WO2013005400A1 - スパッタリングターゲット - Google Patents
スパッタリングターゲット Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013005400A1 WO2013005400A1 PCT/JP2012/004196 JP2012004196W WO2013005400A1 WO 2013005400 A1 WO2013005400 A1 WO 2013005400A1 JP 2012004196 W JP2012004196 W JP 2012004196W WO 2013005400 A1 WO2013005400 A1 WO 2013005400A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- thin film
- sintered body
- sputtering
- oxide
- sputtering target
- Prior art date
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
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- H10D30/674—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the active materials
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/76—Crystal structural characteristics, e.g. symmetry
- C04B2235/762—Cubic symmetry, e.g. beta-SiC
- C04B2235/763—Spinel structure AB2O4
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/77—Density
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
- C04B2235/963—Surface properties, e.g. surface roughness
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sputtering target, an oxide thin film manufacturing method using the sputtering target, a thin film transistor, and a display device.
- the amorphous silicon-based thin film has a disadvantage that the switching speed is relatively slow and an image cannot be displayed when a high-speed moving image or the like is displayed.
- a crystalline silicon-based thin film has a relatively high switching speed, but requires a high temperature of 800 ° C. or higher, heating with a laser, or the like to crystallize, and requires a great amount of energy and processes for production.
- the silicon-based thin film is excellent as a voltage element, there is a problem that its characteristics change with time.
- an oxide semiconductor thin film is manufactured by sputtering using a target (sputtering target) made of an oxide sintered body.
- a target made of a compound having a homologous crystal structure represented by In 2 Ga 2 ZnO 7 or InGaZnO 4 is known (Patent Documents 1 to 3).
- This target needs to be sintered in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to increase the sintered density (relative density).
- this reduces the resistance of the target it must be reduced at a high temperature after sintering.
- the characteristics and deposition rate of the obtained film change greatly, abnormal discharge due to abnormal growth of InGaZnO 4 and In 2 Ga 2 ZnO 7 occurs, There was a problem that many particles were generated. When abnormal discharge frequently occurs, the plasma discharge state becomes unstable, and stable film formation is not performed, which may adversely affect the film characteristics.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a target made of indium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and a transparent conductive film as a sputtering target containing magnesium oxide.
- a sputtering target for producing a semiconductor thin film made of indium oxide, gallium oxide, and magnesium oxide has not been studied, and the relationship between the nodule and the generated compound is unclear.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a sputtering target capable of suppressing an abnormal discharge that occurs when an oxide semiconductor film is formed using a sputtering method and obtaining the oxide semiconductor film stably and with high reproducibility. is there.
- the obtained compact was heated from 800 ° C. to the sintering temperature at a heating rate of 0.1 to 2 ° C./min, and held at the sintering temperature for 10 to 50 hours to sinter, 2.
- 9. The oxide according to 8, wherein the film formation by the sputtering method is performed in an atmosphere of a mixed gas in which at least one kind of molecule selected from water molecules, oxygen molecules, and nitrous oxide molecules is contained in a rare gas atom. Thin film manufacturing method. 10.
- 10. 10 The method for producing an oxide thin film according to 9, wherein the film formation by the sputtering method is performed in an atmosphere of a mixed gas containing a rare gas atom and at least water molecules.
- the thin film transistor according to 12 comprising a protective film containing at least SiN x on the channel layer.
- a display device comprising the thin film transistor according to 12 or 13.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a sputtering target capable of suppressing an abnormal discharge that occurs when an oxide semiconductor film is formed using a sputtering method, and obtaining the oxide semiconductor film stably and with good reproducibility.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 2.
- 3 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 3.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 4.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 5.
- FIG. 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 6.
- 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 7.
- FIG. 6 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 8.
- Example 10 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 9.
- 2 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Example 10.
- 3 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a sintered body obtained in Comparative Example 1.
- the sputtering target of the present invention includes a sintered body, and the sintered body includes In, Ga, and Mg, and is represented by a compound represented by In 2 O 3 , In (GaMg) O 4.
- the carrier concentration in the thin film can be sufficiently lowered by co-doping Ga and Mg, which have a strong bonding force with oxygen, into In 2 O 3 in the sintered body.
- the carrier concentration may become a conductor without being sufficiently lowered.
- the sintered body is selected from a compound represented by In 2 O 3 , a compound represented by In (GaMg) O 4 , a compound represented by Ga 2 MgO 4 , and a compound represented by In 2 MgO 4.
- the sintered body may include all of the four types of compounds, or may include one, two, or three types.
- In 2 O 3 is included. More preferably, it consists of the following compounds or combinations of compounds. ⁇ In 2 O 3 In 2 O 3 and In (GaMg) O 4 , In 2 O 3 and In 2 MgO 4 In 2 O 3 and Ga 2 MgO 4 In 2 O 3 , In (GaMg) O 4 and In 2 MgO 4 In 2 O 3 , In (GaMg) O 4 and Ga 2 MgO 4
- the sintered body preferably does not contain Ga 2 O 3 and MgO.
- Ga 2 O 3 or MgO is present (residual) in the sintered body, it causes abnormal discharge and nodule generation during sputtering, and defects are generated in the oxide thin film formed using the sintered body as a sputtering target. There is a case.
- the sintered body used in the present invention preferably has a relative density of 90% or more. If the relative density is 90% or more, a stable sputtering state is maintained. If it is less than 90%, the target surface may be blackened or abnormal discharge may occur.
- the relative density is preferably 95% or more, more preferably 97% or more.
- the relative density can be measured by the Archimedes method.
- the relative density is preferably 100% or less. If it exceeds 100%, metal particles may be generated in the sintered body or lower oxides may be generated, and it is necessary to strictly adjust the oxygen supply amount during film formation.
- the density can be adjusted by performing a post-treatment step such as a heat treatment operation under a reducing atmosphere after sintering.
- a reducing atmosphere an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, or a mixed gas atmosphere thereof is used.
- the positive tetravalent metal oxide M in the sintered body used in the present invention.
- a positive tetravalent metal oxide there are effects such as improving the sintered density of the sintered body and reducing the bulk resistance of the sintered body.
- the positive tetravalent metal oxide has strong resistance to acid, and can impart acid resistance even in the case of an amorphous oxide thin film.
- the positive tetravalent metal oxide M is preferably one or more oxides selected from SnO 2 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , GeO 2 , HfO 2 , and CeO 2 .
- [M] / [All metals] is preferably 0.0001 to 0.20.
- [M] is the sum of atoms of positive tetravalent metals contained in the sintered body
- [All metals] is the sum of atoms of all metals contained in the sintered body. If [M] / [All metals] is less than 0.0001, the effect of addition may be poor, and if it exceeds 0.20, the mobility of the oxide semiconductor film obtained by film formation may be decreased, which is preferable. Absent.
- [M] / [All metals] is preferably 0.0005 to 0.15, more preferably 0.001 to 0.1.
- the atomic ratio of each element contained in the sintered body can be obtained by quantitative analysis of the contained elements using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Specifically, when a solution sample is atomized with a nebulizer and introduced into an argon plasma (about 6000 to 8000 ° C.), the elements in the sample are excited by absorbing thermal energy, and orbital electrons are excited from the ground state. Move to the orbit. These orbital electrons move to a lower energy level orbit in about 10 ⁇ 7 to 10 ⁇ 8 seconds. At this time, the energy difference is emitted as light to emit light. Since this light shows a wavelength (spectral line) unique to the element, the presence of the element can be confirmed by the presence or absence of the spectral line (qualitative analysis).
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer
- the sample concentration can be obtained by comparing with a standard solution having a known concentration (quantitative analysis). After identifying the elements contained in the qualitative analysis, the content is obtained by quantitative analysis, and the atomic ratio of each element is obtained from the result.
- the sintered body used in the present invention may contain other metal elements other than the above-described In, Ga, Mg and any positive tetravalent metal within the range that does not impair the effects of the present invention. You may consist only of In, Ga, Mg, and arbitrary positive tetravalent metals.
- “substantially” means that the effect as a sintered body is attributed to the above In, Ga, Mg and any positive tetravalent metal, or 98% by weight to 100% by weight of the metal element of the sintered body. (Preferably 99 wt% or more and 100 wt% or less) means In, Ga, Mg and any positive tetravalent metal.
- the metal element contained in the sintered body is substantially composed of In, Ga, Mg, and any positive tetravalent metal, and contains other inevitable impurities as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. You may go out.
- the maximum grain size of the crystals in the sintered body used in the present invention is desirably 5 ⁇ m or less. If the crystal grows beyond a grain size of 5 ⁇ m, it may cause nodules.
- the cutting speed varies depending on the direction of the crystal plane, and irregularities are generated on the target surface.
- the size of the unevenness depends on the crystal grain size present in the sintered body. In a target made of a sintered body having a large crystal grain size, the unevenness is increased, and it is considered that nodules are generated from the convex portion.
- the maximum grain size of these sputtering target crystals is the center point (one place) of the circle and the center point and the peripheral part on two center lines orthogonal to the center point.
- the central point (one location) and the intermediate point (4) between the central point and the corner on the diagonal of the quadrangle is measured, and is expressed as an average value of the particle sizes of the maximum particles present in each of these five locations.
- the particle size is measured for the major axis of the crystal grains.
- the crystal grains can be observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the manufacturing method of the sputtering target of the present invention includes the following two steps. (1) Step of mixing raw material compounds and molding to form a molded body (2) Step of sintering the molded body
- the raw material compound is not particularly limited, and is a compound containing In, Ga and Mg, and a compound in which the sintered body can have the following atomic ratio May be used.
- a combination of indium oxide, gallium metal and magnesium metal, indium oxide, oxidation Examples include a combination of gallium and magnesium oxide.
- the raw material is preferably a powder.
- the raw material is preferably a mixed powder of indium oxide, gallium oxide and magnesium oxide.
- a single metal for example, when a combination of indium oxide, gallium metal and magnesium metal is used as a raw material powder, metal particles of gallium and magnesium are present in the obtained sintered body, and during film formation The metal particles on the target surface may melt and not be released from the target, and the composition of the obtained film and the composition of the sintered body may be greatly different.
- the average particle diameter of the raw material powder is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.2 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the raw material powder can be measured with a laser diffraction type particle size distribution apparatus or the like.
- the mixing and forming method in step (1) is not particularly limited, and can be performed using a known method.
- a raw material powder containing a mixed powder of indium oxide powder, gallium oxide powder and magnesium oxide powder is mixed with an aqueous solvent, and the resulting slurry is mixed for 12 hours or more, then solid-liquid separation, drying and granulating, Subsequently, the granulated product is put into a mold and molded.
- a wet or dry ball mill, vibration mill, bead mill, or the like can be used.
- a bead mill mixing method is most preferable because the crushing efficiency of the agglomerates is high in a short time and the additive is well dispersed.
- the mixing time by the ball mill is preferably 15 hours or more, more preferably 19 hours or more. This is because if the mixing time is insufficient, a high resistance compound such as Ga 2 O 3 or MgO may be generated in the finally obtained sintered body.
- the pulverization and mixing time by the bead mill varies depending on the size of the apparatus and the amount of slurry to be processed, but is appropriately adjusted so that the particle size distribution in the slurry is all uniform at 1 ⁇ m or less.
- binder polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, or the like can be used.
- granulated powder is obtained from the raw material powder slurry.
- rapid drying granulation it is preferable to perform rapid drying granulation.
- a spray dryer is widely used as an apparatus for rapid drying granulation.
- the specific drying conditions are determined by various conditions such as the slurry concentration of the slurry to be dried, the temperature of hot air used for drying, the air volume, etc., and therefore, it is necessary to obtain optimum conditions in advance.
- the sedimentation speed varies depending on the specific gravity difference of the raw material powder, so that separation of In 2 O 3 powder, Ga 2 O 3 powder, and MgO powder occurs, and uniform granulated powder may not be obtained.
- a sintered body is produced using this non-uniform granulated powder, Ga 2 O 3 , MgO, etc. are present inside the sintered body, which may cause abnormal discharge in sputtering.
- the granulated powder is usually molded by a die press or cold isostatic press (CIP) at a pressure of 1.2 ton / cm 2 or more to obtain a molded body.
- the obtained molded product can be sintered at a sintering temperature of 1200 to 1650 ° C. for 10 to 50 hours to obtain a sintered body.
- the sintering temperature is preferably 1350 to 1600 ° C, more preferably 1400 to 1600 ° C, still more preferably 1450 to 1600 ° C.
- the sintering time is preferably 12 to 40 hours, more preferably 13 to 30 hours.
- the sintering temperature is less than 1200 ° C. or the sintering time is less than 10 hours, Ga 2 O 3 , MgO or the like is formed inside the target, which may cause abnormal discharge.
- the firing temperature exceeds 1650 ° C. or the firing time exceeds 50 hours, the average crystal grain size increases due to remarkable crystal grain growth, and coarse pores are generated, and the sintered body strength is reduced. May cause abnormal discharge. Further, by setting the sintering temperature to 1650 ° C. or less, transpiration of Ga can be suppressed.
- a pressure sintering method such as hot press, oxygen pressurization, hot isostatic pressurization and the like can be employed in addition to the atmospheric pressure sintering method.
- a normal pressure sintering method from the viewpoints of reducing manufacturing costs, possibility of mass production, and easy production of large sintered bodies.
- the compact is sintered in an air atmosphere or an oxidizing gas atmosphere, preferably an oxidizing gas atmosphere.
- the oxidizing gas atmosphere is preferably an oxygen gas atmosphere.
- the oxygen gas atmosphere is preferably an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of, for example, 10 to 100% by volume.
- the density of the sintered body can be further increased by introducing an oxygen gas atmosphere in the temperature raising process.
- the heating rate during sintering is from 800 ° C. to a sintering temperature (1200 to 1650 ° C.) of 0.1 to 2 ° C./min.
- the temperature range above 800 ° C. is the range where sintering proceeds most. If the rate of temperature rise in this temperature range is slower than 0.1 ° C./min, crystal grain growth becomes significant, and there is a possibility that densification cannot be achieved.
- the rate of temperature increase is higher than 2 ° C./min, Ga 2 O 3 , MgO and the like may be precipitated inside the target.
- the rate of temperature rise from 800 ° C. to the sintering temperature is preferably 0.1 to 1.2 ° C./min, more preferably 0.1 to 0.8 ° C./min.
- a reduction step may be provided as necessary.
- the reduction method include a method using a reducing gas, vacuum firing, or reduction using an inert gas.
- a reducing gas hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, a mixed gas of these gases and oxygen, or the like can be used.
- reduction treatment by firing in an inert gas nitrogen, argon, a mixed gas of these gases and oxygen, or the like can be used.
- the temperature during the reduction treatment is usually 100 to 800 ° C., preferably 200 to 800 ° C.
- the reduction treatment time is usually 0.01 to 10 hours, preferably 0.05 to 5 hours.
- the method for producing a sintered body used in the present invention is, for example, a slurry obtained by mixing an aqueous solvent with a raw material powder containing a mixed powder of indium oxide powder, gallium oxide powder, and magnesium oxide powder. After mixing for 12 hours or more, solid-liquid separation, drying and granulation are performed, and then this granulated product is put into a mold and molded, and then the obtained molded product is sintered from 800 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere.
- a sintered body can be obtained by firing at 1200 to 1650 ° C. for 10 to 50 hours at a temperature rising rate of 0.1 to 2 ° C./min.
- the sputtering target of the present invention can be obtained by processing the sintered body obtained above.
- a sputtering target material can be obtained by cutting the sintered body into a shape suitable for mounting on a sputtering apparatus, and a sputtering target can be obtained by bonding the target material to a backing plate.
- the sintered body is ground by, for example, a surface grinder to obtain a material having a surface roughness Ra of 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the sputter surface of the target material may be further mirror-finished so that the average surface roughness Ra may be 1000 angstroms or less.
- known polishing techniques such as mechanical polishing, chemical polishing, and mechanochemical polishing (a combination of mechanical polishing and chemical polishing) can be used.
- polishing to # 2000 or more with a fixed abrasive polisher polishing liquid: water
- lapping with loose abrasive lapping abrasive: SiC paste, etc.
- lapping by changing the abrasive to diamond paste can be obtained by:
- the surface of the target material is preferably finished with a 200 to 10,000 diamond grindstone, particularly preferably with a 400 to 5,000 diamond grindstone. If a diamond grindstone smaller than 200 or larger than 10,000 is used, the target material may be easily broken. It is preferable that the target material has a surface roughness Ra of 0.5 ⁇ m or less and has a non-directional ground surface. If Ra is larger than 0.5 ⁇ m or the polished surface has directionality, abnormal discharge may occur or particles may be generated.
- Air blow or running water washing can be used for the cleaning treatment.
- This ultrasonic cleaning is effective by performing multiple oscillations at a frequency of 25 to 300 KHz.
- it is preferable to perform ultrasonic cleaning by multiplying twelve frequencies in 25 KHz increments between 25 to 300 KHz.
- the thickness of the target material is usually 2 to 20 mm, preferably 3 to 12 mm, particularly preferably 4 to 6 mm.
- a sputtering target can be obtained by bonding the target material obtained as described above to a backing plate. Further, a plurality of target materials may be attached to one backing plate to substantially serve as one target.
- the method for producing an oxide thin film of the present invention is characterized in that a film is formed by a sputtering method using the above sputtering target.
- Gallium oxide has the effect of reducing the lattice constant of indium oxide, and it is expected that the 5s orbital overlap between the indium in the crystal will increase and the mobility will be improved.
- Magnesium oxide is expected to reduce the carrier concentration of the oxide thin film.
- the atomic ratio (Ga + Mg) / (In + Ga + Mg) of the oxide thin film is less than 0.0001, fine crystals may be formed immediately after the thin film is deposited, and there is a possibility that secondary crystallization may occur in the post-treatment heating step.
- a thin film obtained by secondary crystallization not only the mobility is lowered but also oxygen defects are increased, which may cause an increase in carrier concentration.
- An oxide thin film formed using a sputtering target having an atomic ratio (Ga + Mg) / (In + Ga + Mg) of more than 0.5 causes Ga 2 O 3 or MgO to precipitate in the thin film, which causes electron scattering and lowers mobility. There is a risk.
- the sputtering target of the present invention has high conductivity, a DC sputtering method having a high film formation rate can be applied.
- the sputtering target of the present invention can be applied to an RF sputtering method, an AC sputtering method, and a pulsed DC sputtering method in addition to the DC sputtering method, and can perform sputtering without abnormal discharge.
- the oxide semiconductor thin film can also be produced by a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a pulse laser vapor deposition method or the like using the above sintered body.
- a mixed gas of a rare gas atom such as argon and an oxidizing gas can be used.
- the oxidizing gas include O 2 , CO 2 , O 3 , H 2 O, and N 2 O.
- the sputtering gas is preferably a mixed gas containing a rare gas atom and one or more molecules selected from water molecules, oxygen molecules and nitrous oxide molecules, and is a mixed gas containing a rare gas atom and at least water molecules. Is more preferable.
- the oxygen partial pressure ratio during sputtering film formation is preferably 0% or more and less than 40%.
- a thin film manufactured under the condition where the oxygen partial pressure ratio is 40% or more has a possibility that the carrier concentration is significantly reduced and the carrier concentration is less than 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the oxygen partial pressure ratio is 0-30%, particularly preferably 2-15%.
- the partial pressure ratio of water molecules contained in the sputtering gas (atmosphere) during oxide thin film deposition in the present invention is 0 to 25% is preferable. Further, when the partial pressure ratio of water exceeds 25%, the film density is significantly reduced, and therefore, the overlap of the In 5s orbitals is reduced, which may cause a decrease in mobility.
- the partial pressure ratio of water in the atmosphere during sputtering is more preferably 0.1 to 25%, further preferably 0.7 to 13%, and particularly preferably 1 to 6%.
- the substrate temperature when forming a film by sputtering is preferably 25 to 120 ° C., more preferably 25 to 100 ° C., and particularly preferably 25 to 90 ° C. If the substrate temperature during film formation is higher than 120 ° C., microcrystals are generated in the film immediately after the thin film is deposited, and the carrier concentration of the thin film after heat crystallization may exceed 10 18 / cm 3 . Further, when the substrate temperature during film formation is lower than 25 ° C., the film density of the thin film is lowered, and the mobility of the TFT may be lowered.
- the oxide thin film obtained by sputtering is preferably further annealed by holding at 150 to 500 ° C. for 15 minutes to 5 hours.
- the annealing temperature after film formation is more preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 450 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 250 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower.
- the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor thin film is usually 10 18 / cm 3 or less, preferably 10 13 to 10 18 / cm 3 , more preferably 10 14 to 10 17 / cm 3 , particularly preferably 10. 15 to 10 17 / cm 3 .
- the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor thin film can be measured by a Hall effect measurement method. By co-doping magnesium oxide and gallium oxide into indium oxide, the carrier concentration can be stably controlled to 10 18 / cm 3 or less.
- the atmosphere during heating is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of carrier controllability, an air atmosphere or an oxygen circulation atmosphere is preferable.
- a lamp annealing device, a laser annealing device, a thermal plasma device, a hot air heating device, a contact heating device, or the like can be used in the presence or absence of oxygen.
- the distance between the target and the substrate at the time of sputtering is preferably 1 to 15 cm, more preferably 2 to 8 cm in the direction perpendicular to the film formation surface of the substrate.
- this distance is less than 1 cm, the kinetic energy of the target constituent element particles reaching the substrate increases, and there is a possibility that good film characteristics cannot be obtained, and in-plane distribution of film thickness and electrical characteristics occurs. There is a risk that.
- the distance between the target and the substrate exceeds 15 cm, the kinetic energy of the target constituent element particles reaching the substrate becomes too small to obtain a dense film and to obtain good semiconductor characteristics. It may not be possible.
- the oxide thin film is preferably formed by sputtering in an atmosphere having a magnetic field strength of 300 to 1500 gauss.
- the magnetic field strength is less than 300 gauss, the plasma density becomes low, so there is a possibility that sputtering cannot be performed in the case of a high resistance sputtering target.
- it exceeds 1500 gauss the controllability of the film thickness and the electrical characteristics in the film may be deteriorated.
- the pressure in the gas atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as the plasma can be stably discharged, but is preferably 0.1 to 3.0 Pa, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5 Pa. Particularly preferred is 0.1 to 1.0 Pa.
- the sputtering pressure exceeds 3.0 Pa, the mean free path of sputtered particles is shortened, and the density of the thin film may be reduced. Further, when the sputtering pressure is less than 0.1 Pa, there is a possibility that microcrystals are generated in the film during film formation.
- the sputtering pressure refers to the total pressure in the system at the start of sputtering after introducing a rare gas atom such as argon, water molecules, oxygen molecules or the like.
- the above oxide thin film can be used for a thin film transistor, and can be particularly preferably used as a channel layer.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention has the above oxide thin film as a channel layer, its element structure is not particularly limited, and various known element structures can be adopted.
- the thickness of the channel layer in the thin film transistor of the present invention is usually 10 to 300 nm, preferably 20 to 250 nm, more preferably 30 to 200 nm, still more preferably 35 to 120 nm, and particularly preferably 40 to 80 nm.
- the thickness of the channel layer is less than 10 nm, the characteristics of the manufactured TFT may be non-uniform in the plane due to the non-uniformity of the thickness when the film is formed in a large area.
- the film thickness is more than 300 nm, the film formation time becomes long and may not be industrially adopted.
- the channel layer in the thin film transistor of the present invention is usually used in an N-type region, but a PN junction transistor or the like in combination with various P-type semiconductors such as a P-type Si-based semiconductor, a P-type oxide semiconductor, and a P-type organic semiconductor. It can be used for various semiconductor devices.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention preferably includes a protective film on the channel layer.
- the protective film in the thin film transistor of the present invention preferably contains at least SiN x . Since SiN x can form a dense film as compared with SiO 2 , it has an advantage of a high TFT deterioration suppressing effect.
- the protective film may be, for example, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Ta 2 O 5 , TiO 2 , MgO, ZrO 2 , CeO 2 , K 2 O, Li 2 O, Na 2 O, Rb 2 O, It may contain oxides such as Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , CaHfO 3 , PbTi 3 , BaTa 2 O 6 , Sm 2 O 3 , SrTiO 3, or AlN, but substantially SiN x. It is preferable that it consists only of.
- Consisting essentially of SiN x means that 70 wt% or more, preferably 80 wt% or more, more preferably 85 wt% or more of the thin film constituting the protective layer in the thin film transistor of the present invention is SiN x. Means.
- the channel layer is preferably subjected to ozone treatment, oxygen plasma treatment, or nitrous oxide plasma treatment.
- ozone treatment oxygen plasma treatment, or nitrous oxide plasma treatment.
- Such treatment may be performed at any timing after the channel layer is formed and before the protective film is formed, but is preferably performed immediately before the protective film is formed.
- ozone treatment oxygen plasma treatment, or nitrous oxide plasma treatment.
- a thin film transistor usually includes a substrate, a gate electrode, a gate insulating layer, an organic semiconductor layer (channel layer), a source electrode, and a drain electrode.
- the channel layer is as described above, and a known material can be used for the substrate.
- the material for forming the gate insulating film in the thin film transistor of the present invention is not particularly limited, and a commonly used material can be arbitrarily selected. Specifically, for example, SiO 2, SiN x, Al 2 O 3, Ta 2 O 5, TiO 2, MgO, ZrO 2, CeO 2, K 2 O, Li 2 O, Na 2 O, Rb 2 O, Compounds such as Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , CaHfO 3 , PbTi 3 , BaTa 2 O 6 , SrTiO 3 , Sm 2 O 3 , and AlN can be used.
- SiO 2 , SiN x , Al 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , CaHfO 3 are preferable, and SiO 2 , SiN x , Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , Al 2 are more preferable.
- the gate insulating film can be formed by, for example, a plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method.
- a gate insulating film is formed by plasma CVD and a channel layer is formed on the gate insulating film, hydrogen in the gate insulating film may diffuse into the channel layer, leading to deterioration in channel layer quality and TFT reliability. is there.
- the number of oxygen in the oxide does not necessarily match the stoichiometric ratio, and may be, for example, SiO 2 or SiO x .
- the gate insulating film may have a structure in which two or more insulating films made of different materials are stacked.
- the gate insulating film may be crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous, but is preferably polycrystalline or amorphous that can be easily manufactured industrially.
- each of the drain electrode, the source electrode, and the gate electrode in the thin film transistor of the present invention there are no particular limitations on the material for forming each of the drain electrode, the source electrode, and the gate electrode in the thin film transistor of the present invention, and a commonly used material can be arbitrarily selected.
- a transparent electrode such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or SnO 2
- a metal electrode such as Al, Ag, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, Au, Ti, or Ta, or a metal electrode made of an alloy containing these may be used. it can.
- the drain electrode, the source electrode, and the gate electrode may have a multilayer structure in which two or more different conductive layers are stacked.
- a good conductor such as Al or Cu may be sandwiched with a metal having excellent adhesion such as Ti or Mo.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention can be applied to various integrated circuits such as a field effect transistor, a logic circuit, a memory circuit, and a differential amplifier circuit. Further, in addition to the field effect transistor, it can be applied to an electrostatic induction transistor, a Schottky barrier transistor, a Schottky diode, and a resistance element.
- the configuration of the thin film transistor of the present invention known configurations such as a bottom gate, a bottom contact, and a top contact can be adopted without limitation.
- the bottom gate structure is advantageous because high performance can be obtained as compared with thin film transistors of amorphous silicon or ZnO.
- the bottom gate configuration is preferable because it is easy to reduce the number of masks at the time of manufacturing, and it is easy to reduce the manufacturing cost for uses such as a large display.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention can be suitably used for a display device.
- a channel etch type bottom gate thin film transistor is particularly preferable.
- a channel-etched bottom gate thin film transistor has a small number of photomasks at the time of a photolithography process, and can produce a display panel at a low cost.
- a channel-etched bottom gate structure and a top contact structure thin film transistor are particularly preferable because they have good characteristics such as mobility and are easily industrialized.
- Examples 1 to 13 [Production of sintered body] The following oxide powder was used as a raw material powder.
- the average particle diameter of the oxide powder was measured with a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-300V (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and the median diameter D50 was used as the average particle diameter.
- Indium oxide powder average particle size 0.98 ⁇ m
- Gallium oxide powder Average particle size 0.96 ⁇ m
- Magnesium oxide Average particle size 0.98 ⁇ m
- the above powders were weighed so as to have atomic ratios Ga / (In + Ga + Mg) and Mg / (In + Ga + Mg) shown in Table 1, and were uniformly pulverized and mixed, and then granulated by adding a molding binder.
- this raw material mixed powder was uniformly filled into a mold, and pressure-molded with a cold press machine at a press pressure of 140 MPa.
- the molded body thus obtained was sintered in a sintering furnace at a heating rate (from 800 ° C. to sintering temperature), a sintering temperature and a sintering time shown in Table 1 to produce a sintered body. During the temperature increase, an oxygen atmosphere was used, and the others were in the air (atmosphere).
- the relative density of the obtained sintered body was measured by the Archimedes method.
- the measurement conditions of XRD are as follows. ⁇ Equipment: Ultimate-III manufactured by Rigaku Corporation -X-ray: Cu-K ⁇ ray (wavelength 1.5406mm, monochromatized with graphite monochromator) ⁇ 2 ⁇ - ⁇ reflection method, continuous scan (1.0 ° / min) ⁇ Sampling interval: 0.02 ° ⁇ Slit DS, SS: 2/3 °, RS: 0.6 mm
- the obtained sputtering target was mounted on a DC sputtering apparatus, and argon was used as the sputtering gas, the sputtering pressure was 0.4 Pa, the substrate temperature was room temperature, and 10 kWh continuous sputtering was performed at a DC output of 400 W. Voltage fluctuations during sputtering were accumulated in a data logger, and the presence or absence of abnormal discharge was confirmed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the presence or absence of the abnormal discharge was performed by monitoring the voltage fluctuation and detecting the abnormal discharge.
- the abnormal discharge was determined when the voltage fluctuation generated during the measurement time of 5 minutes was 10% or more of the steady voltage during the sputtering operation.
- the steady-state voltage during sputtering operation varies by ⁇ 10% in 0.1 second, a micro arc, which is an abnormal discharge of the sputter discharge, has occurred, and the device yield may decrease, making it unsuitable for mass production. is there.
- nodules For the nodules, a change in the target surface after sputtering was observed 50 times with a stereomicroscope, and a method of measuring the number average of nodules of 20 ⁇ m or more generated in a visual field of 3 mm 2 was adopted. Table 1 shows the number of nodules generated.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 The raw material powders were mixed at the atomic ratios Ga / (In + Ga + Mg) and Mg / (In + Ga + Mg) shown in Table 1, and sintered at the heating rate (from 800 ° C. to sintering temperature), sintering temperature, and sintering time shown in Table 1. Other than the above, sintered bodies and sputtering targets were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 13. The results are shown in Table 1. In the sintered bodies prepared in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 , a Ga 2 O 3 phase was observed in the X-ray diffraction chart. Since the Ga 2 O 3 phase is a high resistance phase, it is considered to cause nodules. An X-ray diffraction chart of Comparative Example 1 is shown in FIG. Further, in the sputtering targets of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, abnormal discharge occurred during sputtering, and nodules were observed on the target surface.
- Examples 14-18 Manufacture of oxide semiconductor thin films
- the targets prepared in Examples 1 to 3, 11 and 12 were mounted on a magnetron sputtering apparatus, and a slide glass (# 1737 manufactured by Corning) was mounted as a substrate.
- An oxide thin film having a thickness of 50 nm was formed on a slide glass by the DC magnetron sputtering method under the following conditions.
- Ar gas, O 2 gas and / or H 2 O gas were introduced at a partial pressure ratio (%) shown in Table 2.
- the formed substrate was heated in the atmosphere at 300 ° C. for 1 hour to form an oxide semiconductor film.
- the sputtering conditions are as follows. Substrate temperature: 25 ° C Ultimate pressure: 8.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa Atmospheric gas: Ar gas, O 2 gas and / or H 2 O gas Sputtering pressure (total pressure): 0.4 Pa Input power: DC100W S (substrate)-T (target) distance: 70mm
- the Hall effect measuring element was set in a ResiTest 8300 type (manufactured by Toyo Corporation) using a substrate formed on a glass substrate, and the Hall effect was evaluated at room temperature. The results are shown in Table 2. ICP-AES analysis confirmed that the atomic ratio of each element contained in the oxide thin film was the same as that of the sputtering target.
- a conductive silicon substrate with a thermal oxide film having a thickness of 100 nm was used as the substrate.
- the thermal oxide film functions as a gate insulating film
- the conductive silicon portion functions as a gate electrode.
- a sputter film was formed on the gate insulating film under the conditions shown in Table 2 to produce an oxide thin film with a thickness of 50 nm.
- OFPR # 800 manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- pre-baking 80 ° C., 5 minutes
- the field effect mobility ( ⁇ ), S value, and threshold voltage (Vth) of the fabricated thin film transistor were evaluated. These characteristic values were measured using a semiconductor parameter analyzer (4200SCS manufactured by Keithley Instruments Co., Ltd.) at room temperature in a light-shielding environment (in a shield box). The drain voltage (Vd) was 10V. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Examples 3 and 4 An oxide semiconductor thin film, a thin film evaluation element, and a thin film transistor were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 14 to 18 except that the target, sputtering conditions, and heating (annealing) treatment conditions were changed to those shown in Table 2. . The results are shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the devices of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 have a field effect mobility of less than 10 cm 2 / Vs, which is significantly lower than those of Examples 14 to 18.
- the thin film transistor of the present invention can be used for a display device, particularly for a large area display.
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Abstract
Description
表示装置を駆動させるスイッチング素子としては、現在、シリコン系の半導体膜が主流を占めている。シリコン系薄膜の安定性、加工性の良さの他、スイッチング速度等が良好なためである。シリコン系薄膜は、一般に化学蒸気析出法(CVD)法により製造されている。
また、シリコン系薄膜は電圧素子としても優れているが、その特性が電流によって経時変化することが問題となっている。
一般に、酸化物半導体薄膜は酸化物焼結体からなるターゲット(スパッタリングターゲット)を用いたスパッタリングで製造される。
また、ターゲットを長期間使用していると、得られた膜の特性や成膜速度が大きく変化したり、InGaZnO4やIn2Ga2ZnO7の異常成長による異常放電が起きたり、成膜時にパーティクルが多く発生する等の問題があった。異常放電が頻繁に起きると、プラズマ放電状態が不安定となり、安定した成膜が行われず、膜特性に悪影響を及ぼす場合があった。
しかしながら、酸化インジウム、酸化ガリウム、酸化マグネシウムからなる半導体薄膜作製用のスパッタリングターゲットの検討はされておらず、ノジュールと生成化合物の関係も不明確であった。
1.In,Ga及びMgを含み、
In2O3で表される化合物、
In(GaMg)O4で表される化合物、
Ga2MgO4で表される化合物、及び
In2MgO4で表される化合物から選択される1種以上の化合物を含み、
原子比In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ
原子比(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下
である焼結体を含むスパッタリングターゲット。
2.前記原子比が以下を満たす1に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.7超0.9999以下、かつ
(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.3未満
3.前記焼結体の相対密度が90%以上である1又は2に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
4.前記焼結体が、さらに正4価の金属酸化物Mを含む請求頃1~3のいずれかに記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
5.前記金属酸化物Mが、SnO2、TiO2、SiO2、ZrO2、GeO2、HfO2、及びCeO2から選択される1種以上の酸化物である4に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
6.以下の原子比を満たす5に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
[M]/[全金属]=0.0001~0.20
(式中、[M]は焼結体に含まれる正4価金属の原子の合計であり、[全金属]は焼結体に含まれる全金属の原子の合計である。)
7.平均粒径が0.1~1.2μmである酸化インジウム粉末と、
平均粒径が0.1~1.2μmである酸化ガリウム粉末と、
平均粒径が0.1~1.2μmである酸化マグネシウム粉末とを、
原子比In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ原子比(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下で混合、成形し、
得られた成形体を、800℃から焼結温度まで昇温速度0.1~2℃/分で昇温し、前記焼結温度で10~50時間保持して焼結することを含み、前記焼結温度が1200℃~1650℃の範囲内である1に記載のスパッタリングターゲットの製造方法。
8.1~6のいずれかに記載のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて、スパッタリング法により成膜する酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
9.前記スパッタリング法による成膜を、希ガス原子に、水分子、酸素分子及び亜酸化窒素分子から選択される少なくとも1種以上の分子を含有させた混合気体の雰囲気下において行う8に記載の酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
10.前記スパッタリング法による成膜を、希ガス原子、及び少なくとも水分子を含有する混合気体の雰囲気下において行う9に記載の酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
11.前記混合気体中の水分子の含有割合が分圧比で0.1%~25%である10に記載の酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
12.8~11のいずれかに記載の方法により成膜された酸化物薄膜をチャネル層とする薄膜トランジスタ。
13.前記チャネル層上に、少なくともSiNxを含有する保護膜を備える12に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
14.12又は13に記載の薄膜トランジスタを備えた表示装置。
本発明のスパッタリングターゲットは焼結体を含み、焼結体はIn,Ga及びMgを含み、In2O3で表される化合物、In(GaMg)O4で表される化合物、Ga2MgO4で表される化合物、及びIn2MgO4で表される化合物から選択される1種以上の化合物を含む。
また、上記焼結体は以下の原子比を満たす。
In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下
(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下
In2O3にZnとMgをドープした焼結体から得た薄膜では、キャリア濃度が十分に低下せずに導電体化することがある。
焼結体がIn2O3で表される化合物、In(GaMg)O4で表される化合物、Ga2MgO4で表される化合物、及びIn2MgO4で表される化合物から選択される1種以上の化合物を含み、上記の原子を有することにより、本発明のスパッタリングターゲットは安定したスパッタリングが可能となる。
・In2O3
・In2O3及びIn(GaMg)O4、
・In2O3及びIn2MgO4
・In2O3及びGa2MgO4
・In2O3、In(GaMg)O4及びIn2MgO4
・In2O3、In(GaMg)O4及びGa2MgO4
焼結体中にGa2O3やMgOが存在(残留)する場合、スパッタリング時の異常放電やノジュール発生の原因となり、焼結体をスパッタリングターゲットとして成膜した酸化物薄膜中に欠陥が発生する場合がある。
具体的に、In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5未満であると、酸化物薄膜が半導体ではなく絶縁体になる場合がある。また、In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.9999超であると、酸化物薄膜が導電膜になる場合がある。
また、(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5超であると、Ga2O3やMgO等の高抵抗の酸化物がターゲット中に析出し、ノジュールの原因となるおそれがある。
相対密度が90%以上であれば、安定したスパッタリング状態が保たれる。90%未満では、ターゲット表面が黒化したり、異常放電が発生する場合がある。相対密度は好ましくは95%以上、より好ましくは97%以上である。
また、焼結後に、還元性雰囲気下での熱処理操作等の後処理工程等を行って密度を調整することもできる。還元性雰囲気は、アルゴン、窒素、水素等の雰囲気や、それらの混合気体雰囲気が用いられる。
また、正4価の金属酸化物は、酸に対する耐性が強く、非晶質酸化物薄膜の場合にも、耐酸性を付与することができる。
[M]/[全金属]=0.0001~0.20であることが好ましい。式中、[M]は焼結体に含まれる正4価金属の原子の合計であり、[全金属]は焼結体に含まれる全金属の原子の合計である。
[M]/[全金属]が0.0001未満では、添加効果が乏しい場合があり、0.20超では、成膜して得られる酸化物半導体膜の移動度が低下する場合があるため好ましくない。
[M]/[全金属]は好ましくは0.0005~0.15、より好ましくは0.001~0.1である。
具体的に、溶液試料をネブライザーで霧状にして、アルゴンプラズマ(約6000~8000℃)に導入すると、試料中の元素は熱エネルギーを吸収して励起され、軌道電子が基底状態から高いエネルギー準位の軌道に移る。この軌道電子は10-7~10-8秒程度で、より低いエネルギー準位の軌道に移る。この際にエネルギーの差を光として放射し発光する。この光は元素固有の波長(スペクトル線)を示すため、スペクトル線の有無により元素の存在を確認できる(定性分析)。
定性分析で含有されている元素を特定後、定量分析で含有量を求め、その結果から各元素の原子比を求める。
本発明において「実質的」とは、焼結体としての効果が上記In、Ga、Mg及び任意の正四価金属に起因すること、又は焼結体の金属元素の98重量%以上100重量%以下(好ましくは99重量%以上100重量%以下)がIn、Ga、Mg及び任意の正四価金属であることを意味する。
上記のように、焼結体に含有される金属元素は、実質的にIn、Ga、Mg及び任意の正四価金属からなっており、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で他に不可避不純物を含んでいてもよい。
密度が6.0g/cm3よりも低いと、上記焼結体から形成されるスパッタリングターゲットの表面が黒化する等して異常放電を誘発し、スパッタ速度が低下するおそれがある。
スパッタによってターゲット表面が削られる場合、その削られる速度が結晶面の方向によって異なり、ターゲット表面に凹凸が発生する。この凹凸の大きさは焼結体中に存在する結晶粒径に依存している。大きい結晶粒径を有する焼結体からなるターゲットでは、その凹凸が大きくなり、その凸部分よりノジュールが発生すると考えられる。
(1)原料化合物を混合し、成形して成形体とする工程
(2)上記成形体を焼結する工程
(1)原料化合物を混合し、成形して成形体とする工程
原料化合物は特に制限されず、In、Ga及びMgを含む化合物であり、焼結体が以下の原子比を有することができる化合物を用いればよい。
In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ
(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下
例えば、酸化インジウム、ガリウム金属及びマグネシウム金属の組み合わせや、酸化インジウム、酸化ガリウム及び酸化マグネシウムの組合せ等が挙げられる。尚、原料は粉末であることが好ましい。
原料に単体金属を用いた場合、例えば、酸化インジウム、ガリウム金属及びマグネシウム金属の組み合わせを原料粉末として用いた場合、得られる焼結体中にガリウムやマグネシウムの金属粒が存在し、成膜中にターゲット表面の金属粒が溶融してターゲットから放出されないことがあり、得られる膜の組成と焼結体の組成が大きく異なってしまう場合がある。
例えば、平均粒径が0.1μm~1.2μmのIn2O3粉末、平均粒径が0.1μm~1.2μmのGa2O3粉末、及び平均粒径が0.1μm~1.2μmのMgO粉末を原料粉末とし、これらを、原子比In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下、好ましくはIn/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.7超0.9999以下、かつ(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.3未満となる割合で調合する。
ビーズミルによる粉砕、混合時間は、装置の大きさ、処理するスラリー量によって異なるが、スラリー中の粒度分布がすべて1μm以下と均一になるように適宜調整する。
造粒粉に対して、通常、金型プレス又は冷間静水圧プレス(CIP)により、1.2ton/cm2以上の圧力で成形を施して成形体を得る。
得られた成形物を1200~1650℃の焼結温度で10~50時間焼結して焼結体を得ることができる。
焼結温度は好ましくは1350~1600℃、より好ましくは1400~1600℃、さらに好ましくは1450~1600℃である。焼結時間は好ましくは12~40時間、より好ましくは13~30時間である。
また、焼結温度を1650℃以下とすることにより、Gaの蒸散を抑えることもできる。
800℃から上の温度範囲は、焼結が最も進行する範囲である。この温度範囲での昇温速度が0.1℃/分より遅くなると、結晶粒成長が著しくなって、高密度化を達成することができないおそれがある。一方、昇温速度が2℃/分より速くなると、Ga2O3、MgO等がターゲット内部に析出するおそれがある。
800℃から焼結温度における昇温速度は、好ましくは0.1~1.2℃/分、より好ましくは0.1~0.8℃/分である。
還元方法としては、例えば、還元性ガスによる方法や真空焼成又は不活性ガスによる還元等が挙げられる。
還元性ガスによる還元処理の場合、水素、メタン、一酸化炭素、又はこれらのガスと酸素との混合ガス等を用いることができる。
不活性ガス中での焼成による還元処理の場合、窒素、アルゴン、又はこれらのガスと酸素との混合ガス等を用いることができる。
鏡面加工(研磨)は、機械的な研磨、化学研磨、メカノケミカル研磨(機械的な研磨と化学研磨の併用)等の、公知の研磨技術を用いることができる。例えば、固定砥粒ポリッシャー(ポリッシュ液:水)で#2000以上にポリッシングしたり、又は遊離砥粒ラップ(研磨材:SiCペースト等)にてラッピング後、研磨材をダイヤモンドペーストに換えてラッピングすることによって得ることができる。このような研磨方法には特に制限はない。
ターゲット素材の表面粗さRaが0.5μm以下であり、方向性のない研削面を備えていることが好ましい。Raが0.5μmより大きい、又は研磨面に方向性があると、異常放電が起きたり、パーティクルが発生するおそれがある。
尚、以上のエアーブローや流水洗浄では限界があるので、さらに超音波洗浄等を行なうこともできる。この超音波洗浄は周波数25~300KHzの間で多重発振させて行なう方法が有効である。例えば周波数25~300KHzの間で、25KHz刻みに12種類の周波数を多重発振させて超音波洗浄を行なうのが好ましい。
上記のようにして得られたターゲット素材をバッキングプレートへボンディングすることによって、スパッタリングターゲットを得ることができる。また、複数のターゲット素材を1つのバッキングプレートに取り付け、実質1つのターゲットとしてもよい。
本発明の酸化物薄膜の製造方法は、上記のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて、スパッタリング法により成膜することを特徴とする。
本発明の酸化物薄膜の製造方法によって製造された酸化物薄膜は、インジウム、ガリウム、マグネシウム、酸素からなり、通常、原子比In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下である。
好ましくは、酸素分圧比は0~30%、特に好ましくは2%~15%である。
また、水の分圧比が25%を超えると、膜密度の低下が顕著となるため、Inの5s軌道の重なりが小さくなり移動度の低下を招くおそれがある。スパッタリング時の雰囲気中の水の分圧比は0.1~25%がより好ましく、0.7~13%がさらに好ましく、1~6%が特に好ましい。
酸化物層のキャリア濃度が1018cm-3より大きくなると、薄膜トランジスタ等の素子を構成した際に、漏れ電流が発生してしまう。また、ノーマリーオンになってしまったり、on-off比が小さくなってしまったりすることにより、良好なトランジスタ性能が発揮できないおそれがある。さらに、キャリア濃度が1013cm-3未満となるとキャリア数が少ないため、TFTとして駆動しないおそれがある。
酸化物半導体薄膜のキャリア濃度は、ホール効果測定方法により測定することができる。
酸化インジウムに、酸化マグネシウムと酸化ガリウムを共ドープすることにより、安定してキャリア濃度を1018/cm3以下に制御することができる。
酸化物薄膜の後処理アニール工程においては、酸素の存在下又は不存在下でランプアニール装置、レーザーアニール装置、熱プラズマ装置、熱風加熱装置、接触加熱装置等を用いることができる。
上記の酸化物薄膜は、薄膜トランジスタに使用でき、特にチャネル層として好適に使用できる。
本発明の薄膜トランジスタは、上記の酸化物薄膜をチャネル層として有していれば、その素子構成は特に限定されず、公知の各種の素子構成を採用することができる。
また、TFT駆動中に酸化物半導体膜中の水素が拡散すると、閾値電圧のシフトが起こりTFTの信頼性が低下するおそれがある。チャネル層に対し、オゾン処理、酸素プラズマ処理もしくは亜酸化窒素プラズマ処理を施すことにより、結晶構造中においてIn-OHの結合が安定化され酸化物半導体膜中の水素の拡散を抑制することができる。
プラズマCVD法によりゲート絶縁膜を形成し、その上にチャネル層を成膜した場合、ゲート絶縁膜中の水素がチャネル層に拡散し、チャネル層の膜質低下やTFTの信頼性低下を招くおそれがある。チャネル層の膜質低下やTFTの信頼性低下を防ぐために、チャネル層を成膜する前にゲート絶縁膜に対してオゾン処理、酸素プラズマ処理もしくは亜酸化窒素プラズマ処理を施すことが好ましい。このような前処理を行うことによって、チャネル層の膜質の低下やTFTの信頼性低下を防ぐことができる。
尚、上記の酸化物の酸素数は、必ずしも化学量論比と一致していなくともよく、例えば、SiO2でもSiOxでもよい。
本発明の薄膜トランジスタは、表示装置に好適に用いることができる。
[焼結体の製造]
原料粉体として下記の酸化物粉末を使用した。尚、酸化物粉末の平均粒径はレーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置SALD-300V(島津製作所製)で測定し、平均粒径はメジアン径D50を採用した。
酸化インジウム粉:平均粒径0.98μm
酸化ガリウム粉:平均粒径0.96μm
酸化マグネシウム:平均粒径0.98μm
このようにして得た成形体を、表1に示す昇温速度(800℃から焼結温度)、焼結温度及び焼結時間で、焼結炉で焼結して焼結体を製造した。昇温中は酸素雰囲気、その他は大気中(雰囲気)とし、降温速度は15℃/分とした。
得られた焼結体の相対密度をアルキメデス法により測定した。
得られた焼結体についてICP-AES分析を行い、表1に示す原子比であることを確認した。
また、得られた焼結体についてX線回折測定装置(XRD)により結晶構造を調べた。実施例1~10で得られた焼結体のX線回折チャートを図1~10に示す。
チャートを分析した結果、例えば実施例1の焼結体にはIn2O3とIn(GaMg)O4が観測された。結晶構造はJCPDS(Joint Committee of Powder Diffraction Standards)カードで確認することができる。
実施例1~13の焼結体には、ノジュールの原因となるGa2O3やMgOは観測されなかった。
・装置:株式会社リガク製Ultima-III
・X線:Cu-Kα線(波長1.5406Å、グラファイトモノクロメータにて単色化)
・2θ-θ反射法、連続スキャン(1.0°/分)
・サンプリング間隔:0.02°
・スリット DS、SS:2/3°、RS:0.6mm
EPMAの測定条件は以下の通りである。
・装置:日本電子株式会社製JXA-8200
・加速電圧:15kV
・照射電流:50nA
・照射時間(1点当り):50mS
実施例1~13で得られた焼結体の表面を平面研削盤で研削し、側辺をダイヤモンドカッターで切断し、バッキングプレートに貼り合わせ、それぞれ直径4インチのスパッタリングターゲットとした。
得られたスパッタリングターゲットをDCスパッタリング装置に装着し、スパッタガスとしてアルゴンを用いて、スパッタ圧0.4Pa、基板温度を室温とし、DC出力400Wにて、10kWh連続スパッタを行った。スパッタ中の電圧変動をデータロガーに蓄積し、異常放電の有無を確認した。結果を表1に示す。
また、実施例1~13のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて、雰囲気としてアルゴンガスに水素ガスを分圧比で3%添加した混合ガスを使用し、30時間連続してスパッタリングを行い、ノジュールの発生の有無を確認した。
その結果、実施例1~13のスパッタリングターゲット表面において、ノジュールは観測されなかった。
尚、スパッタ条件は、スパッタ圧0.4Pa、DC出力100W、基板温度は室温とした。水素ガスは、ノジュールの発生を促進するために雰囲気ガスに添加した。
表1に示す原子比Ga/(In+Ga+Mg)及びMg/(In+Ga+Mg)で原料粉末を混合し、表1に示す昇温速度(800℃から焼結温度)、焼結温度、焼結時間で焼結した他は、実施例1~13と同様に焼結体及びスパッタリングターゲットを製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
比較例1,2で作製した焼結体は、X線回折チャートにおいてGa2O3相が観測された。Ga2O3相は高抵抗相であるため、ノジュールの原因となると考えられる。比較例1のX線回折チャートを図11に示す。
また、比較例1、2のスパッタリングターゲットにおいて、スパッタ時に異常放電が発生し、ターゲット表面にはノジュールが観測された。
[酸化物半導体薄膜の製造]
実施例1~3、11及び12で作製したターゲットをマグネトロンスパッタリング装置に装着し、基板としてスライドガラス(コーニング社製♯1737)を装着した。DCマグネトロンスパッタリング法により、下記の条件でスライドガラス上に膜厚50nmの酸化物薄膜を成膜した。
成膜時には、表2に示す分圧比(%)でArガス、O2ガス及び/又はH2Oガスを導入した。成膜した基板を、大気中300℃で1時間加熱し、酸化物半導体膜を形成した。
基板温度:25℃
到達圧力:8.5×10-5Pa
雰囲気ガス:Arガス、O2ガス及び/又はH2Oガス
スパッタ圧力(全圧):0.4Pa
投入電力:DC100W
S(基板)-T(ターゲット)距離:70mm
ホール効果測定用素子は、ガラス基板上に成膜した基板を用いてResiTest8300型(東陽テクニカ社製)にセットし、室温でホール効果を評価した。結果を表2に示す。
また、ICP-AES分析により、酸化物薄膜に含まれる各元素の原子比がスパッタリングターゲットと同じであることを確認した。
基板として、膜厚100nmの熱酸化膜付きの導電性シリコン基板を使用した。熱酸化膜がゲート絶縁膜として機能し、導電性シリコン部がゲート電極として機能する。
ゲート絶縁膜上に表2に示す条件でスパッタ成膜し、膜厚50nmの酸化物薄膜を作製した。レジストとしてOFPR♯800(東京応化工業株式会社製)を使用し、塗布、プレベーク(80℃、5分)、露光した。現像後、ポストベーク(120℃、5分)し、シュウ酸にてエッチングし、所望の形状にパターニングした。その後熱風加熱炉内にて300℃で1時間加熱処理(アニール処理)を行った。
ターゲット、スパッタ条件及び加熱(アニーリング)処理条件を、表2に記載のものに変更した他は実施例14~18と同様にして酸化物半導体薄膜、薄膜評価用素子及び薄膜トランジスタを作製し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
表2に示すように、比較例3、4の素子は電界効果移動度が10cm2/Vs未満であり、実施例14~18と比べて大幅に低いことが分かる。
この明細書に記載の文献及び本願のパリ優先の基礎となる日本出願明細書の内容を全てここに援用する。
Claims (14)
- In,Ga及びMgを含み、
In2O3で表される化合物、
In(GaMg)O4で表される化合物、
Ga2MgO4で表される化合物、及び
In2MgO4で表される化合物から選択される1種以上の化合物を含み、
原子比In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ
原子比(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下
である焼結体を含むスパッタリングターゲット。 - 前記原子比が以下を満たす請求項1に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.7超0.9999以下、かつ
(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.3未満 - 前記焼結体の相対密度が90%以上である請求項1又は2に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
- 前記焼結体が、さらに正4価の金属酸化物Mを含む請求頃1~3のいずれかに記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
- 前記金属酸化物Mが、SnO2、TiO2、SiO2、ZrO2、GeO2、HfO2、及びCeO2から選択される1種以上の酸化物である請求項4に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
- 以下の原子比を満たす請求項5に記載のスパッタリングターゲット。
[M]/[全金属]=0.0001~0.20
(式中、[M]は焼結体に含まれる正4価金属の原子の合計であり、[全金属]は焼結体に含まれる全金属の原子の合計である。) - 平均粒径が0.1~1.2μmである酸化インジウム粉末と、
平均粒径が0.1~1.2μmである酸化ガリウム粉末と、
平均粒径が0.1~1.2μmである酸化マグネシウム粉末とを、
原子比In/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.5以上0.9999以下、かつ原子比(Ga+Mg)/(In+Ga+Mg)=0.0001以上0.5以下で混合、成形し、
得られた成形体を、800℃から焼結温度まで昇温速度0.1~2℃/分で昇温し、前記焼結温度で10~50時間保持して焼結することを含み、前記焼結温度が1200℃~1650℃の範囲内である請求項1に記載のスパッタリングターゲットの製造方法。 - 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて、スパッタリング法により成膜する酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
- 前記スパッタリング法による成膜を、希ガス原子に、水分子、酸素分子及び亜酸化窒素分子から選択される少なくとも1種以上の分子を含有させた混合気体の雰囲気下において行う請求項8に記載の酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
- 前記スパッタリング法による成膜を、希ガス原子、及び少なくとも水分子を含有する混合気体の雰囲気下において行う請求項9に記載の酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
- 前記混合気体中の水分子の含有割合が分圧比で0.1%~25%である請求項10に記載の酸化物薄膜の製造方法。
- 請求項8~11のいずれかに記載の方法により成膜された酸化物薄膜をチャネル層とする薄膜トランジスタ。
- 前記チャネル層上に、少なくともSiNxを含有する保護膜を備える請求項12に記載の薄膜トランジスタ。
- 請求項12又は13に記載の薄膜トランジスタを備えた表示装置。
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| JP2015124145A (ja) * | 2013-12-27 | 2015-07-06 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化インジウム系酸化物焼結体およびその製造方法 |
| WO2015178429A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2015-11-26 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化物焼結体、スパッタリング用ターゲット、及びそれを用いて得られる酸化物半導体薄膜 |
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| US20140264321A1 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2014-09-18 | Intermolecular, Inc. | Method of Fabricating IGZO by Sputtering in Oxidizing Gas |
| JP2015124145A (ja) * | 2013-12-27 | 2015-07-06 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化インジウム系酸化物焼結体およびその製造方法 |
| WO2015178429A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2015-11-26 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化物焼結体、スパッタリング用ターゲット、及びそれを用いて得られる酸化物半導体薄膜 |
| WO2015178430A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2015-11-26 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化物焼結体、スパッタリング用ターゲット、及びそれを用いて得られる酸化物半導体薄膜 |
| CN106103380A (zh) * | 2014-05-23 | 2016-11-09 | 住友金属矿山株式会社 | 氧化物烧结体、溅射用靶及使用该靶得到的氧化物半导体薄膜 |
| KR20170008724A (ko) | 2014-05-23 | 2017-01-24 | 스미토모 긴조쿠 고잔 가부시키가이샤 | 산화물 소결체, 스퍼터링용 타겟 및 그것을 이용하여 얻어지는 산화물 반도체 박막 |
| KR20170009819A (ko) | 2014-05-23 | 2017-01-25 | 스미토모 긴조쿠 고잔 가부시키가이샤 | 산화물 소결체, 스퍼터링용 타겟 및 그것을 이용하여 얻어지는 산화물 반도체 박막 |
| JPWO2015178429A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2017-04-20 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化物焼結体、スパッタリング用ターゲット、及びそれを用いて得られる酸化物半導体薄膜 |
| JPWO2015178430A1 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2017-04-27 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 酸化物焼結体、スパッタリング用ターゲット、及びそれを用いて得られる酸化物半導体薄膜 |
| US9941415B2 (en) | 2014-05-23 | 2018-04-10 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | Oxide sintered body, sputtering target, and oxide semiconductor thin film obtained using sputtering target |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103620084A (zh) | 2014-03-05 |
| TWI546400B (zh) | 2016-08-21 |
| KR20140041675A (ko) | 2014-04-04 |
| JPWO2013005400A1 (ja) | 2015-02-23 |
| CN103620084B (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
| US9039944B2 (en) | 2015-05-26 |
| US20140145185A1 (en) | 2014-05-29 |
| JP5990167B2 (ja) | 2016-09-07 |
| TW201307598A (zh) | 2013-02-16 |
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