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WO2013039753A1 - Procédés permettant de faire fonctionner un système de gestion et de conversion d'énergie à usages multiples destiné à charger un véhicule électrique - Google Patents

Procédés permettant de faire fonctionner un système de gestion et de conversion d'énergie à usages multiples destiné à charger un véhicule électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013039753A1
WO2013039753A1 PCT/US2012/053858 US2012053858W WO2013039753A1 WO 2013039753 A1 WO2013039753 A1 WO 2013039753A1 US 2012053858 W US2012053858 W US 2012053858W WO 2013039753 A1 WO2013039753 A1 WO 2013039753A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy
bus
local
block
power
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2012/053858
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Taras KUCENIUK
Michael BISSONETTE
Omourtag A. Velev
Eric AAGAARD
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Aerovironment Inc
Original Assignee
Aerovironment Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aerovironment Inc filed Critical Aerovironment Inc
Publication of WO2013039753A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013039753A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters
    • H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/30—Constructional details of charging stations
    • B60L53/305—Communication interfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/51—Photovoltaic means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/52—Wind-driven generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/53—Batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/64—Optimising energy costs, e.g. responding to electricity rates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/68—Off-site monitoring or control, e.g. remote control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L55/00—Arrangements for supplying energy stored within a vehicle to a power network, i.e. vehicle-to-grid [V2G] arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H02J3/322—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means the battery being on-board an electric or hybrid vehicle, e.g. vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G], power aggregation, use of the battery for network load balancing, coordinated or cooperative battery charging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00—Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/12—Driver interactions by confirmation, e.g. of the input
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00—Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/16—Driver interactions by display
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388—Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/167—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
    • Y04S10/126—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S30/00—Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
    • Y04S30/10—Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
    • Y04S30/12—Remote or cooperative charging
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S30/00—Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
    • Y04S30/10—Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
    • Y04S30/14—Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing

Definitions

  • the present invention in its several exubodiraenfcs pertains to systems and methods of managing electric energy flow or power among different electric energy sources, for charging an electric vehicle and/or
  • a typical electric vehicle (EV) has an
  • the electric motor coupled to the vehicle wheels and a rechargeable battery pack for powering the electric motor.
  • the battery pack may be beneficially recharged at night (tor example) when the electric vehicle is not in use and when electricity is generally more available and less expensive.
  • the electric vehicle further includes an on-board charging system that can be plugged into a household utility outlet in the
  • a method for managing electrical energy in a system for charging an electric vehicle (EV) having an EV battery .
  • the method comprises :
  • the plural energy sources comprising one or more energy sources having zero energy cost and one or more energy sources having nonzero energy costs;
  • the attributes comprise cost of energy of each energy source and energy available from each energy source. If available energy of a combination of the energy sources having zero energy cost is adequate to meet the required energy, the method further comprises permitting discharge from the combination of energy sources having zero energy cost.
  • the establishing discharge voltage set points comprises establishing discharge voltage set points of energy sources having non-zero energy costs in inverse relation to their energy costs. If available energy of a combination of the energy sources having zero energy cost is not adequate to furnish the additional energy, discharging respective ones of the energ sources having non-zero energy costs to the direct: current bus whenever the voltage of the direct current bus is less than the corresponding
  • the energy sources having zero energy cost comprise at least one of a solar cell array and a wind generator, and the energy sources having nonzero energy costs comprise at least one of a utility grid and a local energy storage unit. If (a) available energy of a coTibinat ion of the energy sources having zero energy cost is not adequate to furnish the required energy, and (b) energy cost of energy stored in the local energy storage unit is less than energy cost of the utility grid, then the method further comprises enabling
  • the method further comprises adjusting the
  • the method comprises adjusting the
  • the method further comprises searching for a value for the cost threshold at which the energy cost of the grid is below the cost threshold for a sufficient amount of time to obtain the required energy from a combination of the energy sources. Searching for a value for the cost threshold comprises:
  • the cost threshold initializing the cost threshold to equal the minimum energy cost occurring between the present time and the specified time; from a profile of utility grid energy costs,, ascertaining the net amount of time that the utility grid energy costs are less than a current value of the cost threshold;
  • the method may further comprise, prior to
  • corresponding energy source in one embodiment comprises permitting zero current flow while the bus voltage exceeds the corresponding discharge voltage set point and permitting maximum current flow wh le the bus voltage is less than the discharge voltage set point.
  • the method may employ a ramped transition between the zero current flow and the maximum current flow over a limited bus voltage range centered around the corresponding one voltag set point.
  • the comparing and permitting steps for each one of the energy sources may be carried out in a local processor dedicated to the one energy source, and carrying out the step of establishing discharge voltage set points in a central processor in communication with each local processor, and
  • the method in one embodiment further comprises:
  • the method may further comprise:
  • the method further comprises :
  • the direct current bus is coupled to the utility grid through a local AC
  • the method further comprises:
  • the method of Claim 19 further comprising converting current flow from the direct current bus to the local AC panel from direct current to alternating current.
  • the method may further comprises converting current flow from the direct current bus to the local AC panel from direct current to alternating current.
  • the method further comprises :
  • a modular electrical power management system for charging an electric vehicle (EV) frora plural energy sources, the EV having an SV battery and an EV charging port.
  • a central processor coupled to the control signal link
  • each of the modules comprising a connection
  • connection terminal the connection terminal of one of the modules being coupleable to the EV charging port, the connection terminals of the remaining ones of the modules being coupleable to corresponding ones of the energy sources, each of the modules further comprising:
  • a DC converter coupled through the connection terminal to the corresponding energy source and coupled to the direct current bus
  • a local processor connected to the DC converter and coupled to the control signal link; and a memory coupled to the local processor.
  • the local processor is
  • the central processor is programmed to provide the voltage set point via the command signal link.
  • the DC bus comprises a pair of conductors, and each of the modules farther comprises a shunt capacitor connected to the pair of conductors.
  • the plural energy sources may comprise one or more energy sources having zero energy costs and one or more energy sou ces having non-zero energy costs.
  • the plural energy sources comprise at least one of a solar cell array and a wind generator, and at least one of a utility grid and a local energy storage u i t .
  • an energy management system for charging an electric vehicle (EV) having an EV charging port, the system comprising:
  • plural connector ports one of the plural connector ports connectahle to the EV charging port, remaining ones of the plural connector ports connectaoie to respective ones of plural energy sources; respective DC converter stages coupled between respective ones of the plural connector ports ana the direct current bus;
  • respective local processors controlling respective ones of the converter stages and respective memories connected to the respective local processors
  • each local processor is
  • the central processor is programmed to provide the voltage set point to the corresponding memory via the command signal link.
  • the DC bus comprises a pair of conductors, the DC bus comprising a main DC bus and respective DC bus branches connected, to respective ones of the DC converters.
  • Respective shunt capacitors are located at boundaries between the respective DC bus branches and the main DC bus, each of the shunt
  • the DC converter stages coupled to the remaining ones of the plural connector ports comprise respective discharge terminals, and respective diodes are connected between the respective discharge terminals and the DC bus in a polarity in which each diode is forward biased for current flow from the
  • the respective local processors are configured to control the respective DC converter stage to the DC bias.
  • the respective local processors are configured to control the respective DC converter stage to the DC bias.
  • the one DC converter stage associated with the SV charging port comprises a charging terminal, and a diode is connected between the charging terminal and the DC bus in a polarity in which the diode is forward biased for current flow to the one DC converter stage from the DC bus .
  • the corresponding local processor is programmed to control the one DC converter stage to maintain voltage of the charging terminal at a selected voltage set point.
  • the central processor is programmed to provide respective voltage set points to respective ones of the local processors.
  • FIG, 1 is a diagram depicting an arrangement for charging the battery pack of an electric vehicle, including an energy management system interfacing with multiple energy sources, in accordance with one
  • FIG . 2 is a diagram depicting the signal flow between the electric vehicle and the energy management system of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting elements within the energy management system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG, 4 is a simplified block diagram depicting the simultaneous flow of power between a high voltage D.C. bus of the energy management system and the multiple energy sources, in accordance with one embodiment .
  • FIG. 5A is a block diagram depicting power flow in a mode in which local renewable energy sources charge a local energy storage device in absence of the electric vehicle being connected to the system.
  • FIG. 5B is a block diagram depicting power flow in a mode in which the electric vehicle s charged front available energy sources including the local energy storage device.
  • FIG. 5C is a block diagram depicting power flow in a mode adapted to provide backup power during a utility grid power outage *
  • FIG. 5D is a block diagram depicting power flow in a mode in which both the local energy storage device and the electric vehicle'' s battery pack are charged
  • FIG. 5E is a block diagram depicting power flow in a mode in which power is returned to the utility grid
  • FIG. 6 depicts the elements of a user interface of the energy management system of FIG, 1, and further depicts information flow from a multi-source utility grid supplier to the energy management system,
  • FIG. 7 depicts one example of a menu screen of the user interface of FIG. 6.
  • FIG, 8 is a flow diagram depicting one mode of operation of the energy management system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting how to carry out the operation in FIG. 8 of charging of the on-fooard battery pack of the electric vehicle.
  • FIG. 10 is a flow diagram depicting how to carry out the operation in FIG. 8 of charging of an energy storage device.
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B are respective flow diagrams depicting how the energy management system decides to flow electric power back to a smart utility grid, in accordance with respective embodiment.
  • FIGS. 12A and 12B depict a method of operation of the energ management system of FIG. 3 with interactive communication and control b the -user, in accordance with an embodiment .
  • FIG. 13 depicts how one or more of the rechargeable sources can be selected to be the recipient of power in the method of FIGS. 12A and 12B.
  • FIG. 14 depicts a mode of the method of FIG 12 in which charging is performed in minimum time.
  • FIGS. ISA, 158 and 15C depict embodiments of a mode of the metho of FIGS. 12 ⁇ and I2B in which charging is performed at minimum cost.
  • FIGS. 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D depict embodiments of a mode of the raethod of FIGS . 12A and 128 in which charging is performed using a maximum fraction of power derived from environmentally-friendly (green) energy sources .
  • FIGS. 17A and 17B depict embodiments of a mode of the method, of FIGS. 12A and I2B in which charging is performed within a specified time *
  • FIG . 18 depicts an aspect of the method of FIGS. ⁇ 2 ⁇ and I2B in which charging is performed in accordance with plural modes selected by the user.
  • FIG. 19 depicts a mode of the method of FIGS. 12A and 128 in which power is returned, to the utility grid.
  • FIG, 20 depicts a mode of the method of FIGS. 12A and 12B for sensing a. power loss or outage of the utility grid and providing household backup power.
  • FIG. 21 depicts an energy management method in which an EV battery is held at an optimum long term storage voltage.
  • FIG. 22 depicts an embodiment in which energy may be exchanged through the power management system with the utility grid, and in which backup energy may be provided to the household AC distribution panel in the event of a ailure or black out of the ability grid.
  • FIG. 23 depicts modifications of the embodiment of FIG. 3, in which individual local processors control individual DC converters, and in which filter capacitors are provided at the connections of the DC converters with the DC bus,
  • FIG. 24 depicts a modular architecture for
  • FIG, 25 is a detailed view of a typical module in the modular architecture of FIG, 24,
  • FIG. 26 depicts a method of operating the energy management system employing different bus voltage set points governing the discharging and charging of
  • FIG. 27 depicts a circuit useful in carrying out the method of FIG. 26, using diodes to govern current low from or to different energy sources and energy sinks in accordance with comparisons of respective bus voltage set points with the DC bus voltage.
  • FIG. 28 depicts a response of a DC converter in the embodiment of FIG. 26 in which a bus voltage set point is ramped,
  • FIG. 29 depicts a method of operating an
  • FIG. 30 depicts connection of elements including a local processor in the energy management system for implementing the method of FIG. 29.
  • FIG. 31 depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for controlling energy flow from the solar generator to the DC bus ⁇
  • FIG. 32 depicts a method or opera ion carried cut in a local processor for controlling energy flow from the wind generator to the DC bos.
  • FIG. 33 depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for charging the electric vehicle battery pack from the DC bus.
  • FIG. 3 h depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for controlling discharging from the local energy storage unit to the DC bus.
  • FIG. 34B depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for controlling discharging from the electric vehicle battery pack to the DC bus.
  • FIG. 35 depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for recharging the local energy storage device from the DC bus.
  • FIG. 36 depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for controlling energy flow from the utility grid to the DC bus.
  • FIG. 37 depicts a method or operation carried out in a local processor for returning energy to the utility grid from the DC bus.
  • FIG. 38 depicts a method or operation carried out in the central processor for charging the electric vehicle battery pack at a maximum rate using a
  • FIGS. 39A, 39B, 39C, 39D and 39E together depict a method or operation performed by the central processor for charging the electric vehicle battery pack from the DC bus to a specified charge level at a minimum cost.
  • an electric vehicle 100 has an electric motor 105 coupled to the vehicle wheels and powered by an on-board EV battery pack 110 contained in the electric vehicle 100, or an alternative
  • the battery pack 110 can be charged by an on-board charging system 115 that can be coupled through an external charging port 120 provided on the electric vehicle 100 to an A.C.
  • a charging cable 130 can be temporarily plugged into the charging port 120 at one end and can be plugged into the A.C. electrical outlet 125 at the opposite end.
  • the on-board charging system 115 transforms the A.C.
  • the voltage of the D.C. power supplied by the on-board charging system 115 to the on-board battery pack 110 may be approximately 480 volts DC or in a range of 250-480 volts DC, for example.
  • a battery management system 135 can monitor the condition of the on-board battery pack 110,, including battery texaperature and charge level, and signals the on-board. charging system 115 to stop charging whenever the battery pack 110 reaches a fully charged condition or whenever the battery temperature exceeds a predetermined limit, for example.
  • the A.C. outlet 125 may foe a 110 volt outlet or a 220 volt outlet, for example. In these cases, the charging port 120 may be implemented wit a connector meeting the SAS J1772 specification for Level i (110 volt) and/or Level 2 (220 volt) sources .
  • the on-board charging system 115 can charge the battery pack 110 at a rate that is limited by the capacity (maximum charging rate or
  • an energy management sys em 210 can be provided at the location (garage or car port) where the electric vehicle 100 is parked when not in use, and can provide electrical power to re-charge the on-board battery pack 110 through a detachable power cable 212.
  • the energy management system 210 can be separate from the electric vehicle 100 and can manage power from numerous local sources, including power from the utility grid received through the household electric panel.
  • the local sources can include renewable energy sources such as a wind-driven electric generator and/or a solar cell array or other off-grid electricity generator.
  • the local energy sources may also include a local energy storage device such as an array of
  • the energy management system 210 furnishes D.C. current at the required battery charging voltage directly to the battery pack 110, bypassing the on-board charging system 115, This permits the battery pack 110 to be charged at the maximum rate allowed by the battery management system 135, unlimited by the capacity of the on-fooa d charging system 115, The energy
  • management system 210 may be coupled to the battery pack 110 via a detachable charging cable 212 through a
  • charging port 155 adapted for a high voltage (e.g., 480 volts ⁇ , for example.
  • the on-fooard charging system 115 would be used in circumstances where the energy
  • vehicle weight may be reduced by reducing the weight and power capacit of the on-board charging system 115 (or possibly eliminating it altogether) ,
  • off-board devices devices not on the vehicle
  • AC/DC converters which can replicate the function of an on-fooard charger.
  • the less complex system thus represents a lower total cost solution.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment in which information and control signal paths are provided within the electric vehicle 100 and within the charging cable 212 to enhance operation of the energy management system 210.
  • the charging cable 212 can be removably connected, between the charging port 260 or 205 provided on the electric vehicle 100 and vehicle connector port 101 provided on the energy management system 210.
  • the energy management system 210 is further coupled to receive power from any or all of the following sources: a utility grid 220 ⁇ e.g., via an electric power outlet), a local energy storage device 230 ⁇ which may be a battery array) , a wind turbine electric generator 240 (“wind generator”) , and a solar cell array electric generator 250 (“solar generator”) and/or an other off- grid electricity generator 253.
  • a utility grid 220 e.g., via an electric power outlet
  • a local energy storage device 230 which may be a battery array
  • wind turbine electric generator 240 wind generator
  • solar cell array electric generator 250 solar cell array electric generator 250
  • the energy management system 210 can have the following individual connector ports at which one end of a cable 212 may be removably connected: a utility grid connector port 221 connectable to the ability grid 220, a local energy storage device connector port 231 connectafoie to the local energy storage device 230, a wind generator connector port 241 connectable to the wind generator 240, and a solar generator connector port 251 connectable to the solar generator 250,
  • the two different charging ports 260, 265 provided on the vehicle have different power capacities.
  • the charging port 260 (port A") ma be a Level 3 port capable of receiving 480 volts DC
  • the charging port 265 may be a combination Level 1 and Level 2 port adapted to receive either 110 volts or 220 volts.
  • the charging cable 212 may include power conductor 214 and signal paths 216, 217, for example. The role of the signal paths 216, 21? will be discussed below.
  • the electric vehicle 100 in the embodiment of FIG. 2 can have dual paths for the electric charging current, namely a high current path 271 directly coupled to the on-board batter pack 110 and bypassing the on-bo rd charging system 115, and a low current path 272 coupled to the on-board charging system 115.
  • An output power path 273 is coupled from the on-board charging system 115 to the battery pack 110.
  • Power from either charging port 260, 265 flows in a common power path 274 to a switch 275.
  • the switch 275 can select one of the two power paths 271, 272 for power flowing from the charging port 260 (or from the charging port 265) .
  • a switch controller 276 responds to a bypass signal transmitted from the energy management system 210.
  • the bypass signal transmitted from the energy management system 210.
  • the switch controller 276 responds to the bypass signal by configuring the switch 275 to couple power from the port 260 (or from the port 265) to the high current power path 271 that bypasses the on-board charging system 115. In absence of the bypass signal, the switch
  • controller 276 configures the switch 275 to select the low current power path 272.
  • the switch controller 276 is coupled at the charging port 260 (or at the charging port 265 ⁇ to the signal paths 216, 217 through signal paths 280, 281 extending between the charging port 260 and the switch controller 276.
  • a charging control signal path 284 extends from the battery management system 135 to the switch controller 276 while another charging control signal path 285 extends from the battery management system 135 to the on-board charging system 115.
  • each charging control signal path 284, 285 indicates whether charging is allowed (depending upon battery charge level and temperature sensed by the battery management system 135) .
  • the energy management system 210 receives the charging control signal via the signal paths 284, 231 and 217.
  • the bypass signal from the energy management system 210 follows the signal paths 216 and 280,
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of the energy management system 210 of FIG. 2.
  • a high voltag DC bus 300 can be coupled through intelligently controlled electrical conversion modules to the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250 and/or the other off-grid electricity generator 253.
  • the voltage of the DC bus 300 can be predetermined, and may be lower than the voltage required for charging the o -boa d battery pack 110.
  • a DC/DC converter electrical conversion module 305 can raise the voltage supplied by the high voltage DC bus 300 to the charging voltage required to charge the on-fooard battery pack 110 before it is delivered to the charging port (260 or 265 ⁇ of the electric vehicle 100 of FIG . 2.
  • T is may be implemented by the DC/DC converter 305, for example, in accordance with known techniques .
  • conversion module 305 may be intelligently controlled by a master controller 310 via a signal path 312a.
  • the master controller 310 can be a
  • the programmable controller that can transmit a control signal via the signal path 312a to a control input of the DC/DC converter electrical conversion module 305.
  • the control signal may be command to admit current or another command to halt current flow in the DC/DC
  • the utility grid 220 can be coupled to the high voltage DC bus 300 via an AC/DC electrical conversion module 320.
  • the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 provides conversion from AC to DC power for power flow in one direction, and conversion from DC power to AC power for power flow in the opposite direction. Power flow through the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 may be bi-directional.
  • the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 converts AC power to DC power and raises the voltage to the DC voltage of the high voltage DC bus 300.
  • the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 converts DC power at the voltage of the high voltage DC bus 300 to AC power at the voltage of the utility grid 220.
  • the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 may be intelligently controlled by the master controller 310 via a signal path 312b to a control input of the AC/DC electrical
  • the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 may block or conduct current flow in response to control signals frora the master controller 310.
  • the signal path 312b may be bi-directional, in which case the AC/DC electrical conversion module 320 may transmit information back to the master controller 310 confirming its present status and/or conditions .
  • the local energy storage device 230 can be coupled to the high voltage D.C. bus 300 through a battery control electrical conversion module 325 and a DC/DC converter electrical conversion module 330.
  • the battery control electrical conversion module 325 and the DC/DC converter electrical conversion module 330 may be bi-directional, and may be intelligently controlled by the master controller 310 via signal paths 312c and 312d extending to control inputs of the battery control electrical conversion module 325 and the D /DC converter electrical conversion module 330, respectively.
  • the direction of current flow may be established by providing a small suitable voltage difference between the energy storage device 230 and the high voltage D.C. bus 300, in accordance with known techniques . Current flow will be in the direction of lower voltage. This may be
  • the batter control electrical conversion module 325 may monitor and control, via the signal path 312c, charging of the local energy storage device 230 based upon charge level and battery temperature, while informing the master controller 310 of its present status or condition of the local energy storage device 230.
  • the battery control electrical conversion module 325 also monitors and controls
  • the master controller 310 discharging of the local energy storage device 230, and/or informs the master controller 310 whether the battery charge level is sufficient to charge the on-board battery pack 110 of the electric vehicle 100.
  • the DC/DC converter electrical conversion ' module 330 boosts the DC voltage furnished by the local energy storage device 230 to the DC voltage level of the high voltage DC bus 300.
  • the DC/DC converter electrical conversion module 330 reduces the high DC voltage supplied by the high voltage DC bus 300 down to a DC voltage near the battery voltage of the local energy storage device 230. This DC voltage may slightly exceed the battery voltage of the local energy storage device by an amount sufficient to efficiently charge the batteries of the local energy storage device 230.
  • renewable energy sources such as the wind generator 240 and/or the solar generator 250 are coupled to the high voltage DC has through a renewable source DC/DC electrical conversion module 340.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment in which the renewable source DC/DC electrical conversion module 340 can foe shared between the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250, plural renewable energy source DC/DC electrical conversion modules may be provided so t at each one of the renewable energy sources ⁇ e.g., the wind generator 240, the solar generator 250 and/or the other off-grid electricity generator 253) interfaces with the high voltage DC bus 300 through an individual DC/ DC electrical conversion module. Power flow through the renewable source DC/DC electrical conversion module 340 is in one direction only, i.e., toward the high voltage DC bus 300.
  • the renewable source DC/DC electrical conversion module 340 may include a peak power tracking electrical
  • This control may be exercised over signal paths 312e and 312f
  • the peak power tracking electrical conversion module 342 employs conventional techniques for selecting an optimum power level at which to operate respective ones of the renewable energy sources 240, 250.
  • the peak power tracking electrical conversion module 342 further informs the master controller 310 of the power output of each renewable energy source 240, 250,
  • the master controller 310 can be programmed to intelligently manage each of the energy storage devices (the on-bo rd battery pack 110 and. the local energy storage device 230 ⁇ and each of the energ sources (the utility grid 220 and the renewable energy sources including the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250) so as to optimize efficiency while minimizing energy cost.
  • the master controller 310 causes the local energy storage device 230 to be charged from the renewable energy sources 240,, 250, if available, when the electric vehicle 100 is absent ⁇ or unconnected) .
  • the master controller 310 causes the local energy storage device 230 to be charged from the utility grid if the grid is at low demand rate at the current time, or if the renewable energy sources 240, 250 are currently unavailable or unproductive.
  • the master controller 310 may undertake a complex decision based upon the current demand rate on the utility grid, the present power output levels of the renewable energy sources 240, 250, and the amount of time available to fully charge the renewable energy source..
  • the master controller 310 also decides which energy source to use to charge the on-board battery pack 110 when the electric vehicle 100 is present.
  • the f stest charging of the cm-board battery pack 110 can be obtained from the local energy storage device 230 if the local energy source 230 is sufficiently charged.. This rate may- greatly exceed the rate at which the local energy storage device 230 is charged from the renewable energy sources such as the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250, If for some reason the local energy storage device 230 is not sufficiently charged, then the master
  • controller 310 decides which of the other sources (the utility grid 220, the wind generator 240 or the solar- generator 250) would be best to use to charge the onboard battery pack 110, depending upon the present demand rate of the utility grid 220 and the respective output power levels of the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250.
  • the master controller 310 may employ more than one of those sources simultaneously to charge the on-board battery pack 110 w en the electric vehicle 100 is present, or to charge the local energy storage device 230 when the electric vehicle 100 is unconnected or absent .
  • the master controller 310 can configure the internal electric power or current flow paths within the energy management system 210 by issuing different control signals to selected ones of the
  • the individual control signals enable or disable current flow through the respective electrical conversion modules and
  • the master controller 310 can cause current to flow exclusively between selected ones of the connector ports of the energy management system 210, including the vehicle connector port 101, the utility grid connector port 221, the local energy storage device connector port 231, the wind generator connector port 241 and the solar generator connector port 251.
  • the master controller 310 In order to charge the on-board battery pack 110 from the local energy storage device 230, current or power flows via the high voltage DC bus 300 from the local energy storage connector port 231 to the vehicle charging connector port 101.
  • the master controller 310 enables current flow through the battery control electrical conversion module 325 , the DC/DC
  • the master controller 310 enables current flow through the battery control electrical conversion module 325, through the DC/DC converter electrical conversion module 330, through the peak power tracking electrical conversion module 342 and through isolated boost DC/DC electrical conversion module 344.
  • the master controller 310 enables current flow through the battery control
  • the master controller 310 may be further
  • the master controller 310 may decide to apportion power from any one or all of these sources to return power back to the utility grid 220, and earn a credit from the utility power supplier.
  • FIG, 4 depicts the use of the high voltage D.C. bus 300 in the manner of an energy pool, in which power nay flow simultaneously in either one of two directions between the high voltage D.C. bus 300 and the electric vehicle battery pack 110, the local energy storage device 230 and the utility grid 220. Power flows in only one direction from the wind generator 240 to the high voltage D.C. b s 300 and from the solar generator 250 to the high voltage D.C. bus 300. Power flow between each of the energy sources 110, 220, 230, 240 and 250 and the high voltage D.C. bus 300 is shown schexaatic 11y as following respective power paths 112, 222, 232, 242 and 252. Many or ail of these power paths may conduct power
  • the high voltage D.C. bus 300 acts as a pool of energy, to which excess energy can be supplied by some sources while other sources withdraw energy from the pool.
  • the direction of current flow in the paths 112, 222 and 232 may change, as some sources become fully charged or depleted, or where power can foe returned to the utility grid 220 rather than being withdrawn from it.
  • FIGS. 5A through 5 ⁇ depict different cases in which power flow is enabled only through selected ones of the power paths 112, 222, 232, 242 and 252 of FI . 4.
  • SA the electric vehicle 100 is absent, and the local energy storage device 230 can be charged from the renewable energy sources 240 and 250 while minimizing cost by refraining from charging the local energy storage device 230 from the utility grid 220.
  • the case of FIG, 5A may be typical of a daytime use,
  • FIG, 5B depicts a case in which the electric vehicle battery pack 110 can be charged b drawing power from the local energy storage device 230 and front the wind generator 240 (the solar generator 250 is shown not producing power, such as is typically the case at night) ,
  • the battery pack 110 may be charged by drawing power from the utility grid 220.
  • the case of FIG. 5B may be typical of a nighttime use,
  • FIG, 5C depicts a case in which the high voltage bus 300 is used to supply backup power to the household when the utility grid 220 experiences a. power outage or blackout.
  • the utility grid 220 is coupled to t e high voltage bus 300 through an
  • the electric utility panel 224 having a main switch 224-1 that interrupts connection to the utility grid 220,
  • the main switch 224-1 In the embodiment of FIG. 5C does not interrupt the connection between the electric utility panel 224 and the high voltage D.C. bus 300.
  • the main switch 224-1 In the event of a power outage on the utility grid 220, the main switch 224-1 is opened ⁇ e.g., under control of the master controller 310 of FIG. 3) and backup power for the household flows to the utility panel 224 from the local energy storage device 230, and from either or both of the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250, depending upon their output power levels.
  • the main switch 224-1 In addition, if
  • backup power may also foe
  • FIG , 5D depicts a case in which the high voltage bus 300 is used to simultaneously charge both the battery pack 110 and the local energy storage device 230 from all available sources, including the utility grid 220, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250.
  • FIG. 5E depicts simultaneous power flow from the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250 to return power to the utility grid 220.
  • power may also be returned to the utility grid 220 from the battery pack. 110.
  • the energy management system 210 may include or be connected, to a user
  • the user interface 350 can be connected to the master controller 310, and in one embodiment ma be a computer, such as a personal computer 351 having a keyboard 352, a mouse 353 and a display 354 which may be a touch screen.
  • the user interface 350 may include a handheld or remote personal computing device 355 wi h i s own display 356.
  • the remote personal computing device 355 may foe ceil phone or a smart phone, for example.
  • the display 356 of the remote personal computing device 355 may be a touch screen, for example.
  • the remote personal computing device may include a keypad 355-1.
  • the personal computer 351 may also contain an application program 358 that enables the personal computer 351 to function as the user
  • the remote personal computing device 355 may contain an application program 359 that enables the remote personal computing device 355 to function as a user interface of the master controller 310, by providing prompts to the user, graphical displays of system information and respond to commands or inputs from the user.
  • the application program that implements the methods described herein is described as being the application program 35? that is stored in and executed by the master controller 310.
  • such software may be included in the
  • such software may be included in the application program 359 resident in the remote personal computing device 355, with the remote personal computing device 355 performing some o all of the tasks by controlling the maste
  • FIG . 6 farther depicts the utility grid 220 as including an electric grid supplier 370 having main electric power generators 371 and an array of smaller electric energy sources that are high-cost peak demand electric power generators 372 (hereinafter referred to as peak demand generators) , which are kept, off-line until a. peak in utility customer energy demand occurs.
  • peak demand generators high-cost peak demand electric power generators 372
  • various remote "green" sources of electrical- energy are available to the electric utility grid
  • a hydroelectric source 373 via long power transmission lines, including a hydroelectric source 373, a geothermal source 374, a wind farm electric generator source 375 and a solar cell array electric source 376.
  • the electric utility grid supplier 370 can change the price per kilowatt hour of electricit (utility rate) anytime during each day, depending upon the user demand .
  • the high cost peak demand generators 372 mast be brought on line, thus making it more expensive to provide energy, so that the utility rate is increased at that time.
  • the utility grid supplier 370 may be able to draw energy from any one of the green sources 373, 374,, 375 and 376, and change the fraction of the total energy provided by the green energy sources.
  • a -utility information communication channel 380 is provided that carries the latest information
  • the master controller 310 or the personal computer 351 or the remote personal computing device 355 may be connected or coupled to the utility information channel 380.
  • the utility information channel 380 may be implemented on the internet or it may be implemented as a local area network or as a signal carried on the power transmission lines or as a dedicated conductor or coaxial cable provided by the utility.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates one example of a menu window 390 displayed as a graphical user interface on the display 354 of the personal computer 351 or on the display 356 of the remote personal computing device 355 under control of one of the application programs 357 o 358 or 359.
  • the menu window 390 includes a mode select drop ⁇ down menu 392, in which the user can select the mode of operation from among a list of modes presented i the mode select drop-down menu 392.
  • the illustrated, dropdown menu depicts modes that can be chosen, but does not contain an exhaustive list of all possible modes.
  • the drop--down menu 392 includes buttons 393 that are labeled with the names of respective modes . A mode may be selected by clicking on the appropriate button 393 with a mouse or by touching the button 393 if the display 354 or 356 is a touch screen.
  • the menu window 390 further includes a recipient selection drop-down menu 23 , in which the user can select which one of the rechargeable energy sources
  • the battery pack 110 (i.e., the battery pack 110 or the local energy storage device 230) is to be the recipient of the energy
  • the illustrated drop-down menu depicts key sources that can be chosen.
  • the drop-down menus 394 includes buttons 395 that are labeled with the name of a respective rechargeable source.
  • a source may be selected as the recipient by clicking on the appropriate hot button 395 with a mouse or by touching the button if the display is a. touch screen .
  • 359 may include operational instructions or subroutines that optimise all energy sources in various modes.
  • the master controller 310 first determines whether either of the utility vehicle charging ports 260 or 265 is connected to the energy management system 210 (block 400 of FIG. 8) . This determination may be made by the master controller 310 sensing the presence of a flag signal transmitted by the electric vehicle 100 via the charging port 260 or 265. If the charging port is connected (YES branch of block 400 ⁇ , then the master controller 310 commands the switch controller 276 to configure the switch 275 in the bypass position so that energy flows directly to the on-board battery pack 110 (block 405 of FIG. 8) . Thereafter, the master controller 310 manages ail the energy sources referred to above so as to optimize efficiency in
  • block 410 of FIG. 8 ⁇ The management operation of block 410 is illustrated in detail in FIG . 9, and is described below. This operation continues until a change in condition occurs, such as the on-board battery pack 110 reaching full charge, which is signaled to the master controller 310 by the battery management system 135,
  • the master controller 310 determines whether the electric vehicle 100 is completely unconnected (block 415 of FIG. 8) . if not (NO branch of block 415) , this means that the electric vehicle 100 is connected in the manner depicted in FIG. 1 to charge the on-board battery pack 110 through the on-board charging system 115. This charging may be continued to
  • any or all energy sources may be utilized to re-charge the local energy storage device 230.
  • the master controller 310 enables charging of the local energy storage device 230 (block 425)
  • the master controller 310 manages all energy sources to optimize efficiency in charging the local energy storage device 230 (block 430 of FIG. 8) .
  • the management operation of block 410 for charging the on ⁇ board battery pack 110 will now be described with reference to FIG. 9,
  • the first step is for the master controller 310 to determine whether the local energy storage device 230 contains sufficient charge for
  • the master controller 310 enables current to flow rom the local energy storage device 230 to the high voltage D.C. bus 300 (block 510) . In order to avoid incurring utility costs, this selection may be rendered exclusive by blocking the power path from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage DC bcs 300.
  • the roaster controller 310 determines whether the utility grid 220 is at an off-peak demand rate (block 515) . This determination may foe made by referring to a published schedule of utility rates, or by real time electronic inquiry via a smart utility grid. If the utility grid 220 is not currently at an off-peak demand rate (HO branch of block 515) , then the master controller 310 enables power flow from the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250 (block 530) , unless neither is producing sufficient power.
  • the master controller 310 determines whether either the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250 is producing sufficient electric power to render it preferable to the costly utility grid 220 (block 520) . This determination may be made by comparing the renewable source output power level to a predetermined power threshold, for example. If the power is sufficient (YES branch of block 520) , then the master controller 310 enables power flow frora the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250 to the high voltage DC bus 300 (block 530) . Otherwise (NO branch of block 520 ⁇ , the master controller 310 enables power flow from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage DC has 300 (block 525) .
  • the master controller 310 may explore numerous zero-cost or low-cost options before selecting utility grid power at a peak demand rate.
  • the master controller 310 continually monitors the charging conditions as indicated by the battery management system 135 (block 535) ⁇
  • the management operation of block 430 for charging the local energy storage device 230 will now be described with reference to FIG. 10.
  • the first step is for the master controller 310 to determine whether the utility grid 220 is at an off-peak demand rate ⁇ block 615 ⁇ . This determination may foe made by referring to a published schedule of utility rates, or by real time electronic inquiry via a smart utility grid. If the ability grid 220 is not currently at an off-peak demand rats (NO branch of block 615) , then the master controller 310 enables power flow from the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250 (block 630) , unless neither is producing sufficient power.
  • the master controller 310 determines whethe either the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250 is producing sufficient electric power to render it preferable to the costly utility grid 220 (block 620 ⁇ . If so (YSS branch of block 620) , then the master controller 310
  • controlier 310 enables power flow from the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250 to th high voltage DC bus 300 (block 630) . Otherwise (HO branch of block 620) , the master controller 310 enables power flow from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage DC bus 300 (block 625) .
  • the master controlier 310 During charging of the local energy storage device 230, the master controlier 310 continually monitors the charging conditions as indicated by the local battery control electrical conversion module 325 (block 635) .
  • power flow may foe bidirectional with respect to the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230 and the on-board battery pack 110.
  • the master controller 310 under favorable conditions detected by the master controller 310, if spare power s available, it isay be returned to the utility grid 220.
  • the decision may be implemented in the master controller 310 as depicted in FIG. 1IA.
  • FIG. 11B depicts a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 11A, in which the order of operation of blocks €40 and 645 is reversed from that depicted in FIG . llh.
  • FIG. 11A depicts a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 11A, in which the order of operation of blocks €40 and 645 is reversed from that depicted in FIG . llh.
  • the master controller 310 enables power flow from the high voltage DC bus 300 to the utility grid 220 ⁇ block 650) .
  • FIGS, 8-1 IB enable the energy management system 210 to optimize the use of the energy sources including the rechargeable energy sources (the on-board battery pack 110 and the local energy storage device 230), the renewable energy sources (the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250) and the utility grid 220 to minimize cost.
  • the energy storage device 230 may be charged at a slow rate by a renewable energy source ⁇ the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250) over man hours if necessary
  • the on-board battery pack 110 of the electric vehicle may be charged at a very high rate by discharging the local energy storage device 230 to the on-board battery pack 110, to folly re-charge the onboard battery pack 110 in a relatively short time (e.g. , within less than one hour) .
  • the energy management system 210 may enable charging either (or both) the on-board battery pack 110 and/or the local energy storage device 230 from the utility grid 220, If the local energy storage device 230 or the on-board ba tery pack 110 or the wind
  • the energy management system 210 may divert such power to the utility grid 220.
  • the master controller 310 may be implemented as a programmed microprocessor that generates the required command signals described above to carry out the
  • user control may be facilitated by including a user interface as a part of the master controller 310.
  • each energy source the utility arid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250
  • the high voltage bus 300 there is at least one electrical conversion module between each energy source (the utility arid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250) and the high voltage bus 300, each electrical conversion module being responsive to a control signal from the master controller 310 to block or conduct current flow through the particular electrical conversion module.
  • FIGS . 12A and 12B depict a method of operating the energy management system 210 in the complex environment of FIG. 6.
  • the application program is capable of operating the energy management system in any one of a number of different modes, These modes include a minimum time charging mode, a minimum cost charging mode, a green charging mode, a mode for charging within a specified time, operation based upon plural xaodes, a mode in which power is
  • the user interface 350 enables the user to select any one mode or to prioritize among
  • detecting the latest selection by the user of a mode (block 660 of FIGS. 12A and 12S) .
  • the next step is to determine the power recipient, n mely the energy source to which power from the high voltage D.C. bus 300 of FIG. 3 is to be directed (block 662 of FIGS. 12A ana 12B) .
  • An embodiment of the operation of block 662 is depicted in FIG . 13, discussed later herein,
  • block 660 operation of block 660 is the minimum charging time mode ⁇ YES branch of block 664), then the energy management system performs the minimum charging time mode (block 666), an embodiment of which is depicted in FIG. 14, discussed later herein. If the user-selected mode is the minimum cost charging mode (YES branch of block 668) , then the energy management system 210 performs the minimum cost charging mode (block 670) , an embodiment of which is depicted in FIG. ISA, discussed later herein. If the user-selected mode is the green charging mode ⁇ YES branch of block 672) , then the energy management system 210 operates in the green charging mode (block 674) in which the fraction of power from green sources is
  • FIG. 16A An embodiment of the green charging mode is depicted in FIG. 16A, discussed later herein. If the user-selected mode is the mode of charging within a user- specified time (YES branch of block 676) , then the energy management systeiti operates in t e mode of charging within a specified time ⁇ block 678) , an embodiment of which is depicted in FIG. 17A. If the user-selected mode is a mixed mode operation (YES branch of block 680 ⁇ , then the energy management system operates in the mixed mode operation (block 682 ⁇ , an embodiment of which is depicted in FIG. 18.
  • the energy management system operates in the return power to grid mode (block 686) , an embodiment of which s depicted in FIG. 19, discussed below.
  • the user-selected mode is the utility outage back-up mode (YES branch of block 688 ⁇ )
  • the energy management system 210 performs the utility outage back-up mode (block 690) , an embodiment of which is depicted in FIG. 20, In this mode, the software instructions governing this mode are executed in the background. This allows any other mode selected by the user to be performed and dominate the user interface 350. As soon as a utility power outage occurs, the utility outage backup mode takes over, terminating the previous mode, as will be described below with reference to FIG. 20.
  • FIG. 13 A first step in FIG, 13 is to sense the user's selection of a power recipient (block 700 of FIG. 13 ⁇ , which, may use the recipient selection window 394 in the display 390 of FIG. 7 to provide user interaction. Alternatively, the selection of the power recipient may be made
  • power from the high voltage D.C. bus 300 is routed to the electric vehicle battery pack 110 In the manner depicted in FIG. SB, for example (block 704 ⁇ . If the power recipient selected by the user is the local energy storage device 230 (YES branch of block 706) , then power from the high voltage D.C. bus 300 is routed to the local energy storage device in the manner depicted in FIG. 57A, for example (block 708 ⁇ .
  • the particular power distribution between the electric vehicle battery pack 110 and the battery pack constituting local energy storage device 230 can vary depending upon a variety of factors, including the level of charge of each pack, the tempe ature of each pack, the time of day, the scheduled use of each pack, the defined user distribution for each pack, and/or a combination thereof. If the user has made no selection (NO branch of block 710) or if the user designates the automatic selection mode, then the power recipient is selected in an automatic mode (block 714) . The first step of the automatic mode 714 is to determine whether the battery pack 110 is fully charged (block 716 ⁇ . If so (YES branch of block 716), then a
  • the energy management system performs the return power to grid mode (block 720 ⁇ , in which current from the high voltage D.C. is routed to the utility grid 220, in the manner of FIG. 5£, for example.
  • the battery pack 110 is not fully charged (HO branch of block 716) f then power from the high voltage bus 300 is routed to the battery pack 110 in the manner of FIG.
  • FIG. 14 The mode of charging in minimum time of block 666 of FIGS. 12A and 12B is illustrated in FIG. 14.
  • a first step is for the master controller 310 to survey each of the energy sources and determine the output power level of each in order to assess its
  • the master controller will utilize the available energy sources to supply the maximum amount of power to the power recipient in order to minimize the time to charge the power recipient.
  • the master controller may have a pre-defined (user or factory) preference as to the order of use of the available energy sources and the extent of that use (e.g. which to use f rst, and then next, etc, and the amount to use from each source) to reach the maximum amount of power.
  • the master controller may give priority to the solar generator over the utility as the solar power has no direct cost associated with it. Nevertheless,, in this mode the master controller would fill in the power needs with the utility or any other power sources having a cost of power, in order to meet the power requirements of minimum- ime charging of the power recipient.
  • FIG, ISA The minimum cost charging mode of block 670 of FIGS, 12A and 12B is depicted in FIG, ISA in accordance with one embodiment.
  • the master controller 310 surveys the power outputs of the energy sources to determine the availability of each (block 734 of FIG, ISA) . If the solar generator 250 is available, its output power is routed to the high voltage : ⁇ . :. bus 300 ⁇ block 735) . If the wind generator 240 is available, then its output power is routed to the high voltage B.C. bus 300 (block 736) . If the local energy storage device 230 is not the power recipient, and if it is available, then power from the local energy storage device 230 is routed tc the high voltage D.C.
  • the current energy rate or cost ⁇ e,g., dollars per kilowatt hour) of power from the utility grid 220 is obtained via the information channel 380 depicted in FIG. 6 (block 738).
  • the method of FIG, ISA at this juncture may cycle back to the step of block 734 or back to block. 660.
  • the rate or cost of power from the utility grid is obtained from any of a source including the internet, a wireless connection, predefined and stored value or values, and/or a user inputted value .
  • each of the energy sources available to the minimum cost charging mode each of the energy sources available to the minimum cost charging mode
  • the utility grid 220 the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar
  • the generator 250 ⁇ has an associated energy rate or energy cost ⁇ in dollars per kilowatt hour) for the power that it provides, and the master controller 310 utilizes these costs to select what energy sources to use to provide power to the power recipient (via the high voltage D.C, bus 300) in such a manner as to keep the total energy cost below a desired limit or to minimize it.
  • the particular energy cost for each energy source may be either set at given value (static) over time, or may be dynamic over time.
  • the static energy cost is determined by a pre-defined value.
  • the household wind energy source (the wind generator 240) might have a fixed energy cost given the known average maintenance cost of the wind turbine over time.
  • the local energy storage 230
  • a cycle cost which represents the wear and tear on the batter over time, e.g. the cost of the degrading of the battery over its life, and/or due to charging or operating the battery in a sub-optimal manner ⁇ e.g. when too hot, over charging, and the like) .
  • the solar panels of the solar generator 250 not having a significant maintenance cost over time, may be assigned a zero energy cost.
  • the dynamic energy cost can either be obtained from a pre-defined schedule providing energy cost for a given time ⁇ e.g., set in a look-up table storing cost as function of the time of day for use by the master controller 310) or can b received over time from reporting source.
  • the current rate ⁇ e.g., dollars per kilowatt hour
  • the system determines and stores the energy cost or value of the energy with which the local energy storage device has been charged (an average over time) , which can be used as the local energy storage device energy cost for use in the master controller's 310 selection of energy sources to supply power to the power recipient (e.g. either the battery pack 110 and/or the grid) to minimize costs,
  • each power source e.g. , the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generato 250 ⁇ .
  • the energy cost of each power source e.g. , the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generato 250 ⁇ .
  • constant energy cost is stored e.g., in memory accessible by the master controller 310 (block 742) .
  • energy cost as a function of time is stored in memory, so that a particular energy cost may be fetched from memory for any value of time within a predetermined time range (block 743) .
  • An optional operation is to assign an energy cost to the local energy storage device 230 based upon the cost of the energy that was used to charge the energy storage device (block 744 ⁇ . This may be achieved by monitoring the utility rate charged by the operator of the utility grid 220 during the time (or times) that the local energy storage device 230 is charged frora the utility grid 220,, and
  • the system waits for the minimum cost charging mode to be selected (block 745) and does not enter the minimum cost charging mode if it has not been selected (MO branch of block 745) « Upon the minimum cost charging mode being selected (YES branch of block 745) , the minimum cost charging mode of block 746 is performed.
  • the minimum cost charging mode of block 746 is in accordance with an embodiment different from the minimum cost charging mode of FIG, ISA.
  • the current time is noted and used to fetch the appropriate energy cost from memory (block 747) .
  • the system ⁇ e.g., the master controller 310) obtains the current energy cost through a communication channel
  • the system may periodically update a schedule through a co municatio channel to keep the schedule up to date. For example, in the case of the utility grid 220, this information may be obtained through the communication channel 380. For each energy source having a static energy value, the static energy value is obtained from memory (block 749) . Static energy values can be entered into the system and updated through any of a variety of means including., but not limited to, user entry, software updates, data updates, and/ or via a communicatio channel . A desired energy cost limit may be obtained either from previously entered user
  • preference data or a new updated limit may be entered by the user via the user interface ⁇ block 750) or other means via the communication channel, such as a remote logon.
  • desired cost limit may not be utilized, provided and/or available, as shown in the alternate path depicted in FIG 15B. In such cases the system will default to using the power source, or
  • the master controller 310 determines what
  • combination of power sources would, provide power at an energy cost not exceeding the limit or that is the lowest cost. It may do this, for example, by searching ail possible combinations of the power sources (block 751). For each combination, th effective energ cost is computed as a weighted average of the energy costs of the power sources of the particular combination, weighted in accordance with the power contribution of each source ⁇ The one combination providing the most acceptable results ⁇ e.g., the lowest cost or a cost below the desired energy cost limit) is chosen, and power flow from the power sources corresponding to the one combination to the high voltage DC bus 300 is enabled (block 752).
  • FIG. 16A The mode of. " charging ' using a maximum fraction of power from green sources (green charging) performed in block 674 of FIGS. 12A and 12B, an e bodiment of which is illustrated in FIG. 16A.
  • the power outputs of the household energy sources i.e., the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 2505 are sensed to determine the availability of each source
  • the green fraction or environmental value is obtained through the utility information channel 380 (block 761) ,
  • the green fraction is obtained from any of a source including the internet, a wireless connection, predefined and stored value or values, and/or a user inputted value.
  • the green fraction represents an environmental value of the energy in accordance with the proportion of non-polluting or renewable energy sources that contributed to the energy.
  • the environmental value may instead represent an environmental cost or measure of carbon footprint or pollution.
  • the environmental value corresponds to a green fraction, but embodiments are not limited thereto. A determination is made of whether the latest green fraction is above a
  • predetermined threshold value block 762 ⁇ . If so (YES branch of block 762) , power flow from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage D.C. bus 300 is enabled (block 763 ⁇ . Otherwise (MO branch of block 762 ⁇ , no power flows from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage D.C, bus 300. Power flow is enabled from the solar generator 250 if available (block 764) . Power flow from the wind generator 240 is enabled if available (block 765 ⁇ . If the local energy storage device 230 is not the power recipient, and if power from the local energy storage device 230 is available, then power flow from the local energy storage device 230 to the high voltage bus 300 is enabled (block 766 ⁇ . Thereafter, the energy management system 210 may return to the step of block 660 of FIGS, I2A and 12B.
  • each of the power sources 371-376 may be assigned a static or dynamic environmental value (stored in a lookup table ⁇ related to or determined from the nature of the power that they provide. For example, energy
  • the solar cell array electrical source 376 of FIG. 6 may be given a preferred value compared to energy provided from t e hydroelectric source 374 or the wind farm electric generator source 375 ⁇ determined by a presumption that solar has less environmental impact than the other sources) .
  • the foregoing is provided only as an exam le, and such determinations may be made i other ways. In this manner, the green fraction or
  • environmental value of the utility grid power may be accuratel determined, so that the predetermined
  • threshold of block 764 might be reached if a greater percentage of the utility grid energy is generated by sources with greater environmental values than otherwise. Of course such determination is dependent on the accuracy and detail of the information provided by the utility grid 220. A method in accordance with the foregoing for evaluating the environmental value or green fraction of the utility grid power is described below with reference to FIG. 16B.
  • performance of the operation of block 766 of FIG. 16A, in which power flow from the local energy storage device 230 is enabled may be contingent upon the green fraction, or environmental value, of the energy stored in the local energy storage device.
  • the energy stored in the local energy storage device 230 can be assigned an environmental value
  • the master controller 310 may make a determination of whether to use power from the local energy storage device 230 based upon the envirosimental value of the power consumed in charging the local energy storage device 230. How this latter determination may be carried out is described below with reference to FIG. 16C,
  • environmental value may be equivalent to the green fraction (the fraction of power attributable to non- polluting or renewable energy sources) , so as to increase in magnitude with the environmentally desirable
  • the environmental value may represent a cost, analogous to a carbon emission value, and may decrease in magnitude with environmentally desirable characteristics.
  • FIG. 16S a system
  • initialization depicted in block 767, is performed prior to the evaluation of the utility grid energy
  • communication channel 380 of FIG. 6 may foe used to determine the various utility grid energy sources (e.g., the utility grid sources 371-376 ⁇ that are currently on line to contribute power,, and their relative individual contributions to the total grid power (block 768) .
  • the various utility grid energy sources e.g., the utility grid sources 371-376 ⁇ that are currently on line to contribute power, and their relative individual contributions to the total grid power (block 768) .
  • that value is stored in memory ⁇ block 769) .
  • the environmental value is stored in memory as a function of time for a predetermined time range (block 770) .
  • An optional operation is to assign an environmental value to the local energy storage device 230 based upon the environmental value of the energy that was used to charge the energy storage device (block 771). This requires prior monitoring of the environmental value of the power taken f om the utility grid 220 during the time ⁇ or times) that the local energy storage device 230 is charged from the utility grid 220, and accumulating the environmenta1 values thus monitored
  • the system waits for selection of the maximum green fraction charging mode (block 772) . If no such selection is mad , the system waits (NO branch of block 772) . Once the maximum green fraction charging mode is selected (YES branch of block 772) , the system proceeds to determine the latest environmental value or green fraction of the utility grid power based upon the current time (block 773 ⁇ . The evaluation operation of block 773 begins by obtaining the current level of power contributed by each utility grid energy source (block 774) .
  • the current tirae is noted and used to fetch the present environmental value for the current time from memory (block 775) ⁇
  • the static environmental value is obtained from memory (block 776) .
  • the environmental value of each energy source is assigned a weight
  • the environmental value of the utility grid power is computed as a weighted average of the environmental values of the individual sources (block 778) . This is the value employed in the determination of the operation of block 761 of FIG. 16A. Other methods of computation may be performed to determine the utility grid power environmental value in accordance with the foregoing.
  • FIG. 16C illustrates a modification of the maximum green fraction charging mode of FIG. 16 ⁇ , in which a decision is made of whether to draw energy from the local energy storage device 230 depending upon the
  • the latest environmental value or green fraction of the energy stored in the local energy storage device 230 (block 1750) .
  • the latest value or green fraction of the energy stored in the local energy storage device 230 (block 1750) .
  • environmental value (s) computed in the operation of block 773 of FIG. I6B are averaged over time.
  • An overall average is computed by folding into this average a maximum green fraction or environmental value for any energy contributed, to the local energy storage device by the local renewable energy sources (the wind and solar generators 240, 250) .
  • the resulting environmental value is stored for later use during performance of the maximum green fraction charging mode in deciding whether to use the local energy storage device 230 (block 1755) .
  • the power outputs of the household energy sources ⁇ i.e., the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250 ⁇ are sensed to determine the availability of each source (block 1760) .
  • the latest fraction of the total power contributed to the utility grid 220 frorn green sources (which may be referred to as the green fraction) is obtained through the utility information channel 380 ⁇ block 1761) .
  • a determi ation is made of whether the latest green fraction of the utility grid power is above
  • predetermined threshold value block 1762
  • power flow from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage D.C, bus 300 is enabled (block 1763). Otherwise (HO branch of block 1762) , no power flows from the utility grid 220 to the high voltage D.C. bus 300.
  • Power flow is enabled from the solar generator 250 if available (block 1764) .
  • Power flo from trie wind generator 240 is enabled if available (block 1765) .
  • A. determination is made of whether to draw power from the local energy storage device 230 (block 1766) , The determination of block 1766 is based upon whether the environment l value of the energy stored in the local energy storage device 230 is above a predetermined threshold.
  • the environmental value of the local energy storage device 230 is obtained as the value previously stored in the step of block 1755.
  • the determination of block 1766 may involve additional criteria, e.g., determining whether the local energy storage device is available and that it is not the power recipient. If the local energy storage device environmental value exceeds the predetermined threshold (YES branch of block 1766 ⁇ , and if the additional criteria are met, then power flow iron the local energy storage device 230 to the high voltage bos 300 is enabled ⁇ block 1767) . Otherwise (NO branch of block 1766) , power flow from the local energy storage device 230 is not enabled. Thereafter, the energy management system 210 may return to the step of block 660 of FIGS. 12k and 12B.
  • FIG. 16D A variation of the embodiment of FIG. 16C is illustrated in FIG. 16D, Referring now to FIG. 16D, when the maximum green fraction charging raode is selected, the power outputs of the household energy sources (i.e., the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250) are sensed to determine the availability of each source
  • the household energy sources i.e., the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250
  • the green fraction is obtained through the utility information channel 380 (block 2761) . Then, a determination is made of the amount of utility grid power usable to provide an overall green fraction (from ail available sources) at or above a desired green fraction limit or threshold (block 2762) . Power flow is then enabled from the utility grid at the rate or amount determined in block 2762 (block 2763) . Power flow is enabled from the other available sources (block 2764). The process may then loop back (as indicated in dashed line) to block 2760 for a constant check of green power fraction, Otherwise, the process returns to block 660.
  • FIG. 17A illustrated in accordance with one
  • a specified time by which charging e.g., of the electric vehicle battery pack 110 ⁇ must be complete, is obtained (block 779 ⁇ .
  • the output power levels of a.1.1. the energy sources available to the household i.e., the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250) are sensed to determine the availability of each energy source and. to determine the total power currently
  • the power recipient available to charge the power recipient (block 780) .
  • the charge level or amount of electrical charge currently held in the power recipient is sensed (block 782) .
  • the charging time required to fully charge the power recipient is computed (block 784 ⁇ , The time remaining until expiration of the specified time is computed, and a spare time is then computed as the difference between the time remaining and the required charging time (block 786) . If the spare time is not greater than a
  • predetermined threshold e.g., zero or, preferably, a. safety buffer such as one hour (MO branch of block 788)
  • the system cannot or should not charge in an alternative mode, and the energy management system returns to block 660 of FIGS , 12A and I2B. If the spare time is greater than the threshold ⁇ YES branch of block 788), then it is possible to charge in another
  • the user's preference for the alternative mode ⁇ i.e., the user selected mode
  • the user's preference for the alternative mode is obtained either from preset preference data previously entered during initialization ⁇ or as a recent input from the user) , possibly in the form of a list with each mode ranked by preference (block 790) , For example, the charging could be carried out in the minimum cost charging mode temporarily.
  • the energy management system may then return to block €60 of FIGS . 12A and 11B. Alternatively, as indicated in dashed line in FIG. 17A, the system may return to block 786.
  • FIG. 17B depicts a modification of the method, as follows:
  • the user preference (s) obtained in block 790 may be simply the designation of a single preferred, mode.
  • the nex step is to determine the viability or availability of the preferred mode only (block 793) . Thereafter,, if the preferred mode is available (YES branch of block 793) , the preferred mode is enabled (block 795 ⁇ . Otherwise (MO branch of block 793), charging is postponed. Such postponement or waiting is acceptable because there is spare time
  • the charging would be carried out cost-free at least part way via solar or wind charging by the wind generator 240 or the solar generator 250, and then Monda morning at an early hour (e.g. , 1:00am), charging from the utility grid 220 would foe initiated, to finish the charging on time.
  • the utility grid 220, the local energy storage device 230, the wind, generator 240 and the solar generator 245 are sensed to determine the availability of each energy source and to determine the total power currently available to charge the power recipient (block 780) .
  • the charge level or amount of electrical charge currently held in the power recipient is sensed (block 782 ⁇ .
  • Frora the information gathered in performing blocks 780 and 782, the charging tirae required to fully charge the power recipient is computed (block 784) .
  • the time remaining until expiration of the specified tirae is computed, and a spare tirae is then computed as the difference between the time remaining and the required charging time (block 786 ⁇ . If the spare time is greater than a predetermined threshold, e.g., zero or,
  • a safety buffer such as one hour (YES branch of block 788 ⁇ , then it is possible to charge in another (alternative) mode for a temporary period of time.
  • the user's preference for the alternative mode i.e., a user selected mode
  • the availability of the preferred or user selected mode is determined (block 793) . If the user-selected mode is available (YES branch of block 793 ⁇ , the user selected mode is enabled (block 795) , and determination is made of whether the charging is complete (block 797), If charging is complete (YES branch of block 797), the process returns to block 660, Otherwise (HO branch of block 797 ⁇ the process returns to block 786. Considering again the determination of block 793, if the user selected mode is not available (MO branch of block 793) , then the process skips to block 797 for a determination of whether charging is complete . If charging is complete (YES branch of block 797) , the process returns to block 660. Otherwise (NO branch of block 797) the process returns to block 786.
  • FIG. 18 The mixed mode operation performed in block 682 of FIGS . 12A and I2B is illustrated in FIG, 18.
  • the user's rankings of the different modes in order of preference is obtained (block 800) .
  • the rankings have been previously entered as preset user preference data prior to operation. In another embodiment, the rankings may be entered
  • statas of each energy source ranked by the user is determined (block 804 ⁇ .
  • the status includes information affecting the viability of the modes ranked by the user, and may include such characteristics as output power level, charge level (for a rechargeable energy source), green power fractio (for the utility grid) , utility rate or dollars per kilowatt hour (for the utility grid) , the environmental value or other relevant factors.
  • the viability of each mode ranked by the user is determined (block 806) .
  • the mode of highest rank that is currently viable is determined, and that mode is performed (block 808 ⁇ ,
  • the energy management system 210 may then return to block 804 or to block €60 of FIGS. 12A and I2B.
  • FIG. 19 The mode in which power is returned to the utility grid that is performed in block 686 of FIGS. 12& and 12B is illustrated in FIG. 19.
  • the availability of each of the local renewable energy sources, including the wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250, is determined by sensing their respective output power levels (block 820) .
  • Power flow to the high voltage D.C. fairs from each of the local renewable energy sources that is available is enabled (block 822) .
  • the amount of charge in the local energy storage device 230 is determined (block 824) . If the charge is sufficient or above a
  • sufficiency of the energy rate in block 337 may be made in accordance with a predetermined energy rate criteria.
  • the criteria may be that the energy rate lie within a range of energy rates charge by the operator of the utility grid during hours of peak power demand on the energy grid. Such information may be obtained via the communication channel 380 of FIG. 6 or may be predicted based upon prior energy rate trends observed on the utility grid.
  • the criteri may be that, the energy rate be above a selected threshold. If the energy rate is sufficient (YES branch of block 837) , then the system enables power flow from the high voltage D.C. bus 300 to the utility grid 220 block 838), the utility grid 220 having been designated previously as the power recipient in the step of block 662 of FIGS.
  • the energy management system 210 may then return to block 820 (as indicated in dashed line) or to block 660 of FIGS, 12A and 12B.
  • the local energy storage device 230 and/or optionally the vehicle battery pack 110, is/are charged by operating the system in the minimum cost charging mode as set forth above. Also, to maximize the income from providing power to the grid, the transfer of power to the grid is done as quickly as possible at a sufficiently high reported energy rate and/or at or about the predicted maximum energy rate.
  • the utility outage monitoring and backup mode can be implemented in a software or application prograxa that runs in the background while permitting a software or application of another mode to be performed and control the energy management system 210.
  • the utility outage monitoring and backup mode runs passively while monitoring the utility grid 220 for a power outage, and while allowing one of the other modes of FIGS. 13-19 to be performed. After a power outage occurs, the utility monitoring and backup mode is active and replaces whatever mode the system was operating in at the time of the outage.
  • controller 310 monitors the power level of the utility grid 220 ⁇ block 842) .
  • determination that a utility grid power outage has occurred may he made, for example, whenever the sensed power or voltage level of the utility grid 220 falls below a predetermined
  • the master controller 310 causes the ain switch 224-1 to open and interrupt connection between the household electric panel 224 and the utility grid 220 (block 848) . This step leaves the household utility panel 224 connected to the high voltage D.C. bus 300.
  • the master controller 310 verifies availability of each of the energy sources except the utility grid 220, namely the local energy storage device 230, the wind generator 240, the solar generator 250 and the battery pack 110 (block 850 ⁇ , Power flow is enabled to the high voltage D.C.
  • the local energy storage device 230 may not be available because the user may have made a selection to refrain from using it during a utility outage, as the user may want to keep it for later charging of the electric vehicle battery pack 110. in the case of a utility outage, in one embodiment the last power draw should be from the local energy storage device 230, because the local renewabl sources (the wind and solar generators) should be used first.
  • household electric panel 224 is disconnected : ton. the utility grid 220 and power flows from the high voltage D.C. bus 300 to the household electric panel 22 .
  • the D.C. power from the high voltage D.C. bus is converted to A.C. power at the household voltage for delivery to the household electric panel 224.
  • the household electric panel 22.4 may distribute the power throughout the house.
  • the master processor 310 periodically checks the power level on the utility grid 220 (block 862) .
  • [1S1J Lithium batteries will generally last longer if stored at a charge level of about 50%, Calendar life is shorter when the batteries are stored at very high or very low states of charge. Significant over-charging, or over-discharging can destroy lithium cells. In view of these storage considerations, it can be desirable to fully charge the battery pack only rather shortly before intended use, thereby not allowing the cells to sit at full charge for extended periods of time.
  • a remotely programmable embodiment of the system can offer a
  • the user can signal that the EV needs to be fully charged by a certain day and. time, and the system can go into a rapid recharge .mode in anticipation of upcoming EV use (topping off the charge level may require only a few minutes) .
  • FIG. 21 Such an operation is depicted in FIG. 21, in which the EV battery pack 110 is initially maintained at a charge level of only a fraction (e.g. ? 50% or between about 40% and 70%) of i s fell charging capacity ⁇ block 900 of FIG. 21), and kept at that charge level for long term storage,
  • the master controller 310 remains ready to respond to communications from the user received via the user interface 350.
  • the user interface 350 may include a.
  • the main controller 310 begins a process of rapidly charging the EV battery pack 110 (block 904) .
  • the battery pack 110 may be maintained at a charge level of about 65% of capacity during normal storage, and the rapid charging of block 904 may take the charge level from 65% to about 95%.
  • Such a charging operation may take only a few minutes using electrical power levels provided in a household electrical
  • Recharging circuitry may be more efficient at some power levels rather than at others. For example, at high rates of recharge there is additional voltage drop in the conductor lines, whereas at very low charge rates the ''housekeeping power' required for the electronics may adversely affect charging efficiency. In one
  • a determination of efficiency as a function of cha ge rate is made, and the master controller selects a charge rate that optimises efficiency.
  • the system evaluates the charge state of the EV that is connected to the system (which may be the ideal long term storage charge level or about 50%) , the charge state of the local energy storage unit, the capability of the utility panel (also local wind/solar sources) to deliver power, and the state of charge desired by the user ⁇ the user may not want or require a 100% full charge) ⁇
  • the system delivers power to the EV at a maximum rate, commensurate with the EV's ability to accept power and the various combined source's abilities to deliver power, until the specified charge level is reached.
  • the system can provide the user with a predicted time of charge completion and alert the user upon charge completion ⁇ including remote notification) .
  • the present EV state of charge may be the long term storage charge level, or about 50% of full charge in the case of lithium batteries.
  • the system delivers power to the EV at a rate that produces the specified state of charge by (or somewhat before) the specified, time. If the specified goal is not feasible (e.g. , the required rate would be above the maximum rate possible, the system can alert the user and provide information about the ma imum possible states of charge attainable at future times while proceeding to charge at the maximum rate.
  • the requested future charge states may be called "charge state milestones" or "recharge goals”. This mode can have an ongoing default schedule from day to day (e.g., a 95% charge every weekday morning at 7:15 am, in preparation for a morning commute) .
  • Minimum cost recharging mode While operating within any other specified parameters (such as specified charge state milestones) , the system follows a recharging profile and strategy to minimize the cost of recharging the EV, and/or recharging the local energy storage unit.
  • Green recharge mod The system maximizes the proport ion of recharge power derived from renewable
  • (green) sources The local wind and solar sources can be considered to be 100% "green'' .
  • Power supplied by the utility grid may have a proportion of green power, provided by renewable sources. Information about the proportion of "green' energy on the grid might be
  • a local area e.g. through the local circuitry of the AC power distribution panel
  • two separate grid power converters and ports are provided in accordance with one embodiment, one for normal grid connection and power seiiback and another for backup power flow in the event of a grid outage or other need for independent power.
  • the grid power converters can incorporate the normal safeguards ⁇ e.g., of the type employed in grid-connected solar panel inver e s ) that prevent reverse flow of power when the grid is down.
  • the backup power module can connect to the household power circuits through a mechanical switching device that assures that only one of the grid or the backup power module is connected to the household power circuits at any time. Such a feature is depicted in FIG. 22.
  • a main switch 906 connects the AC distribution panel 224 to the AC utility grid 220, Two converter units a e
  • the DC/AC converter 320-2 may include a
  • a switch 90S connects the distribution panel 224 to either the AC/DC converter 320-1 or to the DC/AC converter 320-2,
  • An actuator 910 is linked to the switches 906, 90S so that whenever the switch 906 is closed, the switch 903 connects the distribution panel 224 to the AC/DC
  • the master controller 310 (or a local processor associated with the AC/DC converter 320- 1) controls the actuator 910 in response to conditions on the AC utility grid 220. As depicted in FIG . 22, the master controller 310 may control each of the power converters 320-1 and 320-2.
  • a mixed raode operation operates in a manner: that combines attributes of more than one of the above modes, and can enable the system to automatically transition between different modes.
  • An operating method described below is able to perform various functions of the above iaodes in harmonious combination and enable the user to customize the system performance into an operational mode that suits the user's wants and needs.
  • the voltage of the DC bus 300 may be regulated and allowed to fluctuate over a specified range in order to enable the various power converter units to function in a controlled and
  • the DC bus 300 may beneficially foe provided with a capacitor or filter elements that help filter out voltage ripple and can moderate transient power surges.
  • Capacitor filters such as shunt capacitors 912-1, 912-2, 912-3 and 912-4 are located between
  • DC converters 305, 320, 330, 340, 340' ' of FIG. 24 DC converters 305, 320, 330, 340, 340' ' of FIG. 24
  • DC bus 300 and define boundaries between the DC bus 300 and separate bus branches 300-1, 300-2, 300-3 and 300-4.
  • Each shunt capacitor 912-1, 912-2, 912-3 and 912-4 filters voltage fluctuations in each individual
  • the DC bus 300 and its branches 300-1, 300-2, 300- 3, 300-4 each consists of two conductor's, e.g., a
  • Each shunt capacitor 912-1, 912-2, 912-3 and 912-4 is connected across the two conductors of the DC bus 300.
  • the power converters 305, 320, 330 and 340 may be independent, having their own can local processors 914-1, 914-2, 914-3 and 914-4, all responsive to the master controller 310.
  • the master controller 310 will be referred to as the central processor 310.
  • Some of the processing tasks described herein may foe thus distributed throughout the system.
  • the local processors 914-1, 914-2, 914-3 ,914-4 may run at higher processing rate or shorter cycle time while the central processor 310 runs at a much slower rate and supplies relatively slowly changing operating parameters to the fast-running independent local processors 914-1, 914-2, 914-3 ,91 -4.
  • the independent; local processors 914-1, 914-2, 914-3 and 914-4 may execute fairly simple operating algorithms and may be able to utilize analog logic in their control loops. Control b the central processor 310 of the slowly changing parameters employed by the local
  • processors 914-1, 914-2, 914-3 and 914-4 provides great efficiency and flexibility. Remote or wireless control of the central processor 310 th ough the personal
  • computing device ⁇ e.g., smart phone 355 of FIG. 6 provides versatility and convenience.
  • the distributed processing architecture of Fig. 23 may be realized in accordance with the modular structure depicted in FIG. 24. There are plural separate modules 916-1 through 916-4 ⁇ or more, as desired, such as
  • Each module 916-1 through 916-4 is adapted to connect to a particular energy source or energy sink: thus, for example, the module 916-1
  • Each module 916-1 through 916-4 may include an eiectricai plug assembly that allows it to be connected to ⁇ or form a part of) the DC bus 300, and a terminal 916a for connection to the particular energy sink or energy source associated with the module.
  • terminal 916a of the module 916-1 is for connection to the local energy storage unit 230.
  • the modules 916-1 through 916-4 further include the respective local processors 914-1 through 914-4 which control the
  • the module 916-1 includes the local processor 914-1 controlling the DC/DC converter 330, and the local memory 915-1.
  • the module 916-1 may be referred to as the local energy storage unit module .
  • module 916-2 is the utility grid module, and includes the AC/DC converter 320 and the local processor 914-2 governing the AC/DC converter 320, and the local memory 915-2.
  • the module 916-3 is the wind generator module that is connected to the wind generator 240, and includes the DC/DC converter 340 and the local processor
  • the module 916-3' is the solar generator module that is connected to the solar generator ⁇ solar cell array) 250, and includes a D /DC converter 340 , a shunt capacitor 912-3' and a local processor 914-3' ' governing the DC/DC converter 340', and a local memory
  • the module 916-4 is the electric vehicle port module and includes the DC/DC converter 305, the local processor 914-4 governing the DC/DC converter 305, and the local memory 915-4.
  • a coromunication path or signal line 917 provides communication between the central processor 310 and each of the local processors 914-1 through 914-4,
  • further modules may be included or added latery such as an additional module 916-5.
  • the module 916-5 may be for emergency backup power during a grid blackout, and may include a local processor 914-5 controlling the DC/AC converter 320-2 of FIG. 22. in suc a case, the module 916-5 is connected to the AC distribution panel 224.
  • the arrangement of FIG. 22 may be employed, so that both the module 916-2 and the module 916-5 are connected to the switch 908 of FIG. 22.
  • the user may purchase and install any combination of the modules 916, depending upon the household energy sources. For example, if the household energy sources do not include a wind generator, then the user may omit the wind generator module 916-3 from the system. If the user later acquires a wind generator, the the wind generator module 916-3 may be added to the system.
  • the modules 916-1 through 916-4 may be connected in more than one manner. For example, each module 916 may include its own modular bus section 301 (shown in FIG. 25) , the
  • FIG . 25 is an enlarged view of the module 916-1.
  • the module 916-1 of FIG. 25 includes the DC/DC converter 330 and the shunt capacitor 912-1 located between the DC/DC converter 330 and the DC bus 300.
  • the shunt capacitor 912-1 marks a boundary between the bus branch 300-1 and the DC bus 300.
  • the module 916-1 further includes the local processor 914-1 and its memory 915-1.
  • the local processor 914-1 controls the DC/DC converter 330 through a command link 919-1.
  • a modular section of the signal link 917 may be included in the module 916-1.
  • the memory 915-1 can store parameters transmitted over the signal link 917 by the central processor 310,
  • the module 916-1 is similar to the other modules 916-2 through 916-4 except that, in place of the DC/DC converter 330, one of the other converters is present (e.g., the AC/ DC converter 320 or the DC/DC converter 305 or the DC/DC converter 340) .
  • the methods described below can employ a feature in which discharging an energ source to the DC bus 300 or recharging a rechargeable energy source from the DC bus is governed by selecting a hierarchy of different threshold voltages of the DC bus 300 for charging and discharging individual energy sources. These DC bus threshold voltages are referred to herein as bus voltage set points. The order in which different energy sources are permitted to discharge to the DC bus as the bus voltage fails is established by the relative magnitudes of their individual discharging bus voltage set points. Discharging of each energy scarce is enabled or disabled by comparing the present bus voltage with the bus voltage set point, for discharging that energy source.
  • the energy sources include the EV battery pack 110, the local energy storage unit 230, the solar
  • the EV battery pack 110 and the local energy storage unit 230 are rechargeable energy sources .
  • priorities may be established in accordance with user preferences, for example, o in accordance with optimum priorities defined in information stored in the central processor 310, for example. These priorities may be reevaluated and adjusted periodically to accommodate changed circums ances. For example, a change in cost of grid power may render usage of energy from the local energy storage unit cost-effective or cost-ineffective. As another example in which priorities are to be
  • the charge level of the local energy storage unit may become so reduced as to necessitate a reduction in use of its energy, or may become so great as to obviate any need for recharging it.
  • discharging of energy sources is governed in accordance with the following method: Priorities for discharging the different energy sources are established and/or periodically reevaluated in view of existing or changing circumstances, as referred bo above. Each time these priorities change, the energy sources are ranked in order of priority for discharging to the DC bus (block 940 of FIG 26) .
  • each discharging bus voltage set point is proportional to the discharge priority of the individual energy source (block 942) .
  • its discharging bus voltage set point is compared with the voltage of the DC bus (block 944) .
  • the voltage of the DC bus is less than the discharging bus voltage set point, current flow is permitted by the corresponding power converter from the individual energy source to the DC bus, and otherwise current flow is prevented (block 946) .
  • rechargeable energy sources are established and/or periodically reevaluated in view of existing or changing circumstances, as referred, to above. Each time these priorities change, the rechargeable energ sources are ranked in order of priority for recharging from the DC bus (block 948 of FIG . 26) . Individual recharging bus voltage set points are established for the individual rechargeable energy sources, each bus voltage set point being inversely proportional to the recharging priority of the individual rechargeable energy source ⁇ block 950) . For each individual rechargeable energy source, its
  • charging bus voltage set point is compared with the voltage of the DC bus (block 952) . For each individual rechargeable energy source, if the voltage of the DC bus exceeds the charging bus voltage set point, current flow is permitted from the DC bus to the individual
  • the comparisons of the DC bus voltage with the different bus voltage set points may be carried out by the local processors 914-1 through 914-4 in accordance with
  • FIG. 27 One example of such hardwired logic is depicted in FIG. 27, in which a first diode 918-1 is forward biased for current flow from a charging ⁇ output) terminal of the DC converter (e.g., the DC/DC converter 340) to the DC bus 300.
  • ⁇ second diode 918-2 is forward biased for current flow in the opposite direction, i.e., from the DC brss 300 to a discharging (inpu terminal) of the DC converter (e.g., the DC/DC converter 340) .
  • the local processor 916-1 receives the charging and
  • FIG. 27 depicts an
  • FIGS. 26 and 27 may involve a discrete on/off switching threshold (defined by the bus voltage set points) producing a binary or
  • FIG. 28 is a graph depicting the concept of a ramped current response as a function of DC bus voltage relative to a bus voltage set point V ? , The current response may be ramped w thin a voltage band from V ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (below which the current is zero) to V ? e ⁇ (above which the current is at a pre-established maximum level) .
  • the 28 may be represented by a look-up table provided to the local processor 914-1 by the central processor 310. Operation of the local processor 914-1 to implement the soft threshold voltage is depicted in FIG, 29 using an embodiment of the module 916-1 partially depicted, in FIG. 30.
  • the first step is to fetch the appropriate look-up table (block 920) .
  • the bus voltage is measured (block 922) using a sensor 930 shown in FIG. 30. This voltage is employed by the local processor 914-1 to find the desired output current level from the look-up table ⁇ block 924) .
  • the local processor 914 coxamands the DC/DC converter 340 to adjust the output current until the current measured at a sensor 935 reaches the value obtained from the lookup table ⁇ block 926) . While the foregoing is described as an example for the local energy storage unit 230, a similar method and structure may be employed to implement smooth or ramped bus voltage set points for each of the other energy sources, including the EV battery pack 110, the utility grid 220, th wind generator 240 and the solar generator 250,
  • a ramped threshold voltage may b implemented using hardwired analog circuitry.
  • Tper the length of each time period (e.g., one minute) ;
  • Cper2011-2-25-1525 the cost of grid power in the time period between 3:25 and 3:26 pm on 25 February 2011 (this will often be a prediction or estimate) ;
  • Gper2011 -2-25-1525TM the renewable energy (green) fraction found within grid power in the time period between 3:25 and 3:26 pm on 25 February 2011;
  • Vevpack the voltage of the electric vehicle energy storage unit or battery pack
  • bus the voltage of the DC bus 300 , or a branch thereof;
  • Vbusmax the maximum voltage prescribed for the DC bus 300
  • Vbusmin the minimu voltage prescribed for the DC bus 300 (when the system is *0N r ) ;
  • Vfoussetlwind :::::: a first set bus voltage point variable used to regulate power flow into the bus from the wind generator port 241;
  • Vbussetlev - a first set bus voltage point variable used to regulate power flow froirs the DC bus 300 into the BV port DC/DC converter 305;
  • Vbusset2ev a 2 s bus voltage set point that may be used when the EV battery pack 110 is delivering power back to the DC bus 300;
  • Vbussetllesu a first set bus voltage point below which power flow is enabled, from the local energy storage unit 230 into the main DC bus through its
  • discharge threshold voltage this variable will generally be a function of the state of charge of the local energy storage unit 230 or "LESO" ;
  • Vbusset2ies ' u - a 2 ⁇ set voltage point may be used when recharging the LESU, which may be referred to as a "recharge threshold voltage";
  • Aspecev ⁇ a current level specified by the user or by the central processor 310 for charging the EV
  • Asolar and Wsolar are current and power .levels at the solar port 251;
  • Wgrid ⁇ the power flowing out of the utility grid port 221, for selling power back to the grid (negative values indicate inflow of power, i.e. buying power f om the grid) ;
  • Wmaxgridont the maximum power that is
  • this variable has a negative value when power is flowing back to the grid 220) ;
  • controller 210 may control parameters, each as bus voltage set points, that are slowly changing, while the local processors 914-1 through 914-4 implement the high speed control methods that govern charging and
  • the fast running methods for implementation in the independent local processors 914-1 through 914-4 are the operations depicted in FIGS. 31- 37 below, and run fast in order to effectively regulate the current flow through their associated DC/DC or DC/AC converters.
  • the operations described below of the local processors 914-1 through 914-4 may foe implemented in analog (or digital) circuitry and incorporated into the operation of the ⁇ chopping' or switching circuitry associated with the DC/DC converters. Switching frequencies generally exceed 10 kHz.
  • Vbussetlsolar can be set slightly less than the maximum allowed DC bus voltage, V usraa .
  • a comparison is made of the present DC bus voltage (Vbus) and Vbussetlsolar (block 1020) . If Vbus ⁇ Vbussetlsolar (YES branch of block 1030) , then fall current flow is enabled from the solar generator port 251 to the DC bus 300 to deliver maximum power to the DC bus 300 as regulated by the peak power tracking stage 342 (block 1040) , Otherwise ( O branch of block 1030) , no such power flow is enabled.
  • the wind generator DC/DC converter 340 can feed power to a branch 300-3 of the DC bus 300 that connects to the main portion of the DC bus 300 via the filter 912-3, thereby allowing the branch voltage to fluctuate more than the main bus voltage .
  • the voltage of the DC bus 300 will rapidly increase and the local processor 914-3' will quickly disconnect the solar generator 250 from the DC bus 300, s soon s any capacitors are charged and Vbus becomes greater than Vbussetlsolar .
  • bus voltage m y oscillate closely around Vbussetlsolar, provided the solar generator 250 is generating sufficient electrical power.
  • Wind generator converter control method :
  • the wind power method is similar to the method of FI G . 31, and is depicted in FI G , 32,
  • the operation depicted in FIG. 32, generally designated as operation 1500, is performed by the local processor 914-3 and is as follows: The value of the bus voltage set point,
  • Vbussetl ind is determined in accordance with pre-defined priorities of the differen energy sources as discussed above (block 1510 of FIG . 32 ⁇ , The value of Vbussetlwind can be set slightly less than Vbusmax.
  • the present bus voltage (Vbus) is compared with Vbnsset1 wind (block
  • FIG. 33 generally as operation 2000. This operation proceeds as follows: A determination is made, using information provided by the central processor 310, of the specified EV charge current, Aspecev ⁇ block 2010 of FIG. 33) , This variable will have a value based upon the EV battery pack state of charge and, optionally, upon certain user specified parameters. A determination is made, using information provided by the central processor 310, of the bus vol age set point for the Ev port DC/DC converter 305, Vbussetlev ⁇ block 2020) . Generally, Vbussetlev may be fixed slightly above Vbnsmin. Compare Vbus with Vbussetlev ⁇ block 2030) .
  • Vbus > Vbussetlev ⁇ YES branch of block 2030) then enable power flow from bus to the EV port at the specified rate, Aspecev ⁇ block 2040) . If not ⁇ HO branch of block 2030) , then disable power flow to the EV port (block 2045) . Thereafter, the system returns to the beginning, i.e., to block 2010.
  • the voltage in the DC bus 300 will oscillate in a stable manner near Vbussetlev and power will be delivered to the EV at the maximum rate that the various power sources can provide. If the power sources feeding the DC bus 300 can handle the specified demand, then Vfous will stay above VbussetXev and current will continue to flow at the specified rate. As described above with reference to FIG, 23, in order to reduce voltage oscillations in the main DC bus 300 it may be desirable to interpose a filter stage 912-4 between the main DC bus 300 and the bus branches 300-4 connected di ectly to the branch or the DC bus, which is then connected to the EV port DC/DC
  • a method of managing the discharging of the local energy storage unit (local ESU) to the DC bus 300, illustrated in FIG. 34A as operation 3000, is performed by the local processor 914-1, as follows:
  • the local processor 310 the local processor 310
  • processor 914-1 obtains the minimum reserve charge level , Eminlesu, that is required to be maintained in the local ESU 230 (block 3020) .
  • a bus voltage set point ⁇ Vhussetllesu) for the local ESU DC/DC converter 330 is determined based on the relationship between Elesu and the minimum reserve charge Eminlesu. This determination may foe carried out by comparing Elesu with Eminlesu (block 3030 ⁇ , If Elesu > Eminlesu (YES branch of block 3030) , then Vfouasetl iesu is set to a voltage between Vbnsmax and Vfousmin (block 3032). If not ⁇ MO branch of block 3030), then Vfoussetliesu is set to zero (block 3034) . A zero value for this bus voltage set point will prevent further discharge of the local ESU 230.
  • the bus voltage set point, VbussetI lesu, for the local ESU 230 should
  • the relationship of the local ESU bus voltage set point to the bus voltage set point for grid supplied power may be varied according to conditions, such as local ESU state of charge and grid power cost, e.g. the local ESU bus voltage set point could be above the grid bus voltage set point when the local ESU has plenty of charge and/or when the cost of grid power is high, thereby favoring taking power frora the local ESU before using grid power.
  • processor 914-4 as follows: A determination is made of the state of charge, Eev, of the EV battery pack 110 ⁇ block 3010' of F G, 34B) , From information provided by the central processor 310, the local processor 914-4 obtains the minimum reserve charge level, Eroinev, that is required to be maintained in the EV battery pack 110 (block 3020' ) .
  • a bus voltage set point (Viusset2ev) for discharging the EV battery pack 110 is determined based upon the relationship between Eev and the minimum reserve charge Eiainev. This determination may be carried out by first comparing Eev with Eminev (block 3030' ⁇ If Eev > Sminev (YES branch of block 3030'), then Vfousset2ev is set to a voltage between Vbus ax and Vbus in (block
  • Vbesset2ev is set to zero (block 3034' ) .
  • a zero value for this bus voltage set point will prevent further discharge of the EV battery pack 110 to the DC bus 300,
  • the local ESU 230 may be recharged from the DC bus 300 whenever the voltage of the DC bus 300, Vbus, exceeds the second (recharging) bus voltage set point for the local ESU 230, Vfousset2lesu .
  • t e local processor 914-1 periodically compares the DC bus voltage Vbus with the local ESU bus voltage set point Vbusset21esu ⁇ block 3052 of FIG . 35) , If Vbus exceeds Vbnsset21esu (YES branch of block 3052), then recharging of the local energy storage unit 230 from the DC bus is permitted (block 3054) . Otherwise (NO branch of block 3054), recharging of the local ESU 230 is not permitted, and the local processor 914-1 returns to periodically performing the comparison of block 3052.
  • a method for managing the consumption of power from the AC utility grid 220 to the DC bus 300, generally depicted in FIG, 36 as operation 4000, is performed by the local processor 914-2, as follows:
  • the AC line voltage furnished by the utility grid 220 to the utility panel 224 is measured (block 4010 of FIG. 36 ⁇ .
  • a circuit rrsaxirrsu ampere rating Arnaxacgrid. is obtained.
  • a bus voltage set point,, Vbussetlgrid is obtained ⁇ block 4020 ) .
  • the set point Vhassetlgrid. can foe
  • Vbussetlgrid ⁇ Vbusraax 4 Vbusmin ⁇ / 2
  • a comparison is made of Vbus and Vbussetlgrid (block 4030 ⁇ . If Vbus ⁇ Vbussetlgrid (YES branch of block
  • the DC current associated, with the power delivered to the DC bus 300 may generally be different from the AC max current rating. If Vbus > Vbussetlgrid (HO branch of block 4030 ⁇ , no power is allowed to flow from the utility grid port 221 to the DC bus 300 (block 4035) ,
  • a method depicted in FIG. 37, as operation 5000, may be employed when power is flowing back to the AC utility grid 220 from the DC bus 300, for selling power back to the electric utility provider.
  • a different grid bus voltage set point Vb «sset2grid may be employed in this ethod that is somewhat higher than the grid bus voltage set point Vbussetlgrid employed in the method of FIG. 36.
  • the method of PIG. 37 is performed by the local processor 914-2 as follows: The AC line voltage
  • Vbusset grid The bus voltage set point Vbusset2grid can be approximately half way between the maximum and minimum bus voltages, or: Vbussetlgrid. ⁇ (Vbusmax. +
  • Vbusrain Vbusrain
  • Vbus Vb-asset1grid. A comparison is made of Vbus and
  • Vbussetlgrid (block 5030 ⁇ . If Vbus > Vbussetlgrid (YES branch of block 5030) , power is permitted to flow to the AC grid port 221 from the DC bus 300 at a current level not exceeding Amaxacgrid (block 5040) . If Vbus ⁇
  • Vbussetlgrid ⁇ NO branch of block 5030 no power is allowed to flow to the utility grid port 221 from the DC bus 300 (block 5035) .
  • the operations of FIGS . 31-37 are intended for operation by the local processors 914-1 through 314-4 at a relatively high speed (e.g., 20 kHz) .
  • Amaxevout and maximum EV charging power Wmaxevout are obtained by communication with the EV battery management system 135 of FIG. 3 (block 7010 of FIG , 38 ⁇ .
  • the EV battery management system 135 may foe able to provide the present maximum rates directly.
  • a lockup table can be used to find the maximum rates based on the current state of charge, temperature, ana other
  • the present EV state of charge is obtained from the EV batter management system 135 ⁇ block 7020) .
  • the EV present state of charge may be at 50% of battery capacity, for example.
  • a user-defined desired EV charge level or goal, Sspecevl is obtained, for example through the user interface 350 (block 7030) . This may foe any level up to 100% of battery capacity.
  • the following operation responds to a user command to charge the EV to a user-selected charge level by or before a user-selected time, while apportioning the consumption of free
  • the free energy sources are green energy sources, and include the wind generator 240 and the solar
  • the utility grid 220 is unlimited in its availability, but can be expensive depending upon the time of day of energy consumption.
  • the local energy storage unit 230 stores energy that may be derived from the free energy sources 240 and 250 and from the utility grid 220 during times of low energy costs (e.g., at night) .
  • the free energy sources are preferred above all, the local energy storage unit 230 may be preferred if the cost of the energy its currently stores is less than the prevailing grid energy costs, while the utility grid 220 is used to a minimum extent required to meet the requirements of the user's charging command whenever it cannot be met by a combination of all the other energy sources. But, grid usage in this operation is made in accordance with an optimum selection of time periods in which grid costs are minimal.
  • the recharging operation consists of several phases, each phase fulfilling a particular purpose.
  • the central processor 310 surveys the basic conditions and costs of the different energy sources and of the EV, and references them to the user's command specifying the desired EV charge level and the completion time.
  • This first phase consists of blocks 8010 through 8070 of FIGS . 39A and 39B.
  • the local ESU energy is insufficient or
  • This second phase includes blocks 8075 through 8140 of FIGS . 39B and 39C.
  • the decision has been made to employ a combination of both local SSU energy and utility grid energy because the local ESIT energy by itself is insufficient.
  • the utility grid energy usage is minimized so as to provide just enough utility grid energy into the energy pool to fulfill the energy requirement of the user's command.
  • This third phase includes blocks 8150 through 8210 of FIG. 39D.
  • FIGS. 39A through 39D proceeds as follows: An estimate is obtained of the local renewable
  • Eaddev Ereqev - Egrnest. If Eaddev is not greater than zero (MO branch of block 8040) ? then no energy rom non-green sources is required, and the operation proceeds to perform maximum rate green charging in block 8120 from the wind generator 240 and solar generator 250 by enabling the operations 1000, 1500 and 2000 previously described herein.
  • This comparison is carried out by first obtaining a profile of the predicted cost of energy from the utility grid 220 for the time period of interest, namely Tnow to Tspecl (block 8050) . From that profile, a determination is made of the minimum cost of utility grid energy in that time pe iod, Cmingrid (block 8055) . This information may be obtained from the grid utility
  • Enowlesu may be obtained from the local energy storage unit 230 and
  • Ereslesu may be supplied by the central processor 310. Then, the available local energy storage unit ⁇ local ESU) energy ⁇ Bavilesu ⁇ is calculated in accordance with the following definition: Eavllesu - Enowlesu - Ereslesu (block 8064) .
  • the cost, Cerglesu, of the energy stored in the local ESU is compared with the minimum grid energy cost in the time period Tnow to Tspecl , Cmingrid (block 8070) . If Cerglesu ⁇ Cmingrid ⁇ YES branch of block 8075, this indicates that the local ESU energy is less costly than the utility grid energy, in which case the operation proceeds to block 8080 for a determination of whether the local ESU energy, without utility grid energy, is
  • the operation proceeds to block 8150 which begins the group of operations (blocks 8150 through 8200) in which an adequate energy mixture is found, in which the utility grid, enerqy is drawn during time periods selected to minimize cost, as will be described later herein .
  • the sufficiency of the energy stored in the local ES0 230 is determined by a comparison of the available local ESIJ energy, Eavllesu, and the additional energy required,
  • Eaddev If Eavllesu > Eaddev (YES branch of block 8080), then the local ESU energy is sufficient and utility grid energy is not needed, Therefore, the central processor 310 puts the bus voltage set point for discharge of the local SSU (Vfoussetlles ) to a value that is somewhat higher than the grid power set point ⁇ vbussetgrid ⁇ , so that local ESU discharge takes a higher priority ⁇ block 8090 ⁇ , Charging of the EV battery pack is then carried out in accordance with the operations 1000, 1500, 2000 and 3000 by the corresponding local processors 914-1 through 914-4 (block 8100) , The operations 1000 through 3000 may be carried out at operating speeds as much as 10,000 times faster than the operations by central processor 310.
  • Vbussetliesu is set to a value that is equal to the bus voltage set point for the utility grid, Vbussetgrid
  • the central processor 310 determines the time periods during which utility grid energy may be used at mi imum cost to furnish the needed additional charge Eaddev. This is done by finding a cost threshold below which grid, energy may foe drawn during an individual time periods of adequate number to meet the charge requirement. Referring now to the operation of block 8150, a calculation is made of the length of time required ⁇ perreqgrid) for the grid power connection to provide the additional energy required (Eaddev) at maximum rate grid supply rate ( maxgridin) . This
  • the increment Cine may be about 2% of a typical minimum power cost, for example.
  • the amount of grid energy used at the current value of Cthresh is compared against the additional energy required. In the embodiment presented here, this comparison is made based upon the corresponding numbers of time periods, as follows: The total length of time, Tper.lessth.resh, that grid energy is predicted to cost less than the threshold cost, Cthresh, is calculated (block 8190) . This calculation is carried out by
  • threshold cost (Nlessthresh to find the total length of time, as follows : Tpe lessthresh ⁇ Tpe * Nlessthresh.
  • the central processor 310 enables charging with both grid energy and other energy sources, and otherwise
  • the central processor 310 ensures that the EV battery pack charge level reaches the charge level
  • the central processor 310 does this whenever any one of the foregoing EV charging operations (1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 7000 or 8000 ⁇ is being performed in response to the user command, as follows: During charging of the EV b any of the foregoing operations, the central processor 310
  • the central processor 310 determines the present rate at which the EV battery pack 110 is being charged and ascertains the present charge level of the EV battery 110, From this information, the central processor 310 computes the required charging time needed for the SV battery pack charge level to reach the desired level, Especlev. The central processor 310 compares the required charging time with time remaining until the specified time !spec. If the charging time exceeds the remaining time, then the central processor 310 stops the current operation and begins the maximum rate charging operation 7000 of FIG. 38.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à un système de gestion et de conversion d'énergie destiné à charger un véhicule électrique, et dans lequel une pluralité de sources d'énergie sont couplées à un bus CC au moyen de convertisseurs respectifs, et des points de consigne de tension respectifs sont déterminés pour les convertisseurs respectifs, chaque convertisseur régulant le flux d'énergie entre le bus CC et la source d'énergie respective en déterminant si la tension du bus CC est inférieure au point de consigne de tension respectif.
PCT/US2012/053858 2011-09-16 2012-09-06 Procédés permettant de faire fonctionner un système de gestion et de conversion d'énergie à usages multiples destiné à charger un véhicule électrique Ceased WO2013039753A1 (fr)

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EP2996218A4 (fr) * 2013-05-10 2016-04-13 Panasonic Ip Man Co Ltd Dispositif de gestion de cellule de stockage
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WO2016166854A1 (fr) * 2015-04-15 2016-10-20 三菱電機株式会社 Dispositif de commande, procédé de commande, et programme
DE102015110023A1 (de) 2015-06-23 2016-12-29 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Ladestation und Verfahren zum Laden eines Plug-In-Kraftfahrzeuges an einer Ladesäule
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EP3182547A1 (fr) * 2015-12-14 2017-06-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Systeme de controle de chargement
DE102015226673A1 (de) * 2015-12-23 2017-06-29 Audi Ag Hochvolt-Gleichspannungswandler zum Aufladen eines Elektrofahrzeugs und Betriebsverfahren für den Wandler
JP2018046738A (ja) * 2016-09-12 2018-03-22 積水化学工業株式会社 電力供給システム
CN109217447A (zh) * 2018-09-19 2019-01-15 武汉华风电子工程有限公司 一种多能源互补充电系统及其方法
EP3466749A1 (fr) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-10 Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG Utilisation de deux régulateurs cc/cc dans l'électronique de puissance d'une station de charge ou station de recharge
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DE102018109956A1 (de) * 2018-04-25 2019-10-31 Egs Entwicklungs- Und Forschungs- Gmbh Energiespeicher mit Steuerung für Stromtankstelle
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EP3807121A1 (fr) * 2018-06-18 2021-04-21 Top Ka-Projekt Gmbh Système de charge permettant la recharge dynamique de véhicules électriques
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US20220042704A1 (en) * 2015-10-08 2022-02-10 Johnson Controls Technology Company Building control systems with optimization of equipment life cycle economic value while participating in ibdr and pbdr programs
US20220072967A1 (en) * 2020-09-08 2022-03-10 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Electric vehicle supply equipment synchronization and charging connector devices
US20220077513A1 (en) * 2013-10-02 2022-03-10 Lt350, Llc Energy storage canopy
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GB2613367A (en) * 2021-12-01 2023-06-07 Nina Szamocki Hoffmann A method of charging an auxiliary battery
EP3991267A4 (fr) * 2019-06-30 2023-06-21 James Nguyen Bloc-batterie à charge rapide et procédés de charge rapide
WO2023111339A1 (fr) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Nyobolt Limited Dispositif de charge pour batteries
US20230208184A1 (en) * 2021-12-29 2023-06-29 Rivian Ip Holdings, Llc Control units, systems, and methods for back-up power management during a supply power outage
US20230216338A1 (en) * 2022-01-05 2023-07-06 Sunpower Corporation Convertible energy control system
US11760214B2 (en) 2018-04-25 2023-09-19 EGS Entwicklungs—und Forschungs—GmbH Digital access system for vehicles for externally controlled loading processes
JP2023539959A (ja) * 2021-07-29 2023-09-21 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 充放電装置、バッテリー充電方法及び充放電システム
JP2023543098A (ja) * 2021-07-29 2023-10-13 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 充放電装置及び電池充電方法
WO2023244667A3 (fr) * 2022-06-14 2024-01-25 Our Next Energy, Inc. Système de gestion d'énergie
WO2024121146A1 (fr) * 2022-12-05 2024-06-13 Nyobolt Limited Dispositif de distribution de puissance
WO2025074149A1 (fr) * 2023-10-05 2025-04-10 Energobit S.A. Système de charge cc (courant continu) haute puissance (niveau 2-4) hors réseau pouvant être connecté directement à des sources d'énergie renouvelable, et procédé de charge d'un véhicule électrique ou hybride
WO2025178818A1 (fr) * 2024-02-22 2025-08-28 Witricity Corporation Système de charge embarqué à double source pour transfert d'énergie sans fil
US12415437B2 (en) 2022-06-14 2025-09-16 Ahmad Albanna Energy management system with machine learning

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EP2996218A4 (fr) * 2013-05-10 2016-04-13 Panasonic Ip Man Co Ltd Dispositif de gestion de cellule de stockage
US20240243373A1 (en) * 2013-10-02 2024-07-18 Lt350, Llc Energy storage canopy
US20220077513A1 (en) * 2013-10-02 2022-03-10 Lt350, Llc Energy storage canopy
US11916205B2 (en) * 2013-10-02 2024-02-27 Lt 350, Llc Energy storage canopy
DE102013019373A1 (de) * 2013-11-19 2015-05-21 Audi Ag Traktionsbatterie-Wiederverwertung
DE102013019373B4 (de) 2013-11-19 2022-12-15 Audi Ag Verfahren zum Betreiben von aus Kraftfahrzeugen ausgebauten Traktionsbatterien in einer stationären Anlage, elektrische Energiepuffervorrichtung für eine stationäre Anlage und Batterieprüfstand
CN107431377A (zh) * 2015-04-15 2017-12-01 三菱电机株式会社 控制装置、控制方法以及程序
WO2016166853A1 (fr) * 2015-04-15 2016-10-20 三菱電機株式会社 Dispositif de commande, procédé de commande et programme
WO2016166854A1 (fr) * 2015-04-15 2016-10-20 三菱電機株式会社 Dispositif de commande, procédé de commande, et programme
JPWO2016166853A1 (ja) * 2015-04-15 2017-09-14 三菱電機株式会社 制御装置、制御方法、及びプログラム
DE102015110023A1 (de) 2015-06-23 2016-12-29 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Ladestation und Verfahren zum Laden eines Plug-In-Kraftfahrzeuges an einer Ladesäule
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GB2556524A (en) * 2015-07-16 2018-05-30 Ipt Tech Ab Device and method for inductively transmitting electrical energy to movable electrical consumers
WO2017008927A1 (fr) * 2015-07-16 2017-01-19 Ipt Technology Gmbh Dispositif et procédé de transmission inductive d'énergie inductive à des consommateurs électriques mobiles
GB2556524B (en) * 2015-07-16 2021-05-05 Ipt Tech Gmbh Device and method for inductive transmission of electrical energy to mobile electrical consumers
US20220042704A1 (en) * 2015-10-08 2022-02-10 Johnson Controls Technology Company Building control systems with optimization of equipment life cycle economic value while participating in ibdr and pbdr programs
WO2017102400A1 (fr) * 2015-12-14 2017-06-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Système de commande de charge
EP3182547A1 (fr) * 2015-12-14 2017-06-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Systeme de controle de chargement
DE102015226673B4 (de) 2015-12-23 2025-05-08 Audi Ag Hochvolt-Gleichspannungswandler zum Aufladen eines Elektrofahrzeugs und Betriebsverfahren für den Wandler
DE102015226673A1 (de) * 2015-12-23 2017-06-29 Audi Ag Hochvolt-Gleichspannungswandler zum Aufladen eines Elektrofahrzeugs und Betriebsverfahren für den Wandler
JP7044500B2 (ja) 2016-09-12 2022-03-30 積水化学工業株式会社 電力供給システム
JP2018046738A (ja) * 2016-09-12 2018-03-22 積水化学工業株式会社 電力供給システム
CN109638933A (zh) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-16 保时捷股份公司 在充电站或加电站的电力电子装置中的电流隔离
US10974612B2 (en) 2017-10-06 2021-04-13 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Use of two DC/DC controllers in the power electronics system of a charging station or electricity charging station
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US10759293B2 (en) 2017-10-06 2020-09-01 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Galvanic isolation in the power electronics system in a charging station or electricity charging station
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EP3466750A1 (fr) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-10 Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG Séparation galvanique dans l'électronique de puissance dans une station de charge ou station de recharge
US11760214B2 (en) 2018-04-25 2023-09-19 EGS Entwicklungs—und Forschungs—GmbH Digital access system for vehicles for externally controlled loading processes
EP3784520A1 (fr) * 2018-04-25 2021-03-03 EGS Entwicklungs- und Forschungs- GmbH Accumulateur d'énergie avec commande pour station de charge
DE102018109956A1 (de) * 2018-04-25 2019-10-31 Egs Entwicklungs- Und Forschungs- Gmbh Energiespeicher mit Steuerung für Stromtankstelle
US12018950B2 (en) 2018-06-18 2024-06-25 TOP KA-Projekt GmbH Charging system for dynamic charging of electric vehicles
EP3807121A1 (fr) * 2018-06-18 2021-04-21 Top Ka-Projekt Gmbh Système de charge permettant la recharge dynamique de véhicules électriques
CN109217447A (zh) * 2018-09-19 2019-01-15 武汉华风电子工程有限公司 一种多能源互补充电系统及其方法
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EP3708416A1 (fr) * 2019-03-12 2020-09-16 Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG Procédé et dispositif de charge permettant de déterminer une capacité d'accumulation maximale d'un accumulateur d'énergie
US11084388B2 (en) 2019-05-13 2021-08-10 James Nguyen Fast charging battery pack and methods to charge fast
US10978887B2 (en) 2019-05-13 2021-04-13 James Nguyen Fast charging battery pack and methods to charge fast
WO2020231512A1 (fr) 2019-05-13 2020-11-19 James Nguyen Bloc-batterie à charge rapide et procédés de charge rapide
EP3970257A4 (fr) * 2019-05-13 2023-06-21 James Nguyen Bloc-batterie à charge rapide et procédés de charge rapide
EP3991267A4 (fr) * 2019-06-30 2023-06-21 James Nguyen Bloc-batterie à charge rapide et procédés de charge rapide
WO2022005500A1 (fr) * 2020-06-29 2022-01-06 James Nguyen Bloc-batterie à charge rapide et procédés de charge rapide
US20220072967A1 (en) * 2020-09-08 2022-03-10 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Electric vehicle supply equipment synchronization and charging connector devices
US11524593B2 (en) * 2020-09-08 2022-12-13 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Electric vehicle supply equipment synchronization and charging connector devices
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JP7453261B2 (ja) 2021-07-29 2024-03-19 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 充放電装置及び電池充電方法
EP4167431A4 (fr) * 2021-07-29 2023-11-01 Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited Appareil de charge/décharge, procédé de charge de batterie et système de charge/décharge
JP2023539959A (ja) * 2021-07-29 2023-09-21 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 充放電装置、バッテリー充電方法及び充放電システム
JP2023543098A (ja) * 2021-07-29 2023-10-13 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 充放電装置及び電池充電方法
JP7461385B2 (ja) 2021-07-29 2024-04-03 寧徳時代新能源科技股▲分▼有限公司 充放電装置、バッテリー充電方法及び充放電システム
GB2613367B (en) * 2021-12-01 2024-04-24 Myenergi Ltd A method of charging an auxiliary battery
GB2613367A (en) * 2021-12-01 2023-06-07 Nina Szamocki Hoffmann A method of charging an auxiliary battery
WO2023111339A1 (fr) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Nyobolt Limited Dispositif de charge pour batteries
US20230208184A1 (en) * 2021-12-29 2023-06-29 Rivian Ip Holdings, Llc Control units, systems, and methods for back-up power management during a supply power outage
US12395009B2 (en) * 2022-01-05 2025-08-19 Unirac, Inc. Convertible energy control system
US20230216338A1 (en) * 2022-01-05 2023-07-06 Sunpower Corporation Convertible energy control system
WO2023244667A3 (fr) * 2022-06-14 2024-01-25 Our Next Energy, Inc. Système de gestion d'énergie
US12415437B2 (en) 2022-06-14 2025-09-16 Ahmad Albanna Energy management system with machine learning
US12434588B2 (en) 2022-06-14 2025-10-07 Ahmad Albanna Energy management system with charge hailing technical field
US12441208B2 (en) 2022-06-14 2025-10-14 Ahmad Albanna Energy management system
WO2024121146A1 (fr) * 2022-12-05 2024-06-13 Nyobolt Limited Dispositif de distribution de puissance
WO2025074149A1 (fr) * 2023-10-05 2025-04-10 Energobit S.A. Système de charge cc (courant continu) haute puissance (niveau 2-4) hors réseau pouvant être connecté directement à des sources d'énergie renouvelable, et procédé de charge d'un véhicule électrique ou hybride
WO2025178818A1 (fr) * 2024-02-22 2025-08-28 Witricity Corporation Système de charge embarqué à double source pour transfert d'énergie sans fil

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