by ' ⁇ ') in the downlink control channel. This can permit the rest of the subframe to be left blank and can create only limited interference to WiFi.
• MBMS SFN Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service Single Frequency Network
• UEs without coexistence capability can decode the MBMS SFN information and avoid using the rest of the frame for measurements. They also may avoid trying to decode the downlink subframes.
• any null frames ' ⁇ ' can be replaced by ' ⁇ ' to support the backward compatibility.
• WiFi nodes can communication with LTE base stations (BSs) in order to configure a coexistence operation mode.
• BSs LTE base stations
• These embodiments can be used together with or independently from the embodiments described above. More particularly, certain embodiments provide new signaling mechanisms for WiFi nodes to communicate with LTE base stations in order to configure the coexistence operation mode, which is characterized by a new LTE frame structure, as mentioned above.
• the coordination of the WiFi channel access with the LTE TDD operation mode can avoid interference between LTE and WiFi.
• the WiFi nodes can sense the spectrum to identify the LTE TDD frame structure.
• specific frequency-time resources in LTE TDD UL frame known by both systems, can be reserved to WiFi coexistence requests or beacons. These coexistence beacons announce the presence of WiFi and its intent of using the spectrum in a cooperative manner.
• the LTE network can adopt a different frame structure, namely a frame structure in which one or more subframes are blanked. These moments of silence in the LTE network may be called coexistence blank subframes (CBS), as well as null power or low power subframes.
• CBS coexistence blank subframes
• the CBSs can be used by the WiFi network, which may know and/or learn their periodicity and time duration, for example, by the mechanism mentioned above. After a certain number of consecutive CBSs with no WiFi activity detected or sensed, the LTE network can switch back to a previous operation mode, one in which no CBS is adopted. In case of new WiFi requisition, the entire procedure can be repeated.
• both the LTE system and the WiFi system may be able to obtain the list of channels that can be used for secondary transmission.
• This list can be referred to as a list of available channels.
• the list of available channels can be obtained through various techniques, such as geo-location database consultation, spectrum sensing, and the like.
• the available channels may not be vacant due to the presence of other secondary or license- exempt users.
• both systems may be required to provide coexistence mechanisms for other wireless technologies, for instance, federal communications commission
• WiFi nodes have and/or acquire information about the LTE frame structure by sensing and/or learning the spectrum and detecting the LTE primary synchronization signal (PSS).
• PSS primary synchronization signal
• This knowledge of the LTE frame structure may allow WiFi synchronization with LTE frame in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol level.
• Figure 5 illustrates an example of LTE TDD frame structure.
• WiFi nodes may be capable of transmitting coexistence beacons in specific frequency-time resource blocks (RBs) of an LTE frame.
• the specific RBs may be dedicated to such coexistence beacons.
• a radio access technology (RAT) that tries to access the available spectrum may be referred to as a candidate network, and the RAT that already occupies the spectrum may be referred to as the prior network.
• the following situations are possible: (1) vacant channels within the list of available channels may be sufficient for the operation of the candidate RAT or (2) there either may be no vacant channels within the list of available channels or the existing vacant channels may not be sufficient for the operation of the candidate RAT.
• either of the systems may be candidate or the prior network.
• the candidate network may occupy one vacant channel, or multiple vacant channels, if possible, in its common operation mode.
• LTE for example, can use the carrier aggregation feature in order to use multiple frequency bands.
• the actions may depend on which network is the candidate network and which network is the prior network.
• the WiFi nodes may try to share the spectrum occupied by LTE network.
• the operation of LTE and WiFi networks may be as follows.
• the LTE eNodeB can obtain knowledge about the available channels in the location.
• the LTE can start its operation with one of its common TDD frame configurations, shown in Table 2.
• Table 2 Uplink-downlink frame configurations for LTE TDD.
• the mechanism for coexistence may be based on the reservation of specific resource blocks (RB) in the LTE frame for the reception of WiFi coexistence request signals, or coexistence beacons, without interference to LTE users.
• the physical random access channel (PRACH) is a control channel that can be used by LTE UEs to request transmission resources.
• One random access resource in PRACH is a 1 MHz frequency band, having 6 RBs in frequency domain, by 1 ms to 3 ms time, namely 1 to 3 subframes, according to the PRACH preamble format.
• PRACH physical random access channel
• Figure 5 illustrates 1 random access resource in subframe #2 in accordance with an example embodiment. Since subframe #2 is for uplink in all configurations in Table 2, it can be reserved for transmission of coexistence request.
• LTE can adopt 5 ms downlink-to-uplink switch-point periodicity, namely configurations 0, 1, 2, or 6 in Table 2.
• subframes #2 and #7 are for UL transmission, namely they have PRACH.
• one or more specific access resources of PRACH known by both LTE and WiFi systems can be reserved in both LTE TDD subframes #2 and #7 for coexistence management.
• a WiFi device detects LTE PSS, and knows that PSS for LTE TDD is located in the third OFDM symbol of the 3rd and 13th slots, then the WiFi device can determine that an uplink subframe (#2 or #7) will start 11 LTE OFDM symbols after the PSS, as can be seen from Figure 5.
• WiFi nodes may be able to use the reserved and known PRACH access resources in subframes #2 and #7 to transmit a coexistence beacon to LTE.
• the use of subframes #2 and #7 is just one example, and other uplink resources can be used in other embodiments.
• the LTE network can change the LTE frame structure for a configuration supporting the coexistence blank subframe (CBS), namely a subframe designated to WiFi data transmission.
• CBS coexistence blank subframe
• Different configurations for example, those mentioned above, may be proposed by allocating more than one CBS per frame, according to LTE traffic load, the recurrence of WiFi requests, the estimated number of WiFi nodes, and other factors.
• FIG. 6 illustrates an LTE frame structure in coexistence mode with 3 CBSs according to certain embodiments.
• the new frame structure can be informed to LTE UEs by LTE control signals, such as master information block (MIB), sent at each 40 ms, or system information block (SIB), present at each subframe. If there is communication between neighboring LTE eNodeBs, they can synchronize in coexistence mode, providing interference-free time instants for WiFi transmission.
• MIB master information block
• SIB system information block
• the LTE network may perform interference measurements during the CBS. After a certain number TV of consecutive CBSs with no WiFi transmission detected, the LTE network can switch back to its initial coexistence operation mode described above.
• the WiFi network may operate in parallel to the LTE network.
• Figure 7 illustrates various elements of joint operation of LTE and WiFi networks, according to certain embodiments.
• the WiFi access point may obtain knowledge about the available channels in its own location. Moreover, the WiFi AP may sense the medium to identify vacant channels among the list of available channels.
• the WiFi AP may identify whether there is a need for sharing any vacant channels.
• the WiFi AP can synchronize with the LTE frame at the OFDM symbol level.
• the WiFi nodes can transmit the coexistence beacon using the random access resources of the PPsACH in the LTE subframes #2 and #7, which can be reserved for this purpose.
• the coexistence beacon may be detected by the LTE eNodeB, which can, in response, switch the LTE frame configuration to one supporting CBS. If specific frequency-time resources of PPsACH are reserved to WiFi communication with an LTE eNodeB, there may be no LTE transmission on those resources. Accordingly, by simple energy detection the LTE eNodeB may be able to detect the presence of a WiFi coexistence beacon, without the need for decoding.
• the WiFi nodes can sense the channel and monitor the occurrence of transmission opportunities during a certain period Twait.
• Twait can be long enough to permit that in case of LTE changing the frame configuration to support CBS, the LTE eNodeB has time to inform the UEs the new configuration (for example, through SIBs). If no transmission opportunity occurs in the period Twait, the WiFi nodes can resend coexistence beacons.
• WiFi nodes can start the CSMA/CA protocol with the following restriction: Tsensing + Tbackoff + Tpacket + Toverhead ⁇ TCBS.
• Tsensing, Tbackoff, Tpacket, and Toverhead can denote the time duration of carrier sensing, backoff, data packet, and overhead, respectively.
• Overhead can include, for example, SIFS, DIFS, and PIFS.
• TCBS can denote the time duration of one CBS, as described with reference to Figure 4 above. If it is identified by WiFi nodes that there are two or more consecutive CBSs available, then the TCBS can be set to the corresponding time duration of the spectrum opportunity, namely the total time duration of the combined consecutive CBSs.
• LTE may be the candidate network and WiFi may be the prior network.
• the LTE system can start its common operation and WiFi transmission may be blocked by LTE interference due to the CSMA/CA procedure in WiFi. Then, the situation may become the same as the previous one, in which LTE is the prior network and WiFi is the candidate one.
• a method can use known sequences, by which WiFi can learn about the start of null/low power subframes and coexistence frame configuration.
• An example coexistence frame configuration can be a standard confirming frame structure.
• the sequence may be suitable for WiFi channel access, since WiFi may always first search a series of sequences, such as a preamble, in the medium. This approach may provide for LTE and WiFi coexistence and may provide for acquiring frame synchronization at WiFi to LTE.
• certain embodiments can provide functionalities to enable coexistence with minimum changes in the original system configurations of LTE and WiFi. Certain embodiments, however, may involve an increase of complexity in WiFi sensing, such as identification of LTE synchronization signals, and increase in complexity of transmission, such as the use of random access resource in PRACH of LTE subframe #2 or/and #7.
• Figure 8 illustrates a method according to certain embodiments.
• the method may be performed by a LTE device, such as an LTE eNodeB.
• a method can include, at 810, detecting, at a first radio system, the presence of a second radio system.
• the first radio system and the second radio system can be radio systems of two different radio access technologies, such as LTE and WiFi.
• LTE and WiFi are used as examples, although the method can be performed with respect to other radio access technologies and other radio systems.
• the method can include changing a frame configuration from a regular configuration to a coexistence configuration, based on detecting the second radio system.
• the method can also include, at 820, indicating, among other things, information, such as a position of a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of the first radio system to the detected second radio system.
• the information can be at least one of a start of a null/low power subframe, a duration of a null/low power subframe, or a coexistence frame type.
• the indicating can include signaling a predetermined pattern indicative of the information.
• the predetermined pattern can be one of a set of multiple orthogonal or semi-orthogonal sequences. Alternatively, the predetermined pattern can be a predetermined number of sequences, wherein the predetermined number of sequences is selected from a set of predetermined numbers of sequences.
• the predetermined pattern can be configured to indicate at least one of a start of a null/low power subframe, a duration of a null/low power subframe, or a coexistence frame type.
• the method can further include, at 830, dynamically adjusting a duration of the null power subframe or of the low power subframe based on traffic of the first radio system. Moreover, the method can further include, at 840, sensing a plurality of consecutive null power subframes or low power subframes in which the second radio system is not active and, at 850, changing a frame configuration from a co-existence configuration to a regular configuration.
• Figure 9 illustrates a method according to certain embodiments.
• the method shown in Figure 9 may be performed by, for example, a WiFi device, such as a WiFi access point or station.
• the method may include, at 910, operating a device of a second radio system.
• the method may also include, at 920, detecting information of a null power subframe or of a low power subframe of a first radio system.
• the information can be at least one of a start of a null/low power subframe, a duration of a null/low power subframe, or a coexistence frame type.
• the first radio system and the second radio system can be radio systems of two different radio access technologies, such as LTE and WiFi.
• LTE and WiFi are used as examples, although the method can be performed with respect to other radio access technologies and other radio systems.
• the detecting can include, at 922, detecting an absence of radio frequency energy during a period.
• the detecting can include detecting a predetermined pattern indicative of the information.
• the predetermined pattern can be one of a set of multiple orthogonal or semi- orthogonal sequences.
• the predetermined pattern can be a predetermined number of sequences, wherein the predetermined number of sequences is selected from a set of predetermined numbers of sequences.
• the predetermined pattern can be configured to indicate at least one of a start of a null/low power subframe, a duration of a null/low power subframe, or a coexistence frame type.
• the detecting can include, at 927, using a radio of the first radio system in the device of the second radio system.
• the method can additionally include, at 930, transmitting a frame detectable by first radio system using the second radio system.
• the transmitting can include sending a coexistence beacon.
• the method can also include, at 940, adjusting a medium access duration of the second radio system based on the detected information.
• a system may include several devices, such as, for example, LTE device 1010 and WiFi device 1020.
• the system may include more than one WiFi device 1020 and more than one LTE device 1010, although only one of each is shown for the purposes of illustration.
• Each of these devices may include at least one processor, respectively indicated as 1014 and 1024.
• At least one memory may be provided in each device, and indicated as 1015 and 1025, respectively.
• the memory may include computer program instructions or computer code contained therein.
• One or more transceiver 1016 and 1026 may be provided, and each device may also include an antenna, respectively illustrated as 1017 and 1027.
• LTE device 1010 and WiFi device 1020 may be additionally configured for wired communication, in addition to wireless communication, and in such a case antennas 1017 and 1027 may illustrate any form of communication hardware, without being limited to merely an antenna.
• Transceivers 1016 and 1026 may each, independently, be a transmitter, a receiver, or both a transmitter and a receiver, or a unit or device that may be configured both for transmission and reception.
• Processors 1014 and 1024 may be embodied by any computational or data processing device, such as a central processing unit (CPU), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or comparable device.
• the processors may be implemented as a single controller, or a plurality of controllers or processors.
• Memories 1015 and 1025 may independently be any suitable storage device, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium.
• a hard disk drive (HDD), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other suitable memory may be used.
• the memories may be combined on a single integrated circuit as the processor, or may be separate therefrom.
• the computer program instructions may be stored in the memory, which may be processed by the processors, can be any suitable form of computer program code, for example, a compiled or interpreted computer program written in any suitable programming language.
• the memory and the computer program instructions may be configured, with the processor for the particular device, to cause a hardware apparatus such as LTE device 1010 and WiFi device 1020, to perform any of the processes described above (see, for example, Figures 2- 9). Therefore, in certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with computer instructions that, when executed in hardware, may perform a process such as one of the processes described herein. Alternatively, certain embodiments of the invention may be performed entirely in hardware.
• Figure 10 illustrates a system including an LTE device 1010 and a WiFi device 1020
• embodiments of the invention may be applicable to other configurations, and configurations involving additional elements, as illustrated and discussed herein.
• multiple user equipment devices multiple WiFi devices (including WiFi user equipment devices), and multiple LTE devices (including LTE user equipment devices) may be present.
• Some devices may be equipped both as WiFi devices and as LTE devices.
• license-exempt bands such as TVWS bands and unlicensed WiFi bands such as in 2.4GHz and 5 GHz range.
• certain embodiments can also be applicable to frequency bands where LTE is the primary licensed system and WiFi operates as secondary system.
• CSMA/CA carrier sensing multiple access - collision avoidance
• MIB master information block
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
• OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
• PPsACH physical random access channel
• PUCCH physical uplink control channel
• PSS primary synchronization signal
• SIB system information block
• TDD time division duplexing
• TDM time division multiplexing
• TVWS TV white space (WS)

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Cited By (21)

Citations (4)

• 2012
  • 2012-09-28 WO PCT/US2012/057796 patent/WO2014051606A1/fr not_active Ceased

Patent Citations (4)

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