WO2013161949A1 - マンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物 - Google Patents
マンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013161949A1 WO2013161949A1 PCT/JP2013/062235 JP2013062235W WO2013161949A1 WO 2013161949 A1 WO2013161949 A1 WO 2013161949A1 JP 2013062235 W JP2013062235 W JP 2013062235W WO 2013161949 A1 WO2013161949 A1 WO 2013161949A1
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- transition metal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/54—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (Mn2O4)-, e.g. Li(NixMn2-x)O4 or Li(MyNixMn2-x-y)O4
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/30—Three-dimensional structures
- C01P2002/32—Three-dimensional structures spinel-type (AB2O4)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/77—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by unit-cell parameters, atom positions or structure diagrams
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide that can be used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery, and in particular, a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more (5 V class). Related to things.
- Lithium secondary batteries have features such as high energy density and long life, so electric appliances such as home appliances such as video cameras, portable electronic devices such as notebook computers and mobile phones, and power tools It is widely used as a power source for tools and the like, and has recently been applied to large batteries mounted on electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).
- EV electric vehicles
- HEV hybrid electric vehicles
- a lithium secondary battery is a secondary battery with a structure in which lithium is melted as ions from the positive electrode during charging, moves to the negative electrode and is stored, and reversely, lithium ions return from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharging. It is known to be caused by the potential of the positive electrode material.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material of this type of lithium secondary battery include lithium transition metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 and LiMnO 2 having a layer structure, and manganese such as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4.
- a lithium transition metal oxide having a spinel structure (Fd-3m) (referred to as “manganese spinel lithium transition metal oxide” in the present invention) is known.
- Manganese spinel-type lithium transition metal oxides have low raw material prices, are not toxic and safe, and are strong against overcharging, so large batteries such as electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) It is attracting attention as a next-generation positive electrode active material.
- spinel lithium transition metal oxide (LMO) capable of three-dimensional Li ion insertion / extraction is superior in output characteristics to lithium transition metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 having a layer structure. Therefore, it is expected to be used in applications that require excellent output characteristics such as EV batteries and HEV batteries.
- Patent Document 1 as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery exhibiting an electromotive force of 4.5 V or higher (5 V class), chromium is an essential additive component to spinel type lithium manganese composite oxide, and nickel or cobalt is further added.
- a high capacity spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide positive electrode active material is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a spinel crystal LiMn 2-yz Ni y M z O 4 that charges and discharges at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to Li metal (where M: Fe, Co, Ti, V, At least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Zn, Ga, Nb, Mo, Cu, 0.25 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1) is disclosed.
- Li a (M x Mn 2 -xy A y ) O 4 (wherein, as a positive electrode material for a high energy density lithium ion secondary battery having a high voltage of 4.5 V or higher with respect to Li, 0.4 ⁇ x, 0 ⁇ y, x + y ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Cr and Cu, and is at least one or more containing Ni A includes at least one metal element selected from Si and Ti, provided that when A includes only Ti, the value of the ratio y of A is 0.1 ⁇ y. )) Is disclosed.
- Manganese spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide capable of realizing a conventionally proposed high-energy density lithium-ion secondary battery, particularly a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide having an operating potential of 4.5 V or more (5 V class) (Also referred to as “5V class spinel”) has had a serious problem in practical use in which any 5V class spinel generally has a large amount of gas generation during a high-temperature cycle.
- the present invention provides a new manganese that can suppress the amount of gas generated during a high-temperature cycle in a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide (5V class spinel) that exhibits an operating potential of 4.5 V or more (5 V class).
- a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide (5V class spinel) that exhibits an operating potential of 4.5 V or more (5 V class).
- the present invention proposes a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide characterized by having 2 ⁇ b / a ⁇ 8.
- the relationship between a and b in the above formula is 2 ⁇ b / a ⁇ 8.
- the molar ratio of Ti to Li at the 16d site is 2-8.
- FIG. 2 is an XRD pattern of a manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. It is a charging / discharging curve at the time of using the manganese system spinel type lithium transition metal oxide obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 2 is an XRD pattern of a manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. It is a charging / discharging curve at the time of using the manganese system spinel type lithium transition metal oxide obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.
- a manganese-based spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide (referred to as “the present spinel”) according to an example of the embodiment of the present invention has a general formula: Li [Ni y Mn 2 ⁇ (a + b) ⁇ yz Li a Ti b M z ]
- This spinel having such a composition can exhibit an operating potential of 4.5 V or more (5 V class).
- “y” may be 0.30 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.60, preferably 0.32 ⁇ y or y ⁇ 0.5, and more preferably 0.33 ⁇ y or It is even more preferable that y ⁇ 0.48.
- “y” is below the above range, the 5V capacity is reduced, and when it is above, formation of a single layer is difficult.
- “b / a” in the above general formula means the molar ratio of Ti to Li at the 16d site.
- the lattice constant of the present spinel is preferably 8.16 to 8.22 mm, more preferably 8.17 mm or more or 8.21 mm or less, of which 8 More preferably, it is 18 mm or more or 8.20 mm or less. If the lattice constant in this spinel is within the above range, both the output characteristics and the life characteristics can be achieved at a high level.
- the molar ratio of Ti to Li at the 16d site to which Mn belongs is 2 to It should be set to 8.
- the oxygen site occupancy obtained by Rietveld analysis is preferably 0.87 to 1.00 from the viewpoint of cycle characteristics, and more preferably 0.90 or more and 0.99 or less. Among these, 0.92 or more or 0.99 or less is even more preferable.
- the temperature of firing or heat treatment may be adjusted.
- the specific surface area of the spinel from the viewpoint of reactivity with the electrolytic solution is preferably from 0.10m 2 /g ⁇ 1.00m 2 / g, inter alia 0.60 m 2 / g or less, 0.50 m Among them More preferably, it is 2 / g or less.
- the present spinel is characterized in that the amount of gas generation can be remarkably suppressed despite having a specific surface area comparable to that of a conventional manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide.
- This spinel is made by mixing raw materials such as lithium salt compound, manganese salt compound, nickel salt compound, titanium salt compound and metal (M) salt compound, pulverizing with a wet pulverizer, etc. Can be granulated and dried using, fired, heat treated, and further classified as necessary. At this time, it is preferable to design the raw material composition so that the molar ratio of Ti to Li at the 16d site to which Mn belongs is 2-8.
- the manufacturing method of this spinel is not limited to this manufacturing method. For example, a granulated powder for firing may be produced by a so-called coprecipitation method.
- lithium salt compound examples include lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), LiOH ⁇ H 2 O, lithium oxide (Li 2 O), other fatty acid lithium and lithium halogen. And the like. Of these, lithium hydroxide salts, carbonates and nitrates are preferred.
- the manganese salt compound is not particularly limited.
- manganese carbonate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride, manganese dioxide, dimanganese trioxide, trimanganese tetroxide and the like can be used, and among these, manganese carbonate and manganese dioxide are preferable.
- electrolytic manganese dioxide obtained by an electrolytic method is particularly preferable.
- the kind of the nickel salt compound is not particularly limited, and for example, nickel carbonate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, nickel oxyhydroxide, nickel hydroxide, nickel oxide, etc. can be used, among which nickel carbonate, nickel hydroxide, nickel oxide are used. preferable.
- titanium (Ti) and metal (M) salt compounds include metal carbonates such as titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), and cobalt (Co), nitrates, chlorides, and oxyhydroxides. , Hydroxides, oxides, and the like can be used.
- the mixing of the raw materials is preferably performed by adding a liquid medium such as water or a dispersant and wet mixing to make a slurry, and the obtained slurry is preferably pulverized by a wet pulverizer.
- a liquid medium such as water or a dispersant and wet mixing
- dry pulverization may be performed.
- the granulation method may be wet or dry as long as the various raw materials pulverized in the previous step are dispersed in the granulated particles without being separated, and the extrusion granulation method, rolling granulation method, fluidized granulation method, A mixed granulation method, a spray drying granulation method, a pressure molding granulation method, or a flake granulation method using a roll or the like may be used.
- wet granulation it is necessary to sufficiently dry before firing.
- a drying method it may be dried by a known drying method such as a spray heat drying method, a hot air drying method, a vacuum drying method, a freeze drying method, etc. Among them, the spray heat drying method is preferable.
- the spray heat drying method is preferably performed using a heat spray dryer (spray dryer).
- Firing is performed at a temperature of 800 to 1000 ° C. (in a calcined product in the calcining furnace) in an air atmosphere, an atmosphere in which oxygen partial pressure is adjusted, a carbon dioxide gas atmosphere, or other atmosphere in a calcining furnace. It is preferably fired so as to hold for 0.5 to 300 hours at the temperature when a thermocouple is brought into contact. At this time, it is preferable to select firing conditions in which the transition metal is solid-solved at the atomic level and exhibits a single phase.
- the kind of baking furnace is not specifically limited. For example, it can be fired using a rotary kiln, a stationary furnace, or other firing furnace.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere of 600 ° C. to 850 ° C., preferably 700 ° C. or more or 800 ° C. or less for 0.5 to 300 hours so that the oxygen of this spinel can be easily taken in. .
- the heat treatment is performed at a temperature lower than 600 ° C., it is difficult to obtain the effect of the heat treatment and oxygen may not be taken in.
- heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than 850 ° C., sintering starts and the desired powder characteristics of the present invention cannot be obtained.
- the spinel can be effectively used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery after being crushed and classified as necessary.
- the positive electrode mixture can be manufactured by mixing the present spinel, a conductive material made of carbon black or the like, and a binder made of Teflon (registered trademark) binder or the like.
- a positive electrode mixture is used for the positive electrode
- a material that can occlude and desorb lithium such as lithium or carbon is used for the negative electrode
- a lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) is used for the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a lithium battery can be formed by using a material in which is dissolved in a mixed solvent such as ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate.
- Lithium batteries configured in this way are, for example, notebook computers, mobile phones, cordless phones, video movies, LCD TVs, electric shavers, portable radios, headphone stereos, backup power supplies, memory cards, and other electronic devices, pacemakers, hearing aids It can be used as a drive power source for medical equipment such as electric vehicles.
- mobile phones that require excellent cycle characteristics
- portable computers such as PDAs (personal digital assistants) and notebook computers
- electric vehicles including hybrid vehicles
- power sources for driving power storage etc. It is valid.
- SN Dispersant 5468 manufactured by San Nopco Co., Ltd.
- the average particle size (D50) was 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- the obtained pulverized slurry was granulated and dried using a thermal spray dryer (spray dryer, OC-16 manufactured by Okawahara Chemical Co., Ltd.). At this time, a rotating disk was used for spraying, and granulation drying was performed by adjusting the temperature so that the rotation speed was 30000 rpm, the slurry supply amount was 24 kg / hr, and the outlet temperature of the drying tower was 100 ° C.
- the obtained granulated powder was fired in the atmosphere at 950 ° C. for 70 hours using a stationary electric furnace.
- the fired powder obtained by firing was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m to obtain a manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide powder (sample).
- Example 2-5 A manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide powder (sample) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the raw material was changed based on b / a in Table 1.
- Example 6 Manganese spinel type lithium as in Example 1 except that the composition of the raw material was changed and 0.014% by mass of lithium tetraborate (Li 2 B 4 O 7 ) was added based on b / a in Table 1. A transition metal oxide powder (sample) was obtained.
- Li 2 B 4 O 7 lithium tetraborate
- the specific surface area of the manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide powder (sample) obtained in the examples and comparative examples was measured as follows. First, 0.5 g of a sample (powder) is weighed in a glass cell for a flow method gas adsorption specific surface area measuring device MONOSORB LOOP (“Product Name MS-18” manufactured by Yuasa Ionics Co., Ltd.), and the MONOSORB LOOP pretreatment is performed. In the apparatus, the inside of the glass cell was replaced with nitrogen gas for 5 minutes at a gas amount of 30 mL / min, and then heat treatment was performed at 250 ° C. for 10 minutes in the nitrogen gas atmosphere. Then, the sample (powder) was measured by the BET single point method using the MONOSORB LOOP. The adsorbed gas at the time of measurement was a mixed gas of 30% nitrogen: 70% helium.
- XRD measurement XRD measurement is performed under the following conditions using an apparatus name “D8 ADVANCE manufactured by Bruker AXS Co., Ltd.” to obtain an XRD pattern, and based on this, Rietveld analysis is performed with Topas Version 3, lattice constant, Oxygen seat occupancy was determined. Further, the validity of the Ti / Li ratio at the 16d site was determined. At this time, the validity indexes were Rwp ⁇ 10 and GOF ⁇ 2.0.
- XRD measurement conditions Radiation source: CuK ⁇ , operation axis: 2 ⁇ / ⁇ , measurement method: continuous, counting unit: cps Start angle: 10 °, end angle: 120 °, Detector: PSD Detector Type: VANTEC-1 High Voltage: 5585V Discr. Lower Level: 0.35V Discr.
- a laminate type battery was prepared using the manganese-based spinel type lithium transition metal oxide powder (sample) prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples as a positive electrode active material, and the following gas generation evaluation test and battery performance evaluation were performed using this battery. A test was conducted.
- the negative electrode current collector As the negative electrode current collector, a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m was used. 92 wt% of graphite as an active material and 8 wt% of PVDF as a binder were mixed, and NMP was added to prepare a paste. This paste was uniformly applied to the negative electrode current collector and dried at 100 ° C. Then, it pressed to thickness 80micrometer and produced the negative electrode sheet.
- a separator (made of a porous polyethylene film) impregnated with 2% by volume of an electrolytic solution was placed and a laminate type battery was produced.
- the charge / discharge voltage range was 3.0 to 5.0 V in the first cycle.
- a current value was calculated from the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode so that the charge / discharge rate was 0.2 C, and the current was passed.
- the ratio of the capacity of 2C to the capacity of 0.1C ( ⁇ 100) was measured, and the capacity (mAh / g) at the third cycle at 0.1C was measured as the initial capacity. Indicated.
- “b / a” is the molar ratio of Ti to Li at the 16d site.
- the molar ratio of Ti to Li at the 16d site was adjusted to 2-8. It can be considered that the capacity reduction and the amount of gas generation can be remarkably suppressed. Such an effect can be considered to be the same for the case where metals such as Al, Mg, Fe, and Co are further substituted because Mn can be substituted alone for Mn.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の実施形態の一例に係るマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物(「本スピネル」と称する)は、一般式:Li[NiyMn2-(a+b)-y-zLiaTibMz]O4で示されるマンガン系スピネル型(空間群Fd-3m)リチウム遷移金属酸化物である。
「z」は、0≦z≦0.30であればよく、中でも0.01≦z
或いはz ≦0.25であるのが好ましく、その中でも0.02≦z 或いはz≦0.20であるのがより一層好ましい。
2≦b/a≦8の範囲であれば、本材料の本質的問題であるガス発生量を半減することが可能となり、ガス発生という課題を解決することができる。
この際、前記一般式における「b/a」は、16dサイトにおけるLiに対するTiのモル比率を意味するものである。
Fe、Coは、Ni同様に5V級の作動電位発現能力を有し、また、Al,Mgは、酸素との結合力を強化し、構造安定性を向上する効果がある。
充放電の際のLiイオンの挿脱の容易さの観点から、本スピネルにおける格子定数は8.16Å~8.22Åであるのが好ましく、中でも8.17Å以上或いは8.21Å以下、その中でも8.18Å以上或いは8.20Å以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
本スピネルにおける格子定数が前記範囲であれば、出力特性と寿命特性を高水準で両立可能である。
本スピネルにおいて、リートベルト解析で求められる酸素席占有率は、サイクル特性の観点から、0.87~1.00であるのが好ましく、中でも0.90以上或いは0.99以下であるのがさらに好ましく、中でも0.92以上或いは0.99以下であるのがより一層好ましい。
なお、本スピネルの酸素席占有率を0.87~1.00とするには、焼成や熱処理の温度を調整すればよい。
本スピネルの比表面積は、電解液との反応性の観点から、0.10m2/g~1.00m2/gであるのが好ましく、中でも0.60m2/g以下、その中でも0.50m2/g以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
一般的に、比表面積が大きくなればガス発生量も大きくなるのが技術常識である。ところが、本スピネルは、従来のマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物と同程度の比表面積を有しているにもかかわらず、ガス発生量を顕著に抑えることができる点に特徴がある。
本スピネルは、原料、例えばリチウム塩化合物、マンガン塩化合物、ニッケル塩化合物、チタン塩化合物及び金属(M)塩化合物などの原料を混合し、湿式粉砕機等で粉砕した後、熱噴霧乾燥機等を用いて造粒乾燥させ、焼成し、熱処理し、さらに必要に応じて分級して得ることができる。
この際、Mnが属する16dサイトにおけるLiに対するTiのモル比率が2~8になるように、原料組成を設計するのが好ましい。
ただし、本スピネルの製造方法がかかる製造方法に限定されるものではない。例えば所謂共沈法によって焼成に供する造粒粉を作製してもよい。
ニッケル塩化合物の種類も特に制限はなく、例えば炭酸ニッケル、硝酸ニッケル、塩化ニッケル、オキシ水酸化ニッケル、水酸化ニッケル、酸化ニッケルなどを用いることができ、中でも炭酸ニッケル、水酸化ニッケル、酸化ニッケルが好ましい。
そして、平均粒径(D50)が0.2μm~1.0μmとなるように粉砕するのが好ましい。
焼成炉の種類は特に限定するものではない。例えばロータリーキルン、静置炉、その他の焼成炉を用いて焼成することができる。
本スピネルは、必要に応じて解砕・分級した後、リチウム電池の正極活物質として有効に利用することができる。
例えば、本スピネルと、カーボンブラック等からなる導電材と、テフロン(登録商標)バインダー等からなる結着剤とを混合して正極合剤を製造することができる。そしてそのような正極合剤を正極に用い、負極にはリチウムまたはカーボン等のリチウムを吸蔵、脱蔵できる材料を用い、非水系電解質には六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)等のリチウム塩をエチレンカーボネート-ジメチルカーボネート等の混合溶媒に溶解したものを用いてリチウム電池を構成することができる。
本明細書において「X~Y」(X,Yは任意の数字)と表現する場合、特にことわらない限り「X以上Y以下」の意と共に、「好ましくはXより大きい」或いは「好ましくはYより小さい」の意も包含する。
また、「X以上」(Xは任意の数字)或いは「Y以下」(Yは任意の数字)と表現した場合、「Xより大きいことが好ましい」或いは「Y未満であることが好ましい」旨の意図も包含する。
炭酸リチウムと、電解二酸化マンガンと、水酸化ニッケルと、アナターゼ型酸化チタンとを、モル比でLi:Mn:Ni:Ti=1.02:1.46:0.42:0.1となるように秤量し、水を加えて混合攪拌して固形分濃度10wt%のスラリーを調製した。
得られたスラリー(原料粉500g)に、分散剤としてポリカルボン酸アンモニウム塩(サンノプコ(株)製 SNディスパーサント5468)を前記スラリー固形分の5wt%添加し、湿式粉砕機で1300rpm、29分間粉砕して平均粒径(D50)を0.5μm以下とした。
得られた粉砕スラリーを熱噴霧乾燥機(スプレードライヤー、大川原化工機(株)製OC‐16)を用いて造粒乾燥させた。この際、噴霧には回転ディスクを用い、回転数30000rpm、スラリー供給量24kg/hr、乾燥塔の出口温度100℃となるように温度を調節して造粒乾燥を行なった。
表1のb/aに基づき原料の組成を変化させた以外は、実施例1と同様にマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
表1のb/aに基づき、原料の組成を変化させると共に、四硼酸リチウム(Li2B4O7)を0.014質量%加えた以外は、実施例1と同様にマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
実施例及び比較例で得られたマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)の物性値を次のように測定した。
実施例及び比較例で得られたマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、ICP分析して、組成を調べた。
分析装置にはSIIナノテクノロジー社製SPS-3520Vを使用し、Li分析線の測定波長は610.362nmを用いた。
なお、分析結果から、添加した量と分析値が同じとなることが確認された。
実施例及び比較例で得られたマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)の比表面積を次のようにして測定した。
先ず、サンプル(粉体)0.5gを流動方式ガス吸着法比表面積測定装置MONOSORB LOOP(ユアサアイオニクス株式会社製「製品名MS‐18」)用ガラスセルに秤量し、前記MONOSORB LOOP用前処理装置にて、30mL/minのガス量にて5分間窒素ガスでガラスセル内を置換した後、前記窒素ガス雰囲気中で250℃10分間、熱処理を行った。その後、前記MONOSORB LOOPを用い、サンプル(粉体)をBET一点法にて測定した。
なお、測定時の吸着ガスは、窒素30%:ヘリウム70%の混合ガスを用いた。
XRD測定は、装置名「ブルカー・エイエックスエス株式会社製D8 ADVANCE」を用い、下記条件で測定を行ってXRDパターンを得て、これに基づいてリートベルト解析をTopas Version3によって行い、格子定数、酸素席占有率を求めた。
また、16dサイトのTi/Li比率の妥当性を求めた。この際、妥当性の指標は、Rwp<10、GOF<2.0とした。
線源:CuKα、操作軸:2θ/θ、測定方法:連続、計数単位:cps
開始角度:10°、終了角度:120°、
Detector:PSD
Detector Type:VANTEC-1
High Voltage:5585V
Discr. Lower Level:0.35V
Discr. Window Width:0.25V
Grid Lower Level:0.075V
Grid Window Width:0.524V
Flood Field Correction:Disabled
Primary radius:250mm
Secondary radius:250mm
Receiving slit width:0.1436626mm
Divergence angle:0.3°
Filament Length:12mm
Sample Length:25mm
Recieving Slit Length:12mm
Primary Sollers:2.623°
Secondary Sollers:2.623°
Lorentzian,1/Cos:0.004933548Th
実施例・比較例で作製したマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)を正極活物質として用いてラミネート型電池を作製し、これを用いて以下に示すガス発生評価試験及び電池性能評価試験を行った。
実施例・比較例で作製したマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物粉末(サンプル)89wt%と、導電助材としてのアセチレンブラック5wt%と、結着材としてのPVDF6wt%とを混合し、NMP(N-メチルピロリドン)を加えてペースト状に調整した。このペーストを厚さ15μmのAl箔集電体に塗布し、120℃で乾燥させた。その後、厚さ80μmにプレスして正極シートを作製した。
上記した方法で作製したラミネート型電池を、12時間放置した後、電流密度0.2mA/cm2で、測定環境25℃で両電極間の電位差が4.9Vになるまで充電を行い、その後3.0Vになるまで0.2mA/cm2で放電を行った。その後、測定環境温度を45℃にして4時間放置し上記と同じ電流密度で、両電極間の電位差が4.9Vになるまでの充電を行い、その電圧を168時間維持した後、同じ電流密度で3.0Vまでの放電行った。
ここまでに発生するガス発生量(mL)は、浸漬容積法(アルキメデスの原理に基づく溶媒置換法)により計測した。
なお、表1の結果は、ラミネート型電池2個について、それぞれの測定数値から求めた平均値である。
上記した方法で作製したラミネート型電池を用いて充放電を行い、次のように電池性能評価した。
そして、レート特性として、0.1Cの容量に対する2Cの容量の比率(×100)を測定すると共に、初期容量として0.1Cにおける3サイクル目の容量(mAh/g)を測定し、表1に示した。
表1における「b/a」は、実施例1―6及び比較例1-3で得られたマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物を、一般式:Li
[NiyMn2-(a+b)-y-zLiaTibMz]O4(式中、M=Al、Mg、Fe及びCoからなる群のうちから少なくとも1つ以上選ばれる金属元素)で示した場合の「a」に対する「b」の比率である。
表1の結果、2≦b/a≦8の関係を満たす場合に、ガス発生を顕著に抑えることができることが分かった。
このような効果は、Mnに対して単独で置換可能であるという点から、Al、Mg、Fe、Coなどの金属をさらに置換した場合についても、同様なことが言えるものと考えることができる。
Claims (5)
- Li[NiyMn2-(a+b)-y-zLiaTibMz]O4(式中、0≦z≦0.3、0.3≦y<0.6であって、M=Al、Mg、Fe及びCoからなる群のうちから少なくとも1つ以上選ばれる金属元素)で示されるマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物であって、
前記式において、a>0であり、b>0であり、かつ2≦b/a≦8であることを特徴とするマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物。 - 格子定数が8.16Å~8.22Åであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物。
- 比表面積が0.10m2/g~1.00m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物。
- リートベル解析で求められる酸素席占有率が0.87~1.00であること特徴とする請求項1~3の何れかに記載のマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物。
- 請求項1~4の何れかに記載されたマンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物を正極活物質として備えたリチウム二次電池。
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| US14/397,324 US9537140B2 (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-04-25 | Manganese spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide |
| JP2013548685A JP5523637B2 (ja) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-04-25 | マンガン系スピネル型リチウム遷移金属酸化物 |
| KR1020147023790A KR101463881B1 (ko) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-04-25 | 망간계 스피넬형 리튬 천이 금속 산화물 |
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| WO2016080222A1 (ja) * | 2014-11-17 | 2016-05-26 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 車載用電池及び車載用電源装置 |
| CN105895950A (zh) * | 2016-01-22 | 2016-08-24 | 西北工业大学 | 全锰系锂离子电池及其制备方法 |
| WO2018168470A1 (ja) | 2017-03-14 | 2018-09-20 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | スピネル型リチウムニッケルマンガン含有複合酸化物 |
| US10263256B2 (en) | 2015-09-17 | 2019-04-16 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Spinel type lithium nickel manganese-containing composite oxide |
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| WO2016129527A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-12 | 2016-08-18 | 株式会社カネカ | 非水電解液二次電池及び非水電解液二次電池の正極 |
| US10446842B2 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2019-10-15 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | 5V-class spinel-type lithium-manganese-containing composite oxide |
| JP6630725B2 (ja) | 2015-04-30 | 2020-01-15 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 5v級スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物 |
| WO2017150504A1 (ja) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-09-08 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物 |
| CN106450282A (zh) * | 2016-11-19 | 2017-02-22 | 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 | 一种大单晶镍锰酸锂正极材料及其制备方法 |
| KR102324996B1 (ko) | 2017-08-14 | 2021-11-12 | 미쓰이금속광업주식회사 | 전고체형 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질 |
| JP6849812B2 (ja) | 2017-08-28 | 2021-03-31 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 全固体型リチウム二次電池用正極活物質 |
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| JP2014166951A (ja) | 2014-09-11 |
| KR101463881B1 (ko) | 2014-11-20 |
| GB2516185A (en) | 2015-01-14 |
| JP5523637B2 (ja) | 2014-06-18 |
| US20150147652A1 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
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| GB201418747D0 (en) | 2014-12-03 |
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