WO2012115182A1 - セマフォリン阻害剤を有効成分とする角膜知覚神経障害治療薬 - Google Patents
セマフォリン阻害剤を有効成分とする角膜知覚神経障害治療薬 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
- C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
- C07D311/80—Dibenzopyrans; Hydrogenated dibenzopyrans
- C07D311/82—Xanthenes
- C07D311/84—Xanthenes with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 9
- C07D311/86—Oxygen atoms, e.g. xanthones
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
- A61P27/04—Artificial tears; Irrigation solutions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a therapeutic agent for a sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery or a dry eye associated therewith containing a xanthone compound having semaphorin inhibitory activity as an active ingredient.
- the cornea is a transparent film that covers the front surface of the eyeball, and has a function of taking light into the eye and refracting the light to focus the eye together with the crystalline lens. Further, since the cornea surface is always covered with tear fluid, the cornea also has a function of preventing dry eyes and bacterial infection inside the eyeball. The cornea may be weakened or denatured due to injury or disease, and as a result, these functions may be impaired. Drugs are first used for this treatment. When a sufficient therapeutic effect cannot be obtained with a drug, corneal transplantation for transplanting normal cornea is performed.
- corneal sensory nerves which are sensory nerves derived from the trigeminal nerve, are distributed.
- the trigeminal nerve is one of the cranial nerves and is also called the fifth cranial nerve.
- the trigeminal nerve is branched into three nerves: an optic nerve, a maxillary nerve and a mandibular nerve.
- the nerves that run in the cornea are corneal sensory nerves.
- the corneal sensory nerve not only plays a role in protecting the cornea by causing a corneal reflex (blink reflex) by corneal perception, but also plays a role in maintaining corneal homeostasis by promoting secretion of tears and neurotrophic factors.
- corneal diseases not only the degeneration of the cornea itself, but also the corneal sensory nerves are damaged, normal nerve function is impaired, and sensory disturbance occurs. Further, in corneal surgery represented by myopia correction surgery such as corneal transplantation and LASIK for disease treatment, the corneal sensory nerve is cut, so that sensory impairment always occurs for a long time after the operation.
- These sensory disturbances that is, corneal sensory neuropathy, are specifically hypoperception such as tactile sensation and pain sensation on the corneal surface, lack of corneal reflex, dry eye due to abnormal tears (keratosis), eye damage Cause.
- Corneal diseases that cause corneal sensory neuropathy and dry eye include keratitis, corneal vitiligo (due to corneal herpes, measles, syphilis, trauma), corneal infection, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, corneal dystrophy, Known as bullous keratopathy, keratokeratosis, corneal endothelium decompensation, corneal ulcer, neuroparalytic keratopathy, diabetic keratopathy, corneal chemistry (due to drugs entering the eye), fever, etc. ing. In the treatment of these diseases, corneal transplantation can be performed in severe cases.
- corneal surgery that causes corneal sensory neuropathy and dry eye
- corneal transplantation myopic correction surgery
- myopic correction surgery and insertion of an artificial lens (artificial lens) for cataract treatment are known.
- Keratoplasty is also called keratoplasty or keratoplasty.
- the corneal transplantation is not limited to the above case.
- the purposes of corneal transplantation include 1) optical purposes, 2) therapeutic purposes, 3) orthopedic purposes, and 4) cosmetic purposes.
- 1) Optical purpose means clearing of turbid cornea and recovery of visual acuity. Diseases that cause these are keratitis, corneal vitiligo (due to corneal herpes, measles, syphilis, trauma), cornea Infectious diseases, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, corneal parenchymal dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, keratokeratosis, corneal endothelial decompensation and the like.
- the therapeutic purpose means the calming of the infectious disease by excision of the cornea that is an infectious lesion, and the disease causing this is a corneal ulcer (mainly active phase infectious disease).
- the orthopedic purpose means maintaining the shape of the eyeball in cases such as corneal perforations, and this may include corneal ulcers (bacterial, fungal, viral, aseptic) and trauma. . 4)
- the cosmetic purpose is to cosmetically improve corneal vitiligo with corneal cloudiness.
- corneal transplantation 1) full-thickness corneal transplantation, 2) superficial corneal transplantation, 3) deep superficial corneal transplantation, 4) sclera transplantation, 5) sclera transplantation, 6) cornea Examples include limbal transplantation and 7) amniotic membrane transplantation.
- Full-thickness corneal transplantation is an operation that replaces the whole thickness from the corneal epithelium to the endothelium, and has turbidity extending to the deep corneal stroma such as diseases requiring vesicular corneal endothelial transplantation and ulcer perforation cases. Used in the treatment of disease.
- Surface corneal transplantation is an operation in which only a corneal epithelium and a lesion in the parenchyma are excised and transplanted with a corneal segment of the same size. Is used when the skin is thin and the cornea is locally thin.
- Deep surface corneal transplantation is an operation in which only the corneal epithelium and the parenchyma are excised, leaving only the Demes membrane and the endothelium, and transplanted only to the corneal epithelium and the parenchyma, and the endothelial cells are healthy. Used for cases.
- the keratoplasty is an operation in which the cornea is excised together with the sclera and transplanted with a piece of keratoconus, and is used when a corneal ulcer is widespread.
- the sclera transplantation is an operation for correcting the thinned sclera and is used when the cornea is normal and the sclera is reinforced.
- Corneal limbal transplantation is an operation in which corneal limbal stem cells are transplanted to supply normal corneal epithelium.
- Amnion transplantation is an operation in which the abnormal conjunctiva is removed and the amnion is transplanted. As a result, the normal conjunctiva is re-covered when the environment is prepared.
- corneal transplantation is first keratokeratosis, second is corneal vitiligo, third is bullous keratopathy, fourth is corneal degeneration, and fifth is cornea.
- Keratoconus is a corneal degenerative disease that occurs in puberty and is a disease in which the central part of the cornea gradually becomes thin and protrudes forward. The shape of the cornea is distorted, and the function as a lens is impaired. Corneal transplantation can be performed when the correction of visual acuity with a contact lens is insufficient or it is difficult to wear the lens for a long time due to the high degree of keratokeratopathy.
- Corneal vitiligo is a disease that is common in elderly people and refers to a scar that remains in the cornea as a result of suffering from keratitis when young, and turbidity after herpes keratitis is also included in corneal vitiligo.
- Bullous keratopathy refers to a condition where water is accumulated in the cornea as a result of a decrease in the number of endothelial cells that regulate the water in the cornea on the back side of the cornea.
- Vesicular keratopathy also includes a condition called re-transplantation in which a patient who had undergone corneal surgery previously had reduced endothelial cells and required corneal transplantation again.
- Corneal degeneration refers to turbidity caused by abnormal substances deposited in the cornea. Corneal chemistry and fever are those in which strong scars are caused by the entrance of chemicals or cement into the eye.
- Such corneal transplantation is performed, for example, in Japan in about 1-2 thousand cases per year.
- the number of patients who need corneal transplants is said to be about 20,000 per year.
- myopia correction surgery is an example of surgery that causes corneal sensory nerve damage by cutting the corneal sensory nerve.
- the myopia correction surgery mainly means an operation for recovering a reduction in visual acuity due to myopia.
- Specific examples of surgery collectively referred to as myopic correction surgery are currently radial keratotomy (Radical Keratotomy, RK), PRF (Photorefractive Keratotomy, PRK), LASIK (Laser in situ Keratomileesis, LASIK laser refraction, LASIK refraction film Corrective surgery).
- PRK and LASIK are surgeries that use an excimer laser.
- the main myopia correction surgery has been radial keratotomy up to about 10 years ago, but recently LASIK is the most commonly performed.
- the mainstream of myopia correction surgery has recently shifted to a short period of time, and it can be said that the surgical method currently at the forefront can be replaced by a new operation.
- myopia correction surgery includes myopia correction methods other than surgery, including LASEK, intracorneal ring (ICRS), intracorneal lens, phakic intraocular lens, and orthokeratology. Corneal sensory neuropathy has occurred.
- corneal curvature tomography A similar sensory neuropathy also occurs because the cornea sensory nerve is cut by a surgical operation on the cornea necessary for treating eye diseases such as eye diseases and corneal trauma.
- eye diseases such as eye diseases and corneal trauma.
- an operation to insert an artificial lens may be performed.
- the cornea is incised small, so that the cornea sensory nerve may be damaged.
- semaphorin is an endogenous protein that has been identified as a factor that retreats the nerve growth cone and suppresses axon elongation, and so far about 20 molecular species are known.
- well-studied is a group of genes of a subfamily called class 3 type, and the proteins encoded by these genes are known to have strong neurite outgrowth inhibitory activity and growth cone retraction activity in vitro.
- Semaphorin 3A Semaphorin 3A, Sema 3A, collapsin-1) (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2) is the most well-studied, and this protein induces growth cone retraction in cultured neurons at low concentrations and in a short time. .
- Substances having semaphorin inhibitory activity include a series obtained from a culture of Penicillium sp. SPF-3059 strain (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Patent Biological Depositary Accession Number: FERM BP-7663).
- Xanthone compounds Patent Documents 1 and 2) and derivatives obtained by chemically modifying xanthone compounds (Patent Document 3) are known.
- the xanthone compound has a nerve regeneration promoting action in vivo. Furthermore, it has been reported that xanthone compounds are effective in the treatment and prevention of ischemic neuropathy by suppressing neuronal cell death involving ischemic damage (Patent Document 4).
- Non-patent Document 3 The effect of semaphorin on sensory nerves in vivo using adult animals has been reported (Non-patent Document 3). Specifically, when the semaphorin 3 gene is introduced into a rabbit corneal epithelial cell with a gene gun, the trigeminal nerve is retracted, or when the Sema 3 gene is administered to an adult rabbit corneal wound model from which the corneal epithelium has been detached and removed. It has been reported that re-extension of the trigeminal nerve is suppressed. This report suggests that adult sensory nerves are repulsively regulated by the Sema3 gene, and also suggests treatment of chronic pain by administration of the Sema3 gene.
- this report does not disclose or suggest a method for promoting the regeneration of corneal sensory nerves that have been cut due to injury of the cornea. This is because there is no indication that corneal sensory nerve regeneration is insufficient if nothing is done after corneal injury, and that semaphorin is expressed in the cornea and that semaphorin is the cause of insufficient regeneration of the corneal sensory nerve. It has not been clarified until there is.
- Non-patent Document 4 the sensory nerves of the eyeball are normally formed so as to avoid the cornea during the embryonic period, and thus a circular nerve bundle is formed.
- the lens is removed by a chicken embryo, this annular nerve bundle is removed. Is not formed normally, it is considered that a factor that repels nerve elongation is secreted from the lens.
- the sensory nerve did not expand in the direction in which the lens was present.
- Sema3A-blocking peptide when Sema3A-blocking peptide was added, the sensory nerve was elongated, thus repelling the sensory nerve elongation.
- the factor is considered to be semaphorin 3A derived from the lens.
- Sema3A-blocking peptide when Sema3A-blocking peptide was added to or near the crystalline lens of a normal embryo, elongation of sensory nerves in the cornea was confirmed. Based on these results, it has been reported in this document that semaphorin 3A derived from the lens repels control of the formation of corneal sensory nerves during development (embryonic period). However, this report does not disclose or suggest a method for promoting the regeneration of corneal sensory nerves that have been cut due to injury of the cornea.
- the main point of this document is to elucidate the mechanism of the characteristic formation process of corneal sensory nerves during development. Therefore, this document does not discuss the relationship with the disease, and does not examine the disease state model.
- the semaphorin 3A does not enter the cornea because the semaphorin 3A acts repulsively using Sema3A-blocking peptide, which is normal in embryos in the developmental stage (embryonic stage) This is a finding in the case of nerve formation.
- the situation is fundamentally different from the inhibition of corneal sensory nerve elongation in the injured cornea.
- inhibition experiments using a corneal injury model are not performed in this document, the extension of corneal sensory nerves in the damaged cornea cannot be considered.
- only chicken embryos used in the in vivo model have not been studied in rodents. Thus, this report does not disclose or suggest a method for promoting the regeneration of corneal sensory nerves that have been cut due to injury to the cornea.
- Non-patent Document 5 It has been reported that the presence and expression of semaphorin 3A in the rat cornea was analyzed by immunostaining and real-time PCR (Non-patent Document 5). However, this report does not disclose or suggest a method for promoting the regeneration of corneal sensory nerves that have been cut due to injury of the cornea. In this document, inhibition experiments are not performed, experiments with injury models and pathological models are not performed, and there is no description regarding corneal injury.
- Non-patent Document 6 mainly discloses that semaphorin 3A is involved in the formation of the cornea immediately after birth from the embryonic period, and discloses a method for promoting the regeneration of the corneal sensory nerve cut by the cornea being injured. There is no suggestion. In this document, inhibition experiments are not performed, experiments with injury models and pathological models are not performed, and there is no description regarding corneal injury.
- Non-patent Document 7 It has been reported that an in situ hybridization method or a real-time PCR method was used to analyze that semaphorin 3A expression change is involved in the formation of corneal nerves in the embryonic period using chickens.
- this report is for birds, not mammals.
- inhibition experiments are not performed, experiments with injury models and pathological models are not performed, and there is no description regarding corneal injury.
- Non-Patent Literature 8 Changes in the expression of semaphorin 3A and its receptor neuropilin-1 were examined using an adult rat corneal wound model. Although the expression of pilin 1 was increased, its expression returned to normal by healing, suggesting that semaphorin 3A is deeply involved in the healing of corneal epithelial wounds (Non-Patent Literature). 8). However, this report is concerned with the regeneration of corneal epithelial cells, and there is no disclosure or suggestion of a method for promoting the regeneration of corneal sensory nerves that have been cut due to injury of the cornea. This injury model is different from corneal transplantation and sensory nerve injury models, no inhibition experiments have been performed, and there is no description of sensory nerve function.
- the subject of this invention is providing the therapeutic agent or preventive agent with respect to the sensory neuropathy by a corneal disease or corneal surgery which uses the xanthone compound which has semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity as an active ingredient. It is another object of the present invention to provide a regeneration promoter for corneal sensory nerves, which contains a xanthone compound having semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity as an active ingredient.
- the corneal sensory nerve is damaged by corneal disease or corneal transplantation, causing sensory neuropathy.
- the corneal sensory nerve In the case of corneal transplantation, the corneal sensory nerve is always cut, and is considered to be the most severe model of corneal sensory nerve injury.
- the corneal sensory nerve In the cornea after transplantation, the corneal sensory nerve cannot sufficiently extend again, resulting in sensory impairment.
- the present inventors consider that the action of semaphorin 3A expressed in the lens (lens) or corneal epithelium is caused as a cause that the corneal sensory nerve cannot re-extend, and use a xanthone compound having semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity. Based on the above, we investigated whether it is possible to re-extend corneal sensory nerves and improve sensory impairment.
- a xanthone compound having semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity promotes regeneration of corneal sensory nerves in a mouse corneal transplant model. Therefore, a xanthone compound having a semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity is effective as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent against corneal sensory neuropathy caused by corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery. I found.
- the present invention has been completed as a result of further intensive studies based on such findings.
- a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for corneal diseases or sensory neuropathy caused by corneal surgery comprising a compound represented by the formula:
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group
- R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group.
- Corneal diseases are keratitis, corneal vitiligo, corneal infection, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, corneal dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, keratokeratopathy, corneal endothelial decompensation, corneal ulcer, neuroparalytic keratopathy,
- the therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of [1] to [8], which is diabetic keratopathy, corneal chemistry, or fever;
- An agent for promoting regeneration of corneal sensory nerve comprising as an active ingredient a compound represented by formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group or an alkoxycarbonyl group
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an acyloxy group
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group or an alkoxycarbonyl group
- R 4 represents Represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an acyloxy group.
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group
- R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group.
- Corneal disease is keratitis, corneal vitiligo, corneal infection, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, corneal stromal dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, keratopathy, corneal endothelium decompensation, corneal ulcer, neuroparalytic cornea
- [10-1] The treatment or prevention method according to any one of [1-1] to [8-1], wherein the corneal surgery is corneal transplantation;
- [14-1] The treatment or prevention method according to any one of [1-1] to [12-1], wherein the sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery is dry eye;
- a method for promoting regeneration of a corneal sensory nerve comprising administering a compound represented by formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof;
- the present invention provides [1-2] Formula (1) for producing a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery:
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group or an alkoxycarbonyl group
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an acyloxy group
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group or an alkoxycarbonyl group
- R 4 represents Represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an acyloxy group.
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group
- R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group.
- Corneal disease is keratitis, corneal vitiligo, corneal infection, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, corneal parenchymal dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, keratoendothelial decompensation, corneal ulcer, neuroparalytic cornea
- the disease is diabetic, diabetic keratosis, corneal chemistry, or fever;
- [12-2] The use according to any one of [1-2] to [8-2], wherein the corneal surgery is a corneal surgery for a cornea necessary for the treatment of an eye disease or a corneal trauma;
- [13-2] Use according to any one of [1-2] to [12-2], wherein the sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery is hypoperception;
- [14-2] The use according to any one of [1-2] to [12-2], wherein the sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery is dry eye;
- [17-2] The use according to [16-2], which is a regeneration promoter for treating or preventing corneal diseases or sensory neuropathy caused by corneal surgery;
- [19-2] Use according to [17-2], wherein the sensory neuropathy due to corneal disease or corneal surgery is dry eye; [20-2] The use according to any one of [16-2] to [19-2], wherein the therapeutic or prophylactic agent is in the form of eye drops.
- the present invention makes it possible to treat or prevent corneal diseases or sensory neuropathy caused by corneal surgery by using a drug containing a xanthone compound having semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity as an active ingredient. That is, sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease, corneal transplantation, myopic correction surgery, sensory neuropathy caused by corneal surgery such as corneal surgery for the cornea required for treatment of eye disease or corneal trauma, In particular, the present invention enables treatment or prevention of sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery.
- the xanthone compound can be effectively used as an agent for promoting regeneration of corneal sensory nerve, and is regenerated to treat or prevent sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery. It became clear that it can be used as an accelerator. Furthermore, the xanthone compound used in the present invention is chemically extremely stable in an aqueous solution such as a phosphate buffer. When used in the treatment or prevention of sensory neuropathy due to corneal disease or corneal surgery, or as a regeneration promoter, ophthalmic administration is most preferred. Therefore, the xanthone compound used in the present invention is administered into tears by ophthalmic administration. Or it was found to be very preferable because it is stable in the cornea.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of measuring the length of nerve fibers regenerated in a cornea transplanted by corneal transplantation in Example 1, that is, a corneal graft [Student's t-test, comparison with control group] *: P ⁇ 0.01].
- the vertical axis means the total length of the regenerated fibers.
- the horizontal axis represents the group administered with binaxanthone (SPF-3059-5) and the control group (administered only with a solvent containing no drug).
- FIG. 1 nerve fiber regeneration into the corneal graft was promoted by the administration of binaxanthone.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of measurement of corneal perception at the central part of the corneal graft every week after surgery using a Cochet-Bonnet corneal sensory sensor as a function evaluation of regenerating nerve in Example 1. -Whitney U test, comparison with control group, *: p ⁇ 0.01].
- the vertical axis means the strength of the force that can be perceived by the cornea.
- the horizontal axis represents the results after 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks after transplantation.
- a black circle ( ⁇ ) represents a binaxanthone administration group
- a white circle ( ⁇ ) represents a control group to which only a solvent containing no drug is administered.
- FIG. 2 shows that administration of binaxanthone improved corneal perception.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the number of blood vessels born in the transplanted corneal graft in Example 1 [Student's t-test, no significant difference compared with the control group].
- the vertical axis means the total length of the new blood vessels.
- the horizontal axis represents the group administered with binaxanthone (SPF-3059-5) and the control group (administered only with a solvent containing no drug).
- FIG. 3 shows that the administration of binaxanthone did not promote the formation of blood vessels in the corneal graft.
- FIG. 3 shows that the administration of binaxanthone did not promote the formation of blood vessels in the corneal graft.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the retention of binaxanthone in the cornea after instillation administration when the concentration of the binaxanthone administration solution in Example 2 is 0.5 mg / mL.
- the vertical axis means the residence concentration (ng / g).
- 0.5 represents the retention after 0.5 hours from administration
- 2 represents the retention after 2 hours from administration
- 6 represents the retention after 6 hours from administration. From FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the retention of binaxanthone in the cornea after administration by eye drop when the concentration of the binaxanthone administration solution is 1.5 mg / mL in Example 2, as in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the retention of binaxanthone in the cornea after instillation administration when the concentration of the binaxanthone administration liquid is 5.0 mg / mL in Example 2, as in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the stability of xanthone compounds in PBS (phosphate buffer) in Example 10.
- the horizontal axis shows the names of the compounds used for the measurement.
- the vertical axis means the residual rate of each compound. From FIG. 7, it can be seen that almost all xanthone compounds not included in the formula (1) were decomposed, whereas all xanthone compounds included in the formula (1) showed a residual rate of 90% or more.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of measuring the time course of stability of binaxanthone (SPF-3059-5) and SPF-3059-1 in PBS (phosphate buffer) in Example 11.
- the horizontal axis means the storage days from dissolution.
- the vertical axis means the residual rate of each compound.
- the black triangle ( ⁇ ) represents the time course of the stability of binaxanthone
- the black circle ( ⁇ ) represents the time course of the stability of SPF-3059-1. From FIG. 8, SPF-3059-1 was almost completely decomposed in about one week, whereas binaxanthone remained in 96% or more in PBS at 37 ° C. until 4 weeks and showed stability for 4 weeks or more. I understand that.
- alkoxycarbonyl group represents a straight or branched alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, specifically, a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, a propoxycarbonyl group, 1- Examples thereof include a methylethoxycarbonyl group, a butoxycarbonyl group, a 1-methylpropoxycarbonyl group, a 2-methylpropoxycarbonyl group, a 1,1-dimethylethoxycarbonyl group, a pentyloxycarbonyl group, and a hexyloxycarbonyl group.
- “Acyloxy group” means a straight or branched acyloxy group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and specifically includes an acetoxy group, a propionyloxy group, a butyryloxy group, an isobutyryloxy group, a valeryloxy group, an isovale group. Examples thereof include a tolyloxy group and a pivaloyloxy group.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable salt, such as an inorganic base salt such as sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, aluminum salt, ammonium salt, or triethyl.
- examples thereof include organic base salts such as ammonium salt, triethanolammonium salt, pyridinium salt and diisopropylammonium salt, and basic amino acid salts such as arginine and lysine.
- organic base salts such as ammonium salt, triethanolammonium salt, pyridinium salt and diisopropylammonium salt
- basic amino acid salts such as arginine and lysine.
- a salt of monosodium / monopotassium salt and the like can also be mentioned.
- corneal diseases include keratitis, corneal vitiligo (due to corneal herpes, measles, syphilis, trauma), corneal infection, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, corneal dystrophy, bullous Examples include keratosis, keratokeratosis, corneal endothelium decompensation, corneal ulcer, neuroparalytic keratopathy, diabetic keratopathy, corneal chemistry (due to drugs entering the eye), fever, and the like.
- Cornnea surgery of “sensory neuropathy by corneal surgery” includes corneal transplantation, myopia correction surgery, and corneal surgery for the cornea necessary for the treatment of eye diseases or corneal trauma.
- ⁇ Keratoplasty '' is also referred to as corneal transplantation or keratoplasty, full-layer corneal transplantation, superficial corneal transplantation, deep-surface corneal transplantation, sclera transplantation, scleral transplantation, corneal limbal transplantation, And amniotic membrane transplantation.
- the purpose of corneal transplantation includes optical purposes, therapeutic purposes, orthopedic purposes, and cosmetic purposes.
- keratitis corneal vitiligo (due to corneal herpes, measles, syphilis, trauma), corneal infection, corneal degeneration, corneal dystrophy, keratotic dystrophy, bullous keratopathy (eye with intraocular lens, Fuchs cornea Endothelial dystrophy, aphakic eye), keratokeratosis, corneal endothelial decompensation, and other corneal transplants and infections such as corneal ulcers (bacterial, fungal, viral, aseptic) Examples include corneal transplantation, corneal transplantation caused by trauma, corneal transplantation caused by corneal chemistry and fever, and corneal transplantation caused by neurotrophic keratopathy such as diabetic keratopathy.
- Myopia correction surgery specifically includes radial keratotomy (Radial Keratotomy, RK), PRK (Photorefractive Keratotomy, PRK), LASIK (Laser in situ Keratomileis, LASIK) and the like. Also, myopia correction procedures such as LASEK, intracorneal ring, intracorneal lens, phakic intraocular lens, and orthokeratology are also included in myopia correction surgery.
- eye disease in “corneal surgery for cornea necessary for treatment of eye disease or corneal trauma” include keratitis, corneal herpes, keratoconus, corneal degeneration, corneal vitiligo, bullous keratopathy, cornea Examples include softening and cataracts.
- the corneal trauma in the corneal surgery for the cornea necessary for the treatment of eye diseases or corneal trauma involves irritating liquid entering the eyes, solids flying into the eyes, cutting with a blade Injuries include piercing with objects, being caught by pets, improper use of contact lenses, strong light rays, and bruises.
- the “corneal surgery” in “corneal surgery for the cornea necessary for the treatment of eye diseases or corneal trauma” includes corneal incision, corneal resection, corneal refraction surgery, corneal correction surgery, corneal curvature surgery Can be mentioned.
- a surgical operation for the cornea necessary for the treatment includes an insertion operation of an artificial lens (artificial lens).
- “Sensitive neuropathy” of “sensory neuropathy due to corneal disease or corneal surgery” includes decreased perception such as tactile sensation and pain sensation. Due to a decrease in perception, blink reflection is lacking, which causes dry eye and eyeball damage. Thus, “sensory neuropathy” includes dry eye.
- the “sensory nerve” means a sensory nerve distributed in the cornea and is synonymous with a trigeminal nerve (an optic nerve that runs in the cornea) running in the cornea, that is, synonymous with a corneal sensory nerve.
- a corneal sensory nerve regeneration promoting agent refers to a drug that has a corneal sensory nerve regeneration promoting action
- corneal sensory nerve regeneration promoting action refers to corneal perception that has been cut or damaged by corneal surgery or the like. An action that promotes nerve regeneration.
- R 1 and R 3 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group or an alkoxycarbonyl group.
- the alkoxycarbonyl group include a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, and a propoxy group.
- An alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as a carbonyl group is preferred, and a methoxycarbonyl group is more preferred.
- R 1 is preferably a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group, and more preferably a carboxyl group.
- R 3 is preferably a hydrogen atom or a carboxyl group, and more preferably a carboxyl group.
- R 2 and R 4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or an acyloxy group, and examples of the acyloxy group include those having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as an acetoxy group, a propionyloxy group, a butyryloxy group, and an isobutyryloxy group.
- An acyloxy group is preferable, and an acetoxy group is more preferable among them.
- R 2 is preferably a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group, and more preferably a hydroxyl group.
- R 4 is preferably a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group, and more preferably a hydroxyl group.
- Specific examples of the compound represented by the formula (1) include SPF-3059-2, R 1 in which R 1 is a carboxyl group, R 2 is a hydroxyl group, R 3 is a hydrogen atom, and R 4 is a hydroxyl group.
- SPF-3059-12 in which R 1 is a carboxyl group, R 2 is a hydrogen atom, R 3 is a carboxyl group, and R 4 is a hydroxyl group
- R 1 is SPF-3059-24, wherein R 1 is a hydrogen atom R 2 is hydroxyl group R 3 is a carboxyl group is R 3 R 2 is a hydroxyl group is a hydrogen
- the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound represented by the formula (1) it is not necessary to adjust the pH of the solution because the solubility in water is improved. Among them, sodium salt is most preferable.
- the compound represented by the formula (1) is a publicly known material obtained by culturing Penicillium sp. Strain SPF-3059, chemical total synthesis, or a product obtained by main culture or total synthesis. It can be obtained by chemical transformation by synthetic methods. That is, as the culture, the strain SPF-3059 belonging to the genus Penicillium isolated from the soil in Osaka Prefecture [this strain is based on the Budapest Treaty on International Approval of Deposit of Microorganisms in Patent Procedures on July 13, 2001 Deposited under the accession number FERM BP-7663 at the Patent Organism Depositary Center of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) ] Can be effectively obtained by culturing.
- Patent Document 1 International Publication No. 02/09756 pamphlet
- Patent Document 2 International Publication No. 03/062423 pamphlet
- the compound represented by the formula (1) can be obtained according to the method described in JP-A-2008-13530.
- At least one of R 1 and R 3 represents an alkoxycarbonyl group, or at least one of R 2 or R 4 represents an acyloxy group
- a known esterification using a compound represented by the formula (1) in which the alkoxycarbonyl group is a carboxyl group as a raw material and / or a compound represented by the formula (1) in which the acyloxy group is a hydroxyl group It can be synthesized by performing known acylation using bismuth as a raw material and chemical conversion.
- the known esterification or acylation for example, the method described in JP-A-2006-335683 or WO03 / 062440 (Patent Document 3) may be referred to.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound represented by the formula (1) is obtained by adding water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid to the compound represented by the formula (1) obtained by any one of the above methods. It can be obtained by reacting a base in an appropriate solvent such as ethyl, chloroform or ether.
- the compound represented by the formula (1) of the present invention is a compound also called a xanthone compound, and has an action of inhibiting the nerve elongation activity of semaphorin 3A, as will be clarified in Examples 4 and 5 described later.
- the present invention revealed for the first time that the xanthone compound represented by the formula (1) promotes regeneration of corneal sensory nerves in a mouse corneal transplant model, Therefore, it is effective for the treatment or prevention of corneal sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury.
- Sensory neuropathy caused by corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery includes decreased perception such as touch and pain.
- the xanthone compound represented by the formula (1) is particularly effective in the reduction of perception such as tactile sensation and pain sensation and the prevention and treatment of dry eye.
- the xanthone compound represented by the formula (1) promotes the regeneration of the corneal sensory nerve, as will be clarified in Example 1 described later, and is therefore effective as a regeneration promoting agent for the corneal sensory nerve.
- By promoting regeneration of the corneal sensory nerve it is possible to treat or prevent a sensory neuropathy caused by a corneal disease or an injury of the corneal sensory nerve caused by corneal surgery. More specifically, it is effective for the prevention and treatment of hypoperception and dry eye caused by corneal disease or corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery.
- the therapeutic or preventive agent for corneal sensory neuropathy and the regeneration promoting agent for corneal sensory nerve of the present invention comprise a compound represented by the formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for various preparations such as normal pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, binders, stabilizers, excipients, diluents, pH buffers, disintegrants, solubilizers, solubilizers, isotonic agents, etc.
- Formulation ingredients can be added.
- these therapeutic or preventive agents and regeneration promoters can be administered orally or parenterally, and can be administered systemically or locally, more preferably parenterally, ocular It is administered locally to the department. That is, orally, it can be administered orally in dosage forms such as tablets, pills, powders, granules, capsules, syrups, emulsions, suspensions and the like that are usually used.
- parenterally for example, eye drops, eye ointments, intraocular injections, subconjunctival injections, intravenous injections (infusions), intramuscular injections, subcutaneous injections, nasal drops (for nasal administration) (Spray agent). Of these, eye drops are preferable.
- Solid preparations such as tablets have active ingredients as usual pharmacologically acceptable carriers or excipients such as lactose, sucrose and corn starch, binders such as hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, It is prepared by mixing with a disintegrant such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose or sodium starch glycolate, a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate, or a preservative.
- active ingredients as usual pharmacologically acceptable carriers or excipients such as lactose, sucrose and corn starch, binders such as hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, It is prepared by mixing with a disintegrant such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose or sodium starch glycolate, a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate, or a preservative.
- the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a physiologically acceptable carrier such as water, saline, oil, aqueous dextrose, etc., which contains emulsifiers, stabilizers, osmotic pressure adjusting salts as adjuvants. Or you may contain a buffering agent as needed.
- a physiologically acceptable carrier such as water, saline, oil, aqueous dextrose, etc.
- emulsifiers, stabilizers, osmotic pressure adjusting salts as adjuvants emulsifiers, stabilizers, osmotic pressure adjusting salts as adjuvants.
- a buffering agent as needed.
- Additives for eye drops isotonic agents such as glycerin and sodium chloride, buffers such as phosphoric acid and citric acid, pH regulators such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, thickening agents such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol
- the dose and number of administrations vary depending on the administration method and the age, weight, medical condition, etc. of the patient, but a method of locally administering to the bed part is preferred. Moreover, it is preferable to administer once or twice or more per day. When two or more doses are administered, it is desirable to administer them repeatedly every day or at appropriate intervals. Since regeneration of the corneal sensory nerve usually requires a period of several days to several months or more, it is desirable to administer continuously in order to suppress the activity of semaphorin.
- the dosage may be several hundred ⁇ g to 2 g, preferably 5 to 100 mg, more preferably several tens of mg or less as the amount of active ingredient per adult patient, and can be used once or several times a day. Can be administered.
- a sustained-release preparation can be used to reduce the number of administrations, and it can be administered in small amounts over a long period of time using an osmotic pump or the like.
- Parenteral administration includes a dose of 0.1 to 100 mg / day, more preferably 0.3 to 50 mg / day per adult patient, and can be administered once or divided into several times a day.
- Sustained release preparations can also be used to reduce the number of administrations.
- the amount of the active ingredient can be 0.01 to 10 w / v%, preferably 0.05 to 5 w / v% per adult patient. It is desirable to administer 1 to several drops 1 to 6 times a day.
- the xanthone compound represented by the formula (1) is excellent in corneal retention when administered by eye drops, and therefore, eye drops are a preferable dosage form.
- the active ingredient can be used in an amount of 0.01 to 10 w / w%, preferably 0.1 to 5 w / w%. It is desirable to administer 6 times. In any of these administration methods, it is preferable to employ an administration route and an administration method so that the concentration of the semaphorin is sufficiently inhibited at the site of action.
- the therapeutic agent or preventive agent for sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery and the agent for promoting regeneration of corneal sensory nerve of the present invention can be used as animal drugs. Among the animals, mammals are desirable and humans are most desirable.
- green fluorescent protein in which corneal parenchymal cells, corneal endothelial cells and nerves are fluorescent proteins in the cornea.
- GFP green fluorescent protein gene-modified mice
- corneal sensory nerve fibers running in the cornea can be easily observed by removing one layer of corneal endothelial cells.
- a syngeneic wild-type mouse cornea was transplanted into this mouse, and 50 ul of binaxanthone (dissolved in 0.1 mg / mL of Linderon (1 mg / ml betamethasone sodium phosphate injection)) was injected immediately after surgery by subconjunctival injection.
- corneal sensitivity was performed by measuring the corneal sensitivity at the central part of the corneal graft every week after the operation using a Cochet-Bonnet corneal sensitometer.
- Comparison of nerve fiber regeneration in the corneal graft was performed by immunostaining with ⁇ 3 tubulin antibody, and the fibers in the corneal graft that were double positive for ⁇ 3 tubulin and GFP were converted to regenerated nerve fibers.
- the total length was measured and compared between the binaxanthone administration group and the control group. From the results shown in FIG. 1, regeneration of nerve fibers into the corneal graft was significantly promoted in the binaxanthone administration group as compared with the control group. Further, from the results of FIG. 2, it was found that at 3 weeks after the operation, the blink reflex was significantly improved in the binaxanthone administration group and the corneal perception was improved as compared with the control group.
- the regenerative nerves seen in FIG. 1 are mainly corneal sensory nerves.
- neovascularization of the cornea positive fibers by immunostaining using CD31 antibody were used as new blood vessels, traced by computer image software, the total length was measured, and compared between the binaxanthone administration group and the control group. From the result of FIG. 3, in the binaxanthone administration group, the neovascularization into the corneal graft was not promoted as compared with the control group. From these results, binaxanthone promotes the regeneration of the severed corneal sensory nerve and also promotes the recovery of its neural function, ie corneal sensation. Furthermore, it became clear that angiogenesis, an angiogenic event, does not promote angiogenesis.
- the xanthone compound represented by formula (1) of the present invention is a known compound, and is described in International Publication No. 02/09756 (Patent Document 1) and International Publication. No. 03/062423 (Patent Document 2), International Publication No. 03/062440 (Patent Document 3), JP-A-2006-335683, and JP-A-2008-13530. It can be obtained by culturing SPF-3059 strain, chemical total synthesis, or chemical conversion. In addition to the production method, physicochemical properties are also described in these patent documents. Specifically, it is as follows.
- One platinum loop of Penicillium sp. SPF-3059 strain (FERM BP-7663) cultured on a slope was inoculated, and cultured by shaking at 27 ° C. and 180 rpm for 4 days.
- 125 ml of the same composition as above was dispensed into five 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and sterilized by autoclave. Then, 4 ml of the above-mentioned pre-cultured solution was added, and the mixture was shaken and cultured at 27 ° C. and 180 rpm for 4 days. Pre-cultured.
- glucose 1.43%, sucrose 3.57%, cottonseed flour 1.43%, sodium nitrate 0.07%, L-histidine 0.07%, dipotassium phosphate 30 liters of medium adjusted to pH 7.0 containing 036%, potassium chloride 0.05%, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.001%, Adecanol LG-295S (Asahi Denka Antifoam) 0.01%
- 500 ml of the above precultured solution was added, followed by aeration and agitation culture at 27 ° C., 400 rpm, and aeration rate of 15 liters / min for 9 days.
- the culture solution is centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate the supernatant and cells, and the supernatant fraction is extracted twice with 20 liters of ethyl acetate-formic acid (99: 1). did.
- the bacterial cell fraction was extracted with 30 liters of acetone, filtered, concentrated, and extracted with 10 liters of ethyl acetate-formic acid (99: 1) when it became an aqueous solution. Both extracts were mixed and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 224 g of a crude extract.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- Preparative reverse phase HPLC conditions were as follows: Column: Wakopak-Wakosil (registered trademark) -II5C18HGprep ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 cm and ⁇ 5 ⁇ 25 cm connected, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), eluent A: 1% formic acid aqueous solution, eluent B : Methanol, gradient: linear gradient of liquid B from 45% to 75% for 2 hours, flow rate: 25 ml / min, detection: absorbance at 260 nm, and the eluate was fractionated every minute.
- Wakopak-Wakosil registered trademark
- II5C18HGprep ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 cm and ⁇ 5 ⁇ 25 cm connected, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- eluent A 1% formic acid aqueous solution
- eluent B Methanol
- gradient linear gradient of liquid B from 45% to 75% for 2 hours
- Analytical HPLC conditions were as follows: Column: Wakopak-Wakosil (registered trademark) -II5C18RS ( ⁇ 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries), eluent A: 1% formic acid aqueous solution, eluent B: methanol, gradient: B The linear gradient of the liquid ratio from 20% to 67% for 71.1 minutes, flow rate: 1.3 ml / min, detection: absorbance at 260 nm.
- Inhibitory activity of xanthone compound against Sema3A collapse activity A 96-well plate (Sumitomo Bakelite) coated with polylysine was further coated with laminin (20 ⁇ g / ml laminin, room temperature for 1 hour). 100 ⁇ l of medium (F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 20 ng / ml NGF, 100 units / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin) was placed in each well, which was removed from 7-day-old chicken embryos. The dorsal root ganglion is inoculated and cultured for 16-20 hours under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C.
- medium F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 20 ng / ml NGF, 100 units / ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g / ml streptomycin
- each compound of Example 3 was added to the medium at various concentrations and cultured for 1 hour, and then 2 units / ml of mouse semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) was added and further cultured for 1 hour.
- glutaraldehyde was quickly added to a final concentration of 1%, and the tissue piece was fixed by allowing it to stand at room temperature for 15 minutes, and then the proportion of the growth cone retracted under a microscope was measured. A well to which Sema3A was not added was used as a control.
- the growth cone regression rate of the negative control group (no compound or Sema3A added) is (A)%
- the growth cone regression rate of the positive control group is (no compound added, Sema3A added) is (B)%
- the results are shown below. This result shows that each compound of Example 3 strongly inhibits semaphorin 3A.
- Sema3A-expressing COS7 cell mass was prepared by the following method. 1 ⁇ g of Sema3A expression plasmid was introduced into COS7 cells (100,000 cells / 35 mm culture dish) cultured overnight using FuGENE6 transfection reagent (Roche).
- COS7 cells were detached from the culture dish using trypsin, collected by centrifugation, and resuspended in 200 ⁇ l of medium. 20 ⁇ l of the cell suspension was placed on the lid (inside) of the culture dish, and the lid was inverted and cultured for 20 hours (Hanging Drop Culture) (Cell 78, 425, 1994). After culturing, aggregated COS7 cells (lumps) were collected in a medium and trimmed to a size of 0.5 mm.
- the Sema3A-expressing COS7 cell mass and the dorsal root ganglion were juxtaposed in a 0.2% collagen gel at a distance of 0.5 to 1 mm, and the collagen gel was placed in a medium containing various concentrations of the compound. And cultured under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. for 2 days. Thereafter, glutaraldehyde was quickly added to a final concentration of 1%, and the tissue piece was fixed by leaving it at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the state of neurite outgrowth was observed under a microscope.
- Sema3A is secreted from the COS7 cell mass into which the Sema3A expression plasmid has been introduced to form a concentration gradient (the concentration closer to the COS7 cell mass is higher).
- the neurites could not extend in the direction in which the COS7 cell mass having a high Sema3A concentration existed, but only in the opposite direction, but each compound of Example 3 was added to the medium. In some cases, neurite outgrowth in the direction of the Sema3A-expressing COS7 cell mass was observed.
- Formulation Example 1 An eye drop can be prepared by suspending the following composition in 100 ml of sterile purified water and adjusting to pH 7.0 at a concentration that is isotonic with tear fluid. SPF-3059-5 50mg Potassium dihydrogen phosphate appropriate amount Disodium hydrogen phosphate appropriate amount Sodium chloride appropriate amount Benzethonium chloride 10mg Sterilized purified water
- Formulation Example 2 An eye drop can be prepared by suspending the following composition in 100 ml of sterile purified water and adjusting to pH 7.0 at a concentration that is isotonic with tear fluid. SPF-3059-5 50mg Potassium dihydrogen phosphate appropriate amount Disodium hydrogen phosphate appropriate amount Sodium chloride appropriate amount Benzethonium chloride 10mg Sterilized purified water
- Formulation Example 3 The ointment can be prepared according to the following prescription according to a conventional method. SPF-3059-5 50mg Liquid paraffin 10g White petrolatum
- Formulation Example 4 The ointment can be prepared according to the following prescription according to a conventional method. SPF-3059-5 50mg Liquid paraffin 10g White petrolatum
- PBS phosphate buffer
- SPF-3059-2, SPF-3059-5, SPF-3059-24 and SPF-3059-26 which are xanthone compounds included in the formula (1)
- SPF-3059-1, SPF-3059-3, SPF-3059-9 and SPF-3059-30 which are xanthone compounds not included in the formula (1)
- PBS Dulbecco ′
- HPLC conditions were as follows: Column: Wakopak-Wakosil (registered trademark) -II5C18RS ( ⁇ 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries), eluent A: 1% formic acid aqueous solution, eluent B: methanol, gradient: B liquid ratio A linear gradient from 30% to 70% for 60 minutes, flow rate: 1.0 ml / min, detection: absorbance at 260 nm.
- the result of evaluating the stability of the xanthone compound in PBS is shown in FIG. From the results of FIG. 7, all four types of xanthone compounds contained in the formula (1) showed a residual rate of 90% or more. On the other hand, almost all xanthone compounds not included in formula (1) were decomposed in all four types.
- Stable binaxanthone (SPF-3059-5) and SPF- 3059-1 in PBS phosphate buffer
- PBS Dulbecco's PBS ( ⁇ )
- ⁇ ⁇ g / ml
- These lysates were stored under conditions of 37 ° C., and the remaining amount of the drug in the lysate was quantified by HPLC at each time point from the start of storage to 4 weeks later to determine the change over time in the residual rate.
- the HPLC conditions were the same as in Example 10.
- the results of evaluating the stability of binaxanthone (SPF-3059-5) and SPF-3059-1 in PBS are shown in FIG. From the results shown in FIG.
- binaxanthone which is a xanthone compound contained in the formula (1), is 96% or more remaining in PBS at 37 ° C. until 4 weeks and is stable for 4 weeks or more. It has been shown. On the other hand, almost all of SPF-3059-1 decomposed in about one week.
- Each compound is dissolved in PBS to a concentration of 0.1 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL.
- the compound solution of the present invention, the target compound solution, or PBS alone is instilled into 10 ⁇ L of one eye of each rat.
- 1 ⁇ L to 10 ⁇ L of tear fluid is collected with a pipette, the rat is euthanized, the eyeball is removed, and the cornea is collected.
- the content of each compound in tears and / or cornea is measured by LC-MS.
- Add 0.1 M HCl to the sample, stir the tears and homogenize the cornea.
- Add ethyl acetate, stir well and centrifuge collect upper layer. Ethyl acetate is further added to the lower layer, the above operation is repeated, and the upper layer for three times is collected, and a sample dried with nitrogen gas is used for LC-MS measurement.
- the xanthone compound having semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity of the present invention is effective as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for sensory neuropathy caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery.
- corneas necessary for the treatment of sensory neuropathy, cornea transplantation, myopia correction surgery, eye disease or corneal trauma caused by corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal diseases such as keratosis, keratochemistry, fever corneal transplantation It can be effectively used as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for sensory neuropathy caused by corneal sensory nerve injury caused by corneal surgery such as corneal surgery.
- the xanthone compound having semaphorin 3A inhibitory activity of the present invention can also be used effectively as a regeneration promoter for corneal sensory nerves.
- the xanthone compound used in the present invention is chemically extremely stable in an aqueous solution such as a phosphate buffer, it is stable in tears or cornea by eye drop administration, and is caused by corneal disease or corneal surgery. It is extremely preferable as a therapeutic agent or preventive agent for sensory neuropathy occurring in the above, and as a regeneration promoter for corneal sensory nerve.
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Abstract
Description
1)光学的な目的とは、濁った角膜の透明化や視力の回復を意味し、これらの原因となる疾患としては、角膜炎、角膜白斑(角膜ヘルペス、麻疹、梅毒、外傷による)、角膜感染症、角膜変性症、角膜ジストロフィ、角膜実質ジストロフィ、水疱性角膜症、円錐角膜症、角膜内皮代償不全などが挙げられる。2)治療的な目的とは、感染病巣である角膜の切除による感染症の沈静化を意味し、この原因となる疾患としては角膜潰瘍(主には活動期の感染症)が挙げられる。3)整形的な目的とは、角膜穿孔例などに対し眼球の形態を保持することを意味し、この原因としては角膜潰瘍(細菌性、真菌性、ウイルス性、無菌性)や外傷が挙げられる。4)美容的な目的とは、角膜の白濁を伴う角膜白斑を美容上改善するものである。
1)全層角膜移植術とは、角膜上皮から内皮までの全層を交換する手術であり、水疱性角膜性の内皮移植が必要な疾患や潰瘍穿孔例などの角膜実質深層に及ぶ混濁を有する疾患の治療に用いられる。2)表層角膜移植術とは、角膜上皮と実質部の病変のみを切除し同じ大きさに整えた角膜片を移植する手術であり、角膜実質の表層のみが混濁している場合や角膜周辺部が薄くなっている場合および角膜が局所的に薄くなっている場合に用いられる。3)深層表層角膜移植術とは、デメス膜と内皮のみを残して角膜上皮と実質の全てを切除し同じ大きさに整えた角膜上皮と実質のみを移植する手術であり、内皮細胞が健全な症例に用いられる。4)強角膜移植術とは、強膜と共に角膜を切除し強角膜片を移植する手術であり、角膜潰瘍が広範囲である場合などに用いられる。5)強膜移植術とは、菲薄化した強膜を矯正する手術であり、角膜が正常で強膜を補強する場合に用いられる。6)角膜輪部移植術とは、正常角膜上皮の供給のために角膜輪部幹細胞を移植する手術である。7)羊膜移植術とは、異常結膜を除去し羊膜を移植する手術であり、この結果環境が整うことにより正常結膜が再被覆する。
近視矯正手術と総称される手術の具体例としては、現在のところ、放射状角膜切開術(Radial Keratotomy,RK)、ピーアールケー(Photorefractive Keratectomy,PRK)、レーシック(Laser in situ Keratomileusis,LASIK,レーザー角膜屈折矯正手術)が挙げられる。このうちピーアールケーとレーシックがエキシマレーザーを用いる手術である。近視矯正手術として主なものは、10年ほど前までは放射状角膜切開術であったが、最近ではレーシックが最も良く行われている。このように近視矯正手術の主流は近年僅かの間に移行しており、現在最先端とされている手術方法も新しい手術に取って代わられ得るものと言える。レーシックの場合、例えば日本では年間5~6万件ほどとされており、その症例数は増加傾向にある。これに伴い、レーシックの後遺症としてドライアイなどが最近報告されている。
また近視矯正手術には手術以外の近視矯正法として、ラセック(LASEK)、角膜内リング(ICRS)、角膜内レンズ、有水晶体眼内レンズ、オルソケラトロジーも含まれ、これらの矯正法によっても、同様の角膜知覚神経障害が生じている。
セマフォリン阻害活性を有する物質としては、ペニシリウム・エスピー(Penicillium sp.)SPF-3059株(独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所特許生物寄託センター受託番号:FERM BP-7663)の培養物から得られる一連のキサントン化合物(特許文献1、2)及びキサントン化合物を化学的に修飾した誘導体(特許文献3)が知られている。キサントン化合物は、インビボで神経再生促進作用を有する。更に、キサントン化合物が、虚血性障害が関与する神経細胞死を抑制し虚血性神経障害の治療や予防に有効であることも、報告されている(特許文献4)。
従って、本発明の課題は、セマフォリン3A阻害活性を有するキサントン化合物を有効成分とする、角膜疾患や角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害に対する治療剤または予防剤を提供することにある。更に、セマフォリン3A阻害活性を有するキサントン化合物を有効成分とする、角膜知覚神経の再生促進剤を提供することにある。
〔1〕 式(1):
で表される化合物またはその薬学上許容される塩を有効成分として含有する、角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害の治療剤または予防剤;
〔20〕 点眼剤の形態にある、〔16〕~〔19〕のいずれかに記載の再生促進剤
に関する。
〔1-1〕 式(1):
で表される化合物またはその薬学上許容される塩を、必要とする対象に投与することを含む、角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害の治療または予防方法;
に関する。
〔1-2〕 角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害の治療または予防剤を製造するための、式(1):
で表される化合物またはその薬学上許容される塩の使用;
〔20-2〕 治療または予防剤が点眼剤の形態にある、〔16-2〕~〔19-2〕のいずれかに記載の使用
に関する。
更に、本発明で用いるキサントン化合物は、リン酸緩衝液などの水溶液中において化学的に極めて安定である。角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害の治療または予防に、あるいは再生促進剤として使用する際には、点眼投与が最も好ましく、それ故に、本発明で用いるキサントン化合物は、点眼投与により涙液中または角膜中で安定であるため、極めて好ましいことが明らかとなった。
R2およびR4は、各々独立して、水素原子、水酸基またはアシルオキシ基を表し、アシルオキシ基としては、アセトキシ基、プロピオニルオキシ基、ブチリルオキシ基、イソブチリルオキシ基などの炭素数2~4のアシルオキシ基が好ましく、中でもアセトキシ基がより好ましい。R2としては、水素原子または水酸基が好ましく、中でも水酸基がより好ましい。R4としては、水素原子または水酸基が好ましく、中でも水酸基がより好ましい。
すなわち、培養としては、大阪府内土壌より分離したペニシリウム属に属するカビSPF-3059株[本菌株は、特許手続上の微生物の寄託の国際的承認に関するブタペスト条約に基づき、2001年7月13日に経済産業省独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所特許生物寄託センター(〒305-8566茨城県つくば市東1-1-1中央第6)に受託番号FERM BP-7663として寄託されている。]を培養することにより効果的に得ることができる。具体的には、国際公開第02/09756号パンフレット(前記の特許文献1)または国際公開第03/062243号パンフレット(前記の特許文献2)に記載された方法に従って、式(1)で表される化合物を得ることができる。
全合成としては、特開2008-13530号公報に記載された方法に従って、式(1)で表される化合物を得ることができる。
また、式(1)で表される化合物のうち、R1もしくはR3のうち少なくとも一方がアルコキシカルボニル基を表すか、またはR2もしくはR4のうち少なくとも一方がアシルオキシ基を表す化合物は、当該アルコキシカルボニル基がカルボキシル基である式(1)で表される化合物を原料に用いた公知のエステル化を行うか、および/または、当該アシルオキシ基が水酸基である式(1)で表される化合物を原料に用いた公知のアシル化を行い、化学的に変換することにより合成することが出来る。公知のエステル化またはアシル化としては、例えば、特開2006-335683号公報または国際公開第03/062440号パンフレット(前記の特許文献3)に記載された方法を、参照すればよい。
式(1)で表されるキサントン化合物は、後述する実施例1で明らかにされているように、角膜知覚神経の再生を促進し、従って、角膜知覚神経の再生促進剤としても有効である。角膜知覚神経の再生促進により、角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による角膜知覚神経の傷害により生じる知覚神経障害を治療または予防することができる。より具体的には、角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による角膜知覚神経の傷害により生じる知覚低下、ドライアイの予防や治療に有効である。
投与量は、成人患者一人1回当たり有効成分の量として数百μg~2g、好ましくは5~百mg、更に好ましくは数十mg以下を用いることができ、1日1回または数回にわけて投与することができる。投与回数を減らすために徐放性製剤を用いることができ、オスモティックポンプなどで長期間にわたって少量ずつ投与することもできる。非経口投与では、成人患者一人あたり0.1~100mg/日、さらに好ましくは0.3~50mg/日の投与量が挙げられ、1日1回または数回に分けて投与することができる。投与回数を減らすために徐放性製剤を用いることもできる。
点眼剤として用いる場合には、有効成分の量として、成人患者一人あたり0.01~10w/v%、好ましくは0.05~5w/v%を用いることができ、症状に応じて1回量1~数滴を1日1~6回投与することが望ましい。後述する実施例2で明らかにされているように、式(1)で表わされるキサントン化合物は、点眼投与した場合の角膜滞留性が優れており、従って、点眼剤が好ましい剤形である。また、眼軟膏剤として用いる場合には、有効成分の量として、0.01~10w/w%、好ましくは0.1~5w/w%を用いることができ、症状に応じて1日1~6回投与することが望ましい。
これらのいずれの投与方法においても、作用部位においてセマフォリンの活性を充分に阻害する濃度になるような投与経路、投与方法を採用することが好ましい。また、本発明の角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害の治療剤または予防剤、並びに、角膜知覚神経の再生促進剤は、動物薬としての利用も可能である。当該動物の中でも、哺乳類が望ましく、ヒトが最も望ましい。
本実験には、角膜において角膜実質細胞、角膜内皮細胞および神経が、蛍光タンパク質である緑色蛍光タンパク質(Green Fluorescent Protein,GFP)を発現する、遺伝子改変マウス(P0-Cre/Floxed-EGFPマウス)を用いた。本マウスでは、一層の角膜内皮細胞を除去することで、角膜内を走行する角膜知覚神経線維を容易に観察することができる。
本マウスに、同系の野生型マウス角膜を移植し、ビナキサントン(リンデロン(1mg/mlリン酸ベタメタゾンナトリウム注射液)にて0.1mg/mLに溶解したもの)50ulを結膜下注射にて手術直後およびその後2日毎に合計11回投与した。対照群には薬剤を含まない溶媒のみを同量投与した。抜糸は術後1週間で行った。術後3週間、角膜知覚を評価した後、安楽死させ、眼球を摘出し、角膜グラフト内への神経線維の再生を比較した。角膜知覚の評価は、Cochet-Bonnet角膜知覚計を用いて、術後1週毎に角膜グラフト中央部における角膜知覚を測定した。角膜グラフト内への神経線維の再生の比較は、β3チューブリン抗体を用いた免疫染色により、β3チューブリンとGFPが二重陽性である角膜グラフト内の線維を再生神経線維とし、コンピューターの画像ソフトによりトレースし、その長さの合計を計測、ビナキサントン投与群と対照群で比較した。
図1の結果から、ビナキサントン投与群では、対照群と比較して、角膜グラフト内への神経線維の再生が、有意に促進された。
また図2の結果から、術後3週では、ビナキサントン投与群は、対照群と比較して、有意に瞬き反射の改善が認められ、角膜知覚が改善したことが判った。このことから、図1で見られた再生神経は主に角膜知覚神経であることが示唆された。
また、角膜への血管新生について、CD31抗体を用いた免疫染色による陽性線維を新生血管とし、コンピューターの画像ソフトによりトレースし、その長さの合計を計測、ビナキサントン投与群と対照群で比較した。
図3の結果から、ビナキサントン投与群では、対照群と比較して、角膜グラフト内への血管の新生は促進されなかった。
これらの結果より、ビナキサントンは、切断された角膜知覚神経の再生を促進し、またその神経機能すなわち角膜知覚の回復も促進する。さらに有害事象である角膜への血管新生は促進しないことが、明らかとなった。
ウサギ(Kbs:JW,健康,オス,体重2.00-2.49kg)に、ビナキサントンのPBS溶液(0.12Mリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4))(0.5,1.5および5.0mg/mL)各50μLを右眼角膜上に点眼投与し、30秒間閉眼させた。投与後0.5、2および6時間後に安楽死させ、摘出した眼球を生理食塩水で洗浄後、眼球から角膜を採取した。角膜をホモジナイズし、ビナキサントンを抽出し、HPLCを用いて、角膜における経時的なビナキサントンの組織内含有量・濃度を調べた。
図4、図5および図6の結果から、ビナキサントンは投与濃度・投与量依存的に角膜組織内へ移行していることが確認された。5.0mg/mL溶液の投与群においては、投与6時間後においても、角膜中に、インビトロ実験(実施例4のSema3Aのコラプス活性に対する阻害活性の実験)より得られているIC50値(75ng/mL=130nM、各図中点線で示した)を超える量で、滞留していることが、認められた。点眼投与によっても、ビナキサントンによる薬効発現に必要と考えられる角膜中濃度が得られることが明らかとなった。
この結果、ビナキサントンの投与法として、点眼投与が現実的であることが示唆された。
本発明の式(1)で表わされるキサントン化合物は、いずれも公知化合物であり、国際公開第02/09756号パンフレット(前記の特許文献1)、国際公開第03/062243号パンフレット(前記の特許文献2)、国際公開第03/062440号パンフレット(前記の特許文献3)、特開2006-335683号公報、および特開2008-13530号公報に開示されており、SPF-3059株の培養、化学的な全合成、または化学的な変換によって、得ることができる。製造方法に加え、物理化学的性質についても、これらの特許文献に記載されている。具体的には、次の通りである。
グルコース2%、ショ糖5%、綿実粉2%、硝酸ナトリウム0.1%、L-ヒスチジン0.1%、リン酸2カリウム0.05%、塩化カリウム0.07%、硫酸マグネシウム7水和物0.0014%を含み、pH7.0に調整した培地10mlを50ml容の三角フラスコに分注しオートクレーブで滅菌した。これに斜面培養したペニシリウム・エスピーSPF-3059株(FERM BP-7663)を1白金耳接種し、27℃、180rpmにて4日間回転振盪培養して前々培養とした。500ml容三角フラスコ5本に上記と同じ組成の培地を125mlずつ分注しオートクレーブで滅菌した後、上記の前々培養液を4mlずつ添加し、27℃、180rpmにて4日間回転振盪培養して前培養とした。50リットル容ジャーファーメンターに、グルコース1.43%、ショ糖3.57%、綿実粉1.43%、硝酸ナトリウム0.07%、L-ヒスチジン0.07%、リン酸2カリウム0.036%、塩化カリウム0.05%、硫酸マグネシウム7水和物0.001%、アデカノールLG-295S(旭電化製消泡剤)0.01%を含み、pH7.0に調整した培地を30リットル分注し、高圧蒸気滅菌(121℃、20分)した後、上記の前培養液を500ml添加し、27℃、400rpm、通気量15リットル/分にて9日間通気攪拌培養した。
培養終了後、培養液を10,000rpmにて10分間遠心分離して上清液と菌体に分離し、上清液画分を20リットルの酢酸エチル-蟻酸(99:1)で2回抽出した。菌体画分は30リットルのアセトンで抽出し、濾過、濃縮後、水溶液となったところで10リットルの酢酸エチル-蟻酸(99:1)で抽出した。両抽出液を混合し、減圧濃縮して粗抽出物224gを得た。粗抽出物100gを500mlのメタノールに溶解し、Sephadex(登録商標)LH-20(GEヘルスケア社)を用いるカラムクロマトグラフィーに付し、メタノールで溶出した。活性画分を集め、溶媒を減圧留去し、油状物48.8gを得た。これを400mlのメタノールに溶解し、TSKgel TOYOPERL HW-40F(東ソー)を用いるカラムクロマトグラフィーに付し、メタノールで溶出した。活性画分を集め、溶媒を減圧留去し、粗精製物21.8gを得た。これを200mgずつ2mlのジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)に溶解し、分取逆相HPLCに付した。分取逆相HPLCの条件は、カラム:Wakopak-Wakosil(登録商標)-II5C18HGprep(φ5×10cmとφ5×25cmを連結、和光純薬工業製)、溶出液A:1%蟻酸水溶液、溶出液B:メタノール、グラジエント:B液割合45%から75%へ2時間の直線的グラジエント、流速:25ml/分、検出:260nmにおける吸光度、とし、溶出液を1分ずつ分取した。
上記分取した画分を分析用HPLCで分析した。分析用HPLCの条件は、カラム:Wakopak-Wakosil(登録商標)-II5C18RS(φ4.6×150mm、和光純薬工業製)、溶出液A:1%蟻酸水溶液、溶出液B:メタノール、グラジエント:B液割合20%から67%へ71.1分間の直線的グラジエント、流速:1.3ml/分、検出:260nmにおける吸光度、とした。この分析用HPLCにおける保持時間を指標に分取用HPLCの溶出画分を集め、減圧下に溶媒を留去した後、再度分取用HPLCに付して上記と同様に精製し、さらにTSKgel TOYOPERL HW-40F(東ソー)を用いるカラムクロマトグラフィーに付して上記と同様に精製し、溶媒を減圧留去、乾燥することにより、目的の化合物の精製品を得た。
具体的に得られた化合物と、その物理化学的性状は、次の通り。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:533.0710、計算値:533.0721
・分子式:C27H16O12
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):209(40,600)、236(42,600)、283(28,500)、323(25,400)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3266、1678、1654、1623、1562、1471、1296
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.53(6H,s)、6.93(1H,s)、6.95(1H,s)、7.47(1H,s)、8.15(1H,s)、8.54(1H,s)、9.38(1H,brs)、9.89(1H,brs)、10.78(1H,brs)、11.37(1H,brs)、12.68(1H,brs)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.1、32.1、102.3、103.1、108.7、112.5、113.5、119.6、119.8、120.9、126.2、132.4、133.6、136.1、141.7、144.5、150.71、150.74、152.49、152.54、152.7、154.4、167.4、172.9、173.4、199.2、201.2
これらから化合物SPF-3059-2の構造式を次式(2)と決定した。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・分子量:560
・分子式:C28H16O13
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(positive):561(M+H)+
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(negative):559(M-H)-
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:561.0667、計算値:561.0670(C28H17O13)
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):221(35,600)、250(38,100)、276sh(25,800)、323(24,300)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3412、1665、1619、1563、1465、1427、1263
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.53(3H,s)、2.56(3H,s)、6.84(1H,d,2.1)、6.95(1H,s)、6.96(1H,d,2.1)、8.17(1H,s)、8.52(1H,s)、10.10~11.40(3H,brs)、12.71(1H,brs)、13.26(1H,brs)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.2、32.1、102.3、103.2、110.1、112.4、112.8、119.6、120.3、120.8、126.3、133.1、133.4、136.7、137.5、141.7、150.8、152.3、152.7、152.8、157.2、163.9、167.4、169.3、172.2、172.9、199.3、201.0
・溶解性:水、ヘキサンに不溶、メタノール、DMSOに可溶
これらからSPF-3059-4の構造式を次式(3)と決定した。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:577.0615、計算値:577.0619
・分子式:C28H16O14
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):229(35,800)、284(22,600)、322(21,000)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3260、1684、1626、1567、1467、1288
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.53(3H,s)、2.55(3H,s)、6.93(1H,s)、6.96(1H,s)、8.17(1H,s)、8.53(1H,s)、9.5~13.0(6H)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.1、32.1、102.26、102.32、109.9、112.4、119.6、119.8、120.3、120.9、126.3、132.5、133.4、136.2、141.2、141.7、150.4、150.8、152.1、152.68、152.73、154.5、167.4、167.5、172.5、172.9、199.1、201.1
これらから化合物SPF-3059-5(ビナキサントン)の構造式を次式(4)と決定した。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・分子量:560
・分子式:C28H16O13
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(positive):561(M+H)+
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(negative):559(M-H)-
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:561.0680、計算値:561.0670(C28H17O13)
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):232(37,400)、250sh(34,800)、285(28,000)、308sh(23,200)、360sh(9,000)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3080、1698、1608、1468、1291
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.54(3H,s)、2.55(3H,s)、6.82(1H,d,2.1)、6.87(1H,s)、6.95(1H,d,2.1)、8.22(1H,s)、8.55(1H,s)、9.50~13.50(5H,brs)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.1、32.2、102.1、103.0、109.4、112.1、113.5、119.8、120.0、121.7、126.6、132.0、133.3、135.9、136.7、141.7、150.6、152.1、153.0、155.4、157.6、162.4、167.4、167.6、172.2、172.9、199.1、201.1
・溶解性:水、ヘキサンに不溶、メタノール、DMSOに可溶
これらからSPF-3059-12の構造式を次式(5)と決定した。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・分子量:532
・分子式:C27H16O12
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(positive):533(M+H)+
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(negative):531(M-H)-
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:531.0621、計算値:531.0564(C27H17O12)
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):212(36,900)、229sh(34,500)、283(26,300)、323(21,700)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3447、1697、1629、1578、1470、1290
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.52(3H,s)、2.54(3H,s)、6.92(1H,s)、6.93(1H,s)、7.28(1H,s)、8.13(1H,s)、8.54(1H,s)、9.50~13.00(5H,brs)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.1、32.3、102.3、102.9、107.9、110.0、115.8、119.8、120.4、120.7、126.5、133.0、133.3、136.0、141.2、145.0、150.4、151.1、152.2、152.9、153.0、154.3、167.5、172.6、173.6、199.1、201.1
・溶解性:水、ヘキサンに不溶、メタノール、DMSOに可溶
これらからSPF-3059-24の構造式を次式(6)と決定した。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・分子式:C27H16O11
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(positive):517(M+H)+
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(negative):515(M-H)-
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:517.0778、計算値:517.0771(C27H17O11)
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):215(35,000)、253(35,100)、276sh(25,200)、323(23,400)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3417、1691、1625、1471、1293
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.54(6H,s)、6.82(1H,brs)、6.92(2H,brs)、7.27(1H,s)、8.14(1H,s)、8.53(1H,s)、9.5~14.0(4H,brs)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.2、32.3、102.9、103.0、107.8、109.9、113.0、115.7、120.4、120.6、126.4、133.3、133.4、136.4(2c)、145.0、151.2、152.3、152.98、153.01、157.3、164.2、169.4、172.6、173.6、199.2、201.0
・溶解性:水、ヘキサンに不溶、メタノール、DMSOに可溶
これらからSPF-3059-25の構造式を次式(7)と決定した。
・外観:クリーム色粉末
・分子量:488
・分子式:C26H16O10
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(positive):489(M+H)+
・高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(FAB-MS)m/z(negative):487(M-H)-
・高分解能高速電子衝撃質量スペクトル(HRFAB-MS)m/z(M+H)+:実測値:489.0823、計算値:489.0822(C26H17O10)
・紫外可視吸収スペクトルλmax(メタノール中)nm(ε):212(31,500)、235(30,900)、284(23,900)、324(19,500)
・赤外吸収スペクトルνmax(KBr)cm-1:3454、1694、1625、1517、1471、1293
・1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:2.53(3H,s)、2.54(3H,s)、6.91(1H,s)、6.92(1H,s)、7.27(1H,s)、7.47(1H,s)、8.11(1H,s)、8.57(1H,s)
・13C-NMR(DMSO-d6)δppm:29.1、32.2、102.9、103.0、107.9、108.5、113.3、115.7、119.8、120.7、126.3、132.7、133.5、135.8、144.6、145.0、150.8、151.1、152.5、152.9(2c)、154.7、173.3、173.6、199.1、201.2
・溶解性:水、ヘキサンに不溶、メタノール、DMSOに可溶
これらからSPF-3059-26の構造式を次式(8)と決定した。
ポリリジンを塗布した96ウェルプレート(住友ベークライト)にさらにラミニン塗布(20μg/mlのラミニン、室温1時間)を行った。各ウェルに100μlの培地(10%の牛胎仔血清、20ng/mlのNGF、100ユニット/mlのペニシリン、100μg/mlのストレプトマイシンを含むF12培地)を入れ、ここに7日齢ニワトリ胚から摘出した後根神経節を接種し、16~20時間5%CO2、37℃の条件下で培養する。その後、実施例3の各化合物を種々の濃度で培地に添加し1時間培養後、2ユニット/mlのマウスセマフォリン3A(Sema3A)を添加し、更に1時間培養した。1時間経過後、速やかに最終濃度1%になるようにグルタルアルデヒドを添加し、室温に15分間放置して組織片を固定した後、顕微鏡下で退縮した成長円錐の割合を測定した。またSema3Aを添加しないウェルを対照とした。陰性対照群(化合物、Sema3A共に不添加)の成長円錐退縮割合を(A)%、陽性対照群(化合物不添加、Sema3A添加)の成長円錐退縮割合を(B)%、試験群(各化合物及びSema3A添加)の成長円錐退縮割合を(C)%として、C=(A+B)/2となる各化合物の濃度をIC50値とした。結果を以下に示す。この結果から、実施例3の各化合物は強くセマフォリン3Aを阻害することがわかる。
Sema3A発現COS7細胞塊と7~8日齢ニワトリ胚後根神経節のコラーゲンゲル共培養(Neuroprotocols 4,116,1994)により、実施例3の各化合物が、Sema3Aに対する持続的阻害作用を示すかどうかを検討した。Sema3A発現COS7細胞塊は以下の方法で作製した。一夜培養したCOS7細胞(100000細胞/35mm培養皿)にFuGENE6トランスフェクション試薬(ロッシュ)を用いて1μgのSema3A発現プラスミドを導入した。トランスフェクション開始2.5時間経過後、トリプシンを用いてCOS7細胞を培養皿から剥離し、遠心分離により集め、200μlの培地に再懸濁した。細胞懸濁液20μlを培養皿の蓋(内側)に載置し、この蓋を反転させ20時間培養した(ハンギングドロップカルチャー)(Cell 78,425,1994)。培養後、凝集したCOS7細胞(塊)を培地に回収し、0.5mm径の大きさにトリミングした。このSema3A発現COS7細胞塊と上記後根神経節を0.5~1mmの距離を隔てて0.2%のコラーゲンゲル内に並置し、このコラーゲンゲルを、上記化合物を種々の濃度で含む培地内で、2日間5%CO2、37℃の条件下に培養した。その後、速やかに最終濃度が1%になるようにグルタルアルデヒドを添加し、室温に1時間放置して組織片を固定した後、顕微鏡下で神経突起伸長の様子を観察した。
上記コラーゲンゲル内では、Sema3A発現プラスミドを導入したCOS7細胞塊からSema3Aが分泌され濃度勾配が形成される(COS7細胞塊に近い方が高濃度)。被験化合物を含まない培地を用いた場合、神経突起はSema3A濃度が高いCOS7細胞塊が存在する方向には伸長できず、反対方向のみに伸長するが、実施例3の各化合物を培地に添加した場合の、Sema3A発現COS7細胞塊方向への神経突起伸長を観測した。
Sema3A非発現COS7細胞を用いた対照群と同様の、完全に同心円状に神経とっくが伸長している場合を+++(強いSema3A阻害効果)、ほぼ同心円状だがSema3A発現COS7細胞側への伸長がやや抑えられている場合を++、半月状にSema3A発現COS7細胞側への伸長がかなり抑えられている場合を+、Sema3A発現COS7細胞側への伸長が全く無い場合を-(Sema3A阻害効果なし)として、測定結果を次に示した。
100ml中、以下の組成物を滅菌精製水中に懸濁し、涙液と等張となる濃度でpH7.0に調製することにより、点眼剤を調製することができる。
SPF-3059-5 50mg
リン酸二水素カリウム 適量
リン酸水素二ナトリウム 適量
食塩 適量
塩化ベンゼトニウム 10mg
滅菌精製水 適量
100ml中、以下の組成物を滅菌精製水中に懸濁し、涙液と等張となる濃度でpH7.0に調製することにより、点眼剤を調製することができる。
SPF-3059-5 50mg
リン酸二水素カリウム 適量
リン酸水素二ナトリウム 適量
食塩 適量
塩化ベンゼトニウム 10mg
滅菌精製水 適量
眼軟膏剤常法に従い、次の処方で眼軟膏剤を調整することができる。
SPF-3059-5 50mg
流動パラフィン 10g
白色ワセリン 適量
眼軟膏剤常法に従い、次の処方で眼軟膏剤を調整することができる。
SPF-3059-5 50mg
流動パラフィン 10g
白色ワセリン 適量
式(1)に含まれるキサントン化合物であるSPF-3059-2、SPF-3059-5、SPF-3059-24およびSPF-3059-26、並びに、式(1)に含まれないキサントン化合物であるSPF-3059-1、SPF-3059-3、SPF-3059-9およびSPF-3059-30を100μg/mlの濃度となるようにPBS(Dulbecco’s PBS(-)、リン酸濃度10mM)中に溶解した。(化合物SPF-3059-1、SPF-3059-3、SPF-3059-9およびSPF-3059-30の構造式、製造方法および物理化学的性質については、国際公開第02/09756号パンフレット(前記の特許文献1)に記載されている。)これらの溶解液を37℃の条件下で保存し、4週間後のそれぞれの化合物の残存量をHPLCにより定量し残存率を求めることで、37℃、PBS中におけるキサントン化合物の安定性を評価した。HPLCの条件は、カラム:Wakopak-Wakosil(登録商標)-II5C18RS(φ4.6×150mm、和光純薬工業製)、溶出液A:1%蟻酸水溶液、溶出液B:メタノール、グラジエント:B液割合30%から70%へ60分間の直線的グラジエント、流速:1.0ml/分、検出:260nmにおける吸光度、とした。
PBS中におけるキサントン化合物の安定性を評価した結果を、図7に示す。図7の結果から、式(1)に含まれるキサントン化合物は4種類全てが90%以上の残存率を示した。一方、式(1)に含まれないキサントン化合物は4種類全てにおいてほぼ全量が分解した。
ビナキサントン(SPF-3059-5)およびSPF-3059-1を100μg/mlの濃度となるようにPBS(Dulbecco’s PBS(-))中に溶解した。これらの溶解液を37℃の条件下で保存し、保存開始から4週間後までの各時点において溶解液中の薬物残存量をHPLCにより定量することで残存率の経時変化を求めた。HPLCの条件は実施例10と同様とした。
PBS中におけるビナキサントン(SPF-3059-5)およびSPF-3059-1の安定性を評価した結果を、図8に示す。図8の結果から、式(1)に含まれるキサントン化合物であるビナキサントン(SPF-3059-5)は37℃、PBS中において4週間後まで96%以上が残存し、4週間以上安定であることが示された。一方、SPF-3059-1は約1週間でほぼ全量が分解した。
角膜神経傷害に対する治療では、薬剤の点眼投与が最も好ましい。このため、薬剤の点眼投与後の涙液中および/または角膜中の薬剤含量の変化の検討は重要である。この含量変化の検討は、例えば以下の試験方法に従って、行うことができる。
[試験方法]
本発明の式(1)で表される化合物(例えば、SPF-3059-5などが挙げられる。以下、本発明化合物と略す。)、および対象化合物(式(1)に含まれない化合物。例えば、前述のSPF-3059-1などが挙げられる。)について、含量変化を検討する。各化合物を0.1mg/mL~1mg/mLの濃度となるようにPBS中に溶解する。ラットの片眼に本発明化合物溶液、対象化合物溶解液、またはPBSのみを各々10μLに点眼投与する。投与から30分後、2時間後、10時間後に、ピペットにて涙液1μL~10μLを採取した後、ラットを安楽死させ眼球を摘出し、角膜を採取する。
涙液中および/または角膜中の各化合物含量は、LC-MSにて測定する。試料に0.1M HClを添加し、涙液に対しては攪拌、角膜に対してはホモジナイズを行なう。酢酸エチルを添加して、十分に攪拌して遠心を行い、上層を集める。下層にさらに酢酸エチルを添加して、上記操作を繰り返し、3回分の上層を集め、窒素ガスで乾燥した試料をLC-MS測定に用いる。
更に、本発明で用いるキサントン化合物は、リン酸緩衝液などの水溶液中において化学的に極めて安定であるため、点眼投与により涙液中または角膜中で安定であり、角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術が原因で生じる知覚神経障害の治療剤または予防剤として、また角膜知覚神経の再生促進剤として、極めて好ましい。
Claims (19)
- 式(1)において、R2またはR4のうち少なくとも一方が水酸基を表す、請求項1に記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 式(1)において、R2が水酸基を表す、請求項2に記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 式(1)において、R2およびR4が水酸基を表す、請求項2に記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 式(1)において、R1またはR3のうち少なくとも一方がカルボキシル基を表す、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 式(1)において、R3がカルボキシル基を表す、請求項5に記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 式(1)において、R1およびR3がカルボキシル基を表し、R2およびR4が水酸基を表す、請求項1に記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 角膜疾患が、角膜炎、角膜白斑、角膜感染症、角膜変性症、角膜ジストロフィ、角膜実質ジストロフィ、水疱性角膜症、円錐角膜症、角膜内皮代償不全、角膜潰瘍、神経麻痺性角膜症、糖尿病性角膜症、角膜化学症、もしくは熱症である、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 角膜外科手術が角膜移植である、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 角膜外科手術が近視矯正手術である、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 角膜外科手術が眼疾患または角膜外傷の治療に必要な角膜を対象とする角膜外科手術である、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による角膜知覚神経の傷害により生じる知覚神経障害が知覚低下である、請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による角膜知覚神経の傷害により生じる知覚神経障害がドライアイである、請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 点眼剤の形態にある、請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の治療剤または予防剤。
- 式(1)で表される化合物またはその薬学上許容される塩を有効成分として含有する、角膜知覚神経の再生促進剤。
- 角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害を治療または予防するための、請求項15に記載の再生促進剤。
- 角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害が知覚低下である、請求項16に記載の再生促進剤。
- 角膜疾患もしくは角膜外科手術による知覚神経障害がドライアイである、請求項16に記載の再生促進剤。
- 点眼剤の形態にある、請求項15~18のいずれかに記載の再生促進剤。
Priority Applications (9)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| HK14103297.8A HK1190091B (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | Therapeutic agent for corneal sensory nerve damage containing semaphorin inhibitor as active ingredient |
| US14/001,333 US20140018416A1 (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | Therapeutic agent for corneal sensory nerve damage containing semaphorin inhibitor as active ingredient |
| CN201280009762.7A CN103379906B (zh) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | 用于角膜感觉神经损伤的包含脑信号蛋白抑制剂作为活性成分的治疗剂 |
| EP12749626.3A EP2679226B1 (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | Therapeutic agent for corneal sensory nerve damage containing semaphorin inhibitor as active ingredient |
| AU2012221110A AU2012221110A1 (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | Therapeutic agent for corneal sensory nerve damage containing semaphorin inhibitor as active ingredient |
| ES12749626.3T ES2577009T3 (es) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | Agente terapéutico para daño del nervio sensorial corneal que contiene un inhibidor de semaforina como principio activo |
| CA2827869A CA2827869C (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | Therapeutic agent for corneal sensory nerve damage containing semaphorin inhibitor as active ingredient |
| JP2013501114A JP5898672B2 (ja) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | セマフォリン阻害剤を有効成分とする角膜知覚神経障害治療薬 |
| KR1020137021897A KR20140026368A (ko) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | 세마포린 저해제를 유효 성분으로서 함유하는 각막 감각 신경 상해 치료제 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011040128 | 2011-02-25 | ||
| JP2011-040128 | 2011-02-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2012115182A1 true WO2012115182A1 (ja) | 2012-08-30 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/054394 Ceased WO2012115182A1 (ja) | 2011-02-25 | 2012-02-23 | セマフォリン阻害剤を有効成分とする角膜知覚神経障害治療薬 |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140018416A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2679226B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5898672B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20140026368A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN103379906B (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU2012221110A1 (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2827869C (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2577009T3 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2012115182A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
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| CN104825249A (zh) * | 2015-04-28 | 2015-08-12 | 温州医科大学 | 一种表面介导基因治疗型人工晶状体及其制备方法 |
| CN105256059A (zh) * | 2015-11-20 | 2016-01-20 | 山东省眼科研究所 | Tuba3d基因在制备圆锥角膜诊断制品中的应用 |
| WO2017122722A1 (ja) | 2016-01-15 | 2017-07-20 | 大日本住友製薬株式会社 | 2環性複素環化合物 |
| CN113540480A (zh) * | 2021-08-17 | 2021-10-22 | 北京化工大学 | 规则配位的钴或铁掺杂的钴基电催化剂及其制备和用途 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN210092893U (zh) * | 2016-05-25 | 2020-02-18 | 米沃奇电动工具公司 | 串联连接的电池包、系统 |
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- 2012-02-23 WO PCT/JP2012/054394 patent/WO2012115182A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2012-02-23 CA CA2827869A patent/CA2827869C/en active Active
- 2012-02-23 EP EP12749626.3A patent/EP2679226B1/en active Active
- 2012-02-23 US US14/001,333 patent/US20140018416A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-02-23 AU AU2012221110A patent/AU2012221110A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-02-23 JP JP2013501114A patent/JP5898672B2/ja active Active
- 2012-02-23 KR KR1020137021897A patent/KR20140026368A/ko not_active Withdrawn
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104825249A (zh) * | 2015-04-28 | 2015-08-12 | 温州医科大学 | 一种表面介导基因治疗型人工晶状体及其制备方法 |
| CN105256059A (zh) * | 2015-11-20 | 2016-01-20 | 山东省眼科研究所 | Tuba3d基因在制备圆锥角膜诊断制品中的应用 |
| CN105256059B (zh) * | 2015-11-20 | 2019-01-18 | 山东省眼科研究所 | Tuba3d基因在制备圆锥角膜诊断制品中的应用 |
| WO2017122722A1 (ja) | 2016-01-15 | 2017-07-20 | 大日本住友製薬株式会社 | 2環性複素環化合物 |
| JPWO2017122722A1 (ja) * | 2016-01-15 | 2018-11-01 | 大日本住友製薬株式会社 | 2環性複素環化合物 |
| CN108779090A (zh) * | 2016-01-15 | 2018-11-09 | 大日本住友制药株式会社 | 2环性杂环化合物 |
| JP2020183436A (ja) * | 2016-01-15 | 2020-11-12 | 大日本住友製薬株式会社 | 2環性複素環化合物 |
| JP7019000B2 (ja) | 2016-01-15 | 2022-02-14 | 大日本住友製薬株式会社 | 2環性複素環化合物 |
| CN108779090B (zh) * | 2016-01-15 | 2022-07-26 | 住友制药株式会社 | 2环性杂环化合物 |
| CN113540480A (zh) * | 2021-08-17 | 2021-10-22 | 北京化工大学 | 规则配位的钴或铁掺杂的钴基电催化剂及其制备和用途 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP5898672B2 (ja) | 2016-04-06 |
| KR20140026368A (ko) | 2014-03-05 |
| EP2679226A1 (en) | 2014-01-01 |
| CN103379906A (zh) | 2013-10-30 |
| EP2679226B1 (en) | 2016-04-06 |
| HK1190091A1 (en) | 2014-06-27 |
| US20140018416A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
| EP2679226A4 (en) | 2014-07-09 |
| AU2012221110A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 |
| ES2577009T3 (es) | 2016-07-12 |
| CA2827869A1 (en) | 2013-08-19 |
| CA2827869C (en) | 2019-04-02 |
| CN103379906B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
| JPWO2012115182A1 (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
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