WO2012035881A1 - 気相発熱反応方法及び気相発熱反応装置 - Google Patents
気相発熱反応方法及び気相発熱反応装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012035881A1 WO2012035881A1 PCT/JP2011/066688 JP2011066688W WO2012035881A1 WO 2012035881 A1 WO2012035881 A1 WO 2012035881A1 JP 2011066688 W JP2011066688 W JP 2011066688W WO 2012035881 A1 WO2012035881 A1 WO 2012035881A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/20—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium
- B01J8/22—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium gas being introduced into the liquid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/28—Molybdenum
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C253/24—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C255/06—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic and unsaturated carbon skeleton
- C07C255/07—Mononitriles
- C07C255/08—Acrylonitrile; Methacrylonitrile
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00115—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles
- B01J2208/00141—Coils
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00796—Details of the reactor or of the particulate material
- B01J2208/00893—Feeding means for the reactants
- B01J2208/00902—Nozzle-type feeding elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/88—Molybdenum
- B01J23/887—Molybdenum containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/8876—Arsenic, antimony or bismuth
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for carrying out a gas phase exothermic reaction using a fluidized bed reactor and an apparatus for the method.
- Fluidized bed technology has been applied to various manufacturing technologies since it was developed in the late 19th century.
- Main industrial applications of fluidized beds include coal gasification furnaces, FCC plants, acrylonitrile production plants by propylene ammoxidation, polyethylene gas phase polymerization plants, and maleic anhydride production plants.
- the fluidized bed reactor can be easily removed or added to the reaction heat, so that the inside of the bed can be maintained at a uniform temperature, the high concentration gas in the explosion range can be treated, and the productivity is high. Future applications and improvements are expected.
- a fluidized bed reactor that performs a gas phase exothermic reaction has a heat removal pipe inside, removes heat of reaction by circulating water and steam, and controls the reaction temperature.
- Patent Document 1 As an invention relating to temperature adjustment of a fluidized bed reactor, for example, in Patent Document 1, when aliphatic acid having 4 or more carbon atoms is supplied to a fluidized bed reactor to produce maleic anhydride by a gas phase oxidation reaction, A method is described in which a heat removal tube is installed so that the temperature of the dilute layer in the fluidized bed reactor is lower than the temperature of the rich layer.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that a gas phase exothermic reaction is performed using a fluidized bed reactor including a heat removal pipe to which a refrigerant is supplied at a steady speed and a heat removal pipe to which a refrigerant is supplied at a variable speed. A method of controlling is described.
- Reaction temperature is one of the important control factors when operating a fluidized bed reactor. Stabilization of the reaction temperature is an essential matter from the viewpoint of maintaining the reaction yield of the target product at a high level and from the viewpoint of safe operation.
- the reaction temperature is controlled by passing a refrigerant through a heat removal pipe installed inside the reactor.
- the focus has been on the improvement of a heat removal system comprising a heat removal tube and its usage.
- the temperature is controlled only by the heat removal tube, in the case of a reaction with a large calorific value or a reaction in which the temperature in the reactor needs to be precisely controlled, it is attached to the inside and outside of the reactor. It was found that the burden on the equipment is too heavy. Therefore, further development of a temperature control method capable of precisely controlling the reaction temperature is desired.
- the heat generation amount and heat removal amount are adjusted to prevent the temperature in the reactor from greatly deviating from the target temperature. It has been found that the reaction can proceed in a form close to the reaction conditions, and the present invention has been achieved.
- the present invention is a gas phase exothermic reaction method and a gas phase exothermic reaction device as described below.
- a dispersion device for a source gas and a plurality of heat removal pipes are provided in the fluidized bed reactor, the raw material gas is supplied to the fluidized bed reactor through the dispersion device, and the raw material gas is removed while removing heat from a part of the heat removal pipes.
- a gas phase exothermic reaction A method of changing the flow rate of the source gas based on a change rate of a necessary heat removal amount with respect to a change in reaction temperature in the gas phase exothermic reaction and / or a change rate of a heat removal amount by the heat removal pipe.
- the required heat removal amount at the target temperature T ° C. is Qc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal pipe is Qu
- the required heat removal amount is aQc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is bQu
- the control valve is closed and the flow rate of the source gas is set to (b / a) F or less
- the adjustment valve is opened and the flow rate of the source gas is set to (n / m) F or more.
- any one of the vapor phase exothermic reaction methods Prior to the gas phase exothermic reaction and / or during the gas phase exothermic reaction, the reaction temperature is kept constant with the amount of refrigerant supplied to the plurality of heat removal tubes and the flow rate of the source gas being constant.
- the gas phase exothermic reaction method according to the above [1] which includes a step of obtaining a change rate of the necessary heat removal amount for each change amount and a change rate of the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube.
- the fluidized bed reactor is provided with an introduction pipe for the source gas, and a regulation flow path branched from the introduction pipe and provided with a regulating valve, and the flow of the source gas through the introduction pipe and the regulation flow path
- the gas phase exothermic reaction method according to any one of the above [1] to [5], which is supplied to a layer reactor.
- a second adjustment valve is provided in the adjustment flow path, Set the target temperature T ° C. of the gas phase exothermic reaction, the raw material gas flow rate F, the temperature (T + ⁇ ) ° C. and (T ⁇ ) ° C.
- the raw material gas flow rate from the raw material gas introduction pipe is adjusted to be constant at (1- ⁇ ) F, the raw material gas flow rate from the adjustment flow path is ⁇ F,
- the required heat removal amount at the target temperature T ° C. is Qc, the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is Qu,
- the required heat removal amount is aQc, the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is bQu,
- the second control valve is closed and the flow rate of the source gas is set to (b / a) F or less
- the second control valve is opened to set the flow rate of the source gas to (n / m) F or more.
- gas phase exothermic reaction is an ammoxidation reaction
- the raw material gas is propane and / or isobutane
- the target product is acrylonitrile and / or methacrylonitrile.
- Gas phase exothermic reaction method Any one of [1] to [9] above, wherein the gas phase exothermic reaction is an ammoxidation reaction, the raw material gas is propylene and / or isobutylene, and the target product is acrylonitrile and / or methacrylonitrile. Gas phase exothermic reaction method.
- the necessary heat removal amount at the target temperature T ° C. is Qc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is Qu
- the required heat removal amount at the set temperature (T + ⁇ ) ° C. is aQc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is bQu
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is nQu
- the regulating valve is closed and the flow rate of the raw material gas is adjusted to (b / a) F or less
- the control valve is opened, and the flow rate of the source gas is adjusted to (n / m) F or higher.
- a source gas adjusting flow path branched from the source gas introduction pipe; A second adjustment valve for adjusting the flow rate of the source gas attached to the source gas adjustment flow path; Further comprising The apparatus according to [13] above, wherein the source gas is introduced into the fluidized bed reactor from the source gas introduction pipe and the source gas adjustment flow path.
- the reaction temperature can be precisely controlled when the gas phase exothermic reaction is performed using the fluidized bed reactor.
- the present embodiment a mode for carrying out the present invention (hereinafter referred to as “the present embodiment”) will be described in detail.
- the present invention is not limited to the following embodiment, and can be implemented with various modifications within the scope of the gist.
- the same elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
- the positional relationship such as up, down, left and right is based on the positional relationship shown in the drawings unless otherwise specified.
- the dimensional ratios in the drawings are not limited to the illustrated ratios.
- the gas phase exothermic reaction method of this embodiment is A dispersion device for a source gas and a plurality of heat removal pipes are provided in the fluidized bed reactor, the raw material gas is supplied to the fluidized bed reactor through the dispersion device, and the raw material gas is removed while removing heat from a part of the heat removal pipes.
- the gas phase exothermic reaction in the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but representative examples of the gas phase exothermic reaction that is industrially implemented include a sequential oxidation reaction such as a partial oxidation reaction or an ammoxidation reaction in the presence of ammonia. It is done.
- the sequential oxidation reaction the oxidation stability of the partial oxidation product, which is the target product, is generally not so great. Therefore, as the reaction progresses, that is, the reaction conversion rate increases, As the total oxidation product increases, the selectivity of the target product tends to decrease. Therefore, the yield of the target product obtained as the product of the conversion rate and the selectivity has a maximum value at a certain conversion rate.
- the conversion rate of the reaction depends on the activity of the catalyst, and the conversion rate increases as the catalyst activity increases. Further, the catalytic activity depends on the reaction temperature, and the catalyst activity generally increases as the reaction temperature increases, except for exceptions such as enzyme reactions. For example, in the case of an oxidation reaction, it is clear that the complete oxidation reactant is more stable when comparing the formation energy of the partial oxidation product (eg acrylonitrile) and the complete oxidation reactant (eg CO 2 ). Obviously, if the contribution rate of the complete oxidation reaction increases, the calorific value of the entire reaction system increases. This may also be considered to hold for general gas phase exothermic reactions.
- the partial oxidation product eg acrylonitrile
- the complete oxidation reactant eg CO 2
- the temperature of the entire reactor will diverge, leading to thermal runaway of the reactor and reaction stoppage. Therefore, it is extremely important to control the reaction temperature so as not to be too far from the target temperature, in order to produce the target product more economically advantageously and to continue the reaction stably.
- the fluidized bed reactor in this embodiment is a gas phase exothermic reaction, for example, production of acrylonitrile by gas phase ammoxidation reaction using propane and / or propylene as raw materials, n-butane, 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene, benzene Production of maleic anhydride by a gas phase oxidation reaction using one or more selected from the group consisting of: methacrylonitrile by a gas phase ammoxidation reaction using i-butene and / or i-butane as a raw material, o-xylene and Production of phthalic anhydride by gas phase oxidation reaction using naphthalene as a raw material, production of 2,6-xylenol and / or o-cresol by gas phase oxidation reaction using phenol and methanol as raw materials, methane and / or methanol It is often used when manufacturing cyanide (HCN) by gas phase ammoxidation reaction as a raw material on an industrial
- the catalyst particles are generally kept in a fluidized state by the upward flow of gas introduced from the lower part of the reactor, but it is not necessary to be limited to the upward flow type.
- the flow format or other methods may be used.
- the reaction heat of the gas phase exothermic reaction varies depending on the reaction.
- the heat of reaction for generating acrylonitrile from propylene and ammonia is 520 kJ / mol (propylene)
- the heat of reaction for generating acrylonitrile from propane and ammonia is 637 kJ / mol (propane). It is.
- the actual reaction is a simultaneous and sequential reaction, and CO 2 , CO, and other by-products are generated.
- the total reaction heat including up to the side reaction can be determined in consideration of the contribution rate of the reactions that occur simultaneously (the yield of each byproduct).
- the reaction heat of propane combustion to produce CO 2 and water or CO and water is 2043 kJ / mol (propane) and 1194 kJ / mol (propane) per 1 mol of propane, respectively.
- reaction rate 80% 80 mol of propane reacted
- 50 mol acrylonitrile (yield 50%) 50 mol acrylonitrile (yield 50%)
- 60 mol CO 2 (yield 20%) 30 mol CO 2
- the reaction heat as a whole varies depending on the reaction rate of the raw materials, the contribution rate of each concurrent reaction (product distribution), and the like, and thus depends on the reaction conditions. There is no particular restriction on the total reaction heat, but if it is excessive, the amount of heat to be removed will increase and control will be difficult, causing the temperature distribution in the reactor, and in extreme cases, it may cause thermal runaway of the reactor. From this point, it is preferable that the reaction heat as a whole be as small as possible when selecting the reaction conditions. Specifically, the reaction conditions may be selected so that it is 2500 kJ / mol (raw material) or less, preferably 2000 kJ / mol (raw material) or less per mol of the feed material.
- the stability of the target product is not so great, and the target product is selected by the sequential reaction of the target product as the reaction proceeds, that is, the reaction conversion rate increases.
- the rate tends to decrease.
- the reaction conversion rate depends on the activity of the catalyst, and the conversion rate increases as the activity increases.
- the activity of the catalyst depends on the reaction temperature, and generally the activity increases as the reaction temperature rises. Therefore, if the reaction temperature rises for some reason, the reaction amount increases and successive reactions proceed. Therefore, the heat of reaction as a whole increases.
- the rate of change of the reaction heat as a whole varies depending on the reaction temperature, the reaction rate of the raw materials, the contribution rate of each concurrent reaction (the yield of each product), etc., and therefore depends on the reaction conditions.
- a plurality of heat removal tubes are provided in the fluidized bed reactor, and the reaction heat is removed by passing the cooling medium.
- a fluid as a cooling medium is passed at a constant temperature and in a certain amount, the temperature difference between the temperature in the reactor and the cooling medium increases as the reaction temperature rises.
- the temperature of the water in the heat removal tube is constant, so that the reaction temperature increases.
- the amount of water evaporated in the heat removal tube increases, and the amount of heat removed by the heat removal tube also increases.
- reaction temperature rises for some reason, both the amount of heat generated and the amount of heat removed due to the reaction will increase, but if the rate of change in the amount of heat generated by the reaction is greater than the rate of change in the amount of heat removed, more heat will be generated. As a result, the reaction temperature may further increase and the reaction may run out of control. Conversely, if the reaction temperature decreases due to some factor, both the amount of heat generated and the amount of heat removed due to the reaction become smaller, but if the rate of change in the amount of heat generated by the reaction is greater than the rate of change in the amount of heat removed, too much heat is removed. As a result, the reaction temperature is lowered and the activity of the catalyst is lowered.
- the conversion rate of the reaction is lowered and the reaction heat is further reduced and the reaction may be stopped.
- the reaction temperature may run away. It is possible to continue the reaction.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an example of a fluidized bed reaction apparatus for carrying out the gas phase reaction method of the present embodiment.
- the fluidized bed reactor shown in FIG. Fluidized bed reactor 1, A plurality of heat removal tubes 9 and 10, A thermometer 15 provided in the fluidized bed reactor 1, A raw material gas introduction pipe 2 connected to the fluidized bed reactor 1; A gas phase exothermic reaction device having a regulating valve 17 for regulating the flow rate of the source gas attached to the source gas introduction pipe 2,
- the thermometer 15 is connected to the adjusting valve 17 via a temperature controller 14, There is provided a temperature controller 14 in which a target temperature T ° C. and temperatures (T + ⁇ ) ° C. and (T ⁇ ) ° C.
- the temperature in the fluidized bed reactor is transmitted to the temperature controller 14 by the thermometer 15,
- the raw material gas flow rate when the temperature in the fluidized bed reactor is the target temperature T ° C. is F
- the necessary heat removal amount at the target temperature T ° C. is Qc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is Qu
- the required heat removal amount at the set temperature (T + ⁇ ) ° C. is aQc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is bQu
- the fluidized bed reactor 1 is a cylindrical vertical type, an oxygen-containing gas introduction pipe 4 is connected to an opening at the lower end, a raw material gas introduction pipe 2 passes through a side surface, and a reaction gas outflow pipe at the upper end.
- the gas generated by the reaction from 6 flows out.
- the fluidized bed reactor 1 is filled with a required amount of a fluidized bed catalyst in advance.
- the catalyst to be filled is not particularly limited as long as it is a solid catalyst usually used for the reaction, but from the viewpoint of requiring a strength that is resistant to flow, a metal oxide catalyst supported on a carrier such as silica. Is preferred.
- a catalyst layer 16 is formed in the reactor 1 to cause the catalyst to flow and advance the reaction.
- the catalyst that has risen from the catalyst layer 16 is recovered by a cyclone (not shown) and returned to the catalyst layer 16.
- a plurality of heat removal tubes A9 and heat removal tubes B10 are provided so as to cut through the catalyst layer 16, and the heat removal tubes absorb reaction heat.
- a gas dispersion device 3 is connected to the inner end of the raw material gas introduction pipe 2, and the raw material gas is supplied into the reactor 1 through the dispersion device 3.
- the source gas dispersion device 3 includes a supply pipe connected to the source gas introduction pipe 2 and a manifold that is held horizontally at the lower end thereof and has a plurality of nozzles 3A on the lower surface. Since the manifold of the raw material gas dispersion device 3 is branched in a lattice shape or a radial shape in the reactor 1 having a circular cross section, the raw material gas is dispersed in the cross sectional direction of the reactor 1 and from below each nozzle 3A to the lower portion of the reactor 1. Erupted.
- the source gas dispersing device 3 may be of any type as long as it can uniformly eject gas over the cross section of the reactor 1.
- the same number of nozzles 3A for jetting the raw material gas are installed at equal intervals or per unit cross-sectional area.
- each nozzle 3A More preferably, an orifice portion is provided on the surface.
- a second source gas introduction pipe 100 is provided, merged with the source gas introduction pipe 2 via the flow meter 102 and the control valve 101, and supplied to the reactor 1.
- a dedicated introduction pipe is provided for each kind of raw material gas in the same manner as in the case of two kinds, and is joined to the raw material gas introduction pipe 2 via a flow meter and a control valve.
- an oxygen-containing gas such as air is supplied to the reactor.
- oxygen-containing gas such as air is supplied to the reactor.
- the oxygen-containing gas is dispersed in the reactor 1 from the oxygen-containing gas dispersion device 5 through the introduction pipe 4.
- the oxygen-containing gas dispersion device 5 is also installed with the same idea as the raw material gas dispersion device 3.
- the distance between the upper end of the oxygen-containing gas dispersing device 5 and the lower end of the source gas dispersing device 3 is preferably 25 mm to 500 mm, and preferably 50 mm to 350 mm, from the viewpoint of achieving good mixing of the oxygen-containing gas and the source gas. It is more preferable.
- the oxygen-containing gas is supplied into the reactor 1 through a manifold-type dispersion device 5 having a plurality of nozzles 3A on the upper surface, but the dispersion plate with the nozzles 3A attached to the plate is the lower part of the reactor 1. And may be supplied through the dispersion plate.
- the dispersing device 5 can be omitted.
- reaction temperature means the temperature in the fluidized bed reactor during the reaction, and the average temperature of the temperatures measured by a plurality of thermometers installed in the region where the catalyst in the reactor flows.
- the installation position of the thermometer is evenly within the range of 0.1 Lr to 0.5 Lr (where “Lr” indicates the length of the reactor) from the lower end of the reactor. It is preferable that they are installed and / or installed almost uniformly on a specific horizontal cross section of 0.1 Lr to 0.5 Lr.
- Thermometer, in a range of 0.1Lr ⁇ 0.5Lr lower end of the reactor is preferably installed 0.01-10 pieces / m 3.
- the thermometer 15 may be an ordinary one used in a chemical plant, and the form thereof is not particularly limited.
- Saturated water is supplied from the gas-liquid separation container 7 to the heat removal pipe A9 by the refrigerant water transport pump 8.
- the water pressure is preferably 10 to 60 kg / cm 2 G, more preferably 20 to 50 kg / cm 2 G.
- the heat removal pipe A9 performs heat removal by the latent heat of vaporization of water at a saturation temperature, and is used for the purpose of controlling reaction temperature by removing reaction heat.
- a plurality of series are arranged inside the reactor, and at least a part is used. As for the arrangement method of each series of the heat removal tubes A9, it is preferable to arrange them uniformly over the cross section of the reactor in order to prevent temperature deviation.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a series of heat removal pipes A9 each having a U-shaped configuration including a straight pipe portion and a bend portion.
- the heat removal tube passes through the reactor wall, is bent downward by the bend by the bend, and is further inverted by the bend through the straight pipe portion. This is called one pass.
- the heat removal pipe A9 in FIG. 1 is an example of two passes. It again penetrates the reactor wall and is connected to the gas-liquid separation vessel 7. This is called one series, and a plurality of series of heat removal tubes A9 are installed.
- the heat removal tube diameter is 20 mm to 200 mm ⁇ on the basis of the outer diameter
- the number of passes of the heat removal tube is preferably 1 to 10 passes.
- a material of the heat removal pipe A9 for example, a steel pipe specified in JIS G-3458 and an elbow pipe specified in JIS B-2311 can be adopted, but it is not particularly limited as long as the use conditions of temperature and pressure are satisfied. .
- the heat of reaction is absorbed, and a part of the water flowing in the heat removal pipe A9 evaporates.
- the evaporation rate calculated by (vapor mass) / (heat removal pipe supply water mass) is preferably 5 to 30%.
- the heat removal tube A9 preferably bears heat removal of 80 to 100% of the necessary heat removal amount Qc calculated by the following formula (1).
- the necessary heat removal amount Qc is calculated by the following equation (1).
- Qc Qr- (Qe-Qi) -Qd (1)
- Qr the reaction heat generation amount of the gas phase exothermic reaction in the reactor 1
- Qe the sensible heat amount of the gas flowing out from the reactor 1
- Qi the reactor 1
- the amount of sensible heat of the source gas to be supplied, Qd indicates the amount of heat released from the reactor 1, and the units of each amount of heat are the same.
- the water vapor and water generated in the heat removal pipe A9 are returned to the gas-liquid separation container 7, and the water vapor is taken out from the upper part.
- degassed water is supplied from the line 13.
- the water vapor (high pressure steam) taken out from the gas-liquid separation container 7 is supplied via a line 11 to other equipment that requires high pressure steam, for example.
- a part of the steam taken out from the gas-liquid separation container 7 is supplied to the heat removal pipe B10 as necessary. it can.
- the superheated steam taken out from the heat removal pipe B10 through the line 12 may be mixed with the saturated steam in the line 11 as necessary.
- the heat removal pipe B10 can have the same specifications as the heat removal pipe A9, except that steam is passed through the inside and heat is removed by a change in the sensible heat of the steam.
- the heat removal tube B10 is preferably responsible for heat removal of 0 to 15% of the necessary heat removal amount Qc.
- the increase / decrease in Qc affects the increase / decrease in reaction temperature.
- the heat removal tube A9 and the heat removal tube B10 used as necessary fixedly bears the necessary heat removal amount Qc, but when the above-mentioned increase or decrease in Qc occurs, the detected reaction temperature is set to the optimum reaction set in advance. Deviates from the temperature at which results can be achieved (hereinafter referred to as “target temperature”).
- target temperature is an optimum reaction temperature derived from a catalytic reaction experiment in a laboratory and / or an experiment on temperature dependence of reaction results using a commercial scale reactor. For example, when the yield of the target compound when the reaction is allowed to proceed at each temperature is shown in a graph, if there is a temperature showing the highest yield, that temperature can be set as the target temperature.
- the target temperature is set at a specific temperature, but actually, even when the reaction temperature deviates from the target temperature, the upper limit of the allowable temperature that does not differ from the reaction at the target temperature on the reaction results and There is a lower limit.
- the values are referred to as an upper limit value and a lower limit value, respectively.
- the target temperature, the upper limit value and the lower limit value are values specific to the reaction system, it is generally preferable that the upper limit value is a target temperature ⁇ 1.05 or less and the lower limit value is a target temperature ⁇ 0.95 or more. .
- the flow rate of the raw material gas is set to the change rate of the necessary heat removal amount with respect to the reaction temperature change and / or the reaction temperature. It changes based on the change rate of the amount of heat removal by the heat removal tube with respect to the change.
- the absolute amount of the supplied raw material gas converted into a reaction product is changed.
- the reaction calorific value Qr in the equation (1) can be mainly changed, the balance between the right side and the left side can be maintained, and the reaction temperature can be controlled to be constant. Note that the amount of change in Qe and Qi due to the change in the amount of source gas supply is negligibly small compared to the amount of change in Qr.
- the extent to which Qc increases or decreases can be predicted before the reaction starts.
- the range in which the raw material gas purity changes is examined in advance, the change in the heat generation amount is estimated by the change in the purity, the heat amount that fluctuates due to the replacement operation of the heat removal pipe, the increase or decrease in the reaction heat generation amount caused by the catalyst activity change due to the reaction temperature change
- the amount of increase / decrease in Qc is ascertained by estimating the amount of heat release due to changes in outside air conditions such as rainfall.
- reaction apparatus and reaction conditions that can adjust the supply amount of the raw material gas so that the change in the heat amount more than the amount that cancels the assumed increase and decrease amount of Qc can be covered by the change in the heat amount due to the increase and decrease of the raw material gas.
- the reaction temperature can be controlled from the upper limit value to the lower limit value by providing an amount of change in calorie that cancels the increase / decrease amount of Qc by increasing / decreasing the source gas.
- a certain reaction condition is set in a laboratory and a catalytic reaction experiment is performed to measure the yield of the reaction product.
- requiring the sum total of the reaction heat in is mentioned. First, a catalytic reaction is performed at a certain reaction temperature and a certain amount of raw material gas, and after sampling the reaction product gas, the yield of each reaction product is determined by analysis, and the reaction heat from the raw material to each reaction product is calculated. And the reaction product yield, the total reaction calorific value under these conditions can be determined.
- the reaction temperature when the reaction temperature is raised from the original temperature, the conversion rate of the raw material reaction increases with the increase in the catalyst activity, so that the calorific value of the entire reaction system increases, but the reaction product gas at this elevated temperature is sampled. Then, the yield of each reaction product is determined, and the total reaction exotherm when the reaction temperature is increased by the same method is obtained. In the case where the temperature is lowered, the sum of the calorific values of the main reaction and the side reaction is obtained in the same manner. Thus, by obtaining the sum of the calorific value of the catalytic reaction at a plurality of reaction temperatures in the laboratory, the rate of change of the reaction calorific value Qr in the fluidized bed reactor can be predicted.
- the necessary heat removal amount Qc is expressed by the following formula (1).
- Qc Qr- (Qe-Qi) -Qd (1)
- the heat generation amount Qr of the reaction and the heat removal amount Qu by the heat removal tube change depending on the reaction temperature, and the necessary heat removal amount can be regarded as being equal to the reaction heat generation amount.
- the method of controlling the temperature by adjusting the calorific value Qr by changing the raw material gas flow rate (1) A method of controlling the temperature based only on the rate of change of the necessary heat removal amount Qc, (2) A temperature control method based only on the rate of change of the heat removal amount Qu, (3) There is a method of controlling the temperature based on both the necessary heat removal amount Qc and the rate of change of the heat removal amount Qu.
- the above methods (1) to (3) will be described by taking as an example a case where the reaction temperature has risen from the target temperature.
- a method for controlling temperature based only on the rate of change of the required heat removal amount Qc When the reaction temperature rises from the target temperature, the heat generation amount Qr of the reaction increases. Based on the change rate of the heat removal amount Qc, the raw material gas flow rate is lowered to reduce the heat generation amount. For example, the raw material gas flow rate is reduced to a value obtained by multiplying “the raw material gas flow rate before the reaction temperature change” by “the reciprocal of the change rate of the necessary heat removal amount Qc”. However, when the reaction temperature rises from the target temperature, the heat removal amount Qu also actually increases. Therefore, when the above operation is performed only based on the change rate of the necessary heat removal amount Qc, the heat removal amount is relatively larger than the heat generation amount.
- the reaction temperature tends to decrease and lower than the target temperature.
- the heat generation amount Qr of the reaction decreases, so if the heat generation amount is increased by increasing the raw material gas flow rate based on the rate of change of the required heat removal amount Qc corresponding to the temperature decrease,
- the reaction temperature is lower than the target temperature, since the heat removal amount Qu is lower than that at the reaction temperature, the heat generation amount is relatively larger than the heat removal amount, and the reaction temperature tends to exceed the target temperature again.
- the required heat removal amount and / or the heat generation amount can be provided, so that the temperature is diverged.
- the reaction temperature tends to be difficult to stabilize at the target temperature due to excessive increase or decrease.
- the temperature may not be fully controlled based only on the rate of change in the heat removal amount Qu.
- the background of this correction is that the amount of change in the flow rate is reduced by the amount of the heat removal amount Qu that is increased by the temperature rise, rather than the amount of change in the raw material flow rate that is simply obtained from the relationship between the temperature and the calorific value Qr. Even then, it may be possible to return to the target temperature. That is, by adjusting the raw material flow rate based on the change rate of the necessary heat removal amount Qc after correcting it from the viewpoint of the change rate of the heat removal amount Qu, the adjustment amount of the raw material flow rate is prevented from becoming excessive, and the reaction temperature Can be made more stable near the target temperature.
- the required heat removal amount is Qc when the target temperature of the gas phase exothermic reaction is T ° C., the raw material gas flow rate F, and the reaction heat generation amount is Qr.
- the necessary heat removal amount Qc and the heat removal amount Qu from the heat removal tube both increase with the increase in the heat generation amount Qr due to the reaction, and aQc and bQu, respectively.
- the necessary heat removal amount becomes larger than the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube, and the reaction temperature further increases. The reaction may run away.
- the necessary heat removal amount is reduced to that of the heat removal tube. Since it becomes smaller than the amount of heat removal, an increase in reaction temperature can be suppressed.
- the necessary heat removal amount is greater than the heat removal amount of the heat removal tube. Therefore, a decrease in reaction temperature can be suppressed.
- the gas phase exothermic reaction method of the present embodiment includes the following modes. Set target temperature T ° C for gas phase exothermic reaction, source gas flow rate F, temperature (T + ⁇ ) ° C and (T- ⁇ ) ° C for operating the source gas flow rate adjusting valve, The required heat removal amount at the target temperature T ° C.
- the change width of the raw material gas flow rate is preferably ⁇ 0.0050F to ⁇ 0.060F, and more preferably ⁇ 0.0080F to ⁇ 0.050F.
- F is a supply amount of a raw material gas that is constantly flown during stable operation (hereinafter also referred to as “steady flow rate”), and is a raw material gas supply necessary for obtaining a predetermined production amount of the target product. Amount. It is preferable to change the amount of heat in the range of ⁇ 0.005Qr to ⁇ 0.06Qr by changing the raw material gas flow rate.
- the supply amount of the source gas can be controlled by the source gas control valve 17 provided in the source gas introduction pipe 2.
- the control valve 17 is electrically connected to a temperature controller 14 connected to the thermometer 15, and opens and closes the valve in response to the temperature controller 14. That is, when the reaction temperature is higher than the target temperature, the control valve 17 is operated in the closing direction to reduce the amount of raw material gas supplied to the reactor 1. This reduces the amount of heat generated by the reaction, lowers the reaction temperature, and approaches the target temperature.
- the opening degree of the control valve 17 is maintained.
- the control valve 17 is operated to open, and the amount of raw material gas supplied to the reactor 1 is increased. Thereby, the calorific value by reaction increases, reaction temperature rises and it approaches target temperature.
- the amount of change in the supply amount of the raw material gas is defined from the viewpoint of precisely controlling the reaction temperature to maintain the reaction result at a high level and the viewpoint of stable operation of the reactor downstream equipment.
- the change width of the raw material gas supply amount within a preferable range, it is possible to maintain a good ratio of the raw material gas to be converted into the target product and to keep the fluctuation of the reaction temperature within a large range.
- the flow volume, temperature, pressure, etc. in a downstream apparatus can be stably operated by keeping the amount of reaction gas and the variation of the mass of the target product within an appropriate range.
- the amount of increase / decrease in Qc is predicted in advance, and it is possible to cancel the amount of increase / decrease in Qc by changing the supply amount of raw material gas.
- the cause of Qc change overlaps more than expected, There may be a case where the temperature cannot be controlled with the specified amount of change. For example, if the reaction temperature is higher than the target temperature even when the raw material gas supply amount reaches the lower limit, the temperature can be lowered to the target temperature by increasing the number of heat removal tubes used. On the other hand, if the reaction temperature is lower than the target temperature even when the raw material gas supply amount reaches the upper limit, the temperature can be raised to the target temperature by reducing the number of heat removal tubes used. In this way, in addition to the temperature control by the supply amount of the raw material gas, the temperature control by the heat removal tube is subsidized so that the fluctuation of the reaction temperature falls within the upper limit value and the lower limit value.
- a method for defining the source gas supply amount a method is adopted in which the valve opening of the control valve 17 is regulated so that the source gas supply amount measured by the flow meter 18 becomes a change amount within a specified range after shifting to steady operation. Is preferred. For example, when the change amount of the raw material gas supply amount is ⁇ 0.050 F, the opening degree of the control valve 17 is regulated so that the flow rate measured by the flow meter 18 is 0.95 F to 1.05 F. To do.
- the rate of change in the required heat removal and / or rate of change in the heat removal tube when the reaction temperature rises or falls below the target temperature can be predicted, but the reaction temperature is adjusted more precisely. From the standpoint of reducing the amount of refrigerant supplied to a plurality of heat removal tubes, the reaction temperature is changed, the rate of change of the required heat removal amount for each change amount, and the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube It is preferable to have the process of calculating
- the process of obtaining the change rate of the required heat removal amount according to the temperature change and the change rate of the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube in this way is called “change rate investigation step”.
- the change rate investigation step can be performed prior to the gas phase exothermic reaction or in the middle of the gas phase exothermic reaction.
- the rate of change in the required heat removal amount according to the reaction temperature change and the rate of change in the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube are obtained with the raw material gas flow rate and the amount of refrigerant supplied to the plurality of heat removal tubes kept constant.
- the reaction temperature may run away as described above, so adjust the raw material gas flow rate and / or the amount of refrigerant supplied to the heat removal pipe before the reaction temperature runs away.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows another example of the fluidized bed reaction apparatus for carrying out the gas phase reaction method of the present embodiment.
- the fluidized bed reactor shown in FIG. 2 is attached to the source gas regulating channel 21 branched from the source gas introduction pipe 2 and the source gas regulating channel 21 in addition to the fluidized bed reactor shown in FIG.
- the fluidized bed reaction apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is provided with a source gas adjustment channel 21 that branches from the source gas introduction pipe 2 and joins again before the reactor 1.
- a control valve B19 dedicated to temperature control and a flow meter B20 are provided.
- the control valve B19 is electrically connected to the temperature controller 14, and opens and closes the valve in response to the temperature controller 14.
- the control valve 17 is controlled so that the raw material gas supply amount becomes constant at 0.95F.
- the control valve B19 used for reaction temperature control is controlled so that the supply amount of the raw material gas is in the range of 0 to 0.10F. By doing so, the total flow rate of the flow meter 18 and the flow meter B20 becomes 0.95F to 1.05F.
- the reaction temperature is changed in the range from the lower limit value to the upper limit value with the target temperature interposed therebetween. At this time, it is preferable that the average value of the raw material gas supply amount is F.
- the opening / closing adjustment of the control valve B19 used for temperature control for example, the opening degree of the valve is continuously and smoothly moved, or moved in a stepwise manner such as full open ⁇ full close ⁇ full open ⁇ . The method is taken.
- a set temperature to be opened and a set temperature to be closed are determined in advance and the valve is opened and closed. That is, when the target temperature + ⁇ is reached, the control valve B19 is fully closed to reduce the heat generation amount. Then, the temperature starts to drop and approaches the target temperature. When the temperature drop continues and reaches the target temperature - ⁇ , the closed control valve is fully opened. The temperature starts to rise as the amount of heat generation increases, and approaches the target temperature. The temperature continues to rise and approaches the target temperature + ⁇ . This is repeated, and the reaction temperature tends to periodically move in an amplitude range from the upper limit to the lower limit across the target temperature.
- the appropriate operating frequency of the control valve B19 is determined from the viewpoint of suppressing mechanical wear of the control valve due to excessive operation, and the interval of one operation (open ⁇ close or close ⁇ open) is 2 minutes or more. It is preferable to do this. If the operation interval is less than 2 minutes, it is preferable to increase the set value of ⁇ and / or ⁇ .
- the fluidized bed reaction method of the present embodiment is a fluidized bed reactor in which a source gas introduction pipe, a regulation flow path branched from the introduction pipe, and provided with a regulation valve. And supplying the source gas to the fluidized bed reactor through the introduction pipe and the adjustment flow path.
- the vapor phase exothermic reaction method of the present embodiment includes the following modes from the same viewpoint as when the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 is used.
- a second adjustment valve is provided in the adjustment flow path, Set the target temperature T ° C. of the gas phase exothermic reaction, the raw material gas flow rate F, the temperature (T + ⁇ ) ° C. and (T ⁇ ) ° C. at which the second regulating valve for the raw material gas flow rate is operated,
- the raw material gas flow rate from the raw material gas introduction pipe is adjusted to be constant at (1- ⁇ ) F, the raw material gas flow rate from the adjustment flow path is ⁇ F,
- ⁇ represents the ratio of the raw material gas flow rate from the adjustment flow path to the entire raw material gas flow rate, preferably 0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.05, more preferably 0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.03, and still more preferably. 0 ⁇ ⁇ 0.01. If ⁇ is in the above range, the temperature can be adjusted with a small temperature fluctuation range, so that the production rate fluctuation of the target product is small, and the condition fluctuation in the subsequent process tends to be small.
- 0 ⁇ ⁇ 20 is preferable, more preferably 0 ⁇ ⁇ 10, and still more preferably 0 ⁇ ⁇ 5. Further, 0 ⁇ ⁇ 20 is preferable, more preferably 0 ⁇ ⁇ 10, and still more preferably 0 ⁇ ⁇ 5.
- the gas phase exothermic reaction is performed while removing heat with a part of the heat removal tubes.
- the reaction temperature exceeds the set temperature (T + ⁇ ) ° C.
- the remaining heat removal tubes are used. Heat can be removed, and conversely, when the reaction temperature is lower than the set temperature (T- ⁇ ) ° C., the amount of heat removed by the partial heat removal tube can be reduced.
- the source gas flow rate may be adjusted by operating two or more types of source gases as described above, or one source material.
- the gas flow rate may be operated as described above, and the number of source gases to be changed is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to operate only one source gas flow rate because the apparatus and system can be simplified.
- Examples of the gas phase exothermic reaction in the gas phase exothermic reaction method and gas phase exothermic reaction apparatus of the present embodiment include, for example, gas phase ammoxidation using propane and / or propylene as a raw material, and the reaction product is acrylonitrile.
- the fluidized bed reactor used in the examples has a raw material gas dispersion pipe and / or dispersion plate at the bottom, a heat removal pipe for removing reaction heat is built in, and the reaction gas flowing out from the reactor at the top. It had a cyclone to collect the catalyst inside.
- the instruments and accessories used were those usually used in chemical plants.
- the yield of the reaction product was calculated according to the following formula from analytical data obtained by sampling the reaction gas and measuring by gas chromatography.
- Example 1 Propane, ammonia and air were supplied to the fluidized bed reactor shown in FIG. 1, and acrylonitrile was produced by the propane ammoxidation reaction as follows. Propane was supplied to the reactor 1 from the source gas introduction pipe 2. Ammonia was also joined to the introduction pipe 2 using the introduction pipe 100 and supplied to the reactor 1. Air was supplied to the reactor 1 through the oxygen-containing gas introduction pipe 4.
- the reactor 1 had a vertical cylindrical shape with an inner diameter of 8 m and a length of Lr of 20 m, and had an oxygen-containing gas dispersing device 5 at a position (0.1 Lr) 2 m from the bottom, and a raw material gas dispersing device 3 thereon.
- thermometers 15 were attached between 1.5 to 4.5 m above the oxygen-containing gas dispersing apparatus 5.
- the catalyst used was a molybdenum-vanadium supported catalyst having a particle size of 10 to 100 ⁇ m and an average particle size of 55 ⁇ m, and packed so that the stationary layer height was 2.2 m.
- the air from the oxygen-containing gas dispersion device 5 64500Nm 3 / h feed, the feed gas distribution apparatus 3 propane 4180Nm 3 / h and ammonia was 4300Nm 3 / h feed.
- the target temperature in this reaction system was 440.0 ° C. An upper limit of 442.0 ° C. and a lower limit of 438.0 ° C. were acceptable temperature ranges.
- Temperature control was performed using the heat removal pipe A9 and the heat removal pipe B10 so that the reaction temperature was around 440.0 ° C., which is the target temperature.
- the average temperature (hereinafter also referred to as “Tave”) of 20 thermometers 1.5 to 4.5 m above the oxygen-containing gas dispersing apparatus was 440.1 ° C.
- the reaction temperature rises by 2.0 ° C. and reaches 442.0 ° C.
- the required heat removal amount is 1.0162Qc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is 1.0096Qu
- the necessary heat removal amount is 0.9841Qc
- the heat removal amount by the heat removal tube is 0.9904Qu
- the propane flow rate when the reaction temperature reached 442.0 ° C was 0.9934F or less, and the propane flow rate when 438.0 ° C was set to 1.0064F or more.
- Ammonia was automatically adjusted by the control valve 101 so that the flow rate indicated by the flow meter 102 would be 4300 Nm 3 / h.
- Air was also automatically adjusted by a control valve (not shown) so that the flow rate indicated by a flow meter (not shown) was 64500 Nm 3 / h.
- Propane was stabilized at a state of 4180 Nm 3 / h, and the flow rate was set to a steady flow rate F.
- Temperature control was started by changing the flow rate of propane so that the average temperature was 440.0 ° C.
- the opening degree of the propane control valve 17 was regulated so that the propane flow rate would move in the range of 4180 ⁇ 100 Nm 3 / h ( ⁇ 0.024F).
- Tave changed from 438.1 ° C. to 441.9 ° C.
- the propane flow rate changed from 4080 to 4280 Nm 3 / h.
- the ammonia and air flow rates were not changed for temperature control, they varied naturally by ⁇ 0.3% with respect to the flow rate set values.
- Acrylonitrile yields ranged from 51.2% to 52.6% with an average of 51.9%. The plant operation was stable.
- Example 2 Propane, ammonia and air were supplied to the fluidized bed reactor shown in FIG. 2, and acrylonitrile was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 by the ammoxidation reaction of propane.
- the propane flow rate was changed in the range of 4180 ⁇ 100 Nm 3 / h ( ⁇ 0.024F) to adjust the temperature.
- the flow rate was controlled by the control valve 17 so that the flow meter 18 would be 4080 Nm 3 / h.
- the opening degree of the control valve B19 was continuously and automatically varied so that the flow meter 20 fluctuated at 0 to 200 Nm 3 / h.
- the above operation was performed for 2 months. During this time, Tave was 438.5 ° C.
- Example 3 Flow meter 20 is full closed at 0 Nm 3 / h, the total opening time of 200 Nm 3 / h and becomes automatically off the opening of the regulating valve B19 (all open, all closed) except that is, Example 2
- propane ammoxidation was carried out for 2 months.
- the temperature for opening the control valve B19 was set to 439.5 ° C, and the temperature for closing the control valve B19 was set to 440.5 ° C.
- the above operation was performed for 2 months.
- Tave was 438.9 ° C. to 441.0 ° C.
- the propane flow rate was 4080 to 4280 Nm 3 / h.
- Example 4 Propylene, ammonia and air were supplied to the fluidized bed reactor shown in FIG. 1, and acrylonitrile was produced by the ammoxidation reaction of propylene as follows.
- Propylene was supplied to the reactor 1 from the raw material gas introduction pipe 2.
- Ammonia was supplied from the introduction pipe 100, joined to the introduction pipe 2, and supplied to the reactor 1.
- Air was supplied to the reactor 1 through the oxygen-containing gas introduction pipe 4.
- the reactor 1 is a vertical cylindrical type having an inner diameter of 8 m and a length of Lr of 20 m, and has an air dispersion device 5 at a position (0.1 Lr) 2 m from the bottom and a raw material gas dispersion device 3 thereon.
- thermometers 15 were attached between 1.5 to 4.5 m above the oxygen-containing gas dispersing apparatus 5.
- the catalyst was a molybdenum-bismuth-iron-based supported catalyst having a particle size of 10 to 100 ⁇ m and an average particle size of 55 ⁇ m, and packed so as to have a stationary layer height of 2.7 m.
- the air from the oxygen-containing gas dispersion device 5 60000Nm 3 / h feed, propylene 6700Nm 3 / h and ammonia from the raw material gas distribution apparatus 3 was 7100Nm 3 / h feed.
- the target temperature in this reaction system was 440.0 ° C.
- the median value was 440.0 ° C., and the upper limit of 442.0 ° C.
- temperature control was implemented using the heat removal pipe
- the average temperature of 20 thermometers between 1.5 and 4.5 m above the oxygen-containing gas dispersing apparatus was 440.3 ° C.
- Ammonia was automatically adjusted by the control valve 101 so that the flow rate indicated by the flow meter 102 was 7100 Nm 3 / h.
- Air was also automatically adjusted by a control valve (not shown) so that the flow rate indicated by a flow meter (not shown) was 60000 Nm 3 / h.
- Propylene was stabilized in the state of 6700 Nm 3 / h, and this amount was defined as a steady flow rate F. Temperature control by changing the flow rate of propylene was started so that Tave was 440.0 ° C. The opening degree of the propylene control valve 17 was regulated so that the flow rate of propylene would be in the range of 6700 ⁇ 250 Nm 3 / h ( ⁇ 0.037 F). With reference to Tave, the operation of changing the propylene flow rate by continuously and automatically changing the opening degree of the control valve 17 based on the rate of change of the necessary heat removal amount Qc with respect to the change of the reaction temperature was performed for 2 months. During this time, Tave changed from 438.2 ° C.
- the gas phase exothermic reaction method of the present invention has industrial applicability in a method of performing a gas phase exothermic reaction using a fluidized bed reactor.
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Abstract
Description
気相発熱反応を行う流動層反応器は、その内部に除熱管を有し、水や蒸気を流通させることで反応熱を除去し、反応温度を制御している。
流動層反応器の温度調整に関わる発明として、例えば特許文献1には、炭素数4以上の脂肪族炭化水素を流動層反応器に供給して気相酸化反応により無水マレイン酸を製造するに際し、流動層反応器の希薄層温度を濃厚層温度より下げるように除熱管を設置する方法が記載されている。
また、特許文献2には、定常速度で冷媒が供給される除熱管と、可変速度で冷媒が供給される除熱管とを具備する流動層反応器を用いて気相発熱反応を行い、反応温度を制御する方法が記載されている。
発熱反応においては、反応温度の制御は、反応器内部に設置された除熱管に冷媒を通じることで行われている。精緻な温度制御を行うため、今までは除熱管からなる除熱システム及びその使用方法の改善に主眼が置かれてきた。しかし、本発明者の検討によると、除熱管のみによって温度制御すると、発熱量の大きい反応の場合や反応器内の温度を精緻に制御する必要のある反応の場合は、反応器内外に付帯される設備の負担が重くなりすぎる傾向にあることが分かった。そのため、反応温度を精緻に制御できる温度制御方法の更なる開発が望まれている。
[1]
流動層反応器内に原料ガスの分散装置と複数の除熱管を設け、前記分散装置を通じて前記原料ガスを前記流動層反応器に供給し、一部の前記除熱管により除熱しながら前記原料ガスを気相発熱反応させる方法であって、
前記気相発熱反応における反応温度の変化に対する必要除熱量の変化率及び/又は前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率に基づいて、前記原料ガスの流量を変化させる方法。
[2]
前記原料ガスの流量を、前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率/前記必要除熱量の変化率の比に基づいて変化させる、上記[1]記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[3]
前記原料ガスの流量を、前記反応温度の変化の前の原料ガスの流量に、前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率/前記必要除熱量の変化率の比を乗じた量とする、上記[2]記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[4]
前記気相発熱反応の目標温度T℃、原料ガス流量F、前記原料ガス流量の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃を設定し、
前記目標温度T℃における必要除熱量がQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における、前記必要除熱量がaQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における、前記必要除熱量がmQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がnQu、のとき、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記調整弁を閉じて前記原料ガスの流量を(b/a)F以下とし、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記調整弁を開けて前記原料ガスの流量を(n/m)F以上とする、上記[1]~[3]のいずれか記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[5]
前記気相発熱反応に先立って、及び/又は、前記気相発熱反応の途中に、前記複数の除熱管に供給する冷媒の量と前記原料ガスの流量とを一定にした状態で、前記反応温度を変化させて、その変化量毎の前記必要除熱量の変化率と、前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率とを求める工程を有する、上記[1]記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[6]
前記流動層反応器に前記原料ガスの導入管と、前記導入管から分岐し、調整弁が設けられた調整流路とを設け、前記導入管及び前記調整流路を通じて、前記原料ガスを前記流動層反応器に供給する、上記[1]~[5]のいずれか記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[7]
前記調整流路に第二の調整弁を設け、
前記気相発熱反応の目標温度T℃、原料ガス流量F、前記第二の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃を設定し、
原料ガス導入管からの原料ガス流量を(1-γ)Fで一定となるよう調整し、前記調整流路からの原料ガス流量をγFとし、
前記目標温度T℃における、前記必要除熱量がQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における、前記必要除熱量がaQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における、前記必要除熱量がmQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がnQu、のとき、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記第二の調整弁を閉じて前記原料ガスの流量を(b/a)F以下とし、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記第二の調整弁を開けて前記原料ガスの流量を(n/m)F以上とする、上記[6]記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[8]
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃を超えた場合には、残部の除熱管によって除熱し、前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃未満の場合には、前記一部の除熱管による除熱量を減少させる、上記[1]~[7]のいずれか記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[9]
0<α<20、0<β<20、0<γ<0.05である、上記[7]又は[8]記載の方法。
[10]
α=βである、上記[4]~[9]のいずれか記載の方法。
[11]
前記気相発熱反応がアンモ酸化反応であり、前記原料ガスがプロパン及び/又はイソブタンであり、目的生成物がアクリロニトリル及び/又はメタクリロニトリルである、上記[1]~[9]のいずれか記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[12]
前記気相発熱反応がアンモ酸化反応であり、前記原料ガスがプロピレン及び/又はイソブチレンであり、目的生成物がアクリロニトリル及び/又はメタクリロニトリルである、上記[1]~[9]のいずれか記載の気相発熱反応方法。
[13]
流動層反応器と、
複数の除熱管と、
前記流動層反応器内に設けられた温度計と、
前記流動層反応器に連結された原料ガス導入管と、
前記原料ガス導入管に取り付けられた前記原料ガスの流量を調整するための調整弁と、
を有する気相発熱反応装置であって、
前記温度計は温度調節計を介して前記調整弁に接続されており、
目標温度T℃と、前記原料ガスの流量の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃とが設定された温度調節計が設けられており、
前記温度計によって、前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記温度調節計に送信され、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が目標温度T℃であるときの原料ガス流量がF、
前記目標温度T℃における必要除熱量がQc、除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における必要除熱量がaQc、除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における必要除熱量がmQc、除熱管による除熱量がnQu、
であるとき、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記調整弁が閉じられて前記原料ガスの流量が(b/a)F以下に調整され、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記調整弁が開けられて前記原料ガスの流量が(n/m)F以上に調整される気相発熱反応装置。
[14]
前記原料ガス導入管から分岐した原料ガス調整流路と、
前記原料ガス調整流路に取り付けられた前記原料ガスの流量を調整するための第二の調整弁と、
を更に有し、
前記原料ガス導入管と、前記原料ガス調整流路と、から前記原料ガスが前記流動層反応器に導入される、上記[13]記載の装置。
流動層反応器内に原料ガスの分散装置と複数の除熱管を設け、前記分散装置を通じて前記原料ガスを前記流動層反応器に供給し、一部の前記除熱管により除熱しながら前記原料ガスを気相発熱反応させる方法であって、
前記気相発熱反応における反応温度の変化に対する必要除熱量の変化率及び/又は前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率に基づいて、前記原料ガスの流量を変化させる方法である。
図1に示した流動層反応装置は、
流動層反応器1と、
複数の除熱管9及び10と、
前記流動層反応器1内に設けられた温度計15と、
前記流動層反応器1に連結された原料ガス導入管2と、
前記原料ガス導入管2に取り付けられた前記原料ガスの流量を調整するための調整弁17と、を有する気相発熱反応装置であって、
前記温度計15は温度調節計14を介して前記調整弁17に接続されており、
目標温度T℃と、前記原料ガスの流量の調整弁17を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃とが設定された温度調節計14が設けられており、
前記温度計15によって、前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記温度調節計14に送信され、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が目標温度T℃であるときの原料ガス流量がF、
前記目標温度T℃における必要除熱量がQc、除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における必要除熱量がaQc、除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における必要除熱量がmQc、除熱管による除熱量がnQu、
であるとき、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記調整弁17が閉じられて前記原料ガスの流量が(b/a)F以下に調整され、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記調整弁17が開けられて前記原料ガスの流量が(n/m)F以上に調整される気相発熱反応装置。
必要除熱量Qcは下記式(1)で計算される。
Qc=Qr-(Qe-Qi)-Qd (1)
ここで、式(1)中、Qcは必要除熱量、Qrは反応器1での気相発熱反応の反応発熱量、Qeは反応器1から流出するガスの顕熱量、Qiは反応器1に供給する原料ガスの顕熱量、Qdは反応器1での放熱量をそれぞれ示し、各熱量の単位は互いに同一である。
Qc=Qr-(Qe-Qi)-Qd (1)
で表されるが、反応器1から流出するガスの顕熱量Qe、反応器1に供給する原料ガスの顕熱量Qi、反応器1での放熱量Qdは、気相発熱反応の反応発熱量Qrと比べてきわめて小さいため、必要除熱量Qc=反応発熱量Qrとみなすことができる。従って何らかの要因によって反応温度が目標温度からずれた場合の必要除熱量Qcの変化率についても、反応発熱量Qrの変化率とみなしてよい。
ここで除熱管による除熱量Quは、除熱管A9での除熱量と除熱管B10での除熱量の総和であり、必要除熱量Qc=除熱管における除熱量Quであれば反応温度は一定に保たれる。
(1)必要除熱量Qcの変化率のみに基づいて温度制御する方法、
(2)除熱量Quの変化率のみに基づいて温度制御する方法、
(3)必要除熱量Qc及び除熱量Quの変化率の両方に基づいて温度制御する方法
がある。以下、上記(1)~(3)の方法について、反応温度が目標温度から上昇した場合を例として説明する。
反応温度が目標温度から上昇した場合、反応の発熱量Qrが増大するので、温度制御する方法としては温度上昇に応じた必要除熱量Qcの変化率に基づいて原料ガス流量を下げて発熱量を減少させる。例えば「反応温度変化の前の原料ガス流量」に「必要除熱量Qcの変化率の逆数」を乗じた値まで原料ガス流量を減少させる。
ただし反応温度が目標温度から上昇した場合、実際には除熱量Quも増大するため、必要除熱量Qcの変化率のみに基づいて上記操作を行なった場合、相対的に発熱量よりも除熱量が増大して、反応温度が目標温度よりも低下する傾向にある。こうして反応温度が目標温度よりも低下した場合、反応の発熱量Qrが減少するので、温度低下に応じた必要除熱量Qcの変化率に基づいて原料ガス流量を上げて発熱量を増大させればよいが、反応温度が目標温度より低い時、除熱量Quが反応温度におけるものより低いので、相対的に除熱量よりも発熱量が増大し、再び反応温度が目標温度を上回る傾向にある。
反応温度が目標温度から上昇した場合、除熱管における除熱量Quは増大するので、温度制御の観点からは除熱量Quの変化率の逆数を基準に原料ガス流量を変化させる。例えば「反応温度変化の前の原料ガス流量」に「除熱量Quの変化率の逆数」を乗じた値まで原料ガス流量を減少させ、発熱量を減少させる。
温度変化に伴って除熱量が変化する量が、発熱量が変化する量より大きい場合、除熱量Quの変化率の逆数を基に原料ガス流量を変化させることで、発熱を上回る除熱を提供することができるので、温度が発散して上昇及び/又は下降を続けてしまうことを防ぐことができる。しかし、反応系によっては、発熱量の変化量が除熱量の変化量を上回る場合もあるので、除熱量Quの変化率のみに基づいて温度制御し切れない場合もあり得る。
反応温度が目標温度から上昇した場合、反応の発熱量Qr及び除熱管における除熱量Quがともに増大する。上記(1)の方法で説明したように、反応温度が目標温度より上昇した場合における温度制御のためには、反応の発熱量Qrの増大に応じるべく、必要除熱量Qcの変化率に基づいて原料ガス流量を下げて発熱量を減少させるが、温度上昇により除熱量Quの増大も同時に起こるため、この観点で流量を減少させる量を補正する。この補正の背景には、温度と発熱量Qrの関係のみから単純に求められる原料流量を変化させるべき量よりも、温度上昇によって除熱量Quが上がっている分だけ、流量を変化させる量を少なくしても目標温度に引き戻すことが可能になっていることがある。つまり、必要除熱量Qcの変化率に基づく原料流量の調整を、除熱量Quの変化率の観点で補正した上で実施することで、原料流量の調整量が過大になるのを防ぎ、反応温度を目標温度付近でより安定させ易くすることができる。
例えば気相発熱反応の目標温度をT℃、原料ガス流量F、反応発熱量をQrとしたときの、必要除熱量をQcとする。ここで、反応温度がα℃上昇して(T+α)℃となったときに、反応による発熱量Qrの増加にともない必要除熱量Qc、除熱管による除熱量Quがともに大きくなり、それぞれaQc、bQuとなったとき(ここで、「a」及び「b」は変化率を示す。)、a>bであれば除熱管による除熱量よりも必要除熱量のほうが大きくなるため反応温度がさらに上昇して反応が暴走してしまいかねない。ここで、必要除熱量を下げるために原料ガスの流量Fを、必要除熱量及び除熱管による除熱量の変化率に基づいて(b/a)F以下とすれば、必要除熱量が除熱管の除熱量よりも小さくなるため、反応温度上昇を抑制することができる。
気相発熱反応の目標温度T℃、原料ガス流量F、前記原料ガス流量の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃を設定し、
前記目標温度T℃における必要除熱量がQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における、前記必要除熱量がaQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における、前記必要除熱量がmQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がnQu、のとき、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記調整弁を閉じて前記原料ガスの流量を(b/a)F以下とし、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記調整弁を開けて前記原料ガスの流量を(n/m)F以上とする、気相発熱反応方法。
図2に示した流動層反応装置は、図1に示した流動層反応装置に加えて、前記原料ガス導入管2から分岐した原料ガス調整流路21と、前記原料ガス調整流路21に取り付けられた前記原料ガスの流量を調整するための調整弁B19と、を更に有し、原料ガス導入管2と、原料ガス調整流路21と、から前記原料ガスが前記流動層反応器に導入されるようになっている。
前記調整流路に第二の調整弁を設け、
前記気相発熱反応の目標温度T℃、原料ガス流量F、前記原料ガス流量の第二の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃を設定し、
原料ガス導入管からの原料ガス流量を(1-γ)Fで一定となるよう調整し、前記調整流路からの原料ガス流量をγFとし、
前記目標温度T℃における、前記必要除熱量がQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における、前記必要除熱量がaQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における、前記必要除熱量がmQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がnQu、のとき、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記第二の調整弁を閉じて前記原料ガスの流量を(b/a)F以下とし、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記第二の調整弁を開けて前記原料ガスの流量を(n/m)F以上とする、気相発熱反応方法。
ここで、γは、原料ガス流量全体に対する調整流路からの原料ガス流量の比を示し、好ましくは0<γ<0.05であり、より好ましくは0<γ<0.03、更に好ましくは0<γ<0.01である。γが上記範囲であると、小さい温度変動幅で温度を調整することができるので、目的生成物の生成率変動が小さく、後工程での条件変動を小さく抑えることができる傾向にある。
また、反応温度を目標温度付近でより安定させる観点から、α=βであることが好ましい。
計器、付属設備はケミカルプラントで通常使用されるものを用いた。
反応生成物の収率は、反応ガスをサンプリングし、ガスクロマトグラフィーで測定した分析データから下式により計算した。
アクリロニトリル収率(%)=(生成したアクリロニトリルのモル数)/(供給したプロピレン又はプロパンのモル数)×100
ガスクロマトグラフィーの測定機器及び測定条件は以下のとおりである。
ガスクロマトグラフィー:島津GC-14B
カラム:Porapack-QS(50~80Mesh)
検出器:FID
キャリヤーガス:窒素
プロパン、アンモニア及び空気を図1に示す流動層反応器に供給し、プロパンのアンモ酸化反応によるアクリロニトリル製造を下記のとおり行った。
プロパンは、原料ガス導入管2より反応器1に供給した。アンモニアについても、導入管100を用い、前記導入管2に合流させ、反応器1に供給した。空気は、酸素含有ガス導入管4より反応器1に供給した。
反応器1は、内径8m、長さLr20mの縦型円筒型で、下から2mの位置(0.1Lr)に酸素含有ガス分散装置5、その上に原料ガス分散装置3を有していた。触媒層の温度を測定するため、温度計15は、酸素含有ガス分散装置5から上方1.5~4.5m間に20点取り付けられていた。
触媒は、粒径10~100μm、平均粒径55μmであるモリブデン-バナジウム系担持触媒を用い、静止層高2.2mとなるよう充填した。酸素含有ガス分散装置5から空気を64500Nm3/h供給し、原料ガス分散装置3からプロパン4180Nm3/h及びアンモニアを4300Nm3/h供給した。
この反応系における目標温度は、440.0℃であった。上限値442.0℃、下限値438.0℃が許容できる温度幅であった。反応温度が目標温度である440.0℃近辺となるよう、除熱管A9及び除熱管B10を用いて温度制御を実施した。酸素含有ガス分散装置から上方1.5~4.5m間の20点の温度計の平均温度(以下、「Tave」とも言う。)は、440.1℃であった。
この反応系において目標温度である440.0℃での必要除熱量がQc、除熱管による除熱量がQuであったとき、反応温度が2.0℃上昇して442.0℃となったときの必要除熱量は1.0162Qc、除熱管による除熱量は1.0096Quであり、442.0℃における除熱管による除熱量の変化率/前記気相発熱反応における必要除熱量の変化率の比は1.0096/1.0162=0.9934であった。
反応温度が2.0℃降下して438.0℃となったときの必要除熱量は0.9841Qc、除熱管による除熱量は0.9904Quであり、438.0℃での除熱管による除熱量の変化率/必要除熱量の変化率の比は0.9904/0.9841=1.0064であった。
許容できる温度幅で運転を継続するために、反応温度が442.0℃となったときのプロパン流量を0.9934F以下、438.0℃となったときのプロパン流量を1.0064F以上とした。アンモニアは、流量計102で指示される流量が4300Nm3/hとなるよう調節弁101で自動調整した。空気についても流量計(図示せず)で指示される流量が64500Nm3/hとなるよう調節弁(図示せず)で自動調整した。プロパンについては、4180Nm3/hの状態で安定させ、該流量を定常流量Fとした。平均温度が440.0℃となるよう、プロパンの流量変化による温調を開始した。
プロパン流量が4180±100Nm3/h(±0.024F)の範囲で動くように、プロパンの調節弁17の開度を規定した。Taveを参照し、調節弁17の開度を連続的に自動可変させる運転を2ヶ月間行った。
この間、Taveは、438.1℃~441.9℃、プロパン流量は、4080~4280Nm3/hでそれぞれ推移した。なお、アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、51.2%~52.6%で変動し、平均51.9%であった。プラントの運転は安定であった。
プロパン、アンモニア及び空気を図2に示す流動層反応器に供給し、プロパンのアンモ酸化反応によるアクリロニトリル製造を実施例1と同様に行った。
プロパン流量を4180±100Nm3/h(±0.024F)の範囲で変化させ、温調を行った。まず、流量計18が4080Nm3/hとなるよう調節弁17で流量制御した。次に、Taveを参照し、流量計20が0~200Nm3/hで変動するよう調節弁B19の開度を連続的に自動可変させた。
上記のような運転を2ヶ月間行った。
この間、Taveは、438.5℃~441.5℃、プロパン流量は、4080~4280Nm3/hで推移した。なお、アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、51.4%~52.8%で変動し、平均52.2%であった。プラントの運転は安定であった。
流量計20が全閉止時0Nm3/h、全開放時200Nm3/hとなるよう調節弁B19の開度を自動的にオンオフ(全開放、全閉止)させたこと以外は、実施例2と同条件でプロパンのアンモ酸化を2ヶ月間行った。
調節弁B19を開放する温度を439.5℃、調節弁B19を閉止する温度を440.5℃に設定した。
上記のような運転を2ヶ月間行った。
この間、Taveは、438.9℃~441.0℃、プロパン流量は、4080~4280Nm3/hで推移した。なお、アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、51.5%~52.8%で変動し、平均52.3%であった。プラントの運転は安定であった。
調節弁B19を全閉止して、プロパンの流量変化による温調をしなかったこと以外は実施例2と同一の流動層反応器を用いて、実施例2と同条件でプロパンのアンモ酸化を2ヶ月間行った。
期中、目標温度とTaveの差が広がる時があったので、除熱管A9及び/又は除熱管B10の使用系列数を調整することにより、440.0℃に近づけるよう温調を実施した。
この間、Taveは、437.2℃~443.3℃で推移した。プロパン、アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、49.9%~52.2%で変動し、平均50.6%であった。
プロピレン、アンモニア及び空気を図1に示す流動層反応器に供給し、プロピレンのアンモ酸化反応によるアクリロニトリル製造を下記のとおり行った。
プロピレンは、原料ガス導入管2より反応器1に供給した。アンモニアは導入管100から供給して導入管2に合流させ、反応器1に供給した。空気は、酸素含有ガス導入管4より反応器1に供給した。
反応器1は、内径8m、長さLr20mの縦型円筒型で、下から2mの位置(0.1Lr)に空気分散装置5、その上に原料ガス分散装置3を有するものを使用した。触媒層の温度を測定するため、温度計15は、酸素含有ガス分散装置5から上方1.5~4.5m間に20点取り付けられていた。
触媒は、粒径10~100μm、平均粒径55μmであるモリブデン-ビスマス-鉄系担持触媒を用い、静止層高2.7mとなるよう充填した。酸素含有ガス分散装置5から空気を60000Nm3/h供給し、原料ガス分散装置3からプロピレン6700Nm3/h及びアンモニアを7100Nm3/h供給した。
この反応系における目標温度は、440.0℃であった。中央値を440.0℃として、上限値442.0℃、下限値438.0℃が許容できる温度幅であった。
まず、反応温度が目標温度である440.0℃近辺となるよう、除熱管A9及び除熱管B10を用いて温度制御を実施した。酸素含有ガス分散装置から上方1.5~4.5m間の20点の温度計の平均温度は、440.3℃であった。
アンモニアは、流量計102で指示される流量が7100Nm3/hとなるよう調節弁101で自動調整した。空気についても流量計(図示せず)で指示される流量が60000Nm3/hとなるよう調節弁(図示せず)で自動調整した。プロピレンについては、6700Nm3/hの状態で安定させ、この量を定常流量Fとした。Taveが440.0℃となるよう、プロピレンの流量変化による温調を開始した。
プロピレン流量が6700±250Nm3/h(±0.037F)の範囲で動くように、プロピレンの調節弁17の開度を規定した。Taveを参照し、反応温度の変化に対する必要除熱量Qcの変化率に基づいて調節弁17の開度を連続的に自動可変させてプロピレン流量を変化させる運転を2ヶ月間行った。
この間、Taveは、438.2℃~441.8℃、プロピレン流量は、6450~6950Nm3/hでそれぞれ推移した。なお、アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、80.5%~82.1%で変動し、平均81.6%であった。プラントの運転は安定であった。
反応温度の変化に対する必要除熱量Qcの変化率に基づいてプロピレンの流量を変化させることによる温調をしなかったこと以外は実施例4と同一の流動層反応器を用いて、実施例4と同条件でプロピレンのアンモ酸化を2ヶ月間行った。
期中、目標温度とTaveの差が広がる時があったので、除熱管A9及び/又は除熱管B10の使用系列数を調整することにより、440.0℃に近づけるよう温調を実施した。
この間、Taveは、437.7℃~443.9℃で推移した。プロピレン、アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%(±0.003F)自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、79.9%~81.6%で変動し、平均80.7%であった。プラント運転は安定であった。
プロピレン調節弁17の開度を規定しないで、プロピレンの流量変動範囲に規制をかけなかったこと以外は実施例4と同一の流動層反応器を用いて、実施例4と同条件でプロピレンのアンモ酸化を行った。
期中、プロピレンの流量が7200Nm3/hまで上昇し、反応器下流の機器における、圧力及び温度に乱れが生じたので、自動温調を取りやめ、マニュアルで調節弁17を調整した。この時、温調は除熱管A9で行った。
2ヶ月間、Taveは、438.1℃~442.9℃、プロピレン流量は、6310~7200Nm3/h(-0.058F~+0.075F)で推移した。アンモニア及び空気流量は、温調のために変化させることはしなかったが、流量設定値に対し±0.3%自然変動していた。
アクリロニトリル収率は、79.2%~81.6%で変動し、平均80.2%であった。プロピレン流量変化によるプロセスの乱れが発生し、度々、マニュアルによる流量調整を行う必要があった。
2 原料ガス導入管
3 原料ガス分散装置
3A ノズル
4 酸素含有ガス導入管
5 酸素含有ガス分散装置
6 反応生成ガス抜き出しライン
7 気液分離容器
8 冷媒水輸送ポンプ
9 除熱管A
10 除熱管B
11 飽和蒸気抜き出しライン
12 過熱蒸気抜き出しライン
13 冷媒水追加ライン
14 温度調節計
15 温度検出器(温度計)
16 触媒層
17 原料ガス流量調節弁
18 原料ガス流量計
19 原料ガス流量調節弁B
20 原料ガス流量計B
21 原料ガス調整流路
100 第2原料ガス導入管
101 第2原料ガス流量調節弁
102 第2原料ガス流量計
Claims (14)
- 流動層反応器内に原料ガスの分散装置と複数の除熱管を設け、前記分散装置を通じて前記原料ガスを前記流動層反応器に供給し、一部の前記除熱管により除熱しながら前記原料ガスを気相発熱反応させる方法であって、
前記気相発熱反応における反応温度の変化に対する必要除熱量の変化率及び/又は前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率に基づいて、前記原料ガスの流量を変化させる方法。 - 前記原料ガスの流量を、前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率/前記必要除熱量の変化率の比に基づいて変化させる、請求項1記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 前記原料ガスの流量を、前記反応温度の変化の前の原料ガスの流量に、前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率/前記必要除熱量の変化率の比を乗じた量とする、請求項2記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 前記気相発熱反応の目標温度T℃、原料ガス流量F、前記原料ガス流量の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃を設定し、
前記目標温度T℃における必要除熱量がQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における、前記必要除熱量がaQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における、前記必要除熱量がmQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がnQu、のとき、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記調整弁を閉じて前記原料ガスの流量を(b/a)F以下とし、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記調整弁を開けて前記原料ガスの流量を(n/m)F以上とする、請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の気相発熱反応方法。 - 前記気相発熱反応に先立って、及び/又は、前記気相発熱反応の途中に、前記複数の除熱管に供給する冷媒の量と前記原料ガスの流量とを一定にした状態で、前記反応温度を変化させて、その変化量毎の前記必要除熱量の変化率と、前記除熱管による除熱量の変化率とを求める工程を有する、請求項1記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 前記流動層反応器に前記原料ガスの導入管と、前記導入管から分岐し、調整弁が設けられた調整流路とを設け、前記導入管及び前記調整流路を通じて、前記原料ガスを前記流動層反応器に供給する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 前記調整流路に第二の調整弁を設け、
前記気相発熱反応の目標温度T℃、原料ガス流量F、前記第二の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃を設定し、
原料ガス導入管からの原料ガス流量を(1-γ)Fで一定となるよう調整し、前記調整流路からの原料ガス流量をγFとし、
前記目標温度T℃における、前記必要除熱量がQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における、前記必要除熱量がaQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における、前記必要除熱量がmQc、前記除熱管による除熱量がnQu、のとき、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記第二の調整弁を閉じて前記原料ガスの流量を(b/a)F以下とし、
前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記第二の調整弁を開けて前記原料ガスの流量を(n/m)F以上とする、請求項6記載の気相発熱反応方法。 - 前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃を超えた場合には、残部の除熱管によって除熱し、前記反応温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃未満の場合には、前記一部の除熱管による除熱量を減少させる、請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 0<α<20、0<β<20、0<γ<0.05である、請求項7又は8記載の方法。
- α=βである、請求項4~9のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記気相発熱反応がアンモ酸化反応であり、前記原料ガスがプロパン及び/又はイソブタンであり、目的生成物がアクリロニトリル及び/又はメタクリロニトリルである、請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 前記気相発熱反応がアンモ酸化反応であり、前記原料ガスがプロピレン及び/又はイソブチレンであり、目的生成物がアクリロニトリル及び/又はメタクリロニトリルである、請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の気相発熱反応方法。
- 流動層反応器と、
複数の除熱管と、
前記流動層反応器内に設けられた温度計と、
前記流動層反応器に連結された原料ガス導入管と、
前記原料ガス導入管に取り付けられた前記原料ガスの流量を調整するための調整弁と、
を有する気相発熱反応装置であって、
前記温度計は温度調節計を介して前記調整弁に接続されており、
目標温度T℃と、前記原料ガスの流量の調整弁を作動させる温度(T+α)℃及び(T-β)℃とが設定された温度調節計が設けられており、
前記温度計によって、前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記温度調節計に送信され、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が目標温度T℃であるときの原料ガス流量がF、
前記目標温度T℃における必要除熱量がQc、除熱管による除熱量がQu、
前記設定温度(T+α)℃における必要除熱量がaQc、除熱管による除熱量がbQu、
前記設定温度(T-β)℃における必要除熱量がmQc、除熱管による除熱量がnQu、
であるとき、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記設定温度(T+α)℃まで上昇した場合に、前記調整弁が閉じられて前記原料ガスの流量が(b/a)F以下に調整され、
前記流動層反応器内の温度が前記設定温度(T-β)℃まで下降した場合に、前記調整弁が開けられて前記原料ガスの流量が(n/m)F以上に調整される気相発熱反応装置。 - 前記原料ガス導入管から分岐した原料ガス調整流路と、
前記原料ガス調整流路に取り付けられた前記原料ガスの流量を調整するための第二の調整弁と、
を更に有し、
前記原料ガス導入管と、前記原料ガス調整流路と、から前記原料ガスが前記流動層反応器に導入される、請求項13記載の装置。
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| JP2015174063A (ja) * | 2014-03-17 | 2015-10-05 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応器の設計方法、および該設計方法により設計された流動層反応器 |
| JP2017512641A (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2017-05-25 | イネオス ユーロープ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 酸化又はアンモ酸化反応器のための冷却コイル設計 |
| JP2017512640A (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2017-05-25 | イネオス ユーロープ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 酸化又はアンモ酸化反応器のための冷却コイル設計 |
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| JP2019156737A (ja) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-09-19 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応装置及びアクリロニトリルの製造方法 |
| JP2019182795A (ja) * | 2018-04-12 | 2019-10-24 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応装置及びアクリロニトリルの製造方法 |
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| FR3010915A1 (fr) * | 2013-09-26 | 2015-03-27 | Gdf Suez | Reacteur de methanation pour faire reagir de l'hydrogene avec au moins un compose a base de carbone et produire du methane et de l'eau |
| WO2015044601A1 (fr) | 2013-09-26 | 2015-04-02 | Gdf Suez | Réacteur de méthanation pour faire réagir de l'hydrogène avec au moins un composé à base de carbone et produire du méthane et de l'eau |
| CN105579122A (zh) * | 2013-09-26 | 2016-05-11 | 苏伊士环能集团 | 使氢与至少一种碳基化合物反应并产生甲烷和水的甲烷化反应器 |
| US9926239B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2018-03-27 | Gdf Suez | Methanation process and reactor for reacting hydrogen with at least one carbon-based compound and producing methane and water |
| CN105579122B (zh) * | 2013-09-26 | 2018-10-30 | 苏伊士环能集团 | 使氢与至少一种碳基化合物反应并产生甲烷和水的甲烷化反应器 |
| JP2015174063A (ja) * | 2014-03-17 | 2015-10-05 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応器の設計方法、および該設計方法により設計された流動層反応器 |
| JP2017512641A (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2017-05-25 | イネオス ユーロープ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 酸化又はアンモ酸化反応器のための冷却コイル設計 |
| JP2017512640A (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2017-05-25 | イネオス ユーロープ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 酸化又はアンモ酸化反応器のための冷却コイル設計 |
| WO2018225854A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-09 | 2018-12-13 | 旭化成株式会社 | 不飽和ニトリルの製造方法 |
| JPWO2018225854A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-09 | 2019-06-27 | 旭化成株式会社 | 不飽和ニトリルの製造方法 |
| US10640458B2 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2020-05-05 | Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for producing unsaturated nitrile |
| JP2019156737A (ja) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-09-19 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応装置及びアクリロニトリルの製造方法 |
| JP2019182795A (ja) * | 2018-04-12 | 2019-10-24 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応装置及びアクリロニトリルの製造方法 |
| JP7094760B2 (ja) | 2018-04-12 | 2022-07-04 | 旭化成株式会社 | 流動層反応装置及びアクリロニトリルの製造方法 |
| EP4321244A4 (en) * | 2021-04-09 | 2025-04-09 | China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation | HEAT EXHAUST PIPE GROUP, AND APPLICATION THEREOF IN TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR AND MANUFACTURE OF UNSATURATED NITRILES |
| EP4321245A4 (en) * | 2021-04-09 | 2025-04-23 | China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation | Heat removal pipe group, method for controlling reaction temperature, and method for fabricating unsaturated nitriles |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2012035881A1 (ja) | 2014-02-03 |
| JP5770195B2 (ja) | 2015-08-26 |
| CN103097014B (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
| TW201228731A (en) | 2012-07-16 |
| CN103097014A (zh) | 2013-05-08 |
| KR101513566B1 (ko) | 2015-04-20 |
| TWI535490B (zh) | 2016-06-01 |
| KR20130069745A (ko) | 2013-06-26 |
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