WO2013125229A1 - ポリカーボネート共重合体 - Google Patents
ポリカーボネート共重合体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013125229A1 WO2013125229A1 PCT/JP2013/000975 JP2013000975W WO2013125229A1 WO 2013125229 A1 WO2013125229 A1 WO 2013125229A1 JP 2013000975 W JP2013000975 W JP 2013000975W WO 2013125229 A1 WO2013125229 A1 WO 2013125229A1
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- VHTYZFQFYJNILA-FZJHMGGSSA-N CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=CC1=C/N=N/c(cc1)ccc1Oc(cc1)ccc1/N=N/C=C(\C=C1C(C)(C)C)/C=C(C(C)(C)Cc2cccc(C(C(c3c4cccc3)=O)=C(C(OCCCCCOC(C(C(c3ccccc33)=O)=C(c5ccccc5)C3=O)=O)=O)C4=O)c2)C1=O Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=CC1=C/N=N/c(cc1)ccc1Oc(cc1)ccc1/N=N/C=C(\C=C1C(C)(C)C)/C=C(C(C)(C)Cc2cccc(C(C(c3c4cccc3)=O)=C(C(OCCCCCOC(C(C(c3ccccc33)=O)=C(c5ccccc5)C3=O)=O)=O)C4=O)c2)C1=O VHTYZFQFYJNILA-FZJHMGGSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMFLHZZGLKTMCV-VHXPQNKSSA-N CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=CC1=C/N=N\c(cc1)ccc1Br Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=CC1=C/N=N\c(cc1)ccc1Br DMFLHZZGLKTMCV-VHXPQNKSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNVMGZKCHWFGDC-VHXPQNKSSA-N CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=CC1=C/N=N\c(cc1)ccc1Cl Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=CC1=C/N=N\c(cc1)ccc1Cl ZNVMGZKCHWFGDC-VHXPQNKSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJPJICGVVLWNKY-YCVFRJRZSA-N CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)CCC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=C/C1=C/N=N\c(cc1)ccc1F)=C1)=O)=C/C1=C/N=N\c1ccc(C(F)(F)F)cc1 Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)CCC(C)(C)C(C(C(C(C)(C)C)=C1)=O)=C/C1=C/N=N\c(cc1)ccc1F)=C1)=O)=C/C1=C/N=N\c1ccc(C(F)(F)F)cc1 GJPJICGVVLWNKY-YCVFRJRZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJUIWUSELOBTGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCc1cccc(C)c1N(C(c(c1c2ccc(C(N3c4c(C)cccc4CC)=O)c11)ccc1C3=O)=O)C2=O Chemical compound CCc1cccc(C)c1N(C(c(c1c2ccc(C(N3c4c(C)cccc4CC)=O)c11)ccc1C3=O)=O)C2=O XJUIWUSELOBTGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGHAEWLVCRDBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc(cc1)cc(C)c1N(C(c(cc1)c(c2ccc3C(N4c5c(C)cc(C)cc5)=O)c3c1C4=O)=O)C2=O Chemical compound Cc(cc1)cc(C)c1N(C(c(cc1)c(c2ccc3C(N4c5c(C)cc(C)cc5)=O)c3c1C4=O)=O)C2=O QGHAEWLVCRDBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXOZXFMQWRPXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc1cccc(C)c1N(C(c(c1c2ccc(C(N3c4c(C)cccc4C)=O)c11)ccc1C3=O)=O)C2=O Chemical compound Cc1cccc(C)c1N(C(c(c1c2ccc(C(N3c4c(C)cccc4C)=O)c11)ccc1C3=O)=O)C2=O FXOZXFMQWRPXJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMHGCSDDYSPHJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=C(C(C(c1ccccc11)=O)=C(C2C=CC=CC2)C1=O)OCc1ccccc1 Chemical compound O=C(C(C(c1ccccc11)=O)=C(C2C=CC=CC2)C1=O)OCc1ccccc1 QMHGCSDDYSPHJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FIIDNBAUFCCBHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=C(c(cc1)c(c2ccc3C(N4c(cc5)ccc5F)=O)c3c1C4=O)N(c(cc1)ccc1F)C2=O Chemical compound O=C(c(cc1)c(c2ccc3C(N4c(cc5)ccc5F)=O)c3c1C4=O)N(c(cc1)ccc1F)C2=O FIIDNBAUFCCBHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
- C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
- C08G64/14—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation containing a chain-terminating or -crosslinking agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
- C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/20—General preparatory processes
- C08G64/26—General preparatory processes using halocarbonates
- C08G64/28—General preparatory processes using halocarbonates and phenols
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D169/00—Coating compositions based on polycarbonates; Coating compositions based on derivatives of polycarbonates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0528—Macromolecular bonding materials
- G03G5/0557—Macromolecular bonding materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsatured bonds
- G03G5/0564—Polycarbonates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0528—Macromolecular bonding materials
- G03G5/0589—Macromolecular compounds characterised by specific side-chain substituents or end groups
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0528—Macromolecular bonding materials
- G03G5/0596—Macromolecular compounds characterised by their physical properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/07—Polymeric photoconductive materials
- G03G5/075—Polymeric photoconductive materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polycarbonate copolymer, a coating liquid containing the same, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing the same.
- Polycarbonate resin is excellent in mechanical properties, thermal properties, and electrical properties, so it is used as a material for molded products in various industrial fields. In recent years, it is also frequently used in functional products that utilize the optical properties of polycarbonate resins.
- An example of a product that utilizes the electrical and optical properties of polycarbonate resin is an organic electrophotographic photoreceptor using polycarbonate resin as a binder resin for functional materials such as charge generation materials and charge transport materials.
- the organic electrophotographic photoreceptor is required to have predetermined sensitivity, electrical characteristics, and optical characteristics according to the electrophotographic process.
- the organic electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly subjected to operations such as corona charging, toner development, transfer to paper, and cleaning treatment on the surface of the photosensitive layer. External force is applied. Therefore, in order to maintain the image quality of electrophotography for a long period of time, the photosensitive layer provided on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is required to have durability against these external forces.
- an organic electrophotographic photosensitive member is usually manufactured by a method in which a binder resin is dissolved in an organic solvent together with a functional material and cast on a conductive substrate or the like, the organic electrophotographic photosensitive member has solubility and stability in an organic solvent. Desired.
- Copolymer polycarbonate is known as an effective technique for improving the abrasion resistance of the photosensitive layer.
- the resin described in Patent Document 1 is produced by copolymerizing a bisphenol Z skeleton having good solubility with a biphenol having good wear resistance.
- the amount of the biphenol component is limited to a copolymerization ratio of about 23 mol% because the polycarbonate oligomer as a raw material is a dimer to tetramer.
- the resin of Patent Document 1 has insufficient wear resistance, and further improvement in wear resistance has been demanded.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 disclose a polymer produced from a raw material with a reduced number of oligomers and improved in the copolymerization ratio of a skeleton such as biphenol having good wear resistance to 25 to 47 mol%. It has been reported that the wear resistance is extremely good.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 are not sufficient for mechanical deterioration caused when using a toner containing a large amount of external additives, for example, filming.
- the surface of the photoreceptor is not easily worn by these resins. There are concerns that phenomena such as white spots, black spots, streaks, and poor cleaning may occur.
- Toner filming is a phenomenon in which an external additive in the toner pierces the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer, and the resin component of the toner adheres to the center.
- Convention solutions there are a method for designing the surface on which the filming has occurred to be easily cut off by reducing the wear resistance of the photoconductor, a method for suppressing toner adhesion by reducing the surface free energy on the drum surface, and the like. It was thought.
- the former has a problem that the drum durability is lowered, and the latter has a problem that the surface property cannot be sustained, and has excellent abrasion resistance and does not cause toner filming that is mechanical deterioration. Creation was difficult.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a copolymer polycarbonate resin excellent in abrasion resistance, hardness, and low surface free energy, or a photoconductor excellent in abrasion resistance and hardness and capable of reducing toner filming.
- Ar 1 is a group represented by the following formula (2a) or (2b)
- Ar 2 is a group represented by the following formula (3)
- n is the average number of repetitions. 1.12 or more and 2.34 or less.
- R 1 to R 3 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- R 21 and R 22 are each hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. However, R 21 and R 22 are different.
- R 4 and R 5 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- k is an integer of 1 to 4
- m is an integer of 0 to 4
- l is an integer of 0 to 4
- p is 1 It is an integer of ⁇ 2.
- the plurality of groups may be the same or different. )) 2.
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of the methylene chloride solution at a concentration of 0.5 g / dl and a temperature of 20 ° C. is 0.79 to 1.79 dl / g
- the viscosity of the tetrahydrofuran solution at a concentration of 10 wt% and a temperature of 20 ° C. is less than 500 cp
- the polycarbonate copolymer according to 1 or 2 wherein when the reduced viscosity is X, the viscosity is equal to or less than a value (Y) calculated below.
- Y 14.301 ⁇ e 2.2781X (In the formula, e is the base of natural logarithm (Napier number).) 4).
- the group represented by the formula (2a) is 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclopentane, or 1,1 A divalent group derived from 1-bis (3-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, wherein the group represented by the formula (2b) is 2,2-bis (3-methyl-4- 4.
- a coating solution comprising the polycarbonate copolymer according to any one of items 1 to 4 and an organic solvent. 6).
- An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a photosensitive layer provided on a conductive substrate, the electrophotographic photosensitive member including the polycarbonate copolymer according to any one of 1 to 4 as a component of the photosensitive layer.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a copolymer polycarbonate resin excellent in wear resistance, hardness, and low surface free energy, and a photoreceptor excellent in wear resistance and hardness and capable of reducing toner filming.
- the resin of the present invention when the solution viscosity is measured at the same reduced viscosity as that of the conventional resin, it is possible to provide a resin having an extremely low solution viscosity and improved coatability and mechanical properties. .
- the photoconductor is also excellent in wear resistance, hardness, and low surface free energy.
- the hardness is high, the external additive material of the toner can be prevented from being pierced, and toner adhesion can be suppressed and toner filming can be reduced by maintaining low surface free energy.
- PC copolymer polycarbonate copolymer (PC copolymer) of the present invention
- a coating solution using this PC copolymer and an electrophotographic photosensitive member using the PC copolymer or coating solution will be described in detail.
- PC copolymer The PC copolymer of the present invention has a structure composed of repeating units of the following formula (1), and a copolymer molar ratio represented by Ar 2 / (Ar 1 + Ar 2 ) is 30 mol% or more and 47 mol% or less. It is.
- Ar 1 is a group represented by the following formula (2a) or (2b)
- Ar 2 is a group represented by the following formula (3).
- n is the average number of repetitions of units (Ar 1 block) shown in parentheses, and is 1.12 or more and 2.34 or less.
- R 1 to R 3 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- R 21 and R 22 are each hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. However, R 21 and R 22 are different.
- R 4 and R 5 are each an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- k is an integer of 1 to 4
- m is an integer of 0 to 4
- l is an integer of 0 to 4
- p is 1 It is an integer of ⁇ 2.
- k is preferably 1.
- l is preferably 0.
- m is preferably 0 or 1.
- p is preferably 2.
- the plurality of groups may be the same or different.
- the content of monomer units of Ar 2 (copolymerization molar ratio: Ar 2 / (Ar 1 + Ar 2 )) is 30 mol% or more and 47 mol% or less, preferably 33 mol% or more. It is 47 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 38 mol% or more and 45 mol% or less.
- the copolymer When Ar 2 exceeds 47 mol%, the copolymer has a structure with high regularity similar to alternating copolymerization, and thus the solubility may be lowered. If it is less than 30 mol%, the effect of improving wear resistance may not be sufficient. Further, a polymer having a block which Ar 2 each other is bonded, because of the low solubility of the block component consisting of Ar 2, may the polymer solution becomes clouded when dissolved in an organic solvent, preferably as a coating liquid Absent.
- the copolymerization molar ratio Ar 2 / (Ar 1 + Ar 2 ) can be measured from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and specifically can be determined by the method of the example.
- N is 1.12 or more and 2.34 or less. If it is less than 1.12, the regularity of the repeating unit becomes too high, the characteristics of the crystalline monomer appear high, and the solubility may deteriorate. On the other hand, when it exceeds 2.34, it becomes difficult to sufficiently increase the content of the crystalline component contained in the obtained PC copolymer, and the effect of improving the wear resistance is insufficient.
- n is preferably 1.12 or more and 1.99 or less.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention is usually produced by forming an Ar 1 block raw material monomer and then reacting with a monomer containing Ar 2 . Therefore, n is not a number less than 1.0. n can be measured from a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and can be specifically obtained by the method of the embodiment.
- Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms constituting R 1 to R 5 include a linear alkyl group or a branched alkyl group.
- Examples of the fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms constituting R 1 to R 5 include groups in which one or two or more fluorine atoms are substituted on the above alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. It is a methyl group.
- Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms constituting R 4 and R 5 include a phenyl group.
- examples of the substituent include an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include the groups exemplified for the above R 1 to R 5 .
- Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms constituting R 21 and R 22 include a linear alkyl group or a branched alkyl group, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, and various propyl groups. Preferably, it has 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention is excellent in mechanical properties, particularly wear resistance and hardness.
- the coating solution containing the PC copolymer of the present invention is a good coating solution without whitening gelation or the like. Further, by containing the PC copolymer of the present invention in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, an electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent durability and less mechanical deterioration such as toner filming can be obtained.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention is used for a photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member, the surface hardness of the photosensitive member can be increased, and toner filming caused by external additives sticking into the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer can be prevented or Can be reduced.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention has a reduced viscosity [ ⁇ SP / C] at 20 ° C. (solution having a concentration of 0.5 g / dl using methylene chloride as a solvent) of 0.1 dl / g or more and 5 dl / g or less. It is preferably 0.2 dl / g or more and 3 dl / g or less, and particularly preferably 0.3 dl / g or more and 2.5 dl / g or less.
- the reduced viscosity can be measured by the method described in the examples.
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ SP / C] When the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ SP / C] is less than 0.1 dl / g, wear resistance may be insufficient when used as an electrophotographic photoreceptor. On the other hand, if the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ SP / C] exceeds 5 dl / g, the coating viscosity becomes too high when producing a molded product from a coating solution such as an electrophotographic photosensitive member. There is a possibility that the productivity of the molded body may decrease, which is not preferable.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention has a reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of a methylene chloride solution at a concentration of 0.5 g / dl and a temperature of 20 ° C. in the range of 0.79 to 1.79 dl / g, and a concentration of 10 wt. %,
- the viscosity of the tetrahydrofuran solution at a temperature of 20 ° C. is preferably less than 500 cp.
- a more preferable range of the reduced viscosity is 1.02 to 1.36 dl / g, and a more preferable range of the viscosity is less than 220 cp.
- the mechanical properties are attributed to the viscosity average molecular weight, and the viscosity average molecular weight is correlated with the reduced viscosity. Therefore, increasing the reduced viscosity leads to improvement of the mechanical properties.
- the coating property is caused by the viscosity, it is essential to make the mechanical property and the coating property compatible with the calculated value Y or less of the above formula.
- the viscosity can be measured by the method described in the examples.
- the chain end is preferably sealed with a monovalent aromatic group or a monovalent fluorine-containing aliphatic group from the viewpoint of improving electrical characteristics. Further, when sealed with a monovalent fluorine-containing aliphatic group, low surface free energy can be expressed and toner adhesion can be improved.
- the monovalent aromatic group may be a group containing an aromatic ring, and may be a group containing an aliphatic group such as an alkyl group or an oxy group (—O—).
- the monovalent fluorine-containing aliphatic group may be a group containing an aromatic group.
- the monovalent aromatic group constituting the terminal group is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of such an aryl group include a phenyl group and a biphenyl group. Examples of the monovalent fluorine-containing aliphatic group constituting the terminal group include a fluorine-containing alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the alkyl group substituted on the monovalent aromatic group include alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the aliphatic group other than the alkyl group include an alkoxy group.
- Examples of the aromatic group to be substituted with the monovalent fluorine-containing aliphatic group include the above aromatic groups.
- the above aromatic group, alkyl group, fluorine-containing aliphatic group and aromatic group may further have a substituent. Examples of these substituents include a halogen atom or an aryl group.
- Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, and a bromine atom, and examples of the aryl group include those described above.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention includes, for example, a bischloroformate oligomer having a low number of monomers represented by the following formula (10) and a dihydric phenolic compound (comonomer) represented by the following formula (11). It can be obtained by reacting in the presence of a base.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 are the same as in the above formula (1).
- N ′ is the average number of bischloroformate oligomers represented by the formula (10).
- n ′ is different from n in the above formula (1). Although n and n ′ are approximately the same value, n is usually a larger value. This is because, when the oligomer represented by the formula (10) (Ar 1 oligomer) and the monomer represented by the formula (11) are reacted, a base in which the chloroformate group at the terminal of the Ar 1 oligomer is present in the reaction system; This is because there is a case where a hydroxyl group is reacted and this hydroxyl group is polycondensed with an Ar 1 oligomer whose terminal is a chlorine atom.
- the average number n ' is usually 1.0 or more and 1.99 or less.
- the average number of monomers n ′ can be calculated by the method described in Examples.
- the bischloroformate oligomer represented by the formula (10) is preferably a compound derived from a bisphenol compound represented by the following formula (20). (In the formula, Ar 1 is the same as the above formula (1).)
- Examples of the bisphenol compound represented by the formula (20) include 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (2-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, , 1-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) -3-methylcyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-ethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-propyl-4-hydroxy) Phenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-cyclohexyl-) 4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-phenyl-4-hydroxyl) Nyl) cyclohexane, 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) -3-methyl
- Monomers represented by the formula (11) include, for example, 4,4′-biphenol, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenol, 3,3 ′, 5-trimethyl-4,4′-biphenol, 3-propyl-4,4′-biphenol, 3,3 ′, 5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol, 3,3′-diphenyl-4,4′-biphenol, 3,3′- And biphenol compounds such as dibutyl-4,4′-biphenol.
- 4,4′-biphenol and 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenol are preferable because a resin having excellent wear resistance can be obtained. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the monomer (11) preferably has a solubility of the homopolymer in methylene chloride of 2% by mass or less or is crystallized by crystallization during the polycarbonate synthesis reaction by the interfacial polycondensation method. It is a dihydric phenol monomer that cannot substantially synthesize a homopolymer having an average molecular weight of 10,000 or more.
- solubility in methylene chloride is 2% by mass or less is determined based on 2 parts by mass of a solid homopolymer having an organic solvent content of 500 ppm by mass or less and a viscosity average molecular weight in the range of 15000 to 30000. It can be confirmed by immersing in 98 parts by mass of methylene chloride at room temperature and allowing to stand for 24 hours, followed by solid-liquid separation and drying the solid side to determine whether the mass reduction obtained is 0.04 parts by mass or more.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention can be obtained by performing interfacial polycondensation using the bischloroformate oligomer of the above formula (10) and the monomer of the above formula (11).
- a bischloroformate oligomer of formula (10) is produced from a bisphenol compound represented by formula (20) using various dihalogenated carbonyls such as phosgene and subjected to interfacial polycondensation in the presence of an acid binder. By doing so, a carbonate ester bond can be suitably formed.
- a monovalent carboxylic acid and a derivative thereof and a monovalent phenol and a derivative thereof can be used.
- a fluorine-containing alcohol represented by the following formula (30) or (31), 1,1,1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-propanol or the like is also preferably used. It is also preferable to use a fluorine-containing alcohol through an ether bond represented by the following formulas (14), (15), and (16). H (CF 2 ) n CH 2 OH (30) F (CF 2 ) m CH 2 OH (31) (In the formula, n is an integer of 1 to 12, and m is an integer of 1 to 12.)
- n 31 is an integer of 1 to 10 (preferably 5 to 8)
- n 32 is an integer of 0 to 5 (preferably 0 to 3)
- n 33 is 1 to 5 (preferably 1 to 3)
- n 34 is an integer of 1 to 5 (preferably 1 to 3)
- n 35 is an integer of 0 to 5 (preferably 0 to 3).
- R is CF 3 or F.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing alcohol via the ether bond described above include the following compounds.
- the addition ratio of the terminal terminator is preferably 0.05 mol% or more and 30 mol% or less, and more preferably 0.1 mol% or more and 10 mol% or less as a copolymer composition ratio. If it exceeds 30 mol%, the mechanical strength may be reduced, and if it is less than 0.05 mol%, the moldability may be reduced.
- branching agent examples include phloroglucin, pyrogallol, 4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-heptene, 2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6- Tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) -3-heptene, 2,4-dimethyl-2,4,6-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) heptane, 1,3,5-tris (2-hydroxyphenyl) benzene, 1, 3,5-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) benzene, 1,1,1-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) phenylmethane, 2,2-bis [4,4-bis ( 4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexyl] propane, 2,4-bis [2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-propyl] phenol, 2,6-bis ( -Hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl) -4-methylphenol, 2- (4-hydroxyphenyl
- the addition amount of these branching agents is usually 30 mol% or less, preferably 5 mol% or less in terms of the copolymer composition ratio. When it exceeds 30 mol%, moldability may be deteriorated.
- examples of the acid binder include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide, and alkaline earths such as magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
- alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide
- alkaline earths such as magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
- examples include metal hydroxides, alkali metal weak acid salts such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and calcium acetate, alkaline earth metal weak acid salts, and organic bases such as pyridine, preferably sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and hydroxide.
- Alkali metal hydroxides such as calcium, and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
- the amount of the acid binder used may be appropriately adjusted in consideration of the stoichiometric ratio (equivalent) of the reaction. Specifically, it is preferably 1 equivalent or an excess amount, more preferably 1 to 10 equivalents, per 1 mol of the total of hydroxyl groups of the dihydric phenol as a raw material.
- Any solvent may be used as long as it exhibits a certain level of solubility in the obtained copolymer.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1 Halogenated hydrocarbons such as 1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane, chlorobenzene, ketones such as cyclohexanone, acetone, acetophenone, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, etc.
- ketones such as cyclohexanone, acetone, acetophenone
- ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, etc.
- solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, the interfacial polycondensation reaction may be performed using two kinds of solvents that are not mixed with each other.
- Catalysts include tertiary amines such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, pyridine, N, N-diethylaniline, N, N-dimethylaniline, trimethylbenzylammonium chloride, triethylbenzylammonium Preferred are quaternary ammonium salts such as chloride, tributylbenzylammonium chloride, trioctylmethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium chloride and tetrabutylammonium bromide, and quaternary phosphonium salts such as tetrabutylphosphonium chloride and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide. Furthermore, you may add small amounts of antioxidants, such as sodium sulfite and a hydrosulfite salt, to this reaction system as needed.
- antioxidants such as sodium sulfit
- the method for producing the PC copolymer of the present invention will be described more specifically.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention can be produced by various methods. For example, by reacting a bisphenol compound of the formula (20) with phosgene and the like, a low-mer number product (10) of a bischloroformate oligomer is obtained. This is a method in which the bischloroformate oligomer is reacted with the dihydric phenolic compound of the formula (11) in the presence of a mixed solution of a solvent and an alkaline aqueous solution of an acid binder. This method is preferable in that the n value in the formula (1) can be adjusted within a preferable range.
- the following method is preferable in that the washing step at the time of producing the PC copolymer can be simplified.
- the following method is preferable because a bischloroformate oligomer having an n ′ value of formula (10) of 1.0 or more and 1.99 or less can be produced.
- a bisphenol compound of the formula (20) is suspended in a hydrophobic solvent such as methylene chloride, and phosgene is added to form a mixed solution.
- a tertiary amine such as triethylamine is dissolved in a hydrophobic solvent such as methylene chloride to form a solution, and this solution is dropped into the mixed solution and reacted at a temperature of room temperature or lower.
- hydrochloric acid and pure water are added to the residual liquid and washed to obtain an organic layer containing a low-molecular-weight polycarbonate oligomer (10).
- the dropping temperature and reaction temperature are usually 0 to 70 ° C., preferably 5 to 65 ° C., and the dropping time and reaction time are usually about 15 minutes to 4 hours, preferably about 30 minutes to 3 hours.
- the average number of oligomers (n ′) of the polycarbonate oligomer thus obtained is preferably from 1.00 to 1.99, more preferably from 1.00 to 1.60.
- the aromatic divalent phenol monomer of the formula (11) is added to the organic phase containing the low-molecular-weight bischloroformate oligomer (10) thus obtained and reacted.
- the reaction temperature is usually 0 to 150 ° C., preferably 5 to 40 ° C., particularly preferably 10 to 25 ° C.
- the reaction pressure may be any of reduced pressure, normal pressure, and increased pressure. Usually, it can be suitably performed at normal pressure or about the pressure of the reaction system.
- the reaction time depends on the reaction temperature, it is usually about 0.5 minutes to 10 hours, preferably about 1 minute to 3 hours.
- the aromatic dihydric phenol monomer represented by the formula (11) is preferably added as an aqueous solution or an organic solvent solution.
- a catalyst, a terminal terminator, a branching agent, and the like are added in the above production method, if necessary, either during the production of the bischloroformate oligomer, during the subsequent high molecular weight reaction, or both.
- the PC copolymer thus obtained is a copolymer composed of a repeating unit represented by the following formula (40) and a repeating unit represented by the formula (41).
- the PC copolymer contains a polycarbonate unit having a structural unit other than Ar 1 and Ar 2 and a unit having a polyester or polyether structure, as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired. It may be.
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of the PC copolymer can be brought to the above range by various methods such as selection of the reaction conditions and adjustment of the amount of branching agent and terminal terminator used.
- the PC copolymer is appropriately subjected to physical treatment (mixing, fractionation, etc.) and / or chemical treatment (polymer reaction, crosslinking treatment, partial decomposition treatment, etc.) to obtain a predetermined reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C].
- the obtained reaction product (crude product) can be subjected to various post-treatments such as a known separation and purification method, and a product having a desired purity (purity) can be recovered as a PC copolymer. .
- the coating liquid of the present invention contains at least the PC copolymer of the present invention and an organic solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing the PC copolymer.
- the coating liquid of the present invention is a low-molecular compound, a colorant such as a dye or a pigment, a charge transport material, an electron transport material, a hole transport material, a functional compound such as a charge generation material, an inorganic or organic Additives such as fillers, fibers, fillers such as fine particles, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, and acid scavengers may also be included.
- Examples of the substance that may be contained in addition to the resin (PC copolymer) include those contained in the constituent components of the electrophotographic photoreceptor described later. Further, the coating solution may contain other resins as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired, and examples thereof include those contained in the constituent components of the electrophotographic photoreceptor described later.
- the organic solvent may be used alone or in combination with a plurality of solvents in consideration of the solubility, dispersibility, viscosity, evaporation rate, chemical stability, stability against physical changes, etc. of the PC copolymer and other materials. Can be used as a mixture.
- An organic solvent is mentioned as an example of the structural component of the electrophotographic photoreceptor mentioned later.
- the concentration of the PC copolymer component of the present invention in the coating solution may be a concentration that provides an appropriate viscosity according to the method of use of the coating solution, but is 0.1% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less. Preferably, it is 1 mass% or more and 35 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 5 mass% or more and 30 mass% or less.
- the PC copolymer of this invention may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention has good compatibility with the charge transport material described later, and does not cause whitening or gelation even when dissolved in a solvent. Therefore, when the coating liquid of the present invention contains a PC copolymer, a charge transport material and a solvent, it can be stably stored for a long time without causing whitening or gelation of the polymer component.
- the ratio of the PC copolymer to the charge transport material in the coating solution is usually 20:80 to 80:20, preferably 30:70 to 70:30, in mass ratio.
- the coating solution of the present invention is generally suitably used for forming a charge transport layer of a multilayer electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the photosensitive layer includes at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer. Further, the coating liquid of the present invention can be used for forming a photosensitive layer of a single-layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member by further containing the charge generating substance.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has a configuration in which a photosensitive layer is provided on a conductive substrate, and the photosensitive layer contains the PC copolymer of the present invention.
- the photosensitive layer may have any configuration as long as it contains the PC copolymer of the present invention, and can be a known configuration.
- the photosensitive layer is a laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least one charge generation layer and at least one charge transport layer, or a single layer having a charge generation material and a charge transport material in one photosensitive layer.
- Type electrophotographic photoreceptor is a laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least one charge generation layer and at least one charge transport layer, or a single layer having a charge generation material and a charge transport material in one photosensitive layer.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention may be used in any part.
- a charge transfer substance is contained in the charge transport layer of the laminated electrophotographic photosensitive member. It is desirable to use it as a binder resin for a single photosensitive layer in a single layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member, or as a surface protective layer in a laminated type or single layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member. In the case of a multilayer type electrophotographic photoreceptor having two charge transport layers, it is preferably used for any one of the charge transport layers.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- other polycarbonates such as bisphenol Z type, bisphenol B type, or bisphenol E type, and a binder resin component such as polyarylate may be included as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- the combination of the PC copolymer of the present invention and the bisphenol B type polycarbonate is preferable in that the object of the present invention is not hindered and the effects are sufficiently exhibited.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate.
- a charge transport layer may be laminated on the charge generation layer, and the charge generation layer is laminated on the charge transport layer. May be.
- a conductive or insulating protective film may be formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- an adhesive layer for improving the adhesion between the layers, or an intermediate layer such as a blocking layer that serves to block charges may be formed.
- the conductive substrate material known materials can be used. Specifically, aluminum, nickel, chromium, palladium, titanium, molybdenum, indium, gold, platinum, silver, copper, zinc, brass, stainless steel, lead oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, ITO (indium tin oxide: tin Plates, drums, sheets made of doped indium oxide) or graphite, glass, cloth, paper or plastic films, sheets or seamless belts obtained by conducting a conductive treatment by coating these metals or compounds by vapor deposition, sputtering, coating, etc., and electrodes A metal drum or the like that has been subjected to metal oxidation treatment by oxidation or the like can be used.
- the charge generation layer has at least a charge generation material.
- the charge generation layer is formed by forming a layer of a charge generation material on a conductive substrate or a charge transport layer, which is the base, by vacuum deposition or sputtering, or by binding the charge generation material using a binder resin. It can be manufactured by forming a layer.
- a method for forming a charge generation layer using a binder resin various methods such as a known method can be used.
- a coating liquid in which a charge generation material is dispersed or dissolved in a suitable solvent together with a binder resin A method of forming a wet molded body by applying and drying on a substrate serving as a predetermined base is suitable.
- charge generation material Various known materials can be used as the charge generation material. Specifically, selenium alone such as amorphous selenium and trigonal selenium, selenium alloys such as selenium-tellurium, selenium compounds such as As 2 Se 3 or selenium-containing compositions, zinc oxide, CdS—Se, etc.
- Inorganic materials consisting of Group 12 and Group 16 elements, oxide-based semiconductors such as titanium oxide, silicon-based materials such as amorphous silicon, metal-free phthalocyanine pigments such as ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine and ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine, ⁇ Type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ type copper phthalocyanine, ⁇ type copper phthalocyanine, X type copper phthalocyanine, A type titanyl phthalocyanine, B type titanyl phthalocyanine, C type titanyl phthalocyanine, D type titanyl phthalocyanine, E type titanyl phthalocyanine, F Type titanyl phthalocyanine, G type titanyl phthalocyanine H-type titanyl phthalocyanine, K-type titanyl phthalocyanine, L-type titanyl phthalocyanine, M-type titanyl phthalocyanine, N-type titanyl
- charge generating materials preferred are those specifically described in JP-A-11-172003. These compounds can be used individually by 1 type or in mixture of 2 or more types.
- charge transport material various known compounds can be used.
- charge transport materials compounds specifically exemplified in JP-A-11-172003 and charge transport materials represented by the following structures are particularly preferably used.
- a coating liquid in which the charge transport material is dispersed or dissolved in an appropriate solvent together with the PC copolymer of the present invention is used as a base.
- a method in which a layer formed by coating and drying on a conductive substrate or a charge generation layer and binding a charge transport material with a binder resin is formed as a wet molded body is preferable.
- the blending ratio of the charge transport material used for the charge transport layer and the PC copolymer is preferably 20:80 to 80:20, more preferably 30:70 to 70:30, in terms of mass ratio.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- other binder resins can be used in combination with the PC copolymer of the present invention as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- the thickness of the charge transport layer is usually 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less. If it is less than 5 ⁇ m, the initial potential may be lowered, and if it exceeds 100 ⁇ m, the electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- binder resin there is no restriction
- PC copolymer of the present invention is suitable as the binder resin in the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.
- the PC copolymer of the present invention as a binder resin in at least one of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.
- an undercoat layer that is usually used can be provided between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer.
- fine particles such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconia, titanic acid, zirconic acid, lanthanum lead, titanium black, silica, lead titanate, barium titanate, tin oxide, indium oxide, silicon oxide, polyamide resin
- Ingredients such as phenol resin, casein, melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinyl butyral resin can be used.
- the said binder resin may be used and the PC copolymer of this invention may be used.
- These fine particles and resins can be used alone or in admixture of two or more. When used as a mixture, it is preferable to use inorganic fine particles and a resin together because a film having good smoothness is formed.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is usually from 0.01 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.1 ⁇ m to 7 ⁇ m. If it is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, it is difficult to form the undercoat layer uniformly, and if it exceeds 10 ⁇ m, the electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- a known blocking layer that is usually used can be provided between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer.
- the blocking layer the same kind of resin as the binder resin can be used.
- the thickness of the blocking layer is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. If it is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, it is difficult to form a blocking layer uniformly, and if it exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- a protective layer may be laminated on the photosensitive layer in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
- this protective layer the same kind of resin as the binder resin can be used. Further, it is particularly preferable to use the PC copolymer of the present invention.
- the thickness of this protective layer is usually 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the protective layer includes a conductive material such as the charge generating substance, charge transporting substance, additive, metal or oxide thereof, nitride, salt, alloy, carbon black, organic conductive compound, or Teflon (registered). (Trademark) etc., and may contain lubricity imparting materials, such as a silicone resin.
- the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer include a binder, a plasticizer, a curing catalyst, a fluidity imparting agent, a pinhole control agent, a spectral sensitivity sensitizer (sensitizer). (Infection fee) may be added.
- various chemical substances, antioxidants, surfactants, anti-curling agents, leveling agents and other additives are added for the purpose of preventing increase in residual potential, decrease in charging potential and decrease in sensitivity due to repeated use. Also good.
- silicone resin As binder, silicone resin, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyketone resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polymethacrylate resin, polyacrylamide resin, polybutadiene resin, polyisoprene resin, melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, Polychloroprene resin, polyacrylonitrile resin, ethyl cellulose resin, nitrocellulose resin, urea resin, phenol resin, phenoxy resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, formal resin, vinyl acetate resin, vinyl acetate / vinyl chloride copolymer resin, polyester carbonate resin, etc. It is done. Also, heat and / or photocurable resins can be used. In any case, there is no particular limitation as long as it is an electrically insulating resin that can form a film in a normal state and does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- plasticizers include biphenyl, biphenyl chloride, o-terphenyl, halogenated paraffin, dimethylnaphthalene, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diethylene glycol phthalate, triphenyl phosphate, diisobutyl adipate, dimethyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate, Examples include butyl laurate, methyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate, dimethyl glycol phthalate, methyl naphthalene, benzophenone, polypropylene, polystyrene, and fluorohydrocarbon.
- Examples of the curing catalyst include methanesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, dinonylnaphthalenedisulfonic acid and the like.
- Examples of the fluidity-imparting agent include modaflow and acronal 4F.
- Examples of the pinhole control agent include benzoin and dimethyl phthalate. These plasticizers, curing catalysts, flow imparting agents, and pinhole control agents are preferably used in an amount of 5% by mass or less based on the charge transport material.
- a sensitizing dye for example, triphenylmethane dyes such as methyl violet, crystal violet, knight blue, and victoria blue, erythrosin, rhodamine B, rhodamine 3R, acridine orange, frapeosin, etc.
- acridine dyes thiazine dyes such as methylene blue and methylene green
- oxazine dyes such as capri blue and meldra blue
- An electron-accepting substance can be added to the photosensitive layer for the purpose of improving sensitivity, reducing residual potential, and reducing fatigue during repeated use.
- Specific examples include succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, dibromomaleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 3-nitrophthalic anhydride, 4-nitrophthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride Acid, merit anhydride, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, o-dinitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzonitrile, picryl chloride, quinone chlorimide, chloranil , Bromanyl, benzoquinone, 2,3-dichlorobenzoquinone, dichlorodicyanoparabenzoquinone, naphthoquinone, diphenoquino
- These compounds can be added to either the charge generation layer or the charge transport layer, and the blending ratio is usually 0.01 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass when the amount of the charge generation material or the charge transport material is 100 parts by mass. Part or less, preferably 0.1 part by weight or more and 50 parts by weight or less.
- tetrafluoroethylene resin In order to improve surface properties, tetrafluoroethylene resin, trifluorinated ethylene chloride resin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene resin, vinyl fluoride resin, vinylidene fluoride resin, difluorodiethylene chloride resin and You may use surface modifiers, such as those copolymers and a fluorine-type graft polymer.
- the blending ratio of the surface modifier is usually 0.1% by mass to 60% by mass, preferably 5% by mass to 40% by mass with respect to the binder resin.
- the blending ratio is less than 0.1% by mass, surface modification such as surface durability and surface energy reduction is not sufficient, and when the blending ratio is more than 60% by mass, electrophotographic characteristics may be degraded.
- antioxidant hindered phenol-based antioxidants, aromatic amine-based antioxidants, hindered amine-based antioxidants, sulfide-based antioxidants, organic phosphate-based antioxidants and the like are preferable.
- the blending ratio of the antioxidant is usually 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less with respect to the charge transport material.
- antioxidant compounds represented by chemical formulas [Chemical Formula 94] to [Chemical Formula 101] described in the specification of JP-A No. 11-172003 are suitable.
- An antioxidant may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for it.
- the antioxidant may be added to the surface protective layer, undercoat layer or blocking layer in addition to the photosensitive layer.
- the solvent used for forming the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer include aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, etc.
- Ester such as ethyl acetate, ethyl cellosolve, halogenated hydrocarbon such as carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, chloroform, dichloromethane, tetrachloroethane, ether such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl Examples include formamide. These solvent may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types as a mixed solvent.
- the photosensitive layer of the single-layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member is easily formed by applying the binder resin (PC copolymer) of the present invention using the charge generating material, the charge transporting material, and, if necessary, the additives. be able to.
- the charge transport material it is preferable to add the hole transport material and / or the electron transport material described above.
- the electron transport material those exemplified in JP-A-2005-139339 can be preferably applied.
- each layer can be performed using various coating apparatuses such as a known apparatus. Specifically, for example, an applicator, a spray coater, a bae coater, a chip coater, a roll coater, a dip coater, a doctor blade and the like can be used.
- the thickness of the photosensitive layer in the electrophotographic photoreceptor is usually 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less. If it is less than 5 ⁇ m, the initial potential tends to be low, and if it exceeds 100 ⁇ m, the electrophotographic characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the ratio of charge generation material: binder resin used in the production of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is usually 1:99 to 30:70, preferably 3:97 to 15:85 in terms of mass ratio.
- the ratio of the charge transport material: binder resin is usually 10:90 to 80:20, preferably 30:70 to 70:30 in terms of mass ratio.
- the coating solution does not become cloudy and does not gel when the photosensitive layer is produced.
- the photosensitive layer has a molded body (binder resin) containing the PC copolymer of the present invention, it has excellent durability (wear resistance) and excellent electrical characteristics (charging characteristics).
- It is a photoconductor that maintains excellent electrophotographic characteristics over a long period of time. It is a copier (monochrome, multicolor, full color; analog, digital), printer (laser, LED, liquid crystal shutter), facsimile, plate making machine, And various electrophotographic fields such as devices having these plural functions.
- corona discharge corotron, scorotron
- contact charging charging roll, charging brush
- the charging roll include a DC charging type and a DC charging type in which AC is superimposed.
- any one of a halogen lamp, a fluorescent lamp, a laser (semiconductor, He—Ne), an LED, and a photosensitive member internal exposure method may be adopted.
- a dry development method such as cascade development, two-component magnetic brush development, one-component insulating toner development, one-component conductive toner development, or the like is used.
- electrostatic transfer methods such as corona transfer, roller transfer and belt transfer, pressure transfer method, and adhesive transfer method are used.
- heat roller fixing, radiant flash fixing, open fixing, pressure fixing, or the like is used.
- brush cleaners magnetic brush cleaners, electrostatic brush cleaners, magnetic roller cleaners, blade cleaners, and cleaners are used for cleaning and static elimination.
- the resin for toner styrene resin, styrene-acrylic copolymer resin, polyester, epoxy resin, cyclic hydrocarbon polymer, and the like can be applied.
- the shape of the toner may be spherical or indeterminate, and can be applied even if it is controlled to a certain shape (spheroid, potato, etc.).
- the toner may be any of a pulverizing type, a suspension polymerization toner, an emulsion polymerization toner, a chemical granulation toner, or an ester extension toner.
- n ′ 1 + (Mav ⁇ M1) / M2 (A)
- Mav is (2 ⁇ 1000 / (CF value)
- CF value (N / kg) is (CF value / concentration)
- CF value (N) is contained in 1 L of the reaction solution.
- “98.92” is the total atomic weight of two chlorine atoms, one oxygen atom, and one carbon atom that are eliminated by polycondensation between bischloroformate compounds.
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 1.01 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.22 kg / L, and an average number of monomers of 1.10.
- the reaction mixture was washed with 5.0 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of pure water. Thereafter, washing with water was repeated until the aqueous layer became neutral to obtain a methylene chloride solution (FCZ-CF) of a bisphenol FCZ oligomer having a chloroformate group at the molecular end.
- FCZ-CF methylene chloride solution
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 1.04 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.23 kg / L, and an average number of monomers of 1.05.
- the reaction mixture was washed with 5.0 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of pure water. Thereafter, water washing was repeated until the aqueous layer became neutral to obtain a methylene chloride solution (EZ-CF) of a bisphenol EZ oligomer having a chloroformate group at the molecular end.
- EZ-CF methylene chloride solution
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 1.10 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.24 kg / L, and an average number of monomers of 1.01.
- DMCP-CF DMCP oligomer methylene chloride solution
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 0.89 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.20 kg / L, and an average number of oligomers (n ′) of 1.14.
- the reaction mixture was washed with 5.0 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of pure water. Thereafter, washing with water was repeated until the aqueous layer became neutral to obtain a methylene chloride solution (OCB-CF) of an OC-B oligomer having a chloroformate group at the molecular end.
- OCB-CF methylene chloride solution
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 1.02 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.21 kg / L, and an average number of monomers of 1.15.
- the obtained raw material is referred to as OCB-CF.
- reaction mixture was washed with 5.0 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of pure water. Thereafter, water washing was repeated until the aqueous layer became neutral to obtain a methylene chloride solution of a bisphenol OC-E oligomer having a chloroformate group at the molecular end.
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 1.10 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.20 kg / L, and an average number of monomers of 1.09.
- the obtained raw material is referred to as OCE-CF.
- the resulting solution had a chloroformate concentration of 0.5 mol / L, a solid concentration of 0.26 kg / L, and an average number of monomers of 3.13.
- the obtained raw material is referred to as PCO-CZ.
- Example 1 [Production of PC copolymer]
- CZ-CF (166 mL) of Production Example 2 and methylene chloride (245 mL) were injected into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates.
- PTBP p-tert-butylphenol
- PTBP p-tert-butylphenol
- the 4,4′-biphenol solution was prepared as follows: 140 mL of a 1.5N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (10.1 g of sodium hydroxide) was prepared, cooled to room temperature or lower, and then an antioxidant. As the hydrosulfite, 0.1 g of hydrosulfite and 15.26 g of 4,4′-biphenol were added and completely dissolved.
- the obtained reaction mixture was diluted with 0.2 L of methylene chloride and 0.1 L of water and washed. The lower layer was separated, and further washed with 0.1 L of water once, 0.1 L of 0.03N hydrochloric acid once, and 0.1 L of water three times in this order.
- the obtained methylene chloride solution was dropped into methanol with stirring, and the obtained reprecipitate was filtered and dried to obtain a PC copolymer (PC-1).
- PC copolymer (PC-1) The PC copolymer (PC-1) was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a solution having a concentration of 0.5 g / dl, and the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] at 20 ° C. was measured with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. It was 1.13 dl / g.
- charge generation material 0.5 part by mass of oxotitanium phthalocyanine was used, and 0.5 part by mass of butyral resin was used as the binder resin. These are added to 19 parts by mass of methylene chloride as a solvent, dispersed by a ball mill, and this dispersion is applied to the surface of the conductive substrate film by a bar coater and dried to obtain a charge having a thickness of about 0.5 ⁇ m. A generation layer was formed.
- the manufactured PC copolymer and electrophotographic photosensitive member were evaluated as follows. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the viscosity of PC copolymer was evaluated as follows. [1] Preparation of copolymer solution PC-1 (3 g) and tetrahydrofuran (27 g) were added to a mighty vial, stirred for 10 hours, and allowed to stand overnight. Thereafter, an evaluation solution was obtained. [2] Evaluation The viscosity of the evaluation liquid prepared in [1] was evaluated using a rotational viscometer Alpha (manufactured by Viscotech). As test conditions, the measurement temperature was set to 20 ° C., the rotation speed was set to 50 [rpm], and the value after 3 minutes from the start of measurement was measured.
- a wear wheel (model number: CS-10) loaded with a load of 500 g was brought into contact with the film surface, and the wear wheel was rotated 1,000 times in the case of [1] and 500 times in the case of [2]. After rotation, the amount of mass loss was measured.
- a commercially available printer (FS-600, manufactured by Kyocera) was modified to allow measurement of the surface potential of the photoconductor, enabling the photoconductor to be mounted and evaluated in a drum shape, under high temperature and high humidity conditions (35 ° C, 85%), the toner, the evaluation of charge characteristics before and after the 24-hour repeated operation paper under the condition that does not pass (repeating residual potential rise (V R increases)) was performed.
- Example 1 a low molecular weight oligomer of bisphenol CZ having generally good mechanical properties (wear resistance and hardness) and a biphenyl monomer having good wear resistance were reacted in a specific method, and both of bisphenol CZ: biphenyl were reacted. A resin having a polymerization ratio (%) of 58:42 could be obtained. It was also confirmed that the electrophotographic photosensitive member has little mechanical deterioration such as filming.
- Example 2 A PC copolymer (PC--) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that CZ-CF was FCZ-CF (158 mL) of Production Example 3, the amount of methylene chloride was 240 mL, and the amount of PTBP was 0.243 g. 2) was obtained. The reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-2 was 1.10 dl / g. The structure and composition of PC-2 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 A PC copolymer (PC-3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that CZ-CF was changed to EZ-CF (149 mL) of Production Example 4, methylene chloride was changed to 250 mL, and PTBP was changed to 0.247 g. It was. The reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-3 was 1.15 dl / g. The structure and composition of PC-3 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 CZ-CF (166 mL) of Production Example 2 and methylene chloride (245 mL) were injected into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates.
- PTBP 0.264 g
- a total amount of 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenol solution separately prepared was added to this solution, and an aqueous triethylamine solution (7 vol%) was added while stirring. 2.0 mL was added and stirring was continued for 1 hour.
- the 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenol solution was prepared as follows: 140 mL of a 1.5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (10.1 g of sodium hydroxide) was prepared and cooled to below room temperature. Thereafter, 0.1 g of hydrosulfite as an antioxidant and 17.41 g of 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenol were added and completely dissolved.
- PC-4 The reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-4 was 1.12 dl / g.
- the structure and composition of PC-4 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 7 A PC copolymer (PC-7) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.243 g of PTBP was changed to 0.682 g of 2,2-difluoro-2- (perfluorohexyloxy) ethanol. The reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-7 was 1.15 dl / g. The structure and composition of PC-7 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 8 DMCP-CF (18 mL) and methylene chloride (42 mL) of Production Example 5 were poured into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates. To this, PTBP (0.03 g) was added as a terminal terminator and stirred so as to be mixed well. To this solution, the whole amount of a separately prepared aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was added, and after cooling until the temperature in the reactor reached 15 ° C., 0.2 mL of an aqueous triethylamine solution (7 vol%) was added with stirring, Stirring was continued for 1 hour.
- the aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was prepared as follows: 10 mL of 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was prepared, cooled to room temperature or lower, and then 0.1 g, 4, 4 hydrosulfite as an antioxidant. It was prepared by adding 1.4 g of '-biphenol and completely dissolving.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 9 OCB-CF (256 mL) and methylene chloride (383 mL) of Production Example 6 were poured into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates. To this, PTBP (0.433 g) was added as a terminal terminator and stirred to ensure sufficient mixing. To this solution, the whole amount of a separately prepared aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was added and cooled until the temperature in the reactor reached 15 ° C., and then 2.0 mL of an aqueous triethylamine solution (7 vol%) was added while stirring. Stirring was continued for 1 hour.
- the aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was prepared as follows: 215 mL of 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was prepared, cooled to room temperature or lower, and 0.2 g, 4, 4 hydrosulfite as an antioxidant. It was prepared by adding 24.2 g of '-biphenol and completely dissolving.
- PC-9 PC copolymer
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-9 was 1.21 dl / g.
- the structure and composition of PC-9 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 10 OCE-CF (256 mL) and methylene chloride (383 mL) of Production Example 7 were injected into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates. To this, PTBP (0.423 g) was added as a terminal terminator and stirred to ensure sufficient mixing. To this solution, the whole amount of a separately prepared aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was added and cooled until the temperature in the reactor reached 15 ° C., and then 2.0 mL of an aqueous triethylamine solution (7 vol%) was added while stirring. Stirring was continued for 1 hour.
- the aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was prepared as follows: 215 mL of 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was prepared, cooled to room temperature or lower, and 0.2 g, 4, 4 hydrosulfite as an antioxidant. It was prepared by adding 26.2 g of '-biphenol and completely dissolving.
- PC-10 PC copolymer
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-10 was 1.19 dl / g.
- the structure and composition of PC-10 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Comparative Example 1 CZ-CF (34 mL) and methylene chloride (26 mL) of Production Example 2 were poured into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates. To this, PTBP (0.03 g) was added as a terminal terminator and stirred so as to be mixed well. To this solution, the whole amount of a separately prepared aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was added, and after cooling until the temperature in the reactor reached 15 ° C., 0.2 mL of an aqueous triethylamine solution (7 vol%) was added with stirring, Stirring was continued for 1 hour.
- the aromatic dihydric phenol monomer solution was prepared as follows: After preparing 26 mL of 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and cooling to room temperature or lower, 0.1 g of hydrosulfite as an antioxidant, It was prepared by adding 7 g and completely dissolving.
- PC-11 PC copolymer
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-11 was 0.53 dl / g.
- the structure and composition of PC-11 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 2 Z-CF (157 mL) and methylene chloride (227 mL) of Production Example 1 were poured into a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, stirring blades, and baffle plates. To this, PTBP (0.336 g) was added as a terminal terminator and stirred to ensure sufficient mixing. After cooling to a temperature of 15 ° C. in the reactor, the whole amount of the 4,4′-biphenol solution prepared was added to this solution, and 2.0 mL of an aqueous triethylamine solution (7 vol%) was added with stirring for 1 hour. Stirring was continued.
- the 4,4′-biphenol solution was prepared as follows: 135 mL of 1.5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (11.1 g sodium hydroxide) was prepared, cooled to room temperature or lower, and then used as an antioxidant. 0.1 g of hydrosulfite and 7.6 g of 4,4′-biphenol were added and completely dissolved.
- PC-12 PC copolymer
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-12 was 1.15 dl / g.
- the structure and composition of PC-12 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the 4,4′-biphenol solution was prepared as follows: 170 mL of a 1.4N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (15.0 g of sodium hydroxide) was prepared, cooled to room temperature or lower, and then used as an antioxidant.
- the hydrosulfite was prepared by adding 0.2 g and 9.28 g of 4,4′-biphenol and completely dissolving.
- PC-13 PC copolymer
- the reduced viscosity [ ⁇ sp / C] of PC-13 was 1.16 dl / g.
- the structure and composition of PC-13 were determined in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 1 Further, in the same manner as in Example 1, a coating solution and an electrophotographic photosensitive member were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the polycarbonate copolymer of the present invention can be suitably used as a coating resin for various rolls, drums or films, such as a binder resin for a photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
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Description
また、有機電子写真感光体は、その感光層の表面に、コロナ帯電、トナー現像、紙への転写、クリーニング処理等の操作が繰返し行われるため、これら操作を行う度に電気的、機械的な外力が加えられる。従って、長期間に亘って電子写真の画質を維持するためには、電子写真感光体の表面に設けた感光層に、これら外力に対する耐久性が要求される。
例えば、特許文献1に記載の樹脂は、溶解性の良好なビスフェノールZ骨格に耐摩耗性の良好なビフェノールを共重合して製造されている。しかし、ビフェノール成分の量は、原料となるポリカーボネートオリゴマーが2~4量体であるため、共重合比23モル%程度が限界であった。特許文献1の樹脂では耐摩耗性は十分ではなく、さらなる耐摩耗性の向上が求められていた。
1.下記式(1)の繰り返し単位を有し、Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)で表される共重合モル比が30モル%以上47モル%以下であるポリカーボネート共重合体。
R21及びR22は、それぞれ水素、又は炭素数1~3のアルキル基である。ただし、R21とR22は異なる。
式(3)中、R4及びR5はそれぞれ、炭素数1~10のアルキル基、炭素数1~10のフルオロアルキル基又は置換もしくは無置換の炭素数6~12のアリール基である。
式(2a)、(2b)、(3)において、kはそれぞれ1~4の整数であり、mはそれぞれ0~4の整数であり、lはそれぞれ0~4の整数であり、pは1~2の整数である。k、l、mが2以上の場合、複数の基はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。))
2.連鎖末端が1価の芳香族基又は1価のフッ素含有脂肪族基により封止された1に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体。
3.濃度0.5g/dl、温度20℃における塩化メチレン溶液の還元粘度[ηsp/C]が0.79~1.79dl/gであり、
濃度10wt%、温度20℃におけるテトラヒドロフラン溶液の粘性率が500cp未満であり、
前記還元粘度をXとしたとき、前記粘性率が下記で算出される値(Y)以下である1又は2に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体。
Y=14.301×e2.2781X
(式中、eは自然対数の底(ネイピア数)である。)
4.前記式(2a)で表される基が、1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン、1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロペンタン、又は1,1-ビス(3-トリフルオロメチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサンから誘導される2価の基であり、前記式(2b)で表される基が2,2-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)ブタン、1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)エタンから誘導される2価の基である1~3のいずれか1項に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体。
5.1~4のいずれか1項に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体と有機溶剤を含む塗工液。
6.導電性基板上に感光層を設けた電子写真感光体であって、前記感光層の一成分として、1~4のいずれか1項に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体を含む電子写真感光体。
また一方で、本発明の樹脂においては、従来の樹脂と同一の還元粘度で溶液粘度を測定した場合、溶液粘度が極めて低く、塗工性と機械特性を向上させた樹脂を提供する事ができる。
耐摩耗性、硬度、低表面自由エネルギーに優れたポリカーボネート樹脂を用いて感光体を製造すると、感光体も、耐摩耗性、硬度、低表面自由エネルギーに優れる。硬度が高いとトナーの外添材の突き刺さりを防ぐことができ、さらに低表面自由エネルギーを保持することでトナーの付着を抑制し、トナーフィルミングを低減できる。
本発明のPC共重合体は、下記式(1)の繰り返し単位からなる構造を有し、Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)で表される共重合モル比が30モル%以上47モル%以下である。
R21及びR22は、それぞれ水素、又は炭素数1~3のアルキル基である。ただし、R21とR22は異なる。
式(3)中、R4及びR5はそれぞれ、炭素数1~10のアルキル基、炭素数1~10のフルオロアルキル基又は置換もしくは無置換の炭素数6~12のアリール基である。
k、l、mが2以上の場合、複数の基はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。
また、Ar2同士が結合したブロックを有するポリマーは、Ar2からなるブロック成分の溶解性が低いため、有機溶媒に溶解させた場合にポリマー溶液が白濁することがあり、塗工液としては好ましくない。
共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)は、核磁気共鳴スペクトルから測定することができ、具体的には実施例の方法で求めることができる。
本発明のPC共重合体は、通常、Ar1ブロックの原料モノマーを形成した後、Ar2を含むモノマーと反応させて製造する。従って、nは1.0以下の数とはならない。
nは、核磁気共鳴スペクトルから測定することができ、具体的には実施例の方法で求めることができる。
上記アリール基が置換基を有する場合、置換基としては、炭素数1~6のアルキル基が挙げられる。炭素数1~6のアルキル基としては、上記R1~R5で例示した基が挙げられる。
また、本発明のPC共重合体を電子写真感光体の感光層中に含有することで、耐久性に優れ、かつ、トナーフィルミング等の機械的劣化の少ない電子写真感光体が得られる。本発明のPC共重合体を電子写真感光体の感光層に用いると、感光体の表面硬度を上げることができ、感光層最表面に外添剤が突き刺さることに由来するトナーフィルミングを防止又は低減できる。
Y=14.301×e2.2781X
(式中、eは自然対数の底(ネイピア数)である。)
粘性率は実施例に記載の方法により測定できる。
末端基を構成する1価の芳香族基としては、炭素数6~12のアリール基であると好ましい。このようなアリール基としては、例えば、フェニル基やビフェニル基が挙げられる。
末端基を構成する1価のフッ素含有脂肪族基としては、炭素数1~20のフッ素含有アルキル基が挙げられる。
1価のフッ素含有脂肪族基に置換する芳香族基としては、上記の芳香族基が挙げられる。
上記の芳香族基、アルキル基、フッ素含有脂肪族基及び芳香族基は、さらに置換基を有していてもよい。これら置換基としては、ハロゲン原子又はアリール基が挙げられる。ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子等が挙げられ、アリール基としては、上記のものが挙げられる。
本発明のPC共重合体は、例えば、下記式(10)で表される低量体数のビスクロロホーメートオリゴマーと、下記式(11)で表される2価フェノール性化合物(コモノマー)を塩基存在下で反応させることにより得られる。
これらは1種単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
式(11)で表されるモノマーは、例えば、4,4’-ビフェノール、3,3’-ジメチル-4,4’-ビフェノール、3,3’,5-トリメチル-4,4’-ビフェノール、3-プロピル-4,4’-ビフェノール、3,3’,5,5’-テトラメチル-4,4’-ビフェノール、3,3’-ジフェニル-4,4’-ビフェノール、3,3’-ジブチル-4,4’-ビフェノール等のビフェノール化合物等が挙げられる。この中でも4,4’-ビフェノール、3,3’-ジメチル-4,4’-ビフェノールが耐摩耗性に優れる樹脂が得られることから好ましい。
これらは1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい
例えば、p-tert-ブチル-フェノール、p-フェニルフェノール、p-クミルフェノール、p-パーフルオロノニルフェノール、p-(パーフルオロノニルフェニル)フェノール、p-(パーフルオロヘキシル)フェノール、p-tert-パーフルオロブチルフェノール、パーフルオロオクチルフェノール、パーフルオロヘキシルフェノール、1-(P-ヒドロキシベンジル)パーフルオロデカン、p-〔2-(1H,1H-パーフルオロトリドデシルオキシ)-1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロピル〕フェノール、3,5-ビス(パーフルオロヘキシルオキシカルボニル)フェノール、p-ヒドロキシ安息香酸パーフルオロドデシル、p-(1H,1H-パーフルオロオクチルオキシ)フェノール、2H,2H,9H-パーフルオロノナン酸等が挙げられる。
H(CF2)nCH2OH・・・(30)
F(CF2)mCH2OH・・・(31)
(式中、nは1~12の整数であり、mは1~12の整数である。)
F-(CF2CF2)n32-(CF2CF2O)n33-CF2CH2-OH (15)
C(R)3-(CF2)n35-O-(CF2CF2O)n34-CF2CH2-OH (16)
[式中、n31は1~10(好ましくは5~8)の整数、n32は0~5(好ましくは0~3)の整数、n33は1~5(好ましくは1~3)の整数、n34は1~5(好ましくは1~3)の整数、n35は0~5(好ましくは0~3)の整数である。Rは、CF3又はFである。]
これらの酸結合剤は単独で用いてもよいし、混合物として用いてもよい。
例えば、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素、塩化メチレン、クロロホルム、1,1-ジクロロエタン、1,2-ジクロロエタン、1,1,1-トリクロロエタン、1,1,2-トリクロロエタン、1,1,1,2-テトラクロロエタン、1,1,2,2-テトラクロロエタン、ペンタクロロエタン、クロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素、シクロヘキサノン、アセトン、アセトフェノン等のケトン類、テトラヒドロフラン、1,4-ジオキサン等のエーテル類等が好適なものとして挙げられる。
さらに、必要に応じて、この反応系に亜硫酸ナトリウムやハイドロサルファイト塩等の酸化防止剤を少量添加してもよい。
本発明のPC共重合体は、様々な方法で製造可能であり、例えば、式(20)のビスフェノール化合物とホスゲン等を反応させて、ビスクロロホーメートオリゴマーの低量体数物(10)を製造し、ついでこのビスクロロホーメートオリゴマーに、式(11)の2価フェノール性化合物を、溶媒及び酸結合剤のアルカリ水溶液の混合液の存在下に反応させる方法である。この方法は、式(1)中のn値を好ましい範囲に調整できる点で好ましい。
また、下記の方法は、式(10)のn’値が1.0以上1.99以下のビスクロロホーメートオリゴマーを製造できるため好ましい。
尚、触媒、末端停止剤及び分岐剤等は、上記の製造法において、必要に応じ、ビスクロロホーメートオリゴマーの製造時、その後の高分子量化の反応時のいずれか、又はその両方において添加して用いることができる。
このようにして得られるPC共重合体は、下記式(40)で表される繰返し単位、及び式(41)で表される繰返し単位からなる共重合体である。
また、このPC共重合体には、本発明の目的達成を阻害しない範囲で、Ar1及びAr2以外の構造単位を有するポリカーボネート単位や、ポリエステル、ポリエーテル構造を有する単位を含有しているものであってもよい。
また、場合により、PC共重合体に適宜、物理的処理(混合、分画等)及び/又は化学的処理(ポリマー反応、架橋処理、部分分解処理等)を施して所定の還元粘度[ηsp/C]とすることもできる。
本発明の塗工液は、少なくとも、本発明のPC共重合体及びこれを溶解又は分散可能な有機溶剤を含む。
本発明の塗工液は、上記成分以外に低分子化合物、染料、顔料等の着色剤、電荷輸送材、電子輸送材、正孔輸送材、電荷発生材料等の機能性化合物、無機又は有機のフィラー、ファイバー、微粒子等の充填材、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、酸捕捉剤等の添加剤を含んでもよい。
また、塗工液は本発明の効果を損なわない限り他の樹脂を含んでいてもよく、例えば、後述する電子写真感光体の構成成分に含まれるものが挙げられる。
有機溶媒は、後述する電子写真感光体の構成成分の例として挙げられる。
また、本発明の塗工液中、本発明のPC共重合体は1種単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
また塗工液中のPC共重合体と電荷輸送物質との割合は、通常、質量比で20:80~80:20、好ましくは30:70~70:30とすることが望ましい。
また、本発明の塗工液に、さらに上記電荷発生物質を含有させることにより、単層型の電子写真感光体の感光層の形成に使用することも可能である。
本発明の電子写真感光体は、導電性基板上に感光層を設けた構成を有し、感光層中に本発明のPC共重合体を含む。
感光層は、本発明のPC共重合体を含んでいる限りどのような構成であってもよく、公知の構成とすることができる。
好ましくは、感光層が、少なくとも1層の電荷発生層と少なくとも1層の電荷輸送層を有する積層型電子写真感光体、又は、1層の感光層に電荷発生物質と電荷輸送物質を有する単層型電子写真感光体である。
電荷輸送層を2層有する多層型の積層型電子写真感光体の場合には、そのいずれかの電荷輸送層に使用することが好ましい。
さらに、酸化防止剤等の添加物を含有させてもよい。
感光層が電荷発生層と電荷輸送層とを有する積層型電子写真感光体である場合、電荷発生層上に電荷輸送層が積層されていてもよく、また電荷輸送層上に電荷発生層が積層されていてもよい。
また、必要に応じて、電子写真感光体の表面に導電性又は絶縁性の保護膜が形成されていてもよい。さらに、各層間の接着性を向上させるための接着層、又は電荷のブロッキングの役目を果すブロッキング層等の中間層等が形成されていてもよい。
具体的には、アルミニウム、ニッケル、クロム、パラジウム、チタン、モリブデン、インジウム、金、白金、銀、銅、亜鉛、真鍮、ステンレス鋼、酸化鉛、酸化錫、酸化インジウム、ITO(インジウムチンオキサイド:錫ドープ酸化インジウム)又はグラファイトからなる板、ドラム、シート、これら金属又は化合物を蒸着、スパッタリング、塗布等によりコーティング等して導電処理したガラス、布、紙又はプラスチックのフィルム、シート又はシームレスベルト、及び電極酸化等により金属酸化処理した金属ドラム等を使用することができる。
電荷発生層はその下地となる導電性基板又は電荷輸送層上に、真空蒸着又はスパッタ法等により電荷発生材料の層を形成するか、又はバインダー樹脂を用いて電荷発生材料を結着してなる層を形成することによって製造することができる。
具体的には、非晶質セレンや三方晶セレン等のセレン単体、セレン-テルル等のセレン合金、As2Se3等のセレン化合物もしくはセレン含有組成物、酸化亜鉛、CdS-Se等の周期律表第12族及び第16族元素からなる無機材料、酸化チタン等の酸化物系半導体、アモルファスシリコン等のシリコン系材料、τ型無金属フタロシアニン、χ型無金属フタロシアニン等の無金属フタロシアニン顔料、α型銅フタロシアニン、β型銅フタロシアニン、γ型銅フタロシアニン、ε型銅フタロシアニン、X型銅フタロシアニン、A型チタニルフタロシアニン、B型チタニルフタロシアニン、C型チタニルフタロシアニン、D型チタニルフタロシアニン、E型チタニルフタロシアニン、F型チタニルフタロシアニン、G型チタニルフタロシアニン、H型チタニルフタロシアニン、K型チタニルフタロシアニン、L型チタニルフタロシアニン、M型チタニルフタロシアニン、N型チタニルフタロシアニン、Y型チタニルフタロシアニン、オキソチタニルフタロシアニン、X線回折図におけるブラック角2θが27.3±0.2度に強い回折ピークを示すチタニルフタロシアニン、ガリウムフタロシアニン等の金属フタロシアニン顔料、シアニン染料、アントラセン顔料、ビスアゾ顔料、ピレン顔料、多環キノン顔料、キナクリドン顔料、インジゴ顔料、ペリレン顔料、ピリリウム染料、スクアリウム顔料、アントアントロン顔料、ベンズイミダゾール顔料、アゾ顔料、チオインジゴ顔料、キノリン顔料、レーキ顔料、オキサジン顔料、ジオキサジン顔料、トリフェニルメタン顔料、アズレニウム染料、トリアリールメタン染料、キサンチン染料、チアジン染料、チアピリリウム染料、ポリビニルカルバゾール、ビスベンゾイミダゾール顔料等が挙げられる。
これら化合物は、1種を単独で又は2種以上を混合して用いることができる。
例えば、カルバゾール化合物、インドール化合物、イミダゾール化合物、オキサゾール化合物、ピラゾール化合物、オキサジアゾール化合物、ピラゾリン化合物、チアジアゾール化合物、アニリン化合物、ヒドラゾン化合物、芳香族アミン化合物、脂肪族アミン化合物、スチルベン化合物、フルオレノン化合物、ブタジエン化合物、キノン化合物、キノジメタン化合物、チアゾール化合物、トリアゾール化合物、イミダゾロン化合物、イミダゾリジン化合物、ビスイミダゾリジン化合物、オキサゾロン化合物、ベンゾチアゾール化合物、ベンズイミダゾール化合物、キナゾリン化合物、ベンゾフラン化合物、アクリジン化合物、フェナジン化合物、ポリ-N-ビニルカルバゾール、ポリビニルピレン、ポリビニルアントラセン、ポリビニルアクリジン、ポリ-9-ビニルフェニルアントラセン、ピレン-ホルムアルデヒド樹脂、エチルカルバゾール樹脂、又はこれらの構造を主鎖や側鎖に有する重合体等が好適に用いられる。
これら化合物は、1種を単独で、又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
具体的には、ポリスチレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ酢酸ビニル、塩化ビニル-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリビニルアセタール、アルキッド樹脂、アクリル樹脂、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリカーボネート、ポリウレタン、エポキシ樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ポリアミド、ポリケトン、ポリアクリルアミド、ブチラール樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、塩化ビニリデン-塩化ビニル共重合体、メタクリル樹脂、スチレン-ブタジエン共重合体、塩化ビニリデン-アクリロニトリル共重合体、塩化ビニル-酢酸ビニル-無水マレイン酸共重合体、シリコーン樹脂、シリコーン-アルキッド樹脂、フェノール-ホルムアルデヒド樹脂、スチレン-アルキッド樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ポリエーテル樹脂、ベンゾグアナミン樹脂、エポキシアクリレート樹脂、ウレタンアクリレート樹脂、ポリ-N-ビニルカルバゾール、ポリビニルブチラール、ポリビニルホルマール、ポリスルホン、カゼイン、ゼラチン、ポリビニルアルコール、エチルセルロース、ニトロセルロース、カルボキシ-メチルセルロース、塩化ビニリデン系ポリマーラテックス、アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン共重合体、ビニルトルエン-スチレン共重合体、大豆油変性アルキッド樹脂、ニトロ化ポリスチレン、ポリメチルスチレン、ポリイソプレン、ポリチオカーボネート、ポリアリレート、ポリハロアリレート、ポリアリルエーテル、ポリビニルアクリレート、ポリエステルアクリレート等が挙げられる。
尚、電荷発生層や電荷輸送層におけるバインダー樹脂としては、本発明のPC共重合体が好適である。
下引き層としては、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、ジルコニア、チタン酸、ジルコン酸、ランタン鉛、チタンブラック、シリカ、チタン酸鉛、チタン酸バリウム、酸化錫、酸化インジウム、酸化珪素等の微粒子、ポリアミド樹脂、フェノール樹脂、カゼイン、メラミン樹脂、ベンゾグアナミン樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、セルロース、ニトロセルロース、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂等の成分を使用することができる。
混合物として用いる場合には、無機質微粒子と樹脂を併用すると、平滑性のよい皮膜が形成されるため好適である。
ブロッキング層としては、上記バインダー樹脂と同種の樹脂を用いることができる。また本発明のPC共重合体を用いてもよい。
また、繰返し使用に対する残留電位の増加、帯電電位の低下、感度の低下を防止する目的で種々の化学物質、酸化防止剤、界面活性剤、カール防止剤、レベリング剤等の添加剤を添加してもよい。
また、熱及び/又は光硬化性樹脂も使用できる。いずれにしても、電気絶縁性で通常の状態で皮膜を形成し得る樹脂であり、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲であれば、特に制限はない。
具体例としては、無水コハク酸、無水マレイン酸、ジブロモ無水マレイン酸、無水フタル酸、テトラクロロ無水フタル酸、テトラブロモ無水フタル酸、3-ニトロ無水フタル酸、4-ニトロ無水フタル酸、無水ピロメリット酸、無水メリット酸、テトラシアノエチレン、テトラシアノキノジメタン、o-ジニトロベンゼン、m-ジニトロベンゼン、1,3,5-トリニトロベンゼン、p-ニトロベンゾニトリル、ピクリルクロライド、キノンクロルイミド、クロラニル、ブロマニル、ベンゾキノン、2,3-ジクロロベンゾキノン、ジクロロジシアノパラベンゾキノン、ナフトキノン、ジフェノキノン、トロポキノン、アントラキノン、1-クロロアントラキノン、ジニトロアントラキノン、4-ニトロベンゾフェノン、4,4’-ジニトロベンゾフェノン、4-ニトロベンザルマロンジニトリル、α-シアノ-β-(p-シアノフェニル)アクリル酸エチル、9-アントラセニルメチルマロンジニトリル、1-シアノ-(p-ニトロフェニル)-2-(p-クロロフェニル)エチレン、2,7-ジニトロフルオレノン、2,4,7-トリニトロフルオレノン、2,4,5,7-テトラニトロフルオレノン、9-フルオレニリデン-(ジシアノメチレンマロノニトリル)、ポリニトロ-9-フルオレニリデン-(ジシアノメチレンマロノジニトリル)、ピクリン酸、o-ニトロ安息香酸、p-ニトロ安息香酸、3,5-ジニトロ安息香酸、ペンタフルオロ安息香酸、5-ニトロサリチル酸、3,5-ジニトロサリチル酸、フタル酸、メリット酸等の電子親和力の大きい化合物が好ましい。
酸化防止剤は、1種単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。酸化防止剤は、感光層の他、表面保護層、下引き層又はブロッキング層に添加してもよい。
これらの溶媒は、1種単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を混合溶媒として使用してもよい。
また、電荷輸送物質としては前述したホール輸送性物質及び/又は電子輸送物質を添加することが好ましい。電子輸送物質としては、特開2005-139339号公報に例示されるものが好ましく適用できる。
電子写真感光体の製造に用いられる電荷発生物質:バインダー樹脂の比率は、質量比で通常1:99~30:70、好ましくは3:97~15:85である。また、電荷輸送物質:バインダー樹脂の比率は、質量比で通常10:90~80:20、好ましくは30:70~70:30である。
1,1-ビス(4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン(ビスフェノールZ)56.6kg(224モル)を塩化メチレン1080Lで懸濁し、そこにホスゲン66.0kg(667モル)を加えて溶解させた。これにトリエチルアミン44.0kg(435モル)を塩化メチレン120Lに溶解させた液を2.2~17.8℃で2時間50分かけて滴下した。17.9℃~19.6℃で30分間撹拌後、14~20℃で塩化メチレン900Lを留去した。残液に純水210L、濃塩酸1.2kg、ハイドロサルファイト450gを加え洗浄した。
得られた溶液のクロロホーメート濃度は1.14モル/L、固形物濃度は0.22kg/L、平均量体数は1.02であった。
n’=1+(Mav-M1)/M2・・・(A)
式(A)において、Mavは(2×1000/(CF価))であり、CF価(N/kg)は(CF値/濃度)であり、CF値(N)は反応溶液1Lに含まれるビスクロロホーメート化合物中のクロル分子数であり、濃度(kg/L)は反応溶液1Lを濃縮して得られる固形分の量である。
M1は、n’=1のときのビスクロロホーメート化合物の分子量であり、M2は(M1-98.92)である。尚、「98.92」は、ビスクロロホーメート化合物同士の重縮合で脱離する2個の塩素原子、1個の酸素原子及び1個の炭素原子の合計の原子量である。
1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン(ビスフェノールCZ)266g(0.897mol)、塩化メチレン1058ml、ホスゲン187g(1.89mol)の混合液に、トリエチルアミン199.4g(1.97mol)を塩化メチレン460mlで希釈した溶液を13~16℃で3時間6分かけて滴下した。反応混合物を14~16℃で1時間38分撹拌した。反応混合物に濃塩酸5.0mlと純水200mlを加え洗浄した。その後水層が中性になるまで水洗を繰り返し、分子末端にクロロホーメート基を有するビスフェノールCZオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液(CZ-CF)を得た。
1,1-ビス(3-トリフルオロメチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン(ビスフェノールFCZ)250g(0.595mol)、塩化メチレン1020ml、ホスゲン187g(1.89mol)の混合液に、トリエチルアミン199.4g(1.97mol)を塩化メチレン460mlで希釈した溶液を13~16℃で3時間6分かけて滴下した。反応混合物を14~16℃で1時間38分撹拌した。反応混合物に濃塩酸5.0mlと純水200mlを加え洗浄した。その後水層が中性になるまで水洗を繰り返し、分子末端にクロロホーメート基を有するビスフェノールFCZオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液(FCZ-CF)を得た。
1,1-ビス(3-エチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン(ビスフェノールEZ)256g(0.821mol)、塩化メチレン1058ml、ホスゲン187g(1.89mol)の混合液に、トリエチルアミン199.4g(1.97mol)を塩化メチレン460mlで希釈した溶液を13~16℃で3時間6分かけて滴下した。反応混合物を14~16℃で1時間38分撹拌した。反応混合物に濃塩酸5.0mlと純水200mlを加え洗浄した。その後水層が中性になるまで水洗を繰り返し、分子末端にクロロホーメート基を有するビスフェノールEZオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液(EZ-CF)を得た。
1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロペンタン(DMCP)76.7g(0.272モル)、塩化メチレン410mLで懸濁し、そこにトリエチルアミン53.8g(0.533モル)を加えて溶解した。これをホスゲン52.7g(0.533モル)を塩化メチレン225mLに溶解した液に14~18.5℃で2時間50分かけて滴下した。18.5℃~19℃で1時間撹拌後、10~22℃で塩化メチレン250mLを留去した。残液に純水73mL、濃塩酸4.5mL、ハイドロサルファイト0.47gを加え洗浄した。その後、純水330mLで4回洗浄を繰り返し、分子末端にクロロホーメート基を有するDMCPオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液(DMCP-CF)を得た。
2,2-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)ブタン(OC-B)266.0g(0.984mol)、塩化メチレン1058ml、ホスゲン187g(1.89mol)の混合液に、トリエチルアミン199.4g(1.97mol)を塩化メチレン460mlで希釈した溶液を13~16℃で3時間6分かけて滴下した。反応混合物を14~16℃で1時間38分撹拌した。反応混合物に濃塩酸5.0mlと純水200mlを加え洗浄した。その後水層が中性になるまで水洗を繰り返し、分子末端にクロロホーメート基を有するOC-Bオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液(OCB-CF)を得た。
1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)エタン(OC-E)182.0g(0.751mol)、塩化メチレン1058ml、ホスゲン187g(1.89mol)の混合液に、トリエチルアミン199.4g(1.97mol)を塩化メチレン460mlで希釈した溶液を13~16℃で3時間6分かけて滴下した。反応混合物を14~16℃で1時間38分撹拌した。反応混合物に濃塩酸5.0mlと純水200mlを加え洗浄した。その後水層が中性になるまで水洗を繰り返し、分子末端にクロロホーメート基を有するビスフェノールOC-Eオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液を得た。
1,1-ビス(3-メチル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)シクロヘキサン0.2kgを16質量%の水酸化カリウム水溶液1.2kgに溶解した溶液と、塩化メチレン1.3kgとを混合して撹拌しながら、冷却下、液中にホスゲンガスを1L/分の割合でpHが9以下になるまで吹き込んだ。次いで、この反応液を静置分離し、有機層に重合度が2~6であり、分子末端にクロロホルメート基を有するオリゴマーの塩化メチレン溶液を得た。(クロロホーメートモル濃度=0.5モル/L、固形分濃度0.26kg/L))
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例2のCZ-CF(166mL)と塩化メチレン(245mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてp-tert-ブチルフェノール(PTBP)(0.253g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、この溶液に別途調製した4,4’-ビフェノール溶液を全量添加し、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を2.0mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC共重合体(PC-1)を塩化メチレンに溶解して、濃度0.5g/dlの溶液を調製し、20℃における還元粘度[ηsp/C]をウベローデ型毛細管粘度計により測定したところ、1.13dl/gであった。
a=Ar1/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.58
b=Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.42
Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=1/(n+1)・・・(B)
導電性基体としてアルミニウム金属を蒸着したポリエチレンテレフタレート樹脂フィルムを用い、その表面に、電荷発生層と電荷輸送層を順次積層して積層型感光層を形成した電子写真感光体を製造した。
[PC共重合体の粘性率の評価]
PC共重合体の粘性率評価を、以下の通り行った。
〔1〕共重合体の溶液作製
PC-1(3g)とテトラヒドロフラン(27g)をマイティーバイアルに加え、10時間攪拌後、一晩放置した。その後、評価液を得た。
〔2〕評価
〔1〕で作製した評価液の粘性率を回転粘度計Alpha(ビスコテック社製)を用いて評価した。試験条件は、測定温度を20℃、回転数を50[rpm]に設定し、測定開始から3分後の値を測定した。
PC共重合体及び電子写真感光体の耐摩耗性の評価を以下の通り行った。
〔1〕共重合体の耐摩耗性評価サンプル作製
PC-1(2g)を塩化メチレン(12mL)に溶解し、アプリケーターを用い市販のPETフィルム上にキャスト製膜した。このフィルムを減圧下加熱し溶剤を除去し、厚み約30μmのフィルムサンプルを得た。
〔2〕感光体の耐摩耗性評価サンプル作製
PC-1(1g)、及び上記CTM-1(0.67g)を塩化メチレン(10mL)に溶解し、アプリケーターを用い市販のPETフィルム上にキャスト製膜した。このフィルムを減圧下加熱し溶剤を除去し、厚み約30μmのフィルムサンプルを得た。
〔3〕評価
〔1〕、〔2〕で作製したフィルムのキャスト面の耐摩耗性を、テーバー摩耗試験機(東洋精機製作所社製)を用いて評価した。試験条件として、500gの荷重をかけた摩耗輪(型番:CS-10)をフィルム表面と接触させて、摩耗輪を〔1〕の場合1,000回転、〔2〕の場合500回転させた。回転後、質量減少量を測定した。
PC共重合体及び電子写真感光体の硬度評価を、以下の通り行った。
〔1〕共重合体の耐摩耗性評価サンプル作製
PC-1(1g)を塩化メチレン(9mL)に溶解し、シャーレ(直径100)に溶液を均一に流し込み、常温・常湿(K152)で一晩乾燥させた。その後減圧下加熱し溶剤を除去し、厚み約70μmのキャストサンプルを得た。
〔2〕感光体の耐摩耗性評価サンプル作製
PC-1(1g)、及び上記CTM-1(0.67g)を塩化メチレン(10mL)に溶解し、シャーレ(φ100)に溶液を均一に流し込み、常温・常湿(K152)で一晩乾燥させた。その後減圧下加熱し溶剤を除去し、厚み約70μmのキャストサンプルを得た。
〔3〕評価
〔1〕、〔2〕で作製したキャストサンプルの表面硬度をビッカース硬度計MVK-EIII(AKASHI社製)を用いて評価した。試験条件は10gの荷重をかけたダイヤモンド圧子を押し付け、圧痕のサイズから硬度を評価した。
次に、電子写真感光体について、電子写真特性を静電気帯電試験装置EPA-8100(川口電機製作所社製)を用いて測定した。
スタティックモード、-6kVのコロナ放電を行い、初期表面電位(V0),光照射(10Lux)5秒後の残留電位(初期残留電位(VR)),半減露光量(E1/2)を測定した。
CZ-CFを、製造例3のFCZ-CF(158mL)とし、塩化メチレンの量を240mLとし、PTBPの量を0.243gとした他は実施例1と同様にしてPC共重合体(PC-2)を得た。
PC-2の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.10dl/gであった。
また、PC-2の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-2は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.44であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.41であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
CZ-CFを、製造例4のEZ-CF(149mL)とし、塩化メチレンを250mLとし、PTBPを0.247gとした他は実施例1と同様にしてPC共重合体(PC-3)を得た。
PC-3の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.15dl/gであった。
また、PC-3の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-3は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.56であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.39であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例2のCZ-CF(166mL)と塩化メチレン(245mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.264g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、この溶液に別途調製した3,3’-ジメチル-4,4’-ビフェノール溶液を全量添加し、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を2.0mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
また、PC-4の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-4は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.44であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.41であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
PTBP0.243gをフッ素化ジエチレングリコールモノヘキシルエーテル(別名:2,2-ジフルオロ-2-(2-パーフルオロヘキシルオキシエトキシ)エタノール)0.850gとした他は実施例1と同様にしてPC共重合体(PC-5)を得た。
PC-5の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.14dl/gであった。
また、PC-5の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-5は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.44であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.41であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
PTBP0.243gを2,2-ジフルオロ-2-(1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロー2-(パーフルオロブトキシ)エトキシ)エタノール0.694gとした他は実施例1と同様にしてPC共重合体(PC-6)を得た。
PC-6の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.12dl/gであった。
また、PC-6の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-6は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.44であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.41であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
PTBP0.243gを2,2-ジフルオロー2-(パーフルオロヘキシロキシ)エタノール0.682gとした他は実施例1と同様にしてPC共重合体(PC-7)を得た。
PC-7の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.15dl/gであった。
また、PC-7の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-7は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.44であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.41であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例5のDMCP-CF(18mL)と塩化メチレン(42mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.03g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。この溶液に、別途調製した芳香族2価フェノールモノマー溶液を全量添加し、反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を0.2mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC-8の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.17dl/gであった。
また、PC-8の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-8は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.93であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.34であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例6のOCB-CF(256mL)と塩化メチレン(383mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.433g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。この溶液に、別途調製した芳香族2価フェノールモノマー溶液を全量添加し、反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を2.0mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC-9の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.21dl/gであった。
また、PC-9の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-9は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.44であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.41であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例7のOCE-CF(256mL)と塩化メチレン(383mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.423g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。この溶液に、別途調製した芳香族2価フェノールモノマー溶液を全量添加し、反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を2.0mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC-10の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.19dl/gであった。
また、PC-10の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-10は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.38であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.42であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例2のCZ-CF(34mL)と塩化メチレン(26mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.03g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。この溶液に、別途調製した芳香族2価フェノールモノマー溶液を全量添加し、反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を0.2mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC-11の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は0.53dl/gであった。
また、PC-11の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-11は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.67であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.37であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例1のZ-CF(157mL)と塩化メチレン(227mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.336g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、この溶液に調製した4,4’-ビフェノール溶液を全量添加し、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を2.0mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC-12の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.15dl/gであった。
また、PC-12の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-12は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=1.38であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.42であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
メカニカルスターラー、撹拌羽根、邪魔板を装着した反応容器に、製造例8のPCO-CZ(256mL)と塩化メチレン(250mL)を注入した。これに末端停止剤としてPTBP(0.423g)を添加し、十分に混合されるように撹拌した。反応器内の温度が15℃になるまで冷却した後、この溶液に調製した4,4’-ビフェノール溶液を全量添加し、撹拌しながらトリエチルアミン水溶液(7vol%)を1.4mL添加し、1時間撹拌を継続した。
PC-13の還元粘度[ηsp/C]は1.16dl/gであった。
また、PC-13の構造及び組成を実施例1と同様にして求めた。PC-13は、下記の繰り返し単位を有し、繰り返し単位数n=4.56であり、共重合モル比Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)=0.18であるPC共重合体であることが確認された。
この明細書に記載の文献及び本願のパリ優先の基礎となる日本出願明細書の内容を全てここに援用する。
Claims (6)
- 下記式(1)の繰り返し単位を有し、Ar2/(Ar1+Ar2)で表される共重合モル比が30モル%以上47モル%以下であるポリカーボネート共重合体。
(式(1)中、Ar1は下記式(2a)又は(2b)で表される基であり、Ar2は下記式(3)で表される基である。nは平均繰返し数であり、1.12以上2.34以下である。
(式(2a)、(2b)中、R1~R3は、それぞれ炭素数1~10のアルキル基、又は炭素数1~10のフルオロアルキル基である。
R21及びR22は、それぞれ水素、又は炭素数1~3のアルキル基である。ただし、R21とR22は異なる。
式(3)中、R4及びR5はそれぞれ、炭素数1~10のアルキル基、炭素数1~10のフルオロアルキル基又は置換もしくは無置換の炭素数6~12のアリール基である。
式(2a)、(2b)、(3)において、kはそれぞれ1~4の整数であり、mはそれぞれ0~4の整数であり、lはそれぞれ0~4の整数であり、pは1~2の整数である。k、l、mが2以上の場合、複数の基はそれぞれ同一でも異なっていてもよい。)) - 連鎖末端が、1価の芳香族基又は1価のフッ素含有脂肪族基である請求項1に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体。
- 濃度0.5g/dl、温度20℃における塩化メチレン溶液の還元粘度[ηsp/C]が0.79~1.79dl/gであり、
濃度10wt%、温度20℃におけるテトラヒドロフラン溶液の粘性率が500cp未満であり、
前記還元粘度をXとしたとき、前記粘性率が下記で算出される値(Y)以下である請求項1又は2に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体。
Y=14.301×e2.2781X
(式中、eは自然対数の底(ネイピア数)である。) - 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体と有機溶剤を含む塗工液。
- 導電性基板上に感光層を設けた電子写真感光体であって、前記感光層の一成分として、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のポリカーボネート共重合体を含む電子写真感光体。
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| KR1020147023343A KR102005599B1 (ko) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | 폴리카보네이트 공중합체 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2013/000975 Ceased WO2013125229A1 (ja) | 2012-02-22 | 2013-02-21 | ポリカーボネート共重合体 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9458291B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2818494B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP6093342B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR102005599B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN103998487A (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI570151B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2013125229A1 (ja) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015184546A (ja) * | 2014-03-25 | 2015-10-22 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体 |
| JP2016206549A (ja) * | 2015-04-27 | 2016-12-08 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 積層型電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| JP2017015869A (ja) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-01-19 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| WO2017104849A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-16 | 2017-06-22 | 出光興産株式会社 | ビスクロロホーメート組成物、ビスクロロホーメート組成物の製造方法、ビスクロロホーメート組成物含有溶液、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂の製造方法、塗工液、電子写真感光体、および電子写真装置 |
| JP2018054819A (ja) * | 2016-09-28 | 2018-04-05 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、画像形成装置、及びプロセスカートリッジ |
| JP2019002950A (ja) * | 2017-06-12 | 2019-01-10 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ及び画像形成装置 |
| WO2021201226A1 (ja) * | 2020-04-01 | 2021-10-07 | 出光興産株式会社 | ポリカーボネート共重合体、塗工液、電子写真感光体、ポリカーボネート共重合体の製造方法、および電気機器 |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9551946B2 (en) * | 2013-05-27 | 2017-01-24 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate copolymer, coating liquid using same, molded body, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
| US20150261106A1 (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2015-09-17 | Kyocera Document Solutions Inc. | Electrophotographic photosensitive member |
| WO2016159244A1 (ja) * | 2015-04-03 | 2016-10-06 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 正帯電単層型電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| CN104861841A (zh) * | 2015-05-25 | 2015-08-26 | 江苏宏远新材料科技有限公司 | 用于衣服的阻燃薄膜 |
| JP6593063B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-25 | 2019-10-23 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジおよび画像形成装置 |
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| JPH04179961A (ja) | 1990-11-15 | 1992-06-26 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体 |
| JPH11172003A (ja) | 1997-12-12 | 1999-06-29 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 架橋ポリカーボネート樹脂の製造法および架橋ポリカーボネート樹脂ならびに電子写真感光体 |
| JP2004354759A (ja) * | 2003-05-29 | 2004-12-16 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体 |
| JP2005139339A (ja) | 2003-11-07 | 2005-06-02 | Kyocera Mita Corp | ポリカーボネート樹脂、電子写真感光体および画像形成装置 |
| JP2007119691A (ja) * | 2005-10-31 | 2007-05-17 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | ポリカーボネートオリゴマーおよびその製造方法 |
| JP2011026577A (ja) | 2009-06-26 | 2011-02-10 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | ポリカーボネート共重合体、それを用いた塗工液、及び電子写真感光体 |
| JP2011026574A (ja) | 2009-06-26 | 2011-02-10 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | ポリカーボネート共重合体、それを用いた塗工液、及び電子写真感光体 |
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| JPH0570582A (ja) * | 1991-09-17 | 1993-03-23 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 変性ポリカーボネート |
| JPH0827068A (ja) * | 1994-07-19 | 1996-01-30 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | ハロホーメート化合物の製造方法 |
| JP3777189B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-20 | 2006-05-24 | 出光興産株式会社 | ポリカーボネート系の重合体、それを用いた樹脂塗工液及びそれを用いた電子写真感光体 |
| US8372942B2 (en) | 2009-01-08 | 2013-02-12 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Polycarbonate resin, coating liquid containing same, and electrophotographic photosensitive body |
| KR101730194B1 (ko) | 2009-06-26 | 2017-04-25 | 이데미쓰 고산 가부시키가이샤 | 폴리카보네이트 공중합체, 그것을 사용한 도포액, 및 전자사진 감광체 |
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2013
- 2013-02-21 US US14/379,971 patent/US9458291B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-02-21 WO PCT/JP2013/000975 patent/WO2013125229A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2013-02-21 CN CN201380004312.3A patent/CN103998487A/zh active Pending
- 2013-02-21 KR KR1020147023343A patent/KR102005599B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-02-21 JP JP2014500593A patent/JP6093342B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-02-21 EP EP13752160.5A patent/EP2818494B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-02-22 TW TW102106305A patent/TWI570151B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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| JPH04179961A (ja) | 1990-11-15 | 1992-06-26 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体 |
| JPH11172003A (ja) | 1997-12-12 | 1999-06-29 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 架橋ポリカーボネート樹脂の製造法および架橋ポリカーボネート樹脂ならびに電子写真感光体 |
| JP2004354759A (ja) * | 2003-05-29 | 2004-12-16 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | 電子写真感光体 |
| JP2005139339A (ja) | 2003-11-07 | 2005-06-02 | Kyocera Mita Corp | ポリカーボネート樹脂、電子写真感光体および画像形成装置 |
| JP2007119691A (ja) * | 2005-10-31 | 2007-05-17 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | ポリカーボネートオリゴマーおよびその製造方法 |
| JP2011026577A (ja) | 2009-06-26 | 2011-02-10 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | ポリカーボネート共重合体、それを用いた塗工液、及び電子写真感光体 |
| JP2011026574A (ja) | 2009-06-26 | 2011-02-10 | Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd | ポリカーボネート共重合体、それを用いた塗工液、及び電子写真感光体 |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015184546A (ja) * | 2014-03-25 | 2015-10-22 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体 |
| JP2016206549A (ja) * | 2015-04-27 | 2016-12-08 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 積層型電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| JP2017015869A (ja) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-01-19 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
| WO2017104849A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-16 | 2017-06-22 | 出光興産株式会社 | ビスクロロホーメート組成物、ビスクロロホーメート組成物の製造方法、ビスクロロホーメート組成物含有溶液、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂の製造方法、塗工液、電子写真感光体、および電子写真装置 |
| JPWO2017104849A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-16 | 2018-10-04 | 出光興産株式会社 | ビスクロロホーメート組成物、ビスクロロホーメート組成物の製造方法、ビスクロロホーメート組成物含有溶液、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂の製造方法、塗工液、電子写真感光体、および電子写真装置 |
| US11269263B2 (en) | 2015-12-16 | 2022-03-08 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Bischloroformate composition, bischloroformate composition production method, bischloroformate composition-containing solution, polycarbonate resin, polycarbonate resin production method, coating liquid, electrophotographic photoreceptor, and electrophotographic device |
| JP2018054819A (ja) * | 2016-09-28 | 2018-04-05 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、画像形成装置、及びプロセスカートリッジ |
| JP2019002950A (ja) * | 2017-06-12 | 2019-01-10 | 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ及び画像形成装置 |
| WO2021201226A1 (ja) * | 2020-04-01 | 2021-10-07 | 出光興産株式会社 | ポリカーボネート共重合体、塗工液、電子写真感光体、ポリカーボネート共重合体の製造方法、および電気機器 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI570151B (zh) | 2017-02-11 |
| KR102005599B1 (ko) | 2019-07-30 |
| TW201343715A (zh) | 2013-11-01 |
| US9458291B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
| JPWO2013125229A1 (ja) | 2015-07-30 |
| EP2818494B1 (en) | 2018-12-26 |
| EP2818494A1 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
| EP2818494A4 (en) | 2015-10-28 |
| JP6093342B2 (ja) | 2017-03-08 |
| KR20140127261A (ko) | 2014-11-03 |
| US20150010859A1 (en) | 2015-01-08 |
| CN103998487A (zh) | 2014-08-20 |
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