WO2013145008A1 - 光起電力素子およびその製造方法、太陽電池モジュール - Google Patents
光起電力素子およびその製造方法、太陽電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a back contact type photovoltaic device in which a pn junction and a collecting electrode are arranged on one side of a crystalline silicon substrate, a manufacturing method thereof, and a solar cell module using the photovoltaic device.
- a crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic element (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as a photovoltaic element) using a single crystal silicon substrate or a polycrystalline silicon substrate has been actively conducted.
- those using a single crystal silicon substrate have excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the spread of silicon wafers has been progressing along with the reduction in the price of silicon wafers. Further improvement in photoelectric conversion efficiency is required for residential use in urban areas where installation area is limited.
- the back contact type (back junction type) cell is one of the methods to improve the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic elements. It does not form an electrode that blocks light on the light-receiving surface, but forms an electrode only on the back surface. It is. Since the light utilization efficiency is high, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is excellent and has already been widely put into practical use.
- the heterojunction cell is a combination of a crystalline silicon substrate and an amorphous silicon thin film, and has a higher open-circuit voltage and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency than a general crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic element. .
- This technique is also called a hybrid type because thin-film amorphous silicon is formed on a crystalline silicon substrate.
- an i-type amorphous silicon film is formed on the back surface of a single crystal silicon substrate, a p-type amorphous silicon film serving as a positive electrode, a back electrode and a collector electrode, and an n-type non-crystal film serving as a negative electrode. It consists of a crystalline silicon film, a back electrode, and a collector electrode.
- a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer in which an electrode immediately above a p-type amorphous silicon film and an electrode immediately above an n-type amorphous silicon film are ohmic-bonded Is used. Since p-type silicon and n-type silicon have different ionization potentials, the junction with the TCO is not always an ohmic junction. For this reason, the resistivity may differ greatly between the p-type silicon film and the n-type silicon film. In order to secure a junction with a low resistivity on the p-type and n-type silicon films, an appropriate TCO layer corresponding to each may be formed. However, this method requires that the TCO layer be formed in two steps, which complicates the manufacturing process.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems.
- a TCO layer is provided in a back contact photovoltaic device having a p-type semiconductor layer electrode and an n-type semiconductor layer electrode on one surface.
- a junction having a low resistivity is realized on each of the p-type semiconductor film and the n-type semiconductor film while simplifying the film forming process once, thereby obtaining a photovoltaic element having a small conduction loss.
- a step of forming an n-type semiconductor layer in a first region on one surface of a semiconductor crystal substrate and a p-type semiconductor layer in a second region on the one surface are formed.
- a step of forming a contact electrode layer mainly composed of an oxide on the one surface including the surfaces of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer, and a carrier concentration of the contact electrode layer on the first region being Adjusting the carrier concentration of the contact electrode layer on the first region or the second region so as to be larger than the carrier concentration of the contact electrode layer on the second region; And a step of separating the contact electrode layer on the two regions.
- the interface between the p-type and n-type semiconductor layers and the contact electrode layer is joined in an ohmic or near-ohmic state, the series resistance of the photovoltaic device is reduced. The characteristics of the electromotive force element are improved.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view schematically showing the back surface of the crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic element according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the comb-shaped cathode 12 and the anode 13 are arranged so that the comb teeth mesh with each other.
- a minute gap is provided between the cathode 12 and the anode 13, and the areas of the cathode 12 and the anode 13 do not overlap each other.
- the surface facing the back surface is a light receiving surface, and the light receiving surface does not have a characteristic structure. That is, the photovoltaic device is a back contact type in which electrodes are provided only on the back surface.
- This photovoltaic element is a heterojunction photovoltaic element in which an amorphous silicon thin film having a band gap different from that of crystalline silicon is formed on the crystalline silicon surface to form a so-called heterojunction. Therefore, corresponding to the cathode 12 and the anode 13, a thin film of n-type amorphous silicon is formed as an n-type semiconductor layer and p-type amorphous silicon is formed as a p-type semiconductor layer, respectively.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the photovoltaic element according to the first embodiment, and schematically shows a cross section of a portion indicated by a line segment D in FIG.
- a passivation film 2 is formed on the light-receiving surface side, and an amorphous silicon layer is formed on the back surface side of the single-crystal silicon substrate 1 having a textured structure called texture on the surface of the substrate.
- a transparent electrode layer and a metal electrode are sequentially laminated.
- the amorphous silicon layer is composed of an i-type amorphous silicon film 3, an n-type amorphous silicon film 5, and a p-type amorphous silicon film 4, and the transparent electrode layer is composed of a transparent conductive film 6a and a transparent conductive film 8a.
- the transparent electrode layer is a layer containing, for example, a conductive metal oxide as a main component, and a metal electrode 9 is formed on the layer and electrically connected thereto. Light to be photoelectrically converted enters from the light receiving surface side on which the passivation film 2 is formed.
- FIG. 3 to 10 are enlarged cross-sectional views schematically showing the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic element according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and show the cross section of the part indicated by the line segment D in FIG. .
- the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic element of Embodiment 1 of this invention is demonstrated in process order.
- an i-type amorphous silicon film 3 (intrinsic amorphous silicon film) is formed on the back surface of an n-type single crystal silicon substrate 1 having a passivation film 2 formed on the light receiving surface side (step 1).
- FIG. 3 shows the state after formation.
- the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 has a passivation action for the single crystal silicon substrate 1 and the dopant is mixed between the amorphous silicon film formed on the single crystal silicon substrate 1 and the single crystal silicon substrate 1. Is to prevent.
- FIG. 4 shows a state after the n-type amorphous silicon 5 is formed and the mask is removed.
- a p-type amorphous silicon film 4 is formed (step 3).
- FIG. 5 shows a state after the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 is formed and the mask is removed.
- a plasma CVD method is suitable for forming the i-type amorphous silicon film 3, the p-type amorphous silicon film 4, and the n-type amorphous silicon film 5.
- a transparent conductive film 6a is collectively formed on the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 (step 4).
- a method of forming the transparent conductive film 6a sputtering deposition or the like can be used.
- FIG. 6 shows a state in which the transparent conductive film 6a is formed.
- the transparent conductive film 6 a becomes a contact electrode layer that is electrically connected to the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon film 5.
- a protective mask 7a is disposed so as to cover the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 in order to perform plasma treatment.
- FIG. 7 shows a state in which the protective mask 7a is formed.
- the plasma P is irradiated in a state of covering the protective mask 7a (step 5).
- reduction treatment of the exposed transparent conductive film 6a is performed using hydrogen plasma generated in a vacuum chamber.
- the transparent conductive film 6a on the amorphous silicon film 5 is reduced to become a transparent conductive film 8a having a carrier concentration higher than that of the transparent conductive film 6a.
- a metal electrode layer 9 is formed directly on the transparent conductive film 6a as shown in FIG. 9 (step 6).
- the metal electrode layer 9 in the region on the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the region on the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 is separated, and the transparent conductive film 6a and the transparent conductive film 8a are further separated.
- the separation method is performed, for example, by laser scribe by laser irradiation (step 7).
- FIG. 10 shows a state after scribing with a laser.
- An arrow LB in the drawing indicates the irradiation position and irradiation direction of the laser beam, and a scribe mark 10 is formed in the irradiated portion.
- FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic element described above. After separating the transparent conductive film region in step 7, a process such as forming a bus electrode made of a thick film containing metal particles, or arranging a collector electrode pattern and a wiring sheet having a connection portion, if necessary, etc. Then, a heterojunction photovoltaic element (solar cell) having a back contact structure is completed.
- a process such as forming a bus electrode made of a thick film containing metal particles, or arranging a collector electrode pattern and a wiring sheet having a connection portion, if necessary, etc.
- a single crystal silicon substrate 1 as a substrate material is obtained by slicing an ingot, and after slicing, a gettering process is performed to remove unnecessary impurities on the surface and in the vicinity of the surface.
- the single crystal silicon substrate 1 is immersed in an alkaline aqueous solution such as KOH (potassium hydroxide), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide), and anisotropic etching method.
- KOH potassium hydroxide
- NaOH sodium hydroxide
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- amorphous SiOx, amorphous SiNx, or the like is used for the passivation film 2.
- the interface characteristics of the single crystal silicon substrate 1a can be improved, and current loss due to carrier recombination can be reduced. Further, the film thickness may be adjusted to provide a function as an antireflection film for incident light.
- the passivation film 2 can be formed by a chemical vapor deposition method such as plasma CVD, a physical method such as sputtering deposition or ion plating, or a method such as thermal oxidation.
- a formation method such as plasma CVD or ion plating is particularly desirable.
- an antireflection film may be further formed on the passivation film 2.
- transparent oxides such as TiOx, ZnO and In 2 O 3 may be used in addition to SiOx and SiNx.
- the method of forming the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 in step 1 is preferably a plasma CVD method, and is formed by introducing SiH 4 (silane) gas and H 2 (hydrogen) gas into a vacuum chamber. Before the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 is formed, it is desirable to remove the natural oxide film formed on the single crystal silicon substrate 1 with a hydrofluoric acid solution. Next, after a predetermined region of the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 is covered with a mask, the n-type amorphous silicon 5 in step 2 is formed.
- the formation method is preferably a plasma CVD method, and is formed by introducing SiH 4 gas, H 2 gas and PH 3 (phosphine) gas into a vacuum chamber.
- the mask material is metal, quartz or the like, and quartz having no metal contamination is most desirable.
- a p-type amorphous silicon film 4 is formed.
- the formation method is preferably a plasma CVD method, and is formed by introducing SiH 4 gas, H 2 gas and B 2 H 6 (diborane) gas into a vacuum chamber.
- the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 are preferably provided with a certain gap so that the formation regions do not overlap.
- the order of forming the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 may be switched.
- a metal oxide such as In 2 O 3 (indium oxide), SnO 2 (tin oxide), ZnO (zinc oxide), and TiO 2 (titanium oxide) is desirable. These oxides have n-type semiconductor properties. Moreover, in order to improve electroconductivity to the said metal oxide, you may use what contained the dopant.
- dopant types Sn, Ti, Zn, Zr, Hf and W are used for In 2 O 3 , In, Ti, Sb and F are used for SnO 2 , and Al, Ga, In, Ti, B and F are used for ZnO.
- TiO 2 is preferably Nb, Ta and W.
- the transparent conductive film 6a As a method for forming the transparent conductive film 6a, there are a chemical vapor deposition method such as plasma CVD and a physical vapor deposition method such as sputtering and ion plating. Ion plating is desirable. Further, it is desirable to remove the natural oxide film formed on the surfaces of the amorphous silicon films 4 and 5 with a hydrofluoric acid solution or the like before forming the transparent conductive film 6a.
- a chemical vapor deposition method such as plasma CVD
- a physical vapor deposition method such as sputtering and ion plating. Ion plating is desirable.
- the material of the protective mask 7a covering the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 can be a metal material, quartz or the like. Since metal oxide is reduced by plasma irradiation and causes contamination, a metal material is more preferable.
- the transparent conductive film 6a in the region not covered with the protective mask 7a can increase the carrier concentration by reducing plasma irradiation.
- atmospheric pressure plasma or low-pressure plasma in a vacuum chamber can be applied.
- H 2 (hydrogen) gas or a mixed gas of H 2 and Ar (argon) is preferably ionized. It is also possible to use a rare gas other than Ar.
- the transparent conductive film 6a on the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 By irradiating the transparent conductive film 6a on the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 with plasma, this region is reduced and the carrier concentration is increased. As a result, the junction with the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 becomes nearly ohmic and changes to a transparent conductive film 8a with reduced contact resistance with the amorphous silicon film 5. This maximizes the fill factor of the photovoltaic element.
- An oxide conductor such as In 2 O 3 or ZnO is a degenerate semiconductor, and the energy state of carriers is considered to be substantially the same as that of a metal. Therefore, bonding with amorphous silicon can be interpreted in the same manner as bonding with metal. That is, when the work function of the oxide conductor is larger than the ionization potential of n-type silicon, a Schottky barrier is generated, whereas when the work function of the oxide conductor is smaller than the ionization potential of n-type silicon, Ohmic junction.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between the carrier concentration of the transparent conductive film and the work function. From FIG. 12, it can be seen that in In 2 O 3 and ZnO, the work function decreases as the carrier concentration increases.
- the work function can be measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) or the like. Therefore, by increasing the carrier concentration by TCO reduction treatment, the work function can be reduced in the direction of decreasing, and as a result, the resistance value can be reduced.
- UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
- the metal electrode 9 in step 6 is formed on the transparent conductive films 6a and 8 by using a method such as sputtering deposition, electron beam deposition, or screen printing. Since the transparent conductive films 6a and 8 also have a function as a collecting electrode, it is not always necessary to form the metal electrode 9 on the entire surfaces of the transparent conductive films 6a and 8. In this case, when the light incident from the light receiving surface of the photovoltaic element reaches the back surface side, the reflected light cannot be used without the metal electrode 9. For this reason, it is desirable to install a reflecting member such as a white plate on the back surface side when modularizing the photovoltaic element partially formed with the metal electrode. As a material of the metal electrode, Ag (silver), Al (aluminum), Ti (titanium), Mo (molybdenum), W (tungsten), or the like is desirable.
- YAG laser, SHG laser, or the like can be used for the laser scribe in step 7.
- Laser light having wavelengths of 355 nm and 532 nm can cut amorphous silicon, and at the same time, the transparent conductive film 6 a is cut.
- the transparent conductive film 6 a is cut for the laser beam having a wavelength of 1064 nm.
- the scribe width is desirably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the lower limit is determined by the width of the laser beam and is about 50 ⁇ m.
- the passivation film may be formed by performing thermal oxidation or the like on the interface in the vicinity of the scribe groove after the laser scribe.
- the transparent conductive film 6a formed at one time has low resistance at the junction interface of both the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon 5.
- the series resistance of the photovoltaic element decreases and the fill factor increases.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic element is improved. If the transparent conductive film on the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the transparent conductive film on the n-type amorphous silicon 5 are formed in two steps, not only the raw materials are required, but also the film formation time It becomes twice or more, and the productivity and the yield are reduced.
- Embodiment 2 the transparent conductive film 6a on the n-type amorphous silicon 5 is not irradiated with reducing plasma as in the first embodiment, but the transparent conductive film on the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 is not irradiated.
- the film 6b is irradiated with oxidizing plasma to form a transparent conductive film 8b.
- 13 and 14 are enlarged cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic element according to the present embodiment.
- the protective mask 7b is formed on the region including the n-type amorphous silicon 5, and the transparent conductive film 6b is changed to the transparent conductive film 8b by irradiation with the oxidizing plasma P including oxygen plasma (oxygen ions). Yes.
- the carrier concentration of the transparent conductive film 8b decreases and the work function increases. Since the steps after the plasma irradiation are the same as those in the first embodiment, description thereof is omitted.
- an ohmic junction is obtained when the work function of the transparent conductive film 8b is larger than the ionization potential of the p-type amorphous silicon film 4. That is, since the work function of the transparent conductive film 6b is reduced, the junction state with the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 becomes an ohmic junction or a state close to an ohmic junction, and the resistivity is reduced. Also in this embodiment, good photoelectric conversion characteristics and high productivity can be realized while forming a transparent conductive film all at once.
- Embodiment 3 A method of separating the region on the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the region on the n-type amorphous silicon film 5 of the metal electrode layer 9 and further separating the transparent conductive film 6a and the transparent conductive film 8a is a laser. It doesn't have to be scribe. In the second embodiment, wet etching is used instead of laser scribing. 15 and 16 are enlarged cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic element according to the embodiment of the present invention. Since the steps from FIG. 3 to FIG. 9 are the same as those in the first embodiment, description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 15 shows a state after the collector electrode 11 is formed. After the collector electrode 11 is formed, the transparent conductive film existing between the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon 5 is removed by etching. In FIG. 15, the region which is the transparent conductive film 6 is removed, and the configuration as shown in FIG. 16 is completed.
- metal particles such as Ag (silver), Al (aluminum), Cu (copper) is printed on the transparent conductive film 6 and the transparent conductive film 8 after the plasma irradiation, and then annealed after drying.
- FIG. 15 shows a state after the collector electrode 11 is formed. After the collector electrode 11 is formed, the transparent conductive film existing between the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon 5 is removed by etching. In FIG. 15, the region which is the transparent conductive film 6 is removed, and the configuration as shown in FIG. 16 is completed.
- the transparent conductive film 6 When the transparent conductive film 6 is In 2 O 3 or ITO, the transparent conductive film 6 may be etched using a ferric chloride aqueous solution, an iodic acid aqueous solution, aqua regia, an oxalic acid aqueous solution, or the like.
- the oxalic acid aqueous solution may be mixed with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid.
- the third embodiment it is possible to perform a simple patterning process after forming the transparent conductive film once.
- a back contact type heterojunction photovoltaic device having excellent characteristics can be obtained while using a simple process.
- fine etching using an etching resist is performed after the thin metal electrode layer 9 is formed. May be performed.
- the transparent conductive film can be etched using the patterned metal electrode layer 9 as a mask.
- Embodiment 4 When the transparent conductive film on the amorphous silicon film is separated, if the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 is damaged by a laser beam or an etching solution, the underlying single crystal silicon substrate 1 is insufficiently passivated. Thus, the photoelectric conversion efficiency may be reduced. Therefore, in this embodiment, an insulator layer for protecting the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 is formed. 17 to 18 are enlarged cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic element according to the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG.
- an insulator layer 12 is formed in the gap between the p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon 5 on the i-type amorphous silicon film 3.
- the insulator layer 12 is a thick film or a thin film containing metal oxides such as alumina and silica and nitride fine particles such as boron nitride.
- FIG. 18 shows a state after performing plasma irradiation on the transparent conductive film 6a on the n-type amorphous silicon 5, and
- FIG. 19 shows a state after performing laser scribing. Since the i-type amorphous silicon film 3 is protected by the insulator layer 12, the passivation effect of the single crystal silicon substrate 1 is not impaired, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained while the transparent conductive film is formed once. Can be obtained.
- a reduction treatment by a heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere or an oxidation treatment by a heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere may be used.
- the case of the back contact type heterojunction photovoltaic element has been described.
- the same method can be applied to the case of the back contact type diffusion type photovoltaic element. I can do it.
- a diffusion type photovoltaic device a p-type layer and an n-type layer are formed in the substrate by diffusing the dopant directly into the single crystal silicon substrate 1, and in this case, an intrinsic semiconductor film It is not necessary to form a film.
- Example 1 a photovoltaic device having the structure shown in FIG. 10 was produced by the method of Embodiment 1, and the characteristics were evaluated.
- n-type single crystal silicon substrate 1 a square wafer having a crystal orientation of (100) and dimensions of 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm ⁇ t 200 ⁇ m was used.
- the manufacturing process is as follows. First, a pyramidal texture structure was formed on the substrate surface with NaOH aqueous solution.
- a passivation film 2 is formed on the light-receiving surface side of the single crystal silicon substrate 1 by the CVD method, and an i-type amorphous silicon film 3, a p-type amorphous silicon film 4 and an n-type amorphous film are formed on the back surface side.
- a quality silicon film 5 was formed by a CVD method.
- Table 1 is a list of the composition, pressure, and input power of the gas introduced into the film forming chamber under the film forming conditions of the above formed film.
- the widths of the p-type amorphous silicon film region 4 and the n-type amorphous silicon film region 3 were 4 mm and 2 mm, respectively.
- the width of the p-type amorphous silicon film region 4 is set wider than that of the n-type amorphous silicon film region 5 to improve the characteristics of the photovoltaic device.
- a transparent conductive film 6 of indium oxide was formed on the back side by RF sputtering deposition.
- Table 2 shows the formation conditions.
- a protective mask 7 was put on the p-type amorphous silicon film region on the back side.
- the material of the protective mask 7 was Al (aluminum).
- the back surface was irradiated with plasma under the conditions shown in Table 3 using a CVD chamber. The experiment was conducted with the pressure of the gas generating the plasma fixed and the electric power supplied to maintain the plasma as a parameter.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the relationship between the input power and the normalized characteristics in the CVD process of Example 1. The measurement was carried out by putting a photovoltaic element (solar cell) into a solar simulator.
- the normalized characteristic is a characteristic obtained by measuring the characteristic of a photovoltaic element produced without irradiating plasma as Comparative Example 1, and expressing this as 1.
- the manufacturing process of Comparative Example 1 was the same as Example 1 except that plasma was not irradiated.
- Jsc is a normalized current density
- FF is a normalized curve factor
- Eff is a normalized conversion efficiency.
- the fill factor FF increases as the plasma input power is increased. This is considered to be a result of a decrease in the contact resistance with the n-type amorphous silicon film due to an increase in the carrier concentration of the transparent conductive film and a decrease in the work function.
- transparent oxides such as In 2 O 3 and ZnO have a property of releasing oxygen in a reducing atmosphere.
- oxygen decreases, the carrier concentration increases and at the same time, the transparent oxide darkens and the transmittance decreases. For this reason, if the plasma in the reducing atmosphere is continuously irradiated, the transmittance decreases, and the light passing through the cell (mainly infrared light) is absorbed, resulting in a decrease in current density and photoelectric conversion. Efficiency is reduced.
- Example 2 uses the same manufacturing process as Example 1 except for the plasma irradiation conditions.
- Table 4 shows the plasma irradiation conditions according to Example 2. The experiment was conducted with the input power constant and the gas pressure for generating plasma as a parameter.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing the relationship between the gas pressure and the normalized characteristics of Example 2 of the present invention.
- the normalized current density Jsc, normalized curve factor FF, and normalized conversion efficiency Eff of the photovoltaic element fabricated in Example 2 are shown.
- the normalized characteristics shown in FIG. 21 are expressed as 1 as the cell characteristics of a photovoltaic element manufactured as Comparative Example 2 without being irradiated with plasma.
- the manufacturing process of Comparative Example 2 was the same as Example 2 except that plasma was not irradiated.
- the fill factor of Example 2 increases within the pressure change region of the plasma generated gas. Between 67 and 800 Pa, the photovoltaic element characteristics are improved as compared with Comparative Example 2, and the characteristics are improved as the gas pressure is lower.
- Example 3 is the same manufacturing process as Example 1 except for the plasma irradiation conditions and the material of the transparent conductive film 6.
- Table 5 shows the conditions for forming the transparent conductive film 6 of Example 3.
- the transparent conductive film 6 is a TCO material called AZO, which is zinc oxide doped with aluminum.
- Table 6 shows the plasma irradiation conditions of Example 3. Compared with the above-mentioned case of indium oxide, a large electric power is input. This is because ZnO: Al has stronger plasma reduction resistance than In 2 O 3 .
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the relationship between the input power and the normalized characteristics in Example 3 of the present invention.
- the normalized current density Jsc, normalized curve factor FF, and normalized conversion efficiency Eff of the photovoltaic element fabricated in Example 2 are shown.
- Comparative Example 3 the cell characteristic of a photovoltaic device manufactured without plasma irradiation is represented as 1.
- the manufacturing process of Comparative Example 3 was the same as Example 3 except that plasma was not irradiated.
- the plasma factor increases the fill factor and the conversion efficiency within the change range of the input power, and the characteristics of the photovoltaic device are improved.
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Description
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1にかかる結晶シリコン系光起電力素子の裏面を模式的に示す平面図である。櫛歯状の陰極12と陽極13が、互いに櫛歯を噛み合わせるように配置されている。陰極12と陽極13の間には微小なギャップが設けられており、陰極12と陽極13の領域は互いに重なり合う部分を持たない。一方、裏面に対向する表面は受光面で、受光面には特徴的な構造を持たない。すなわち、電極が裏面にのみ設けられた、バックコンタクト型の光起電力素子となっている。この光起電力素子は、結晶シリコンとバンドギャップの異なる非晶質シリコン系薄膜を結晶シリコン表面に製膜して、所謂ヘテロ接合を形成したヘテロ接合型光起電力素子である。そのため、陰極12と陽極13に対応して、それぞれn型半導体層としてn型非晶質シリコン、p型半導体層としてp型非晶質シリコンの薄膜が形成されている。
まず、受光面側にパッシベーション膜2を形成したn型の単結晶シリコン基板1の裏面に、i型非晶質シリコン膜3(真性非晶質シリコン膜)を形成する(工程1)。図3は形成後の状態を示している。i型非晶質シリコン膜3は、単結晶シリコン基板1のパッシベーション作用を有するほか、その上に形成される非晶質シリコン膜と単結晶シリコン基板1との間でドーパントが相互に混入することを防ぐものである。
次に、p型非晶質シリコン膜4上の領域とn型非晶質シリコン膜5上の領域の金属電極層9を切り離し、さらに透明導電膜6aと透明導電膜8aを切り離す。これによって、非晶質シリコンのp型領域とn型領域が完全に分離される。分離方法は、例えばレーザ照射によるレーザスクライブにて行う(工程7)。図10は、レーザによるスクライブ後の状態を示す。図中の矢印LBは、レーザ光の照射位置と照射方向を示しており、照射された部分にスクライブ跡10が形成されている。
基板材料となる単結晶シリコン基板1はインゴットをスライスしたもので、スライスした後にゲッタリング処理を施して、表面及び表面近傍の不要な不純物を除去している。表面の光反射率低減のため、単結晶シリコン基板1をKOH(水酸化カリウム)、NaOH(水酸化ナトリウム)、TMAH(水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム)等のアルカリ性水溶液に浸漬し、異方性エッチング法により単結晶シリコン基板1の表面に微細ピラミッド状の凹凸を形成する。さらに、微細ピラミッド状凹凸を施した表面の金属および有機不純物を洗浄により除去する。
また、パッシベーション膜2上にさらに反射防止膜を形成しても良い。この場合、SiOx、SiNxの他にTiOx、ZnO及びIn2O3等の透明酸化物を利用してもよい。
次いで、i型非晶質シリコン膜3の所定領域にマスクを被せた後、工程2のn型非晶質シリコン5を形成する。形成方法はプラズマCVD法が望ましく、真空チャンバ内にSiH4ガス、H2ガス及びPH3(ホスフィン)ガスを導入して形成する。マスクの材質はメタル、石英等があるが、金属汚染が無い石英が最も望ましい。
工程3では、n型非晶質シリコン膜5を覆うようにマスクを被せた後、p型非晶質シリコン膜4を形成する。形成方法はプラズマCVD法が望ましく、真空チャンバ内にSiH4ガス、H2ガス及びB2H6(ジボラン)ガスを導入して形成する。p型非晶質シリコン膜4とn型非晶質シリコン膜5は、形成領域が重ならないように一定のギャップを設けることが好ましい。p型非晶質シリコン膜4とn型非晶質シリコン膜5の形成順序は入れ替わっても良い。
上記の光起電力装置においては、p型非晶質シリコン膜4とn型単結晶シリコン基板1とのpn接合にて起電力が生ずる。電子とホールの拡散長を比較すると、電子よりホールの拡散長が短い。そのため、n型非晶質シリコン膜5の形成領域に比べてp型非晶質シリコン5の形成領域が広い方が、発電効率が高まる。
工程5で使用する処理用のプラズマPは、大気圧プラズマや、真空チャンバ内での低圧プラズマが適用可能である。たとえば、H2(水素)ガスまたはH2とAr(アルゴン)の混合ガスを電離させたものが好適である。また、Ar以外の希ガスを使用することも可能である。n型非晶質シリコン膜5上の透明導電膜6aへのプラズマ照射により、この領域が還元されてキャリア濃度が高まる。その結果、n型非晶質シリコン膜5との接合がオーミックに近い状態となって、非晶質シリコン膜5とのコンタクト抵抗が低減された透明導電膜8aに変化する。これによって、光起電力素子の曲線因子を最大化させることが出来る。
すなわち、酸化物導電体の仕事関数がn型シリコンのイオン化ポテンシャルより大きいと、ショットキー障壁が生じてしまうのに対して、酸化物導電体の仕事関数がn型シリコンのイオン化ポテンシャルより小さいと、オーミック接合となる。したがって、n型非晶質シリコン5の上に形成された透明導電膜6aがオーミック接合となっていなくとも、プラズマ処理によって還元し、キャリア濃度を高めることによって仕事関数を低減し、オーミック接合ないしオーミック接合に近い状態にすることが出来る。なるべくオーミック接合に近い状態になるようにキャリア濃度を制御することで、接合部のコンタクト抵抗を低減して、導通損失の小さい光起電力素子を得ることが出来る。
図12は、透明導電膜のキャリア濃度と仕事関数の関係を示すグラフである。図12から、In2O3とZnOにおいて、キャリア濃度が増加するにつれて仕事関数が低下していることが分かる。仕事関数は、紫外光電子分光法(UPS)などで測定することが出来る。このことから、TCOの還元処理によってキャリア濃度を高めることで、仕事関数を小さくする方向に改質が可能であり、その結果、抵抗値を小さくすることが出来る。
p型非晶質シリコン膜4上の透明導電膜とn型非晶質シリコン5上の透明導電膜を2回に分けて製膜すると、それぞれ原料が必要となるだけでなく、製膜時間が倍以上となってしまい、生産性および歩留まりの低下を招く。また、TCOは製膜後に加熱されると特性が変化するため、最適な特性の膜を得ることが難しいという問題も生じる。本実施の形態によれば、こうした問題を生じることが無く、透明導電膜を一括で製膜しながら良好な光電変換特性と高い生産性を実現することが出来る。
本実施の形態においては、実施の形態1のようにn型非晶質シリコン5上の透明導電膜6aに還元性プラズマを照射するのではなく、p型非晶質シリコン膜4上の透明導電膜6bに酸化性プラズマを照射して、透明導電膜8bとする。図13、図14は、本実施の形態に係る光起電力素子の製造工程を示す断面拡大図である。保護マスク7bはn型非晶質シリコン5を含む領域上に形成されており、酸素プラズマ(酸素イオン)を含む酸化性プラズマPの照射によって、透明導電膜6bは透明導電膜8bに変化している。これにより、透明導電膜8bのキャリア濃度が減少して仕事関数が大きくなる。プラズマ照射以降の工程は、実施の形態1と同様であるので、説明を省略する。
金属電極層9のp型非晶質シリコン膜4上の領域と、n型非晶質シリコン膜5上の領域を分離し、さらに透明導電膜6aと透明導電膜8aを分離する方法は、レーザスクライブでなくともよい。本実施の形態2においては、レーザスクライブに代わって、ウエットエッチングを用いるものである。
図15、図16は、本発明の実施の形態の光起電力素子の製造工程を示す断面拡大図である。図3から図9までの工程については、実施の形態1と同様であるので説明を省略する。プラズマ照射後の透明導電膜6、透明導電膜8上に対応して、Ag(銀)やAl(アルミ)、Cu(銅)などの金属粒子を含有する厚膜ペーストを印刷して乾燥後アニールを行って集電極11を形成する。図15は、集電極11形成後の状態を示す。
集電極11を形成後、p型非晶質シリコン膜4とn型非晶質シリコン5の間に存在する透明導電膜をエッチングで除去する。図15では、透明導電膜6となっている領域を除去して、図16に示すような形態が完成する。
透明導電膜6のエッチングは、透明導電膜6がIn2O3やITOである場合には、塩化第二鉄水溶液、よう素酸水溶液、王水、シュウ酸水溶液などを用いればよい。シュウ酸水溶液には、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸を混合してもよい。
非晶質シリコン膜上の透明導電膜を分離する際に、レーザ光やエッチング液によって、i型非晶質シリコン膜3がダメージを受けると、その下の単結晶シリコン基板1のパッシベーションが不十分となって、光電変換効率が低下する場合がある。そのため、本実施の形態では、i型非晶質シリコン膜3を保護するための絶縁体層を形成する。
図17~18は、本発明の実施の形態の光起電力素子の製造工程を示す断面拡大図である。図17に示すように、i型非晶質シリコン膜3上のp型非晶質シリコン膜4とn型非晶質シリコン5の間隙に、絶縁体層12を形成する。絶縁体層12は、アルミナ、シリカ等の金属酸化物や、窒化ホウ素などの窒化物の微粒子を含有する、厚膜ないし、薄膜である。図18は、n型非晶質シリコン5上の透明導電膜6aに対してプラズマ照射を行った後の状態を示し、図19は、レーザスクライブを行った後の状態を示す。絶縁体層12によってi型非晶質シリコン膜3が保護されているため、単結晶シリコン基板1のパッシベーション効果が損なわれることが無く、透明導電膜の製膜を1回としながら、光電変換効率の優れた光起電力素子を得ることが出来る。
また、上記の実施の形態では、バックコンタクト型のヘテロ接合光起電力素子の場合について説明を行ったが、バックコンタクト型の拡散型光起電力素子の場合にも同様の方法を適用することが出来る。拡散型光起電力素子の場合は、単結晶シリコン基板1に、直接、ドーパントを拡散することによって、基板内にp型層、n型層を形成する方法であり、この場合は、真性半導体膜を製膜する必要はない。
実施例1.
この実施例1では実施の形態1の方法で、図10に示す構造を有する光起電力素子を作製し、特性を評価した。n型単結晶シリコン基板1には、結晶方位が(100)で、寸法が10cm×10cm×t200μmの正方形ウエハを用いた。作製プロセスは、次の通りである。
まずNaOH水溶液にて、基板表面にピラミッド状のテクスチャ構造を形成した。基板洗浄後、単結晶シリコン基板1の受光面側にパッシベーション膜2をCVD法にて形成し、裏面側にi型非晶質シリコン膜3、p型非晶質シリコン膜4及びn型非晶質シリコン膜5をCVD法にて形成した。表1は、上記の形成膜の製膜条件で、製膜チャンバ内に導入するガスの組成と、圧力、投入電力の一覧である。
最後に、レーザスクライブにてpn分離を行った後、熱酸化炉にて200℃で1時間アニールを行ってスクライブ痕を酸化させた。
図20は、実施例1のCVDプロセスにおける投入電力と規格化特性の関係を示すグラフである。測定は、光起電力素子(太陽電池セル)をソーラーシミュレーターに投入して実施した。規格化特性とあるのは、比較例1として、プラズマを照射せずに作製した光起電力素子の特性を測定し、これを1として表したものである。比較例1の製造プロセスは、プラズマを照射しない以外は、実施例1と同一とした。Jscは規格化電流密度、FFは規格化曲線因子、Effは規格化変換効率を示す。図20に示すとおり、プラズマの投入電力を大きくするにつれて、曲線因子FFが増加している。これは、透明導電膜のキャリア濃度が増加して仕事関数が小さくなり、n型非晶質シリコン膜とのコンタクト抵抗が減少した結果と考えられる。しかし、投入電力が0.132W/cm2を超えると、規格化変換効率が1を下回っている。これは、透明導電膜の還元に伴う光学特性の劣化による電流密度の低下も同時に起こるためと考えられる。したがって、セル特性が比較例1に比べて上昇するのは、投入電力が0.026~0.132W/cm2の範囲であり、この条件において、透明導電膜へのプラズマ照射による特性改善効果がみられた。
実施例2は、プラズマの照射条件以外は全て実施例1と同じ製造プロセスを用いている。表4に、実施例2に係るプラズマの照射条件を示す。投入電力は一定として、プラズマを発生させるためのガス圧力をパラメータとして実験を行った。
実施例3は、プラズマ照射条件と透明導電膜6の材料以外は全て実施例1と同じ製造プロセスである。表5に実施例3の透明導電膜6の製膜条件を示す。透明導電膜6は、いわゆるAZOと呼ばれているTCO材料で、酸化亜鉛にアルミニウムがドープされたものである。表6に実施例3のプラズマ照射条件を示す。前述の酸化インジウムの場合に比べると、大きな電力が投入されている。これは、ZnO:AlはIn2O3に比べて耐プラズマ還元性が強いためである。
2 パッシベーション膜
3 i型非晶質シリコン膜
4 p型非晶質シリコン膜
5 n型非晶質シリコン
6、6a、6b 透明導電膜
7、7a、7b 保護マスク
8、8a、8b 透明導電膜
9 金属電極層
Claims (12)
- 半導体結晶基板の一方の面の第1領域にn型半導体層を形成する工程と、
前記一方の面の第2領域にp型半導体層を形成する工程と、
前記n型半導体層および前記p型半導体層の表面を含む前記一方の面に酸化物を主成分とするコンタクト電極層を一括形成する工程と、
前記第1領域上の前記コンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度が、前記第2領域上の前記コンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度より大きくなるように、
前記第1領域上または前記第2領域上の前記コンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度を調整する工程と、
前記第1領域上の前記コンタクト電極層と前記第2領域上の前記コンタクト電極層とを切り離す工程と、
を備える光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 半導体結晶基板はシリコンウエハであり、
コンタクト電極層を構成する酸化物は、酸化インジウム、酸化チタン、酸化スズおよび酸化亜鉛のいずれか1種を含む、
請求項1に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 半導体結晶基板の一方の面に真性シリコン層を形成する工程を備え、
n型半導体層およびp型半導体層は非晶質シリコン膜であり、
前記n型半導体層および前記p型半導体層を前記真性半導体層上に形成する、
請求項2に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 第2領域上のコンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度を調整する工程は、
第1領域上のコンタクト電極層を覆う保護マスクを配置する工程と、
前記第2領域上の前記コンタクト電極層に酸化性のプラズマ照射を行う工程と、
を備える、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 第1領域のコンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度を調整する工程は、
第2領域上のコンタクト電極層を覆う保護マスクを配置する工程と、
前記第1領域上の前記コンタクト電極層に還元性のプラズマ照射を行う工程と、
を備える、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 第1領域と第2領域を隔てる第3領域上にレーザ光を照射し、第1領域上のコンタクト電極層と第2領域上のコンタクト電極層とを切り離すことを特徴とする、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。
- 第1領域上および第2領域上のコンタクト電極層上に金属電極層を形成する工程と、
第1領域と第2領域を隔てる第3領域のコンタクト電極層をウエットエッチングする工程とを含む、
請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 第1領域と第2領域を隔てる、真性半導体層表面の第3領域に、絶縁性部材を配置する工程を含む、
請求項6または7に記載の光起電力素子の製造方法。 - 半導体結晶基板上の第1領域に形成されたn型半導体層と、
前記半導体結晶基板上の第2領域に形成されたp型半導体層と、
前記n型半導体層上に形成された第1コンタクト電極層と、
前記p型半導体層上に形成された第2コンタクト電極層と、
前記第1および第2コンタクト電極層上に形成された金属電極層とを有し、
前記第1および第2コンタクト電極層は一括して成膜された導電性酸化物膜であり、
前記第1コンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度は前記第2コンタクト電極層のキャリア濃度より大きい光起電力素子。 - 半導体結晶基板はシリコンウエハであり、
第1および第2コンタクト電極層を構成する酸化物は、酸化インジウム、酸化チタン、酸化スズおよび酸化亜鉛のいずれか1種を含む、
請求項9に記載の光起電力素子。 - 半導体結晶基板の一方の面に真性シリコン層を備え、
n型半導体層およびp型半導体層は前記真性シリコン層上に形成された非晶質シリコン膜である、
請求項10に記載の光起電力素子。 - 請求項9から11のいずれか一項に記載の光起電力素子を複数個配列し、電気的に直列または並列に接続されてなること特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
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| US9472711B2 (en) | 2016-10-18 |
| US20140373896A1 (en) | 2014-12-25 |
| JP5774204B2 (ja) | 2015-09-09 |
| CN104205359B (zh) | 2016-09-14 |
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