WO2012164347A1

WO2012164347A1 - Maximizing energy extraction from moving fluids a two cycle fluid driven engine

Info

Publication number: WO2012164347A1
Application number: PCT/IB2011/052355
Authority: WO
Inventors: Lawrence Brown
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2011-05-30
Filing date: 2011-05-30
Publication date: 2012-12-06
Anticipated expiration: 2013-11-30
Also published as: AU2018219990A1; AU2023200336A1; AU2011369828B2; CN104185733A; AU2016225893A1; RU2583181C2; AU2020267322A1; AU2011369828A1; RU2013158872A

Abstract

A fundamental departure from previous methods of extracting energy from moving fluids — increasing by several orders of magnitude the quantities of energy extracted over currently used methods and systems: A part of a moving mass of fluid (FIG.3A - FLOW), or large aggregate thereof, are permitted to flow into encapsulation (305); the entire flowing mass is then decelerated to zero, or nearly zero velocity, with the entire original level of energy of the moving fluids transferred to the encapsulating/decelerating (340) means or directly to energy users.

Description

MAXIMIZING ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLUIDS

BACKGROUND OF THE I NVENTION

[0003] Prior-art apparatuses for extracting the energy from masses of moving or flowing fluids generally utilize the immersion of one or more blades in a moving fluid. The blades are coupled to a rotating shaft. The extraction of the energy in the flowing fluid is attempted to be optimized by proper design and orientation of the blades.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

The portion of the energy extracted by the blades from the moving fluid is delivered by causing a shaft coupled to the blades to rotate with torque that is usually some fraction of the energy brought to the scene by the moving fluid, yet sufficient to supply some energy to the load coupled to the shaft, such as a pump, generator, or.. . Examples of such prior-art energy extraction devices are wind turbines, water turbines, steam turbines, paddle wheels, and the like.

[0004] While such prior-art extracters have a long and successful history, they are lacking in efficiency in some cases, and convenience in others. For example, a well-known Betz's law, states that a wind turbine can in theory extract only a maximum of 59% of the energy of the wind incident on the turbine. In practice the extracted energy never exceeds 70-80% of the theoretical Betz limit; thus the best one can expect from running wind turbines is between 41 -47% of the energy present. Wind turbines, like solar extracters, are intermittent, and most can actually extract energy only when the wind speed is between about 2.5 to 25 meters/second (m/s). The seasoned practitioners in the art - when pressed— admit that overall delivery expectancy from all now visible such devices will not be more than about 30% of the energy actually available for our taking from the of moving fluids incident to them . That most discouraging conviction includes tidal sea movements, and power from "hydro" origins is barely included any more in the "knowledgeable" projections of energy sources. [0005] The newest attempts to extract energy from the seas are the various "wave machines"; each uses the vertical lift of the sea wave as the input, sometimes to drive a generator directly, or to do so through various forms hydraulic or pneumatic devices.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

Because of the meager yield from each device, they are often grouped in chains or an array of units packaged into one container. [0006] P R for the whole field (an essential tool in fund raising) has become frantic, and truth is very difficult to determine. The actual results of the various attempts are so far from the loudly proclaimed ones, that the June 201 0 issue of PO PULAR M ECHAN ICS, in its excellent review of the renewables situation , takes on as "Myth No. 5 - TI DAL POW ER IS A LOST CAUSE" on page 74.

No environmental group has as yet awaken (with horror) to what our shores would look like when a serious effort to produce some of our energy needs from the various wave devices is attempted— and endless bouy's and hinged chains of large metal boxes would have scarred the near seas. Scotland has declared itself the "Saudi Arabia of Marine Power", and commendable efforts to sort out the field are in progress there. They list (via www. bwea.com/marine Note: "bwea" is now known as "REN EWABLESU K") , the "three main methods" for extracting energy from tidal or otherwise "currents", as being "Cross Flow Turbines" "Reciprocating Hydrofoils", and "Axial Turbines". Popular Mechanics states than an "array of Axial Turbines (at least 3?) "operated for more than 9000 hours" in year 2008, in New York's East River, "delivering 70,000 KWHrs"; if that is correct, than each Axial Turbine produced appx 70000/(3x9000) = 2.6 kwh . . . The "output" of such turbine is shown in an ad also pictured there as 35 kw. British Petroleum— now famous for another most unfortunate reason— has not too long ago been promoting its initials, BP, as "Beyond Petroleum". . . Then, perhaps not surprisingly, the hard headed oil men seemed to move away, in a virtual abandonment,

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E from the hope that other than fossil fuels can possibly produce even a significant portion of the world's annual 1 5,406 Tera Watt Hours electric power use...

(2004 CIA World Book) Note: 1 TWhr = 1 ,000,000,000,000 Watt Hrs.

Yet many knowledgeable sources mirror the 1 995 Report to the Office of Science and Technology of the British Commons (by the Marine Foresight Panel) , which states that if only 0.01 % of the seas energy were captured, it would equal to 5 times the entire world's need for energy. . .

[0007] The movement of masses of fluids, especially in the seas alone, CAN yield all the energy we need. This application hopes to start a movement toward far greater, more serious, energy quantity extraction from each installation, and perhaps accelerate the unavoidably coming conclusion : "YES we CAN ! become less and less fossil fuels dependent, in a major way, starting NOW... ADVANTAG ES [0008] As a sense of the magnitude of the difference between the current "main efforts", and what this application is attempting to achieve: [0009] The cross section of an array of 3 Axial Turbines (such as pictured in the Popular Mechanics review on pg 74) , placed on a common triangular frame, occupies an appx 50 ft wide, (3x1 5ft width for each turbine) , by roughly 30 ft high =1 500 sq ft rectangle facing the fluid flow. The volume of flow defined by that size rectangular cross section and the speed of flow

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E of 2.5 meters per second, at which the displayed turbines were apparently rated, has an energy content of appx 1 ,000 kw. The 3 turbines occupying it, I F RUNN ING at 1 00% efficiency non stop, CLAIM only 3x35=1 05 kw, or about one tenth (10%) ... In real life, probably about 35-50 kw for the 3, or less than one twentieth (5%) available from that portion of the fluid flow. If the efficiency of our method and systems applied for here, winds up being only 30%, we would be several times order of magnitude better the current "main method", capturing at minimum 330 kw or so. As we build actual units and measure and correct our progress, it is my sincere belief that we should arrive at between 50 and 85 % efficiencies, thus yielding between 500 kw and 850 kw from the same fluid flow segment now occupied by the three turbine array referred to as one of the current "main methods". But even if our efficiency will be only 30%, the energy our method and systems can derive from the seas makes them look like a no longer dismissible giant in renewable energy sources. And, unlike the various wave machines which would so clutter our shores and seas as to make their deployment simply not permissible, our systems can be totally submerged, invisible from shore or sea, can be placed deeper, below navigation lanes; water tight electricity production chambers can be a part of the units, if desired.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

BRI EF SUMMARY OF SOME EXAMPLE EMBODI MENTS

This Summary is not intended to identify all the key features or essential characteristics of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as determining the entire scope of the claimed subject matter. [0010] All embodiments are based on Newton's teachings for energy and momentum transfers (whether from one particle, or major aggregates there off — to another body of mass) : a selected portion of a mass of a fluid moving at its nature given velocity V is brought to a complete, or nearly complete, stop; the "stopping" device receives, is the beneficiary of, the entire Kinetic Energy— ½ m(V square)— originally possessed by that portion of the flowing fluid, and delivers that energy either directly for useful use immediately, or stores it in an energy sink for later use. [0011 ] A portion of flowing fluid is caused to enter a flow thru an enclosure (tunnel); The cross section of that "tunnel" (sq ft), and the square of velocity of the flowing fluid, determine the order of magnitude of the amount of energy which will be extracted. [0012] An obstacle of not significant mass, functioning like a sail, closing off the entire cross section of the tunnel, and mounted on a rolling trolley freely movable on at least four railroad like rails— is placed in the way of the incoming flow of fluid - and is driven like a piston within a cylinder by the flow of the incoming fluid; [0013] After the obstacle is propelled to, or near to, the current velocity of the flowing fluid, the obstacle is decelerated to zero, or near zero, velocity— causing the entire volume of the fluid within the tunnel (or any other encapsulation means) behind it— also go down to zero, or near zero velocity— yielding its all, or near all, velocity related energy to the decelerating means.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[001 ] The decelerating means can be virtually any effective system, providing that it highly efficiently receives and transfers the entire amount of the mechanical energy taken from the obstacle and the mass of the fluid trapped it in the tunnel (or other encapsulated media) behind it, directly to the user, or an energy sink from which the user(s) then take it. [0015] Two of many of such decelerating means are depicted here: one uses a rapidly shifting gear ratio between the obstacle and the output flywheel; the other permits the obstacle to be stopped by exchanging energy with a potential energy storage sink, where from user(s) then draw it. [0016] These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

BRI EF DESCRI PTION OF TH E DRAWINGS

[0017] To further clarify various aspects of some example embodiments of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific

embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which : [0018] Figure 1 illustrates a moving volume of fluid; [0019] Figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method for extracting energy from a flowing fluid; [0020] Figure 3A illustrates a top view of an energy extractor; [0021 ] Figure 3B shows a side view of the energy extractor of Figure 3A; [0022] Figure 4A illustrates a moving obstacle with louvers open; [0023] Figure 4B illustrates a moving obstacle with louvers closed; [0024] Figure 5A illustrates an end view of spool; [0025] Figure 5B illustrates a cross-sectional side view of spool ; [0026] Figure 6 illustrates a cross-sectional end view of a rotary clutch assembly; [0027] Figure 7 illustrates a CURRENTLY PREFERRED embodiment of an energy extractor, also named "A TWO CYCLE MOVING FLUIDS DRIVEN ENGINE"; [0028] Figure 8 illustrates a perspective view of an alternative energy extractor; [0029] Figure 9 illustrates an example of an energy storage and extraction device; and

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0030] Figure 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for the operation of a control; .

DETAI LED DESCRI PTION OF SOM E EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS [0031 ] Reference will now be made to the figures wherein like structures will be provided with like reference designations. It is understood that the figures are diagrammatic and schematic representations of some

embodiments of the invention, and are not limiting of the present invention, nor are they necessarily drawn to scale. [0032] Figure 1 illustrates a moving volume of fluid 1 00. In at least one implementation, a fluid is any substance that continually deforms or flows under an applied force. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. In particular, fluids display such properties as not resisting deformation, or resisting it only lightly (viscosity) and the ability to flow (also described as the ability to take on the shape of the container). Examples of fluids include liquids, such as water, and gases, such as air. [0033] One of skill in the art will appreciate that the fluid 100 has mass (M). Additionally, because the fluid 100 is moving, the fluid will have velocity (V), and associated kinetic energy (KE) which can be calculated as KE = 1 /2*M*V . In addition, the fluid contains other energy; together the energy of the fluid 100 that can be extracted is the mechanical energy of the fluid 100. One of skill in the art will also appreciate that the velocity of the fluid 100 will differ from the velocity of the individual

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E particles within the fluid 100. That is, the individual particles will have a velocity that can be different than the velocity of the fluid 100. [0034] In at least one implementation, the fluid 100 can be encapsulated. In particular, the fluid 100 can be part of a larger fluid flow which has been constrained in some way for energy extraction. For example, the larger fluid flow can include wind, river water flow, ocean currents, tides, waste water or any other fluid flow. Constraining a portion of the larger fluid flow can allow for more predictable energy extraction. [0035] Figure 1 shows that the fluid 100 can be encapsulated within a tunnel 105. One of skill in the art will appreciate, however, that the fluid 100 can be encapsulated in whatever manner is most convenient. For example, the fluid 100 can be encapsulated on all or most sides, such as in the tunnel 105. Additionally or alternatively, the fluid 100 can be encapsulated by an array of surface which is configured to retard the flow of fluid 100 or otherwise confine fluid 100 in some manner.

[0036] Figure 1 also shows that the fluid 100 can be directed at a movable obstacle

1 10. In at least one implementation, the contact between the fluid 1 00 and the movable obstacle 1 10 can shift the movable obstacle 1 1 0 along tunnel 105 between an entrance 1 15 and an exit 120. As the movable obstacle 1 10 shifts from the entrance 1 15 to the exit 120, the fluid 100 imparts mechanical energy to the movable obstacle 1 1 0. [0037] Figure 1 further shows that the mechanical energy of movable obstacle 1 1 0 and the mechanical energy of fluid 100 behind movable obstacle 1 10 can be extracted to mechanical energy by a variable coupling 125. In at least one implementation, the mechanical energy stored in variable coupling 125 can include rotational energy.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0038] In at least one implementation, variable coupling 1 25 acts weakly on the movable obstacle 1 1 0 (provides a relatively small load) at first, allowing fluid 1 00 to enter tunnel 105 at a velocity equal to or nearly equal to the velocity it would have if tunnel 1 05 and movable obstacle 1 1 0 were not present. As movable obstacle 1 1 0 is accelerated by the inflowing fluid it moves to the right toward exit 1 20 and variable coupling 1 25 increases its load or acts more strongly on the movable obstacle 1 1 0 and retards or loads the motion of the movable obstacle 1 1 0 and fluid 100 in an increasing manner. It finally brings the movement of the movable obstacle 100 and the fluid 1 00 confined behind it to a stop, as described below. [0039] I n at least one implementation, stopping the motion of the fluid within the tunnel 1 05, transfers the mechanical energy contained in the volume of fluid 1 00 through coupling 125 to a load 1 30. If load 130 is a flywheel , the mechanical energy from the fluid 1 00 is delivered to the flywheel and the speed of rotation of the flywheel is increased. I n at least one implementation, more than one load 1 30 can be connected to coupling 1 25. Other loads can be coupled within coupling 1 25, and the net result of the increased mechanical energy can be delivered to load(s) 1 30. [0040] In at least one implementation, the load 1 30 can include a generator connected to a power grid, a pump, or other energy sink. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the load 1 30 can include any device capable of retaining or using the mechanical energy transferred from the fluid 1 00. For example, load 130 can include generators, pumps, potential energy reservoirs or any other useful work performing device.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0041 ] Figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating a method 200 for extracting energy from a flowing fluid. In at least one implementation, the flowing fluid contains mechanical energy, which can be extracted to electrical energy or otherwise be used to perform work. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the moving fluid can be the moving fluid 1 00 of Figure 1 ; however, the moving fluid is not limited to the moving fluid 1 00 of Figure 1 . [0042] Figure 2 shows that the method 200 includes confining 205 a fluid. In at least one implementation , the confined fluid is a first portion of a flowing fluid. In particular, the confined fluid can include any portion of the flowing fluid which is used for energy extraction. For example, confining 205 a fluid can include placing a pipe or tunnel within the flowing fluid. I n particular, tunnels can be closed on their tops, bottoms, and sides, and open on their ends so that fluid can flow there through. Additionally or alternatively, the tunnels can be open on one or more sides if the one or more sides are not necessary for directing the moving fluid. [0043] Figure 2 also shows that the method 200 includes placing 21 0 a movable obstacle in the confined fluid. I n at least one implementation, the movable obstacle includes a first surface. In particular, the first surface can be configured to resist the flowing fluid. That is, the first surface can be configured to provide a transfer of energy whereby the flowing fluid begins to move the movable obstacle. In at least one implementation , the movable obstacle is placed in the path of the confined fluid. In particular, the confined fluid is forced to strike the first surface of the movable obstacle. Such an arrangement can allow for maximum energy transfer, as the confined fluid is prevented from flowing around the movable obstacle.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0044] Figure 2 further shows that the method 200 includes exposing 215 the first surface to the flow of the confined fluid. In at least one implementation, exposing 21 5 the first surface to the flow of the confined fluid can occur at a first location. In particular, the first location can be near where the fluid is confined. For example, if the fluid is confined in a tunnel, then the first location can be at or near the mouth of the tunnel. [0045] In at least one implementation, exposing 215 the first surface to the flow of the confined fluid includes closing one or more louvers. In particular, louvers can include a pressure resisting surface and an edge. The pressure resisting surface can be configured to align with adjacent louvers to form a surface that is substantially

impenetrable to the fluid. In contrast, the edge is configured to offer minimal resistance to the fluid. The louver can be arranged to increase or decrease resistance to the confined fluid, as desired.

[0046] In at least one implementation, the first confined fluid moves the movable obstacle. In particular, the first confined fluid increases the velocity of the movable obstacle. If the first movable obstacle remains in the confined fluid long enough, the first movable obstacle attains the velocity, or nearly the velocity, of the flowing fluid. That is, the confined fluid flows unconstrained or nearly unconstrained behind the movable obstacle. [0047] Figure 2 also shows that the method 200 can include decelerating 220 the movable obstacle. In at least one implementation, the movable obstacle is decelerated to zero or near zero velocity at a second location. Decelerating the movable obstacle transfers mechanical energy from the movable obstacle and the confined fluid to the

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E decelerating mechanism. The transferred energy can then be transformed into electrical energy or to energy in other usable forms. [0048] In at least one implementation, the method 200 can further include placing a second movable obstacle in the flowing fluid. In particular, the first movable obstacle and the second movable obstacle can be configured to move reciprocally with and against the flow of the fluid. For example, the first movable obstacle moves toward the first location while the second movable obstacle moves toward the second location and vice versa. [0049] One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. [0050] Figures 3A and 3B illustrate an energy extractor 300. Figure 3A illustrates a top view of the energy extractor 300; and Figure 3B shows a side view of the energy extractor 300. In at least one implementation, the energy extractor 300 can be used for extracting energy from a moving fluid. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the moving fluid can be the moving fluid 100 of Figure 1 ; however, the moving fluid is not limited to the moving fluid 1 00 of Figure 1 . [0051 ] Figures 3A and 3B show that the energy extractor 300 can include two tunnels 305a and 305b (collectively "tunnels 305"). In particular, the tunnels 305 can be closed on their tops, bottoms, and sides, and open on their ends so that fluid can flow

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E therethrough . Additionally or alternatively, the tunnels 305 can be open on one or more sides if the one or more sides are not necessary for directing the moving fluid. Tunnels 305 can be arranged side-by-side, as shown in Figures 3A and 3B, or one can be placed over the other.

[0052] Figures 3A and 3B show that the energy extractor 300 can include two movable obstacles 31 0a and 31 0b (collectively "movable obstacles 31 0") that are configured to move reciprocally with and against the flow of the fluid within tunnels 305. I n particular, movable obstacle 31 0b moves toward the entrance of tunnel 305b while movable obstacle 31 0a moves toward the exit of tunnel 305a and vice versa. [0053] Figures 3A and 3B show that the movable obstacles 31 0 can be supported within their respective tunnels 305 by a plurality of rollers 31 5. In particular, the rollers 31 5 can constrain the movable obstacles 31 0 within the tunnels 305 and can allow the movable obstacles 31 0 to move within the tunnels 305 with a minimum of resistance. One of skill in the art will appreciate that allowing the movable obstacles 31 0 to move with a minimum of resistance will preserve a greater amount of energy for extraction , as discussed below. [0054] Figures 3A and 3B show that the energy extractor 300 can include a guiding member 320, such as a loop of chain or cable, located in the space between tunnels

305. In at least one implementation, guiding member 320 extends the length of tunnels 305 and is supported by a pair of rotatable sprockets 325 that are located at the ends of the tunnels 305. In particular, sprockets 325 can keep the guiding member 320 taut. Additionally or alternatively, sprockets 325 can allow guiding member 320 to move easily as needed.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0055] Figures 3A and 3B shows that movable obstacles 31 0 can further include fingers 330a and 330b (collectively "fingers 330") which extend toward the space between tunnels 305 through slots 335a and 335b (collectively "slots 335") and are in contact with guiding member 320. In at least one implementation , fingers 330 and guiding member 320 work together to ensure that movable obstacles 31 0 move reciprocally with respect to one another. In particular, the motion of movable obstacles 31 0 is synchronized by guiding member 320. Finger 330a is inserted into or connected to the lower portion of guiding member 320. Fingers 330b is inserted into or connected to the upper portion of guiding member 320. Thus when movable obstacle 31 0a moves toward the exit of tunnel 305a, the lower portion of guiding member 320 also moves toward the exit; and when movable obstacle 31 0b moves toward the entrance of tunnel 305b, the upper portion of guiding member 320 also moves toward the entrance. Thus movable obstacles 31 0 are constrained to move in opposite directions, urged by guiding member 320. [0056] Figures 3A and 3B show that the energy extractor 300 can include a shaft 340 positioned outside the tunnels 305. I n particular, the shaft 340 can be near the entrance of the tunnels 305 and can extend across both tunnels 305. I n at least one implementation, shaft 340 is supported by bearings 345 affixed to rigid supports such as the outer walls of tunnels 305. Figures 3A and 3B show that shaft 340 can be connected an energy extraction and storage device 350. Energy extraction and storage device 350 is configured to extract energy as shaft 340 rotates, as discussed below.

[0057] Figures 3A and 3B show that movable obstacles 31 0a and 31 0b can contain a plurality of movable louvers 355a and 355b (collectively "louvers 355"). In at least one

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E implementation, louvers 355 are movable between closed and open positions. In particular, when movable obstacles 310 move downstream with the fluid flow, louvers 355 are closed and when movable obstacles 310 move upstream in the fluid flow, louvers 355 are open. For example, louvers 355 can include a pressure resisting surface and an edge. The pressure resisting surface can be configured to align with adjacent louvers to form a surface that is substantially impenetrable to the fluid. In contrast, the edge is configured to offer minimal resistance to the fluid. [0058] Figures 3A and 3B show that tunnels 305 can include stops 360a and 360b (collectively "stops 360") at the entrances of tunnels 305a and 305b, respectively, and stops 365a and 365b (collectively "stops 365") at the exits of tunnels 305a and 305b, respectively. In at least one implementation, stops 360 and stops 365 are located across the lower portion of the entrance and exit of tunnels 305. When movable obstacles 31 0a and 31 0b reach the end of their travel at the exit of tunnels 305, push-rods 370a and 370b (collectively "push-rods 370"), respectively, are urged against stop 365, causing louvers 355a and 325b to open, as discussed below. When movable obstacles 31 0 reach the end of their travel at the entrance of tunnels 305, push-rods 370 are urged against stop 360, causing louvers 355 to close, as discussed below.

[0059] Figures 3A and 3B show that the energy extractor 300 can include lines 375a and 375b (collectively "lines 375") attached to shaft 340 at a position near conical spools 380a and 380b (collectively "spools 380") that are coupled to shaft 340. Lines 375a and 375b are also attached to movable obstacles 31 0a and 31 0b, respectively, using brackets 385a and 385b (collectively "brackets 385"), respectively. In at least one implementation, the surfaces of spools 380 can be provided with a spiral groove to guide lines 375 and prevent slippage as lines 375 are rewound onto spools 380. [0060] One of skill in the art will appreciate that lines 375, energy extraction MAXIMIZING ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLUIDS

ATWO CYCLE FLUID DRIVEN ENGINE

and storage device 350, shaft 340 and spools 380 can form the variable coupling 125 and load 130 of Figure 1 ; however variable coupling 125 and load 130 of Figure 1 are not limited to lines 375, energy extraction and storage device 350, shaft 340 and spools

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

380. [0061 ] In at least one implementation, as either line 375a or 375b is pulled at a first rate, the effective diameter of the attached spool 380 decreases, thereby increasing the rotation of shaft 340 at an ever-increasing rate with respect to the first rate. As fluid enters tunnels 305, it will be moving at an initial velocity, V1 . As the fluid strikes movable obstacles 31 0, the velocity is reduced to a lesser velocity V2. The decrease in velocity of the fluid represents a decrease in the mechanical energy of the fluid. Since energy is conserved, this decrease in mechanical energy of the fluid is transferred through lines 375 to shaft 340, thereby increasing the mechanical energy within shaft

340. For example, if energy extraction and storage device 350 comprises a flywheel , the rotational rate of the flywheel, i .e. its mechanical energy is increased by an amount equal to the decrease in mechanical energy experienced by the slowing fluid and the movable obstacle 31 0.

[0062] By way of example, and not by limitation , the operation of the energy extractor 300 will be described. The presence of fluid flow urges movable obstacle 31 0a toward the exit (top of Figure 3A; left of Figure 3B) of tunnel 305a by the mechanical energy of the flowing fluid. Movable obstacle 31 0a exerts a tensional force

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E on line 375a which engages the locked condition of spool 380a and urges shaft 340 to rotate at increasingly higher speeds against the load imposed by energy extraction and storage device 350. The inertial resistance to such rapid increase in rotation within energy extraction and storage device 350 increases the "back pull" on the movable obstacle 310a, slowing its movement and therefore the flow of water through tunnel 305a; this combination of actions, slowing or even stopping the flow in the tunnel, while increasing the force rotating shaft 340, delivers the fluid's mechanical energy to energy extraction and storage device 350. The initial motion of movable obstacle 310a is also slowed and the mechanical energy associated with the movable obstacle's mass is also delivered to energy extraction and storage device 350. [0063] As movable obstacle 310a moves toward the exit of tunnel 305a finger 330a urges guiding member 320 to rotate. As guiding member 320 rotates, it urges finger 330b, and thereby movable obstacle 310b, to move toward the entrance of tunnel 305b. As movable obstacle 31 0b moves toward the entrance of tunnel 305b, 380b rotates on shaft 340, as described below, whereupon line 375b is wrapped around spool 380b. [0064] When movable obstacle 310a reaches stop 365a, push-rods 370a cause louvers 355a on movable obstacle 31 0a to open, as described below. At the same time, push-rods 370b are urged against stop 360b, thereby closing louvers 355b on movable obstacle 310b, as described below. The flow now exerts force against movable obstacle 31 0b, urging it toward the exit of tunnel 305b and turning shaft 340, thereby delivering mechanical energy to energy extraction and storage device 350. This cycle repeats indefinitely.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0065] The full mechanical energy of the movable obstacle and fluid is extracted from them as they are brought to a full stop, as described below in connection with energy extraction and storage energy extraction and storage device 350. The rotational energy communicated to energy extraction and storage device 350 by line 375a, spool 380a, and shaft 340 when movable obstacle 310a is decelerated as it moves downstream. The same occurs with line 375b, cone 380b, and shaft 340 when movable obstacle 310b is decelerated as it moves downstream. These rotational energies are extracted by energy extraction and storage device 350 to rotary energy for generators or the like. [0066] When the movable obstacle with closed louvers moves within a tunnel, which may be from a few feet to any length deemed best for the given installation (with flow velocity as one tunnel length determinator), all the fluid behind the movable obstacle is trapped and moves with the same velocity as the movable obstacle. Thus the well-known relationship between kinetic energy, mass, and velocity applies, i.e., the extracted kinetic energy is equal to one-half times the total mass of the movable obstacle 310 and trapped fluid times the difference between the initial, highest velocity of the fluid and movable obstacle 310 squared, and the final velocity of the fluid and movable obstacle 310 squared. This kinetic energy is delivered to energy extraction and storage device 350, as described below. [0067] Fluid moving through tunnels 305a or 305b from entrance to exit while the louvers 355a or 355b on either movable obstacle 310a or 310b are open represents a drag on the movable obstacles 310 when they are returning toward shaft 340. This drag on the returning movable obstacle reduces the overall efficiency of the energy

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E extractor 300. This decrease in performance can be avoided by providing additional louvers 390a and 390b (collectively "louvers 390) at the entrances to tunnels 305a and 305b, respectively. These additional louvers 390 prevent the flow of the fluid against the returning movable obstacles 310. Louvers 390 can be motor driven and controlled by control 395a and 395b (collectively "controls 395") or they can be connected to the same parts and activated in concert with the louvers 355. [0068] Louver assemblies 390a and 390b operate as follows: When movable obstacle 310a is moving toward the entrance to tunnel 305a, louvers 355a on movable obstacle 310a are open and louver assembly 390a is closed, thereby preventing any flow of fluid against movable obstacle 310a as it returns to the entrance of tunnel 305a. When movable obstacle 310a is moving away from the entrance of tunnel 305a, louvers 355a on movable obstacle 310a are closed and louver assembly 390a is open, permitting the full force of fluid flow against movable obstacle 310a and entrance of fluid into tunnel 305a. Closing the entrance to the tunnel while movable obstacle 310a is returning to the entrance stops the flow of water into the tunnel and prevents most of impingement by the fluid against movable obstacle 31 0a. Louvers 390b perform similarly for movable obstacle 310b in tunnel 305b. This action can actually increase the flow velocity in the open tunnel, adding to the mechanical energy available for extraction. [0069] Figures 4A and 4B illustrate a moving obstacle, such as moving obstacle 31 0 of Figures 3A and 3B. Figure 4A illustrates a moving obstacle with louvers 355 open; and Figure 3B illustrates a moving obstacle 31 0 with louvers 355 closed. In at least one

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E implementation , the moving obstacle 31 0 can be used to transfer mechanical energy from a flowing fluid, as described below. [0070] Figures 4A and 4B that louvers 355 are rotatably connected to a finger 405. In at least one implementation , fingers 405 are rotatably connected to a bar 41 0. When bar 41 0 is in its lower position, fingers 405 and louvers 355 have rotated clockwise, placing louvers 355 in their "open" position. When bar 41 0 is in its upper position, fingers 405 and louvers 355 have rotated counter-clockwise, placing louvers 355 in their "closed" position. [0071 ] Movable obstacles 31 0 further include movable push-rod assemblies 370.

When push-rods 370 are urged toward movable obstacles 31 0, bar 41 0 is urged downward, placing louvers 355 in their open position. When push-rods 370 are urged toward movable obstacles 31 0, bar 41 0 is urged upward, placing louvers 355 in their closed position. When louvers 355 are open , they provide minimal resistance to the fluid and it flows freely between them . When louvers 355 are closed, they prevent fluid flow between them and the pressure of the fluid against louvers 355 tends to hold them in their closed position. [0072] Figures 5A and 5B illustrate an expanded view of spool 380. Figure 5A illustrates an end view of spool 380 ; and Figure 5B illustrates a cross-sectional side view of spool 380. One of skill in the art will appreciate that spool 380 can provide a variable coupling , such as variable coupling 125 of Figure 1 ;

however variable coupling 1 25 of Figure 1 is not limited to spool 380. [0073] Figures 5A and 5B show that spool 380 can include an outer conical section that rotates on a shaft 340. A coil spring 505 is housed within an open region 51 0 in

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E spool 380. Spring 505 encircles shaft 340. At its inner end, spring 505 is secured to shaft 340 by a captive connection 515 such as a weld, screw, clip, or the like. Spring 505 is secured to spool 380 by a similar connection 520. Thus as shaft 340 rotates within spool 380 spring 505 winds more or less tightly around shaft 340. Spring 505 is pre-tensioned so that when there is no relative rotational force applied to spool 380 and shaft 340, spring 505 assumes a rest position. The rest position can be either tightly wound or strongly unwound, depending on the pretensioning of spring 505. [0074] Figures 5A and 5B also show that spool 380 can include a one-way, rotary clutch assembly 525. Clutch assembly 525 permits spool 380 to rotate in only one direction on shaft 340, as described below. Spring 505 is oriented and pre-tensioned so that when spool 380 has rotated a predetermined number of times and is then released, spring 505 will urge spool 380 to return to its original rotational position with respect to shaft 340. [0075] Figure 6 illustrates a cross-sectional end view of a rotary clutch assembly

525. In at least one implementation, rotary clutch assembly 525 is included within spool

380. Clutch 525 comprises an outer sleeve 605, an inner shaft 610, a plurality of cylindrical pins 615, and a plurality of compression springs 620 that urge pins 61 5 against sleeve 605. In some designs, pins 61 5 are replaced by balls. When shaft 610 is rotated counter-clockwise, sleeve 605 frictionally urges pins 615 against springs 620. When springs 620 are compressed, pins 61 5 supply a loose fit between shaft 61 0 and sleeve 605 and shaft 61 0 is free to rotate within sleeve 605. When shaft 610 is rotated clockwise, springs 620 urge balls 61 5 against sleeve 605, forming a wedge that locks shaft 610 and sleeve 605 together, preventing any relative rotation between the two.

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

[0076] Figure 7 illustrates an example of an alternative energy extractor 700. In at least one implementation, the energy extractor 300 can be used for extracting energy from a moving fluid. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the moving fluid can be the moving fluid 100 of Figure 1 ; however, the moving fluid is not limited to the moving fluid 100 of Figure 1 . [0077] Figure 7 depicts the currently preferred embodiment; it shows that the energy extractor 700 can include two or more adjacent tunnels 705a and 705b (collectively "tunnels 705") placed in the moving fluid. In particular, the tunnels 705 can be closed on their tops, bottoms, and sides, and open on their ends so that fluid can flow there through. Additionally or alternatively, the tunnels 705 can be open on one or more sides if the one or more sides are not necessary for directing the moving fluid. Tunnels 705 can be arranged side-by-side, as shown in Figures 7A and 7B, or one can be placed over the other. [0078] Figure 7 also shows that the energy extractor 700 includes rails 710a and 710b (collectively "rails 710") placed within tunnels 705a and 705b, In at least one

implementation, rails 710 are substantially parallel to the flow of fluid within tunnels 705. In particular, tunnels 705 can direct the flow of the fluid and rails 71 0 can be aligned with the direction of the fluid flow. [0079] Figure 7 further shows that the energy extractor 700 can include movable obstacles 715a and 715b (collectively "movable obstacles 715") within tunnels 705a and 705b, respectively. In at least one implementation, the movable obstacles 715 are configured to move reciprocally with and against the flow within tunnels 705. In

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E particular, movable obstacle 71 5b moves toward the entrance of tunnel 705b while movable obstacle 71 5a moves toward the exit of tunnel 705a and vice versa. [0080] Figures 7 also shows that the movable obstacles 71 5a and 71 5b can be supported within their respective tunnels 705 by roller trolleys 720a and 720b (collectively "roller trolleys 720") , respectively. In particular, the roller trolleys 720 can constrain the movable obstacles 71 5 within the tunnels 705 and can allow the movable obstacles 71 5 to move within the tunnels 705 with a minimum of resistance. One of skill in the art will appreciate that allowing the movable obstacles 71 5 to move with a minimum of resistance will preserve a greater amount of energy for extraction . [0081 ] Figure 7 further shows that a guiding member 725, such as a loop of chain or cable, can be located in the space between tunnels 705. In at least one implementation, guiding member 725 extends the length of tunnels 705 and is supported by a pair of rotatable sprockets 730 that are located at the ends of the tunnels 705. In particular, sprockets 730 can keep the guiding member 725 taut. Additionally or alternatively, sprockets 730 can allow guiding member 725 to move easily as needed. [0082] Figure 7 also shows that movable obstacles 71 5a and 71 5b can contain a plurality of movable louvers 735a and 735b (collectively "louvers 735") . In at least one implementation, louvers 735 are movable between closed and open positions. In particular, when movable obstacles 71 5 move downstream with the fluid flow, louvers 735 are closed and when movable obstacles 71 5 move upstream in the fluid flow, louvers 735 are open . For example, louvers 735 can include a pressure resisting surface and an edge. The pressure resisting surface can be configured to align with adjacent louvers to form a surface that is substantially

impenetrable to the fluid. In contrast, the edge is configured to offer minimal resistance to the fluid. [0083] Figure 7 further shows that movable obstacle 715a and 71 5b can include bumpers MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

740a and 740b (collectively "bumpers 740"), respectively. In at least one implementation, bumpers 740a and 740b can make contact with decelerators 745a and 745b (collectively "decelerators 745"), respectively. In particular, bumpers 740 can prevent any contact between movable obstacles 715 and decelerators 745 from damaging movable obstacles 71 5. [0084] In at least one implementation, decelerators 745 are configured to decelerate the movable obstacles 745. In particular, the decelerators are attached to rails 710. Thus, the decelerators 745 can capture the mechanical energy of the movable obstacles 715 and the encapsulated fluid propelling the movable obstacles 715. For example, the decelerators 745 can include springs and other potential energy storing sytems, or other devices that are configured to decelerate the movable obstacles 715, a variety of which will occur to those in the art. [0085] Figure 7 also shows that decelerators 745a and 745b are attached to racks 750a and 750b (collectively "racks 750"), respectively. In at least one implementation, rack 750a is supported between support roller 755a and one-way clutch gear 760a and rack 750b is supported between support roller 755b and one-way clutch gear 760b. As the bumpers 740 contacts and deforms decelerators 745, gears 760 and rack 755 retain the decelerator 745 in the deformed position, (arrested by a ratchet 751 or the like), thus retaining the mechanical energy imparted to the decelerator 745. As the obstacle 71 5b begins its return toward tunnel 705b entrance, and the bumper 740 has achieved

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E enough clearance from the deformed decelerator 745b, the further movement of obstacle 715b releases the ratchet 751 via tension in cable 752, which connects the obstacle 715 to ratchet 751 . That release causes the decelerator 745b to "fire" by springing back to its non deformed position. [0086] That rapid expansion yanks rack 750b toward the tunnel 705b entrance, which in turn spins one way clutch gear 760b (here counterclockwise), and deposits the energy taken by decelerator 745b from the deceleration of both the obstacle 71 5b and the mass of the fluid trapped in the tunnel 705b behind it— in the output shaft 340. [0087] Figure 7 shows that shaft 340 can be connected to a flywheel 765. Flywheel 765 can, in turn, be connected, thru an infinitely variable clutch 775 if desirable, to a load, where the rotation energy is extracted to electrical energy or other useable energy. The flywheel 765 and thereto connected elements can be placed in a water tight enclosure, with shaft 340 entering it thru a standard water tight rotational seal ; a small air pump can be added to keep the interior of said enclosure at a pressure slightly higher than the fluids outside to keep the interior dry. [0088] Figure 8 illustrates a perspective view of an alternative energy extractor 800. In at least one implementation, the energy extractor 800 can be used in fluids that ebb and flow, such as oceanic tides, winds that change direction, and the like. A movable obstacle 805 is constrained to move within a framework 810 that is contained within a tunnel 81 5, indicated by dashed lines. Movable obstacle 805 is supported by a plurality of rollers 820. Movable obstacle 805 includes a first surface 825a and a second surface 825b opposite the first surface. In at least one implementation, the movable obstacle 805 is moved a first direction by fluid flow in the first direction which pushes on the first surface 825a. When the direction of fluid flow reverses, the movable obstacle is moved in a second direction by fluid flow in the second direction which pushes on the second surface 825b. [0089] Figure 8 MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

shows that the energy extractor 800 can include a shaft 240 which is supported by bearings 245 mounted on frame 810. In at least one implementation, shaft 240 is connected to an energy storage and extraction device 350 that either stores energy it receives or can extract the energy to electrical energy or energy in other usable forms. [0090] Figure 8 also shows that the energy extractor 800 can include a pair of conical spools 380a and 380b mounted on shaft 830. In at least one implementation, spools 380a and 380b operate to store the mechanical energy imparted by the confined fluid to the movable obstacle, as described above. A pair of lines 375a and 375b are secured to sail 805 by brackets 385a and 385b at one end. At the other end, lines 375a and 375b are secured to spools 380a and 380b, respectively. [0091] Figure 8 further shows that energy extractor 800 can include a turntable 830. In at least one implementation, the turntable 800 can support the energy extractor in order to rotate it into the most favorable orientation with respect to flow of the fluid through tunnel 815. A pair of submergible catamaran hulls 835 can be used to aid in aligning tunnel 81 5 with the fluid flow. An optional drive source 840, taking directional commands from a weather vane-like device submerged in the fluid, can be used to orient tunnel 815 with the fluid flow. [0092] In operation, movable obstacle 805 traverses back and forth within tunnel 815 in response to the flow of fluid in and out of tunnel 815. Spools 380a and 380b operate

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E alternately to turn shaft 240 and rewind lines 375b and 375a, as described above. As described above, the mechanical energy derived from slowing the motion of movable obstacle 805 is also delivered to device 350 along with the mechanical energy contribution from the decelerating fluid. [0093] Figure 9 illustrates an example of an energy storage and extraction device

350. In at least one implementation, the energy storage and extraction device 350 can be used to increase the torque required to turn shaft 340. In particular, it acts with the increasing diameter of spools 380 to slow the motion of movable obstacles. By slowing the motion of the movable obstacles, the mechanical energy present in the motion of the mass including the movable obstacle and the fluid confined behind the movable obstacle is reflected in increasing torque applied to shaft 340. This increased torque is absorbed by energy storage and extraction device 350. [0094] Figure 9 shows that energy storage and extraction device 350 can include a gear 905 secured to shaft 340. In at least one implementation, gear 905 drives gear 910; gear 91 0 is supported on a shaft 915 and a flywheel 920. Shaft 91 5 drives a generator 925a whose output is connected to a load 930. Shaft 915 continues through generator 925a and passes through a clutch 935 and a second generator 925b and a predetermined number of subsequent clutches 935b generators 925c. Although shaft 915 passes through the second generator 925b, it is coupled to generator 925b only when clutch 935 is activated. I .e., when clutch 935 is not activated, shaft 915 rotates as it passes through generator 925b without turning the rotor within generator 925b. Thus when clutch 935 is not activated, generator 925b does not deliver any power to load 930, nor does it constitute a torque load on shaft 915. When clutch 935 is activated, MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E shaft 91 5 turns the rotor within generator 925b and causes it to deliver power to load 930, while simultaneously providing an additional torque load on shaft 91 5. [0095] In at least one implementation, flywheel 920 stores mechanical energy and, along with generator 925a provides the initial inertial resistance to the acceleration that spools 380 attempt to impose. Clutches 935 are electrically activated by a control unit

940. Clutches 935 are coupled to generators 925b through 925c which are mounted to freewheel on shaft 91 5. When instructed by control 940, clutches 935 are either connected to shaft 91 5 and apply torque to the shafts of generators 925a, or they coast on shaft 91 5 and apply no torque to generators 925a. When a clutch 935 is rotationally coupled to shaft 91 5, generator 925a turns and generates electrical current which is added to load 930, adding to the rotation of shaft 91 5. As control 940 activates additional clutches 935, additional generators 925a apply more current to load 930, causing more torsional resistance on shaft 91 5. Load 930 can be a power grid, a pump or any of a number of other devices that is arranged to use electrical energy. [0096] Fig 9 shows that the energy storage and extraction device 350 can include a speed and position sensor 945. Sensor 945 can include absolute position optical or magnetic encoders for example. Sensor 945 measure the position and speed of movable obstacles and confined fluids. Sensor 945 is connected to control unit 940 that is arranged to activate clutches 935 under predetermined conditions. [0097] In at least one implementation, as movable obstacles begin to move under the influence of a flowing fluid, the drag exerted by energy storage and extraction device 350 is small . This permits fluid to flow at or near the speed of the unimpeded flow. As movable obstacles reach the end of their travel, it is desirable to slow their velocity to

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E nearly zero in order to transfer to shaft 340 the maximum amount of the change in the mechanical energy in the mass of the energy extractor, and in the mass of the fluid trapped behind them, to the shaft 340. As a result, more generators 925 are brought on line, thereby increasing power delivered to load 930 while adding resistance to the torque applied to shaft 340, and slowing the motion of the movable obstacles. [0098] Figure 1 0 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for the operation of control 940. At the start, block 1000, control 940 is reset. Next, sensor is read, block 1005, and the position and speed of movable obstacles are determined. If the speed at any predetermined position is too high, block 1010, control 940 activates one of clutches, coupling one generator to shaft 915, block 1015, and the sensors are read again, block 1 005. If the speed at any predetermined position is too slow, block 1 020, control disengages one of clutches 940, disconnecting one generator, block 1025, and the sensors are read again, block 1005. If the speed of movable obstacles is neither too fast nor too slow and the movable obstacles are not at the end of their travel, block 1030, the sensors are read again, block 1 005, and the loop continues. If the movable obstacles are at the end of their travel, block 1 030, control 940 is reset, block 1035, and the sensors are read again, block 1005. The progress through the instructions and queries in Fig 1 0 continues indefinitely during the operation of the embodiments. [0099] Figures 1 1 A, 1 1 B and 1 1 C illustrate an example of a flow direction sensing switch 1 1 00. In at least one implementation, the flow direction sensing switch 1 1 00 can detect the direction in which a fluid is flowing and configure an energy extractor accordingly. In particular, the switch 1 10 can ensure that an energy extractor is maximizing the amount of energy extracted by adjusting portions of the energy

MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E extractor, and constitutes a self sensing ability for— for example— changes in fluid flow direction during reversal of tide flow. [00100] Clearly the device in Fig 7 would be modified to have the decelerators so located, or modified in activation, that the obstacles 71 5 would be able to deposit the energy carried into the tunnels by the moving fluids on either end of the tunnel— as the tide changes relocate the entrance to the tunnels from one end to the other. Such or similar modification— in conjunction with Figs 1 1 A, 1 1 B, and 1 1 C, permit and automatic non stop functioning of the energy extraction from moving fluids, regardless of direction of the, for example, tidal direction . This can also be achieved by placing the apparatus on a railroad like rotunda, and leaving the embodiment functioning unidirectionally, as shown and described above. [00101 ] Figures 1 1 A, 1 1 B and 1 1 C show that the switch 1 100 can include two paddles 1 105a and 1 1 05b (collectively "paddles 1 1 05") . In at least one implementation , the paddles 1 1 05 are oriented such that when one paddle is exposed to a flowing fluid, the other paddle offers minimal resistance to the flowing fluid. In particular, the paddles 1 1 05 can be oriented perpendicular to one another such that one paddle is exposed to the fluid flow while another paddle is edge on to the fluid flow. Figure 1 1 B shows that when the first paddle 1 1 05a is exposed to the flow the second paddle 1 1 05b offers little resistance to the flow. Figure 1 1 C shows that when the second paddle 1 1 05b is exposed to the flow the first paddle 1 1 05a offers little resistance to the flow. [00102] Figures 1 1 A, 1 1 B and 1 1 C also show that the switch 1 1 00 can include a shaft 1 1 1 0. In at least one implementation, the shaft 1 1 1 0 is rotated by the paddles 1 1 05 when the flow direction changes. In particular, the paddles 1 105 are attached to the shaft 1 1 1 0. When the flow changes direction , the shaft 1 1 1 0 is rotated, changing the orientation of the shaft 1 1 1 0. One of skill in the art will appreciate that if the shaft 1 1 1 0 is constrained to only rotate 90 degrees, then one of the paddles MAXIM IZI NG ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM MOVING FLU IDS

A TWO CYCLE FLU ID DRIVEN ENGIN E

1 1 05 will always be exposed to the flow and the other will always be edge on to the flow [00103] Figures 1 1 A, 1 1 B and 1 1 C show that the switch 1 1 00 can include two activating knobs 1 1 1 5a and 1 1 1 5b (collectively "activating knobs 1 1 15") attached to shaft 1 1 1 0. In at least one

implementation, the activation knobs 1 1 1 5 are configured such that they can determine whether the louvers 355 within a movable obstacle 31 0 open or close when the movable obstacle 31 0 is urged against the switch 1 1 00. In particular, if the fluid flow is in the direction shown in Figure 1 1 B then the activation knob 1 1 1 5a will come in contact with lever arm 1 1 20a, closing the louvers. I n contrast, if the fluid flow is in the direction shown in Figure 1 1 C, then the activation knob 1 1 1 5b will come in contact with lever arm 1 1 20b, opening the louvers. [00104] The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential

characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description . All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Claims

claims

2. A method for extracting mechanical energy from moving fluid masses, the method comprising: encapsulating means Into which the incoming fluid enters

decelerating means, wherein the decelerating means reduces the velocity of the encapsulated fluid to near zero velocity transfemng all or nearly all of the mechanical energy originally in the incoming fluid to the decelerating means.

2. The method of claim 1, in which the decelerating means is an inertiai energy sink.

3. The method of dalm 1, in which the decelerating means is a potential

energy sink.

4_ The system for extracting energy from moving fluids, providing an encapsulation means

wherein the encapsulating means includes:

a movable partition, wherein the movable partition Includes a surface; wherein the movable partition Is configured to be placed In a flowing fluid so that the flowing fluid tends to move the movable partition downstream; relocation means, wherein the relocation means includes an upstream end and a downstream end;

3S wherein the movable partition is attached to the relocation means; a first guide means, wherein the first guide means orients the surface of the movable partition substantially perpendicular to the flow of the flowing fluid at the upstream end of the relocation means; wherein the movable partition moves downstream along the relocation means in the flowing fluid from the upstream end to the downstream end; and a second guide means, wherein the second guide means orients the surface of the movable partition substantially parallel to the flow of the flowing fluid at the downstream end of the relocation means; wherein the movable partition moves upstream along the relocation means in the flowing fluid upstream from the downstream end to the upstream end.

Wherein the movable partition contains a connection to the decelerating means.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the decelerating means Includes:

connection means, wherein the connection means transfers energy from the movable partition and the flowing fluid to an energy sink.

6. The system of claim 4, further comprising: providing a tunnel; and

placing the movable partition, the relocation means, the first guide means and the second guide means within the tunnel

wherein the tunnel is oriented so that the flowing fluid within the tunnel causes the movable partition to move along the relocation means.

7. The system of claim 4, further comprising:

a second tunnel; and

a second movable partition, wherein the second movable partition is placed in the second tunnel.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein: the first movable partition moves upstream when the second movable partition moves downstream; and the first movable partition moves downstream when the second movable partition moves upstream.

9. The system of claim 5, further comprising a set of louvers at the

entrance of the tunnel, wherein the set of louvers are configured to: be open if the movable partition is moving downstream; and be closed if the movable partition is moving upstream.

10. The system of claim 6, further comprising a rotatable support, wherein the rotatable support allows the axis of the tunnel to be reoriented

11 .The system of claim 5 wherein the energy sink Includes one of: flywheel

pumps; or

generators.

12. The system of claim 4 further comprising a second movable partition.

13. The system of claim 4 further comprising one or more pivots, wherein the one or more pivots connect the movable partition to the relocats.

14. The system of claim 4 further comprising one or more rollers, wherein the one or more rollers are configured to facilitate movement of the movable partition along the first guide means and the second guide means.

15. A system of claim 4 wherein the connection means Includes:

a shaft, wherein the shaft includes:

a spool having a spring; and

a one-way clutch; and a line, wherein;

the first end of the tine Is attached 'co the shaft and arranged to wind onto and off of the spool; the second end attached to the movable partition

wherein: 12/164347

movement of the movable partition in a first direction unwinds the line from the spool and the dutch grips said shaft, thereby urging said shaft to rotate; and movement of the movable partition in a second direction the spring causes the line to be rewound on to the spool and the clutch is disengaged from the shaft.

16. The system of daim 15, wherein the spool is conical in shape, wherein the conical shape acts as a variable gear ratio between tile movement of the movable partition and the rotation speed of the shaft.

17. The system of claim 4 wherein the movable partition indudes releasing means, wherein the releasing means releases the flowing fluid pushing against the surface of i^'he movable partition when the movable partition reaches the downstream end.

18. The system of daim 17 wherein the releasing means includes a movable louver.

19. The system of claim 4 further comprising: a sensor, wherein

sensor is configured to monitor speed and position of the movable partition; and a control unit, wherein the control unit can adjust the load on the movable partition.