WO2013151062A1 - 電池用正極ペースト - Google Patents
電池用正極ペースト Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013151062A1 WO2013151062A1 PCT/JP2013/060117 JP2013060117W WO2013151062A1 WO 2013151062 A1 WO2013151062 A1 WO 2013151062A1 JP 2013060117 W JP2013060117 W JP 2013060117W WO 2013151062 A1 WO2013151062 A1 WO 2013151062A1
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- positive electrode
- electrode paste
- copolymer
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- structural unit
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode paste for a battery.
- a positive electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery is prepared by preparing a positive electrode paste in which a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder are dispersed in a solvent, and continuously applying the paste to a current collector such as an aluminum foil. In order to remove the solvent by volatilization. When the line speed of this electrode plate coating process is increased, the time during which the electrode plate stays in the drying furnace is shortened, resulting in insufficient drying.
- a method of increasing the drying speed by increasing the temperature and air volume in the drying furnace can be considered, but rapid drying reduces the adhesion of the positive electrode mixture layer or uses an organic solvent. If this is the case, there arises a problem that the combustible gas concentration in the drying furnace becomes too high.
- a method of securing a residence time in the drying furnace by increasing the length of the drying furnace can be considered, but there is a problem that expensive capital investment is required.
- the drying time can be shortened by increasing the mass ratio of solids in the positive electrode paste (hereinafter, paste solid content), that is, by reducing the content of the solvent. It is done.
- paste solid content the mass ratio of solids in the positive electrode paste
- the viscosity of the paste is increased, there is a problem that the coatability is deteriorated such as fading.
- Patent Document 1 shows that dispersibility of the positive electrode paste can be improved and the viscosity of the positive electrode paste can be reduced by chemically bonding a monomer to the surface of the conductive agent, followed by heat polymerization and using this for the positive electrode paste.
- a monomer to the surface of the conductive agent
- heat polymerization and using this for the positive electrode paste.
- Patent Document 2 shows that the dispersibility of the conductive agent in the positive electrode paste can be improved by adding a surfactant.
- a surfactant it is indispensable to add a dispersing agent and stir before introducing the conductive agent. This causes a plurality of kneading operations, and there is a concern about a decrease in production efficiency.
- Patent Document 3 describes that a dispersant is used to improve the fluidity of a positive electrode paste containing a large amount of a conductive agent having a large specific surface area.
- comparative data clarifying the effect of reducing viscosity by this is not shown.
- there is only one type of dispersant used here and it is unclear whether the viscosity reducing effect can be obtained with all the dispersants.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode paste for a battery having a high solid content that can shorten the drying time of the positive electrode mixture without impairing the coatability of the positive electrode paste and the adhesion of the positive electrode mixture after coating.
- the purpose is to provide.
- the present inventors have obtained a viscosity reducing effect of the positive electrode paste or a coating of the positive electrode paste due to the difference in structure when a copolymer having a specific structure is used as the dispersant. It has been found that there is a large difference in the adhesion of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- the first invention is a positive electrode paste for a battery including a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a solvent, and a copolymer, wherein the copolymer includes the structural unit (a) represented by the following general formula (1) and It is a battery positive electrode paste which is a copolymer containing the structural unit (b) represented by the following general formula (2).
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 9 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R 4 has 8 to 30 carbon atoms
- a hydrocarbon group R 8 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms
- X 1 and X 2 represent an oxygen atom or NH
- p represents a number of 1 to 50.
- the positive electrode for a battery having a high solid content that can shorten the drying time of the positive electrode mixture without impairing the coating property of the positive electrode paste and the adhesion of the positive electrode mixture after coating.
- a paste can be provided.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a solvent, and a copolymer containing the structural unit (a) represented by the general formula (1) and the structural unit (b) represented by the general formula (2).
- the details of the mechanism of the effect of the present invention are not clear, but the applicant presumes as follows.
- the copolymer contained in the positive electrode paste for a battery of the present invention has a constitution in which the structural unit (a) having a hydrophobic group is firmly adsorbed on the surface of the positive electrode active material or the conductive agent in the paste and has a polyoxyalkylene group. It is considered that the unit (b) brings about a strong three-dimensional repulsive force between the particles, thereby producing an effect of suppressing aggregation of particles in the paste and reducing the viscosity of the paste.
- the positive electrode paste needs to maintain good adhesion with an aluminum foil or the like as a positive electrode current collector, but usually a dispersant acts on the interface between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture. Therefore, the adhesion is reduced.
- the copolymer is firmly adsorbed on the particle surface of the positive electrode active material and the conductive agent in the paste by the structural unit (a), and the solubility of the copolymer in the solvent is controlled. Suppresses bleeding out of the copolymer having the property to the positive electrode current collector interface, the adhesiveness is improved, and the positive electrode composite peel strength is also improved.
- these are estimations, and the present invention is not limited to these mechanisms.
- the copolymer used for this invention contains the structural unit (a) shown by the said General formula (1), and the structural unit (b) shown by the said General formula (2).
- R 1 and R 2 are preferably hydrogen atoms
- R 3 is A hydrogen atom or a methyl group is preferable, and a methyl group is more preferable.
- R 4 is preferably an alkyl group or an alkenyl group.
- the carbon number of R 4 is 8 or more, preferably 10 or more. 12 or more is more preferable, and from the same viewpoint, 26 or less is preferable, 22 or less is more preferable, and 20 or less is more preferable. Taking these viewpoints together, the carbon number of R 4 is preferably 8 to 26, more preferably 10 to 22, and still more preferably 12 to 20. Specific examples of R 4 include octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, decyl, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, stearyl, oleyl, and behenyl groups. From the viewpoint of easy introduction of the structural unit (a) into the copolymer, X 1 is preferably an oxygen atom.
- monomer (a) examples include 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, octyl (meth) acrylate.
- Ester compounds such as lauryl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, isostearyl (meth) acrylate, and behenyl (meth) acrylate; 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylamide, octyl (meth) acrylamide, lauryl (meth) acrylamide, Examples include amide compounds such as stearyl (meth) acrylamide and behenyl (meth) acrylamide.
- lauryl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, and behenyl (meth) acrylate are preferable from the viewpoint of the viscosity reduction effect of the positive electrode paste and the ease of introduction of the structural unit (a) into the copolymer.
- these monomers one type or two or more types can be used.
- the proportion of the structural unit (a) in the copolymer used in the present invention is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more from the viewpoint of maintaining the positive electrode paste viscosity reduction effect and the positive electrode composite peel strength. 15% by mass or more is more preferable.
- the proportion of the structural unit (a) in the copolymer used in the present invention is preferably 5 to 90% by mass, more preferably 10 to 85% by mass, and further preferably 15 to 80% by mass. 15 to 72% by mass is even more preferable.
- R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen atoms from the viewpoint of improving the dispersibility of the positive electrode active material and the conductive agent in the positive electrode paste and ease of introducing the structural unit (b) into the copolymer.
- R 7 and R 9 are preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and more preferably a methyl group.
- R 8 is preferably an ethylene group or a propylene group, and more preferably an ethylene group.
- p is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 2 or more, and even more preferably 3 or more.
- X 2 is preferably an oxygen atom.
- Examples of the structural unit (b) include a structure derived from a nonionic monomer and a structure in which a nonionic group is introduced after polymerization.
- examples of the monomer that gives the structural unit (b) include methoxypolyethylene glycol (meth) acrylate and methoxypoly (ethylene glycol / propylene glycol).
- a monomer represented by the following general formula (3) is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the dispersibility of the positive electrode active material and the conductive agent in the positive electrode paste.
- R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 9 are the same or different and represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group, and R 8 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- X 2 represents an oxygen atom or NH
- p represents a number of 1 to 50.
- R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen atoms from the viewpoint of improving the dispersibility of the positive electrode active material and the conductive agent in the positive electrode paste and ease of introducing the structural unit (b) into the copolymer.
- R 7 and R 9 are preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and more preferably a methyl group.
- R 8 is preferably an ethylene group or a propylene group, and more preferably an ethylene group.
- p is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 2 or more, and even more preferably 3 or more.
- 50 or less is preferable, 35 or less is more preferable, and 20 or less is more preferable.
- p is preferably 1 to 50, more preferably 2 to 35, and even more preferably 3 to 20.
- X 2 is preferably an oxygen atom.
- the proportion of the structural unit (b) in the copolymer used in the present invention is preferably 10% by mass or more and more preferably 15% by mass or more from the viewpoint of maintaining the positive electrode paste viscosity reduction effect and the positive electrode composite peel strength. 20% by mass or more is more preferable, and 23% by mass or more is more preferable. Moreover, from the same viewpoint, 85 mass% or less is preferable, 80 mass% or less is more preferable, and 75 mass% or less is further more preferable.
- the proportion of the structural unit (b) in the copolymer used in the present invention is preferably 10 to 85% by mass, more preferably 15 to 80% by mass, and still more preferably 20 to 75% by mass. 23 to 75% by mass is more preferable.
- the mass ratio (constituent unit (a) / constituent unit (b)) of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) contained in the copolymer of the present invention is such that the viscosity reduction effect of the positive electrode paste and the positive electrode composite peel strength are From the viewpoint of maintenance, 0.1 or more is preferable, and 0.2 or more is more preferable. Moreover, 10.0 or less is preferable from the same viewpoint, 5.4 or less is more preferable, 4.0 or less is further more preferable, and 3.2 or less is more preferable.
- the mass ratio (structural unit (a) / structural unit (b)) of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) contained in the copolymer of the present invention is 0.1 to 10. 0 is preferred, 0.2 to 5.33 is more preferred, 0.2 to 4.0 is more preferred, and 0.2 to 3.2 is even more preferred.
- the copolymer used for this invention can have structural units (c) other than the said structural unit (a) and the said structural unit (b).
- the monomer that gives the structural unit (c) (hereinafter also referred to as monomer (c)) is particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with monomer (a) or monomer (b). No, one or more can be used.
- an acid monomer such as (meth) acrylic acid; methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylic acid (Meth) acrylic acid such as tert-butyl, benzyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate Esters; (meth) acrylamides such as (meth) acrylamide, dimethyl (meth) acrylamide, isopropyl (meth) acrylamide, tert-butyl (meth) acrylamide; styrenes such as styrene and p-methylstyrene, vinyl acetate, etc. Vinyl esters; 2-
- the total content of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) in the copolymer of the present invention is 40% by mass or more from the viewpoint of the effect of reducing the viscosity of the positive electrode paste and maintaining the peel strength of the positive electrode mixture.
- the proportion of the structural unit (c) in the copolymer used in the present invention is preferably 0 to 60% by mass, more preferably 0 to 40% by mass, from the viewpoint of reducing the viscosity of the positive electrode paste and maintaining the peel strength of the positive electrode mixture.
- 0 to 30% by mass is more preferable, 0 to 20% by mass is more preferable, 0 to 10% by mass is still more preferable, and 0 to 5% by mass is still more preferable.
- the proportion of the structural unit (c) is 60% by mass or less, the content of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) in the paste is ensured, and the viscosity reduction effect of the positive electrode paste is further enhanced.
- the content of the copolymer in the positive electrode paste for a battery of the present invention is preferably 0.02% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of the effect of reducing the viscosity of the positive electrode paste.
- 1 mass% or more is more preferable, and 0.2 mass% or more is further more preferable.
- 1 mass% or less is preferable from a viewpoint of maintaining battery output, 0.8 mass% or less is more preferable, 0.6 mass% or less is more preferable, and 0.5 mass% or less is more preferable.
- the content of the copolymer in the battery positive electrode paste of the present invention is preferably 0.02 to 1% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 0.8% by mass, 0.1 to 0.6% by mass is more preferable, and 0.2 to 0.5% by mass is even more preferable.
- the content of the copolymer is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the conductive agent, and 1.5 parts by mass from the viewpoint of the viscosity reduction effect of the positive electrode paste.
- the above is more preferable, 3 parts by mass or more is further preferable, and 6 parts by mass or more is more preferable.
- 35 mass parts or less are preferable with respect to 100 mass parts of said electrically conductive agents, 30 mass parts or less are more preferable, 25 mass parts or less are more preferable, and 20 mass parts or less are more preferable.
- the content of the copolymer in the battery positive electrode paste of the present invention is preferably 0.5 to 35 parts by mass, more preferably 1.5 to 30 parts by mass, and 3 to 25 parts by mass. Part is more preferable, and 6 to 20 parts by mass is even more preferable.
- the total content of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) contained in the copolymer with respect to 100 parts by mass of the conductive agent is from the viewpoint of the effect of reducing the viscosity of the positive electrode paste.
- 0.5 parts by mass or more preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 2 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 5 parts by mass or more.
- 30 mass parts or less are preferable, 25 mass parts or less are more preferable, 20 mass parts or less are more preferable, and 15 mass parts or less are more preferable.
- the total content of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) contained in the copolymer with respect to 100 parts by mass of the conductive agent is as follows: 0.5 to 30 parts by mass is preferable, 1 to 25 parts by mass is more preferable, 2 to 20 parts by mass is further preferable, and 5 to 15 parts by mass is even more preferable.
- the method for synthesizing the copolymer of the present invention is not particularly limited, and a method used for polymerization of ordinary (meth) acrylic acid esters is used.
- a free radical polymerization method there are a free radical polymerization method, a living radical polymerization method, an anionic polymerization method, and a living anion polymerization method.
- the free radical polymerization method when used, it can be obtained by a known method such as polymerizing a monomer component containing the monomer (a) and the monomer (b) by a solution polymerization method.
- solvent used for the solution polymerization examples include hydrocarbons (hexane, heptane), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, etc.), lower alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol, etc.), ketones (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), ethers (tetrahydrofuran, An organic solvent such as diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and N-methylpyrrolidone can be used.
- the amount of solvent is preferably 0.5 to 10 times the mass ratio to the total amount of monomers.
- the polymerization initiator known radical polymerization initiators can be used, and examples thereof include azo polymerization initiators, hydroperoxides, dialkyl peroxides, diacyl peroxides, and ketone peroxides.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator is preferably from 0.01 to 5 mol%, more preferably from 0.01 to 3 mol%, particularly preferably from 0.01 to 1 mol%, based on the total amount of the monomer components.
- the polymerization reaction is preferably performed in a temperature range of 60 to 180 ° C. under a nitrogen stream, and the reaction time is preferably 0.5 to 20 hours.
- a well-known chain transfer agent for adjusting molecular weight can be used.
- examples include mercapto compounds such as isopropyl alcohol and mercaptoethanol.
- the arrangement of the structural unit (a) and the structural unit (b) may be random, block, or graft.
- structural units other than these structural units may be included.
- the weight average molecular weight of the copolymer is preferably 9000 or more, more preferably 15,000 or more, further preferably 30,000 or more, and even more preferably 50,000 or more, from the viewpoint of maintaining the positive electrode composite peel strength. Moreover, from a viewpoint of the viscosity reduction effect of a positive electrode paste, 1 million or less are preferable, 800,000 or less are more preferable, 600,000 or less are more preferable, 500,000 or less are more preferable. In summary, the weight average molecular weight of the copolymer is preferably 9000 to 1,000,000, more preferably 15,000 to 800,000, still more preferably 30,000 to 600,000, and 45,000 to 500,000. Is even more preferable. The weight average molecular weight is a value measured by GPC (gel permeation chromatography), and details of the measurement conditions are as shown in the examples.
- the positive electrode paste of the present invention may contain a dispersant other than the copolymer.
- the content of the copolymer with respect to the total of the copolymer and the dispersant other than the copolymer is preferably 40% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more, and 80% by mass. % Or more is more preferable, and 100 mass% is further more preferable.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is an inorganic compound, and for example, a compound having an olivine structure or a lithium transition metal composite oxide can be used.
- a compound having an olivine structure include compounds represented by the general formula Li x M1 s PO 4 (where M1 is a 3d transition metal, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0.8 ⁇ s ⁇ 1.2).
- a compound having an olivine structure may be coated with amorphous carbon or the like.
- lithium transition metal composite oxide examples include a lithium manganese oxide having a spinel structure, a layered structure and a general formula Li x MO 2- ⁇ (where M is a transition metal, 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, 0 And lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5).
- the transition metal M may include Co, Ni, or Mn.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide may further contain one or more elements selected from Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Ti, Zn, P, and B.
- Carbon-based conductive agent It is preferable to use a carbon-based conductive agent as the conductive agent.
- carbon black such as acetylene black, furnace black and ketjen black, graphite and the like can be used.
- Conductive polymers other than carbon-based materials such as polyaniline may be used.
- binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyacrylonitrile, or the like can be used alone or in combination.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- styrene-butadiene rubber polyacrylonitrile, or the like
- the positive electrode paste is prepared by mixing and stirring the above-described copolymer, positive electrode active material, conductive agent, binder, solvent for adjusting solid content, and the like. Other dispersants and functional materials may be added.
- a non-aqueous solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or water can be used.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- DMF dimethylformamide
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- it is preferable to use a non-aqueous solvent and it is more preferable to use NMP among them.
- a planetary mixer, a bead mill, a jet mill or the like can be used. Moreover, these can also be used together.
- the material At the time of charging the material, it may be charged while rotating the stirring blade. Thereby, preliminary mixing of each material which suppresses the mechanical load of a stirring apparatus, suppresses the bulk of the material in a stirring container, and can be performed. Moreover, you may divide into several times and do not throw in the whole quantity. Thereby, the mechanical load of the stirring device can be suppressed.
- the copolymer of the present invention can be used as a solid substance or can be used by dissolving it in a non-aqueous solvent or a solvent such as water in advance.
- a non-aqueous solvent or a solvent such as water in advance.
- the affinity with the solvent and binder component in the positive electrode paste is extremely high, it may be added at any stage of the kneading step, and kneading a plurality of times before and after the copolymer is charged. It is also possible to do this.
- the copolymer at an early stage of the kneading step because the viscosity of the paste is lowered, the mechanical load and necessary energy of the kneading apparatus are reduced, and the solid content of the paste can be increased. If the copolymer is introduced late in the kneading process or just before the paste is completed, the paste viscosity is kept high in the kneading process until the copolymer is mixed, and a strong shear stress is applied to the paste, so that the dispersion state of the paste is reduced. It is preferable because it improves.
- the copolymer of the present invention can be added at any stage of the kneading step in order to obtain the desired paste.
- a powder component such as a positive electrode active material and a conductive agent may cause lumps
- the powdery material may be added together with the binder or solvent before the powdered material is added, or may be added after mixing the binder or solvent with part or all of the powdered material. Alternatively, it can be mixed in advance with a binder solution.
- the positive electrode is prepared by applying the positive electrode paste to a current collector such as an aluminum foil and drying it.
- a current collector such as an aluminum foil
- consolidation can be performed by a press machine.
- a die head, a comma reverse roll, a direct roll, a gravure roll, or the like can be used for coating the positive electrode paste. Drying after coating can be performed alone or in combination with heating, airflow, infrared irradiation and the like.
- the positive electrode can be pressed by a roll press or the like.
- Example and comparative example of this invention are shown, this invention is not limited to this.
- a mixed solution composed of 3 g of SMA, 14 g of PEG (23) MA, 3 g of MAA and 17 g of NMP was prepared as an “initial charge monomer solution”.
- a mixed solution composed of 27 g of SMA, 126 g of PEG (23) MA, 27 g of MAA, and 153 g of NMP was prepared as a “drip monomer solution”.
- an “initiator solution” a mixed solution composed of 0.6 g of V-65B and 3 g of NMP was prepared.
- a mixed solution consisting of 5.4 g of V-65B and 27 g of NMP was prepared as a “drop initiator solution”.
- reaction vessel equipped with a reflux tube, a stirrer, a thermometer and a nitrogen introduction tube
- the entire amount of the above-mentioned “initial charge monomer liquid” is charged, the inside of the reaction vessel is replaced with nitrogen, and the temperature in the vessel (feed)
- the temperature of the raw material was heated to 65 ° C.
- the whole amount of the “initiator liquid” was added to the tank while stirring the tank.
- the “monomer solution for dropping” and the “initiator solution for dropping” were simultaneously dropped into the tank over 3 hours. After completion of dropping, the mixture was further stirred at 65 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the temperature in the tank was raised to 75 ° C. over about 30 minutes while stirring was continued, and the temperature in the tank was further stirred for 2 hours.
- the temperature in the tank was cooled to 40 ° C. or lower in a water bath.
- NMP was added to the tank and mixed to obtain an NMP solution of copolymer A.
- the non-volatile content of the copolymer A solution was 40% by mass, and the weight average molecular weight of the copolymer A was 55000.
- the temperature inside the tank was cooled to 40 ° C. or less in a water bath.
- the ethanol solution manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- the ethanol solution in a volume ratio of 10 times the hexane solution of the obtained homopolymer Q is placed in a beaker, and the resulting solution of the homopolymer Q is placed in the beaker while stirring the beaker. It was dripped in.
- the precipitated solid was separated by filtration and dried in a vacuum dryer at 10 kPa and 80 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain a homopolymer Q.
- the weight average molecular weight of the homopolymer Q was 69000.
- 90 g of NMP was added to 10 g of the obtained homopolymer Q, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. for 30 minutes. However, since it did not dissolve, a positive electrode paste using the homopolymer Q could not be produced.
- the nonvolatile content of the copolymer solution was measured as follows. 10 g of dry anhydrous sodium sulfate and a glass rod are placed in a petri dish, and the entire mass is measured to obtain W 3 (g). Furthermore, 2 g was put into this petri dish using the NMP solution of the copolymer obtained in Synthesis Examples 1 and 2 of the copolymer as a sample, and the entire mass was measured to obtain W 1 (g).
- Nonvolatile content 100 ⁇ (W 1 ⁇ W 2 ) / (W 1 ⁇ W 3 ) ⁇ 100
- Sample solution DMF solution containing 0.5 wt% solid content of copolymer Injection amount of sample solution: 100 ⁇ L
- the copolymers O, P, AB, AC, AD, AE and the homopolymer Q were not dissolved in DMF, the following conditions were adopted.
- Measuring device HLC-8220GPC (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) Column: GMHXL + GMHXL (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) Column temperature: 40 ° C Detector: Suggested refractive index Eluent: 50 mmol of LCH 3 COOH in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution Flow rate: 1 mL / min Standard samples used for calibration curve: monodisperse polystyrene 5.26 ⁇ 10 2 , 1.02 ⁇ 10 5 , 8.42 ⁇ 10 6 manufactured by Tosoh Corporation; monodisperse polystyrene 4.0 ⁇ 10 3 , manufactured by Nishio Kogyo Co., Ltd. 0 ⁇ 10 4 , 9.0 ⁇ 10 5 (numbers are molecular weights) Sample solution: Injection amount of THF solution sample solution containing 0.2 wt% of solid content of copolymer or homopolymer: 100 ⁇ L
- LiMO 2 lithium transition metal composite oxide
- LiMn 2 O 4 lithium manganese oxide
- LiFePO 4 lithium iron phosphate
- FX35 Acetylene black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co.,
- a positive electrode paste was prepared using the copolymers, positive electrode active materials and conductive agents shown in Tables 2 to 5, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder and NMP as a non-aqueous solvent.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP non-aqueous solvent
- Tables 7 to 9 and 11 a 12% NMP solution of Kureha # 1100 was used as the PVDF, and in Table 10, an 8% NMP solution of Kyner HSV900 from Arkema was used as the PVDF. Note that the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive agent was 90: 5: 5 (in terms of solid content).
- the positive electrode paste was prepared through a kneading step using a multi-blender mill by adjusting the solid content (% by mass) by adjusting the amount of the non-aqueous solvent.
- the solid content (mass%) of the positive electrode paste is the mass% of the solid content of the material comprising the copolymer, the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder contained in the positive electrode paste.
- the viscosity of the positive electrode paste according to the corresponding comparative example having the same composition except that the copolymer of the present invention is not added is defined as “paste viscosity R”.
- the viscosity reduction rate due to the addition of the polymer was calculated and the effect was compared.
- Viscosity reduction rate (%) ⁇ ([paste viscosity R] ⁇ [paste viscosity]) / (paste viscosity R) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- the results of viscosity and viscosity reduction rate are shown in Tables 7 to 10.
- FIG. 1 is a plot of positive electrode paste viscosity for Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 2. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the paste viscosity decreases as the amount of the copolymer added increases. However, the larger the amount of copolymer added, the more difficult it is to obtain a viscosity reduction effect commensurate with the amount added, so the amount of copolymer added is preferably 1 to 16% in terms of the mass ratio of the conductive agent.
- the Examples and Comparative Examples shown in Table 4 are the results of changing the binder in the paste to a higher molecular weight type PVDF. It is preferable to increase the molecular weight of the binder since the positive electrode composite peel strength can be increased. In particular, it is preferable when a positive electrode is produced using a bulky positive electrode active material, a finely divided positive electrode active material, a carbon-coated positive electrode active material, or the like. Even when the type of the binder is changed from Table 4, the effect of reducing the paste viscosity by adding the copolymer is recognized.
- the binder in the paste is preferably a low molecular weight type as long as it does not cause a problem in the positive electrode composite peel strength.
- Comparative Examples 7 and 8 there is a copolymer in which the paste viscosity reduction effect cannot be obtained. From these, it can be seen that the structure of the copolymer is extremely important for securing the paste viscosity reducing effect and the peel strength of the positive electrode mixture.
- the details are considered as follows. Since Comparative Examples 7 and 8 are copolymers that do not contain the structural unit (a), it is considered that the adsorptive action on the positive electrode active material or the conductive agent is not sufficient. At the same time, it is considered that the adhesion between the positive electrode mixture and the aluminum foil is lowered due to the adsorption of the unadsorbed copolymer to the PVDF. Although not shown here, the present inventors confirmed that the paste viscosity reducing effect was not exhibited even when a large amount of the copolymer used in Comparative Examples 7 and 8 was added. is doing.
- the present invention it is possible to shorten the drying time of the positive electrode mixture without impairing the coating property of the positive electrode paste and the adhesion of the positive electrode mixture after coating. Can provide a positive electrode paste for a battery.
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Abstract
Description
あるいは、乾燥炉を増設して長くすることで、乾燥炉内の滞留時間を確保する方法が考えられるが、高額な設備投資が必要になるという問題が生じる。
本発明に用いられる共重合体は、前記一般式(1)で示される構成単位(a)及び前記一般式(2)で示される構成単位(b)を含む。
前記一般式(1)において、正極ペーストの粘度低減効果の観点及び共重合体への構成単位(a)の導入の容易性の観点から、R1及びR2は水素原子が好ましく、R3は水素原子又はメチル基が好ましく、メチル基がより好ましい。正極ペーストの粘度低減効果と正極合材剥離強度の維持の観点から、R4はアルキル基又はアルケニル基が好ましく、同様の観点から、R4の炭素数は、8以上であり、10以上が好ましく、12以上がより好ましく、また同様の観点から、26以下が好ましく、22以下がより好ましく、20以下がよりさらに好ましい。これらの観点を総合すると、R4の炭素数は、8~26が好ましく、10~22がより好ましく、12~20がさらに好ましい。R4としては、具体的にはオクチル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、デシル基、ラウリル基、ミリスチル基、セチル基、ステアリル基、オレイル基、ベヘニル基等が挙げられる。共重合体への構成単位(a)の導入の容易性の観点から、X1は酸素原子が好ましい。
本発明に用いる共重合体に占める構成単位(a)の割合は、正極ペーストの粘度低減効果及び正極合材剥離強度の維持の観点から、5質量%以上が好ましく、10質量%以上がより好ましく、15質量%以上がさらに好ましい。また同様の観点から、90質量%以下が好ましく、85質量%以下がより好ましく、80質量%以下がさらに好ましく、72質量%以下がよりさらに好ましい。これらの観点を総合すると、本発明に用いる共重合体に占める構成単位(a)の割合は、5~90質量%が好ましく、10~85質量%がより好ましく、15~80質量%がさらに好ましく、15~72質量%がよりさらに好ましい。
本発明に用いる共重合体を合成するにあたり、前記構成単位(b)を与えるモノマー(以下、モノマー(b)ともいう)としては、メトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、メトキシポリ(エチレングリコール/プロピレングリコール)モノ(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシポリ(エチレングリコール/プロピレングリコール)モノ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリプロピレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、2-メトキシエチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、2-エトキシエチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、3-メトキシプロピル(メタ)アクリルアミド等が挙げられる。
上記一般式(3)において、正極ペースト中の正極活物質及び導電剤の分散性向上並びに共重合体への構成単位(b)の導入の容易性の観点から、R5及びR6は水素原子が好ましく、R7及びR9は水素原子またはメチル基が好ましく、メチル基がより好ましい。同様の観点から、R8はエチレン基又はプロピレン基が好ましく、エチレン基がより好ましい。正極ペーストの粘度低減効果及び共重合体への構成単位(b)の導入の容易性の観点から、pは1以上が好ましく、2以上がより好ましく、3以上がさらに好ましい。また同様の観点から、50以下が好ましく、35以下がより好ましく、20以下がさらに好ましい。以上の観点を総合すると、pは1~50が好ましく、2~35がより好ましく、3~20がさらに好ましい。共重合体への構成単位(b)の導入の容易性の観点から、X2は酸素原子が好ましい。
本発明に用いる共重合体に占める構成単位(b)の割合は、正極ペーストの粘度低減効果及び正極合材剥離強度の維持の観点から、10質量%以上が好ましく、15質量%以上がより好ましく、20質量%以上がさらに好ましく、23質量%以上がさらに好ましい。また同様の観点から、85質量%以下が好ましく、80質量%以下がより好ましく、75質量%以下がさらに好ましい。これらの観点を総合すると、本発明に用いる共重合体に占める構成単位(b)の割合は、10~85質量%が好ましく、15~80質量%がより好ましく、20~75質量%がさらに好ましく、23~75質量%がさらに好ましい。
モノマー(c)としては、(メタ)アクリル酸等の酸モノマー;(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ブチル、(メタ)アクリル酸イソブチル、(メタ)アクリル酸tert-ブチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ベンジル、(メタ)アクリル酸シクロヘキシル、(メタ)アクリル酸イソボロニル、(メタ)アクリル酸2-ヒドロキシエチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ジメチルアミノエチル等の(メタ)アクリル酸エステル類;(メタ)アクリルアミド、ジメチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、イソプロピル(メタ)アクリルアミド、tert-ブチル(メタ)アクリルアミド等の(メタ)アクリルアミド類;スチレン、p-メチルスチレン等のスチレン類、酢酸ビニル等のビニルエステル類;2-ビニルピリジン等のビニルピリジン類;ビニルピロリドン等のビニルピロリドン類等が挙げられる。
本発明の共重合体において、構成単位(a)、構成単位(b)、の配列は、ランダム、ブロック、又はグラフトのいずれでも良い。また、これら構成単位以外の構成単位を含んでいてもよい。
正極活物質としては、無機化合物であれば特に制限はなく、例えば、オリビン構造を有する化合物やリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用いることができる。オリビン構造を有する化合物としては、一般式LixM1sPO4(但し、M1は3d遷移金属、0≦x≦2、0.8≦s≦1.2)で表される化合物を例示できる。オリビン構造を有する化合物には、非晶質炭素等を被覆して用いてもよい。リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物としては、スピネル構造を有するリチウムマンガン酸化物、層状構造を有し一般式LixMO2-δ(但し、Mは遷移金属、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦δ≦0.5)で表されるリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物等が挙げられる。前記遷移金属Mとしては、Co、Ni又はMnを含むものとすることができる。前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、さらに、Al、Mn、Fe、Ni、Co、Cr、Ti、Zn、P、Bから選ばれる一種又は二種以上の元素を含有していてもよい。
導電剤としては、炭素系導電剤を使用することが好ましい。炭素系導電剤としては、アセチレンブラック、ファーネスブラック、ケッチェンブラック等のカーボンブラックや、グラファイト等を使用することができる。ポリアニリン等の炭素系以外の導電性ポリマー等を用いてもよい。
結着剤としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム、ポリアクリロニトリル等を単独で、あるいは混合して用いることができる。
正極ペーストは、前述した共重合体、正極活物質、導電剤、結着剤、固形分調整等のための溶媒等を混合、攪拌して、作製する。このほかの分散剤や機能性材料等を添加しても良い。上記溶媒としては、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)等の非水系溶媒あるいは水等が使用できる。また、本発明の正極ペーストにおいては、非水系溶媒を使用することが好ましく、なかでも、NMPを使用することがより好ましい。
混合や攪拌にはプラネタリミキサー、ビーズミル、ジェットミル等を用いることができる。また、これらを併用することもできる。
正極は、上記の正極ペーストをアルミニウム箔等の集電体に塗工し、これを乾燥して作製する。正極の密度を上げるために、プレス機により圧密化を行うこともできる。
正極ペーストの塗工には、ダイヘッド、コンマリバースロール、ダイレクトロール、グラビアロール等を用いることができる。塗工後の乾燥は、加温、エアフロー、赤外線照射等を単独あるいは組み合わせて行うことができる。
正極のプレスは、ロールプレス機等により、行うことができる。
・LMA:メタクリル酸ラウリル(三菱ガス化学社製、品番:GE-410)(R4:C12H25)
・SMA:メタクリル酸ステアリル(新中村化学工業社製、品番:NK-エステルS)(R4:C18H37)
・BHMA:メタクリル酸ベヘニル(新中村化学工業社製、品番:NK-エステルBH)(R4:C22H45)
・PEG(2)MA:メトキシポリエチレングリコールメタクリレート(新中村化学工業社製、品番:NK-エステルM-20G、エチレンオキサイドの平均付加モル数p:2)
・PEG(9)MA:メトキシポリエチレングリコールメタクリレート(新中村化学工業社製、品番:NK-エステルM-90G、エチレンオキサイドの平均付加モル数p:9)
・PEG(23)MA:メトキシポリエチレングリコールメタクリレート(新中村化学工業社製、品番:NK-エステルTM-230G、エチレンオキサイドの平均付加モル数p:23)
・MAA:メタクリル酸(和光純薬工業社製)
・MPD:3-メルカプト-1,2-プロパンジオール(和光純薬工業社製)
・n-DM:ドデシルメルカプタン(東京化成工業社製)
・NMP:N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(和光純薬工業社製)
・ヘキサン:n-ヘキサン(和光純薬工業社製)
・V-65B:2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)(和光純薬工業社製)
「初期仕込み用モノマー液」として、3gのSMA、14gのPEG(23)MA、3gのMAA及び17gのNMPからなる混合溶液を作製した。「滴下用モノマー液」として、27gのSMA、126gのPEG(23)MA、27gのMAA及び153gのNMP混合液からなる混合溶液を作製した。「開始剤液」として、0.6gのV-65Bと3gのNMPからなる混合溶液を作製した。「滴下用開始剤液」として、5.4gのV-65Bと27gのNMPからなる混合溶液を作製した。
還流管、攪拌装置、温度計及び窒素導入管を取り付けたセパラブルフラスコ(反応槽)に、前記「初期仕込み用モノマー液」を全量投入し、反応槽内を窒素置換し、槽内温度(仕込原料の温度)65℃に加熱した。槽内温度が65℃に到達した後、槽内を撹拌しながら、前記「開始剤液」を槽内に全量添加した。次に、前記「滴下用モノマー液」及び前記「滴下用開始剤液」を同時に3時間かけて槽内に滴下した。滴下終了後、さらに65℃で1時間攪拌した。次に、撹拌を続けながら約30分かけて槽内温度を75℃まで昇温し、昇温後、槽内をさらに2時間攪拌した。次いで水浴にて槽内温度を40℃以下まで冷却した。濃度調製のため、槽内にNMPを添加して混合し、共重合体AのNMP溶液を得た。共重合体A溶液の不揮発分は40質量%で、共重合体Aの重量平均分子量は55000であった。
「初期仕込み用モノマー液」、「滴下用モノマー液」、「開始剤液」及び「滴下開始剤液」の組成をそれぞれ表1の記載に従って変更したことを除いては、上記の共重合体の合成例1と同様の方法により、共重合体B~AEを合成した。なお、共重合体H,J,K及びAEの合成では全モノマー及び全開始剤を初期に仕込む一括重合法を採用した。
還流管、攪拌装置、温度計及び窒素導入管を取り付けたセパラブルフラスコ(反応槽)に、200gのSMA及び180gのヘキサンからなる混合溶液(初期仕込み用モノマー液)を全量投入し、反応槽内を窒素置換し、槽内温度(仕込原料の温度)を65℃に加熱した。槽内温度が65℃に到達した後、槽内を撹拌しながら、2.2gのV-65B及び20gのヘキサンからなる混合溶液(開始剤液)を添加した。さらに、槽内を65℃で5時間攪拌後、水浴にて槽内温度を40℃以下まで冷却した。得られた単独重合体Qのヘキサン溶液に対し体積比10倍量のエタノール(和光純薬工業製)をビーカーに入れ、ビーカー内を攪拌しながら、得られた単独重合体Qの溶液をビーカー内に滴下した。析出した固体を濾別し、減圧乾燥器にて10kPa、80℃で12時間乾燥させ、単独重合体Qを得た。単独重合体Qの重量平均分子量は69000であった。得られた10gの単独重合体Qに90gのNMPを加え、80℃で30分攪拌したが、溶解しなかったため、単独重合体Qを用いた正極ペーストを作製することはできなかった。
共重合体溶液の不揮発分は、以下のようにして測定した。シャーレに乾燥無水硫酸ナトリウム10gとガラス棒を入れ、その全体の質量を測定し、W3(g)とする。さらに、このシャーレ内に、上記共重合体の合成例1及び2で得られた共重合体のNMP溶液を試料として2gを入れ、その全体の質量を測定し、W1(g)とする。シャーレ内で、乾燥無水硫酸ナトリウムと試料を前記ガラス棒で混合し、シャーレ内に、ガラス棒で混合した乾燥無水硫酸ナトリウムと試料及びガラス棒を入れたまま、140℃の減圧乾燥機(窒素気流下、圧力40kPa)でシャーレ全体を12時間乾燥する。乾燥後のシャーレ全体の質量を測定し、W2(g)とする。次式より得られた値を不揮発分とした。
不揮発分(質量%)=100-(W1-W2)/(W1-W3)×100
共重合体の重量平均分子量は、GPC法により測定した。詳細な条件は以下の通りである。
測定装置:HLC-8320GPC(東ソー社製)
カラム :α-M + α-M(東ソー社製)
カラム温度 :40℃
検出器 :示差屈折率
溶離液 :60mmol/LのH3PO4及び50mmol/LのLiBrのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)溶液
流速 :1mL/min
検量線に用いる標準試料 :東ソー社製単分散ポリスチレン 5.26×102、1.02×105、8.42×106;西尾工業社製単分散ポリスチレン 4.0×103、3.0×104、9.0×105(数字はそれぞれ分子量)
試料溶液:共重合体の固形分を0.5wt%含有するDMF溶液
試料溶液の注入量 :100μL
但し、共重合体O、P、AB、AC、AD,AE及び単独重合体Qについては、DMFに溶解しなかったので、以下の条件を採用した。
測定装置:HLC-8220GPC(東ソー社製)
カラム:GMHXL + GMHXL(東ソー社製)
カラム温度 :40℃
検出器:示唆屈折率
溶離液:50mmolのLCH3COOHのテトラヒドロフラン(THF)溶液
流速 :1mL/min
検量線に用いる標準試料 :東ソー社製単分散ポリスチレン 5.26×102、1.02×105、8.42×106;西尾工業社製単分散ポリスチレン 4.0×103、3.0×104、9.0×105(数字はそれぞれ分子量)
試料溶液 :共重合体又は単独重合体の固形分を0.2wt%含有するTHF溶液
試料溶液の注入量 :100μL
以下の実施例及び比較例に係る正極ペーストに用いた材料の略号は次の通りである。
・LiMO2:リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物、組成:LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(D50:6.5μm、BET比表面積:0.7m2/g)
・LiMn2O4:リチウムマンガン酸化物、組成:LiMn2O4(D50:18μm、BET比表面積:0.2m2/g)
・LiFePO4:リン酸鉄リチウム、組成:LiFePO4(D50:10μm、BET比表面積:10.5m2/g)
・粉状品:アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、品名:デンカブラック粉状品)
・FX35:アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、品名:デンカブラックFX-35)
・HS100:アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、品名:デンカブラックHS-100)
表2~5に示す共重合体、正極活物質及び導電剤、並びに、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)及び非水系溶媒としてのNMPを用いて正極ペーストを作製した。ここで、表7~9及び11においては、前記PVDFとしてクレハ社製#1100の12%NMP溶液を、表10においては、前記PVDFとしてアルケマ社製カイナーHSV900の8%NMP溶液を用いた。なお、正極活物質、結着剤及び導電剤の質量比率は90:5:5(固形分換算)とした。正極ペーストは、前記非水系溶媒の量を調整することにより、固形分(質量%)を調整し、マルチブレンダーミルを用いた混練工程を経て作製した。ここで、正極ペーストの固形分(質量%)とは、正極ペーストが含有する、共重合体、正極活物質、導電剤及び結着剤からなる材料の固形分の質量%である。
正極ペーストの粘度はレオメーターを用いて測定した。レオメーターの測定装置にはHAAKE社製のReo Stress 6000を、測定用のローターには直径35mmのParallel Plateを用いた。測定温度を25℃とし、シェアレート0.0001s-1から1000s-1までの往路と同1000s-1から0.0001s-1までの復路とを連続して各200秒かけて測定するシーケンスを実施した。粘度の代表値として、往路のシェアレート10s-1における値を、ペースト粘度とした。
それぞれの実施例に対して、本発明の共重合体を添加していないこと以外は同じ組成である対応する比較例に係る正極ペーストの粘度を「ペースト粘度R」とし、次式にて、共重合体添加による粘度低減率を算出し、その効果を比較した。
粘度低減率(%)={([ペースト粘度R]-[ペースト粘度])/(ペースト粘度R)} ×100
粘度、及び、粘度低減率の結果を表7~10に示す。
この試験は、厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の片面に、乾燥後の正極合材の質量が17mg/cm2となるようにドクターブレードのギャップを適切に調整して、正極ペーストを塗工した。
この結果、正極ペーストの伸びが悪く、端部を除く塗工面上にアルミニウム箔の露出(かすれ)が見られたものについて、塗工性不良「あり」とした。塗工性試験の結果を表7~10に併せて示す。
上記塗工直後の正極のうち、いくつかの実施例及び比較例に係る正極について、乾燥前の質量、及び、60℃のホットプレートに載置後一定時間ごとの質量を測定した。質量変化が見られなくなった時点を乾燥終了とみなし、乾燥所要時間とした。乾燥所要時間の測定結果を表11に示す。
上記の切断済み正極を用いて、正極合材層の表面に、メンディングテープ(Scotch社製、品番:MP-18S)を貼り、このテープの面と正極との角度が180°となるように約2.3cm/sの速度で引っ張り、その際の応力をプッシュプルゲージ(IMADA社製、DIGITAL FORCE GAUGE DPS-2)を用いて測定した。剥がし始めと剥がし終わりの値が不安定な部分を除いて、測定値の平均値を算出し、剥離強度とした。剥離強度の測定結果を表7~10に示す。
[ペースト固形分と乾燥速度と乾燥所要時間]
実施例4及び比較例1、2から、共重合体の有無にかかわらず、固形分が高い正極ペーストは、塗工後の乾燥所要時間が短いことがわかる。
このことから、ペースト中のNMPの含有率を下げること、すなわち、正極ペーストの固形分を高くすることによって、乾燥に要する時間を短縮できることがわかる。
比較例1、2を比べてわかるように、ペースト固形分を高くすると、塗工時にかすれが生じることがわかる。この正極のかすれは、ペーストの流動性の不足によるもの、すなわち、粘度が高いためであると、説明できる。
実施例4の正極ペーストは、比較例2と同様にペースト固形分が高いが、共重合体Aを添加することにより、ペースト粘度を比較例1と同等にまで下げることができ、また、これにより、正極の塗工時のかすれを解消できることがわかる。
実施例4及び7~10と、それぞれに対応する比較例2~6から、さまざまな正極活物質や導電剤を用いた場合においても、共重合体Aによるペースト粘度低減効果が確認できる。ペースト粘度の絶対値は、正極材料の種類やペースト固形分によって変わることから、共重合体Aの添加の効果を確認するためには、粘度の絶対値ではなく、粘度低減率を比較することが妥当である。粘度低減率の結果から、いずれのペーストにおいても、共重合体Aの添加によるペースト粘度低減効果が認められる。
図1は、実施例1~6及び比較例2について、正極ペースト粘度をプロットしたものである。図1からわかるように、共重合体の添加量が多くなるほど、ペースト粘度が低下することがわかる。ただし、共重合体の添加量が多くなるほど、添加量に見合った粘度低減効果が得られにくくなることから、共重合体の添加量は導電剤の質量比で1~16%が好ましい。
実施例35~37及び参考例3から、構成単位(a)と構成単位(b)の質量比(a)/(b)が大きい値の場合、ペースト低減効果が得られにくい共重合体が存在することがわかる。これは、共重合体において、構成単位(b)の割合が少なすぎるため、構成単位(b)がもたらす粒子間の強い立体的斥力による、ペースト中の粒子の凝集抑制効果が小さいことに起因するものと考えられる。このことから、構成単位(a)と構成単位(b)の質量比(a)/(b)は大きすぎない方が良い。
なお、ペースト低減効果が得られにくい共重合体であっても、ペースト中の共重合体の含有量を増加させることでペースト低減効果は奏されるようになる。
表4に示す実施例及び比較例は、ペースト中の結着剤をより高分子量タイプのPVDFに変更した結果である。結着剤を高分子量化することにより、正極合材剥離強度を高めることができるので好ましい。特に、嵩高い正極活物質、微粒子化された正極活物質、炭素被覆された正極活物質等を用いて正極を作製する場合に好ましい。
表4から結着剤の種類を変えた場合においても、共重合体の添加によるペースト粘度低減効果が認められる。
また、実施例3と実施例50との比較、及び、実施例24と実施例51との比較から、ペースト中の結着剤としては、低分子量タイプの方がより優れたペースト粘度低減効果が得られることがわかる。よって、正極合材剥離強度に問題を生じない範囲であれば、ペースト中の結着剤は低分子量タイプの方が好ましい。
これらから、ペースト粘度低減効果と、正極合材の剥離強度の確保のためには、共重合体の構造が極めて重要であることがわかる。その詳細は、次のように考えられる。
比較例7、8は、構成単位(a)を含まない共重合体であるために、正極活物質あるいは導電剤への吸着作用が十分でないものと考えられる。また、同時に、未吸着の共重合体がPVDFに吸着するなどして、正極合材とアルミニウム箔との密着性が低下したものと考えられる。
また、ここには示していないが、本発明者らは、比較例7、8に用いられている共重合体を、多量に添加した場合であってもペースト粘度低減効果が発現しないことを確認している。
なお、本出願は、2012年4月3日付で出願された日本国特許出願(特願2012-085003)に基づいており、その全体が引用により援用される。また、ここに引用されるすべての参照は全体として取り込まれる。
Claims (17)
- 前記共重合体の重量平均分子量が、9000~100万である、請求項1記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記共重合体において、構成単位(a)と構成単位(b)の質量比(構成単位(a)/構成単位(b))が、0.1~10.0である、請求項1又は2に記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記共重合体中の、構成単位(a)と構成単位(b)の含有量の合計が、40質量%以上である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記共重合体の含有量が、前記導電剤100質量部に対して、0.5~30質量部である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記共重合体中の、構成単位(a)の含有量が、5質量%以上90質量%以下である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記共重合体中の、構成単位(b)の含有量が、10質量%以上85質量%以下である、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(1)のR4の炭素数が、8以上26以下である、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(2)のpが、1以上35以下である、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(1)のX1が、酸素原子である、請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(1)のR3が、水素原子又はメチル基である、請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(1)のR1及びR2が、水素原子である、請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(2)のX2が、酸素原子である、請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(2)のR7が、水素原子又はメチル基である、請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(2)のR5及びR6が、水素原子である、請求項1~14のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記一般式(2)のR8が、エチレン基又はプロピレン基である、請求項1~15のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
- 前記電池用正極ペーストの粘度低減率が、0よりも大きい、請求項1~16のいずれかに記載の電池用正極ペースト。
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| CN201380018597.6A CN104205444A (zh) | 2012-04-03 | 2013-04-02 | 电池用正极糊剂 |
| KR1020147027557A KR102054737B1 (ko) | 2012-04-03 | 2013-04-02 | 전지용 정극 페이스트 |
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Cited By (5)
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| US20170283527A1 (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2017-10-05 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Curable composition for glass substitute |
| JP7005811B1 (ja) | 2020-10-12 | 2022-01-24 | 花王株式会社 | 蓄電デバイス電極用分散剤組成物 |
| EP3954720A4 (en) * | 2019-04-12 | 2023-01-11 | Kao Corporation | DISPERSION COMPOSITION FOR CARBON NANOTUBE |
| WO2023080207A1 (ja) | 2021-11-08 | 2023-05-11 | 花王株式会社 | 蓄電デバイス電極用分散剤組成物 |
| US11891502B2 (en) | 2019-04-12 | 2024-02-06 | Kao Corporation | Dispersant for power storage device positive electrode |
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| KR102286117B1 (ko) * | 2019-10-10 | 2021-08-06 | 한국화학연구원 | 그라프트 공중합체 바인더 및 이를 포함하는 리튬이온 이차전지용 양극 |
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| KR20150005528A (ko) | 2015-01-14 |
| CN104205444A (zh) | 2014-12-10 |
| KR102054737B1 (ko) | 2020-01-22 |
| JPWO2013151062A1 (ja) | 2015-12-17 |
| CN108767258A (zh) | 2018-11-06 |
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