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WO2012082288A1 - Unité de vitre isolante avec film suspendu à faible émissivité résistant à la fissuration - Google Patents

Unité de vitre isolante avec film suspendu à faible émissivité résistant à la fissuration Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012082288A1
WO2012082288A1 PCT/US2011/060846 US2011060846W WO2012082288A1 WO 2012082288 A1 WO2012082288 A1 WO 2012082288A1 US 2011060846 W US2011060846 W US 2011060846W WO 2012082288 A1 WO2012082288 A1 WO 2012082288A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
glass unit
insulating glass
thickness
polymer sheet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2011/060846
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ronny Kleinhempel
Julius G. Kozak
Roland C. Thielsch
Richard T. Wipfler
Christian H. Stoessel
Lee C. Boman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Southwall Technologies Inc
Original Assignee
Southwall Technologies Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Southwall Technologies Inc filed Critical Southwall Technologies Inc
Priority to CN201180060092.7A priority Critical patent/CN103260871B/zh
Priority to EP20153157.1A priority patent/EP3663085A1/fr
Priority to JP2013543180A priority patent/JP6062867B2/ja
Priority to CA2818186A priority patent/CA2818186C/fr
Priority to KR1020137017776A priority patent/KR20130126661A/ko
Priority to EP11849858.3A priority patent/EP2651637A4/fr
Publication of WO2012082288A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012082288A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/67—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/67—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • E06B3/6715—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light specially adapted for increased thermal insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
    • B32B2307/734—Dimensional stability
    • B32B2307/736—Shrinkable
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12542—More than one such component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12542—More than one such component
    • Y10T428/12549—Adjacent to each other
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y10T428/263—Coating layer not in excess of 5 mils thick or equivalent
    • Y10T428/264—Up to 3 mils
    • Y10T428/265—1 mil or less

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to insulating glass units (IGUs) having a low emissivity (low-E) coating stack for films that are suspended and tensioned in the IGUs, with particular emphasis upon both the quality of the infrared reflecting layer formed in the coating stack and the resistance of the low-E coating stack to cracking or crazing.
  • IGUs insulating glass units
  • low-E coating stack for films that are suspended and tensioned in the IGUs
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,335,166 to Lizardo et al describes an insulating glass unit (IGU) comprising a frame with spacers that support a heat-shrinkable plastic sheet between a pair of spaced apart, but substantially parallel, glass panes to provide an integral unit.
  • IGU insulating glass unit
  • the plastic sheet may be a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film that can be coated on one or both sides with an infrared reflective material.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • a transparent support can be selected from among rigid and non-rigid but minimally stretchable solids, including glass and various polymers (including PET) .
  • a layer stack of 5 or 7 alternating dielectric and metal layers is sputter-deposited onto one surface of the support.
  • the dielectric layers can be composed of an inorganic metal or semimetal oxide or salt having a refractive index between 1.75 and 2.25, such as indium oxide, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, bismuth oxide, chromium oxide, zinc sulfide, magnesium fluoride, or mixtures thereof. Polymer dielectrics are also disclosed.
  • the metal layers can be composed of silver, gold, platinum, palladium, aluminum, copper, nickel, or alloys thereof (e.g., silver alloyed with up to 25% gold) .
  • Spacer dielectric layers between the two or three metal layers have thicknesses between 40-200 nm, preferably 50-110 nm, and especially 70-100 nm.
  • Boundary dielectric layers on the outside of the stack have thicknesses between 20-150 nm, preferably 25- 90 nm, and especially 30-70 nm. (These thicknesses are for the inorganic dielectric materials.
  • the metal layers have a combined total thickness between 12-80 nm, with each metal layer having a thickness between 4-40 nm,
  • nm preferably 4-17 nm, especially 5-13 nm, with 10-12 nm each indicated for two-metal-layer stacks and 5-10 nm each for three-metal-layer stacks.
  • window assemblies have a film coating laminated to or deposited directly onto one or more glass substrates, rather than suspend a sheet in a space between pairs of glass panes .
  • the substrate that is provided with a stack of layers including at least one silver layer reflecting thermal radiation.
  • the stack is constructed to prevent stresses from causing it to delaminate or curl up.
  • the presence of an AlN layer under tensile stress compensates for the compressive stresses in a less than 15nm thick ZnO layer contiguous with the silver layer, so that the film will lie flat when laminated.
  • U.S. Reissued Patent RE 37,446 and U.S. Patent No. 5,532,062, both to iyazaki et al . describe low emissivity films comprising a glass substrate coated with a stack of alternating oxide and metallic films.
  • the oxide film furthest from the substrate has an internal stress not more than 1.1 x 10 10 dyne/cm 2 in order to prevent exfoliation of that surface film from the underlying metal layer due to moisture damage, with consequent turbidity or haze.
  • the 20-70 nm thick, outermost ZnO film is doped with at least one of Si, B, Ti, Mg, Cr, Sn or Ga in a total of up to 10 atomic %, and preferably 2 to 6 atomic 3 ⁇ 4, with respect to the total quantity including Zn.
  • the other oxide layers closer to the substrate may be selected from ZnO, Sn0 2 , ZnO-Sn0 2 multilayers, or a doped ZnO like the outermost oxide layer.
  • At least one of the metal film layers may be an IR reflecting layer composed of Ag, or an alloy whose major component is Ag including at least one of Au, Cu and Pd.
  • Zinc oxide is a well-known seed layer for the growth of silver.
  • the thicker the ZnO seed layer the better the epitaxial growth of silver on the seed. This results in higher quality silver and consequently a lower emissivity for a given area-specific amount of silver.
  • the brittleness of the highly conductive film layer is suspended in tension between wxndowpanes rather than directly coated onto a windowpane.
  • crystalline zinc oxide becomes a problem.
  • Shrinking or tensioning of the film tends to cause zinc oxide layers to experience crazing, forming a network of myriad visible cracks. Too much shrinking ( ⁇ *1.0%) results in cracked film. However, too little shrinking ( ⁇ *0.5%) results in sagging or wrinkled film that is also visible as image distortions reflected from the film within the window. The distortion from low film tension is
  • ln 2 0 3 is not as good a seed for the deposition of high quality (lower emissivity) silver.
  • An IGU is provided wherein the suspended and tensioned coated film has a ZnO seed layer that is at most 15nm thick.
  • the thinner ZnO is better able to withstand the strain of a tensioned film without crazing, while still able to serve as an adequate seed for high quality silver deposition.
  • Figs . 1A and IB are perspective views of corner portions of two insulating glass unit (IGU) embodiments in accord with the present invention installed within a frame.
  • the IGU in Fig. 1A has a single suspended film, while the IGU in Fig. lb is provided with two suspended films .
  • Fig. 2 is a side sectional view of the IGU in
  • Fig. 3 is a side sectional view of a first coated film embodiment in accord with the present invention and usable in the IGU embodiments of Figs. 1A and IB.
  • Figs. 4A through 4D are side sectional views corresponding to Fig. 2 that illustrate the steps of assembling an IGU with suspended tensioned film.
  • Figs. 5 and 6 are side sectional views of second and third coated film embodiments in accord with the present invention.
  • an IGU 11 is shown, here as installed within an optional frame 13.
  • the IGU 11 itself includes a pair of glass panes 15 and 17, a pair of spacers 19 and 21, and a coated sheet 23 suspended between the panes 15 and 17.
  • the spacers 19 and 21 support the panes 15 and 17 and sheet 23 in a spaced apart and substantially parallel relation.
  • the coated sheet 23 is transparent to visible light, but reflective of infrared (or thermal) light due to the low emissivity coating. Additionally, the sheet 23 embodies certain improvements in crack resistance while
  • an IGU 31 includes a pair of glass panes 35 and 37, three spacers 39-41, and a pair of coated sheets 43 and 45 suspended between the pains 35 and 37.
  • the spacers 39-41 support the panes 35 and 37 and the pair of sheets 43 and 45 in mutually spaced apart and substantially parallel relation to one another. Both sheets are transparent and resistant to cracking under tension. At least one, and preferably both, of the sheets 43 and 45 exhibit the infrared reflectivity, low emissivity properties of sheet 23.
  • FIG. 1A a sectional view of Fig. 1A, shows that the spacers 19 and 21 are located only the perimeter or edges of the respective panes 15 and 17 and sheet (s) 23.
  • the panes 15 and 17 and sheet 23 may be bonded to the spacers 19 and 21 using an adhesive sealant (not shown) , which could be a poly-isobutylene (PIB) adhesive.
  • the spacers 19 and 21 may be filled with a desiccant material to remove any residual moisture between the panes to prevent fogging of the IGU.
  • the sheet 23 (and likewise, at least one of the sheets 43 and 45 in Fig. IB) , is a visually transparent, infrared reflecting, composite film in which a series of layers 53-59 are coated onto a surface of a polymer substrate 51.
  • the sheet 23 may be a polyethylene
  • PET film 51 coated with a stack of dielectric and metal layers 53-59.
  • Varieties of PET film are available with heat shrink properties that allow the film to be tensioned (made taut) after assembly.
  • This substrate is typically from 25 to over 125 micrometers thick .
  • the first layer 53 immediately adjacent to the polymer substrate 51 may be an amorphous dielectric, such as indium oxide (ln 2 0 3 ) . It is typically about 20 to 80 nm thick.
  • the second layer 55 may be the seed layer, composed of a more crystalline dielectric than the indium oxide layer 53.
  • a seed layer 55 in accord with present invention is a zinc-based oxide layer that is a most 15 nm, and typically 5 to 10 nm thick.
  • the zinc -based oxide layer is typically selected from any of a variety of silver-seeding layers including nO, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (with up to about 2% Al)
  • ZAO gallium-doped zinc oxide
  • ZGO gallium-doped zinc oxide
  • ZnO/Sn0 2 with the Sn content between 1% and 10% of the total zinc and tin content
  • ZnO/ln 2 0 3 with the In content being approximately 10% of the total zinc and indium content
  • the selected zinc-based oxide material may be sputtered from a ceramic or metallic target.
  • the thinness of this ZnO layer 55 gives it the ability to withstand the strain of the tensioned sheet without cracking. A minimum thickness of 5 nm ensures that the outer surface of the ZnO layer 55 can serve as an adequate seed for high quality silver deposition.
  • the third coating layer 57 is the metallic infrared reflective low emissivity coating, which may be composed of silver or of a silver alloy that includes palladium, copper and/or gold.
  • the thickness of the metallic layer 57 is typically 5 to 60 nm, giving it adequate visible light transmission.
  • a very thin ( ⁇ 5nm) cap layer (not shown) , such as nichrome (NiCr) , Ti, ZAO or nichrome nitride (NiCrN x ) , may be coated on top of the silver layer to preserve the silver quality during the deposition of the outer dielectric .
  • An outer dielectric layer 59 is formed on the metallic layer 57.
  • This may be composed of indium oxide, and is typically 20 to 50 nm thick.
  • indium oxide for dielectric layers 53 and 59 is motivated by its crack resistance due to its amorphous quality, while zinc oxide is used for the seed layer to ensure high quality silver deposition for low emissivity. But the zinc oxide seed layer is kept thin enough to minimize its
  • assembly of an IGU begins by bonding a window pane 17 to one of the spacers 21 using an adhesive sealant.
  • window pane 15 is bonded to the other spacer 19.
  • the sheet 23 is bonded to both spacers 19 and 21, leaving the structure seen in Fig. 4B, but generally will not be sufficiently taut to remove all wrinkles 23b.
  • the assembled unit is subject to a heat treatment 49 causes the PET
  • the substrate of sheet 23 to shrink. This removes any wrinkles 23b, leaving a generally planar sheet 23, suspended in substantially parallel relation to the panes 15 and 17, as seen in Fig. 4D.
  • heating the assembled unit to cause the plastic sheet to shrink so as to become taut and wrinkle-free is one way to tension the sheet 23, other tensioning techniques could be used.
  • the coating materials, including the zinc oxide seed layer 55 are resistant to cracking .
  • an alternative embodiment of the suspended sheet has the polymer substrate 61 coated on both of its surfaces.
  • the coating begins on both surfaces with generally amorphous dielectric coatings 62 and 63, e.g. of ln 2 0 3 , typically 20 to 80 nm thick.
  • Seed layers 64 and 65 are composed of thin ZnO of at most 15 nm thickness.
  • Metallic IR reflecting layers 66 and 67 are deposited on the respective seed layers.
  • the use of zinc oxide ensures high quality deposition of the silver, giving the sheet its markedly lower emissivity.
  • another amorphous dielectric coating 68 and 69 e.g. of 20 to 60 nm ln 2 0 3 , serves as protective outer coat on the silver .
  • yet another embodiment of the suspended film sheet has a thicker stack with multiple IR reflecting layers 77 and 87.
  • a PET substrate 71 is coated with a first set of amorphous dielectric, crystalline seed dielectric, metallic IR reflecting, and amorphous dielectric layers 73-79, followed by yet another sequence of seed
  • dielectric layer 85 metallic IR reflecting layer 87, and amorphous outer dielectric layer 89. This can be repeated any number of times, provided that the
  • the amorphous dielectric may be chosen to be ln 2 0 3 , while the various seed layers are zinc oxide, each not exceeding 15 nm in thickness for adequate crack resistance.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une unité de vitre isolante à faible émissivité dotée d'une feuille suspendue sous tension en polymère revêtu réfléchissant les infrarouges, par ex. thermorétractée. La feuille de polymère est revêtue d'une superposition multicouche de couches diélectriques et métalliques, comprenant au moins une couche d'argent déposée par-dessus une couche d'amorçage à l'oxyde de zinc dont l'épaisseur vaut au plus 15 nm. L'utilisation d'oxyde de zinc assure un bon amorçage pour la croissance d'une couche d'argent de haute qualité, donnant ainsi une faible émissivité. La minceur de l'oxyde de zinc garantit sa résistance à la fissuration lorsque la feuille de polymère est mise en tension.
PCT/US2011/060846 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 Unité de vitre isolante avec film suspendu à faible émissivité résistant à la fissuration Ceased WO2012082288A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201180060092.7A CN103260871B (zh) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 具有抗裂低辐射率悬挂膜的隔热玻璃单元
EP20153157.1A EP3663085A1 (fr) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 Unité de vitre isolante avec film suspendu à faible émissivité résistant à la fissuration
JP2013543180A JP6062867B2 (ja) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 耐亀裂性で低放射性の浮設フィルムを備えた絶縁ガラスユニット
CA2818186A CA2818186C (fr) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 Unite de vitre isolante avec film suspendu a faible emissivite resistant a la fissuration
KR1020137017776A KR20130126661A (ko) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 매달린 내균열성 저-방사 필름을 갖는 단열 유리 유닛
EP11849858.3A EP2651637A4 (fr) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 Unité de vitre isolante avec film suspendu à faible émissivité résistant à la fissuration

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/966,469 US8530011B2 (en) 2010-12-13 2010-12-13 Insulating glass unit with crack-resistant low-emissivity suspended film
US12/966,469 2010-12-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2012082288A1 true WO2012082288A1 (fr) 2012-06-21

Family

ID=46199684

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2011/060846 Ceased WO2012082288A1 (fr) 2010-12-13 2011-11-15 Unité de vitre isolante avec film suspendu à faible émissivité résistant à la fissuration

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US8530011B2 (fr)
EP (2) EP2651637A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP6062867B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20130126661A (fr)
CN (1) CN103260871B (fr)
CA (1) CA2818186C (fr)
WO (1) WO2012082288A1 (fr)

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FR2975989B1 (fr) * 2011-05-30 2014-04-25 Saint Gobain Couche barriere aux alcalins
US20130319598A1 (en) 2012-05-30 2013-12-05 Cardinal Ig Company Asymmetrical insulating glass unit and spacer system
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US9499899B2 (en) * 2013-03-13 2016-11-22 Intermolecular, Inc. Systems, methods, and apparatus for production coatings of low-emissivity glass including a ternary alloy
US9790127B2 (en) * 2013-03-14 2017-10-17 Intermolecular, Inc. Method to generate high LSG low-emissivity coating with same color after heat treatment
US20140290156A1 (en) * 2013-03-28 2014-10-02 Kevin Bruce Narrow profile multi-pane window assembly
TWI654080B (zh) 2013-05-28 2019-03-21 美商南垣工藝公司 具有抗裂、低發射率懸膜之絕熱玻璃元件
CN105715158A (zh) * 2016-04-08 2016-06-29 华南理工大学 一种多腔中空玻璃
JP6825988B2 (ja) * 2017-05-29 2021-02-03 株式会社総合車両製作所 鉄道車両用の複層窓ユニット
CN107575134A (zh) * 2017-10-12 2018-01-12 重庆市恒固席勒装饰工程有限公司 一种隔热门窗及其组件
FR3088633B1 (fr) * 2018-11-16 2021-04-30 Saint Gobain Materiau traite thermiquement a proprietes mecaniques ameliorees
US12116832B2 (en) 2021-02-17 2024-10-15 Vitro Flat Glass Llc Multi-pane insulated glass unit having a relaxed film forming a third pane and method of making the same
CN115181311B (zh) * 2022-08-01 2024-01-09 江苏双星彩塑新材料股份有限公司 一种抑菌内悬膜
CN115216043B (zh) * 2022-08-01 2024-03-12 江苏双星彩塑新材料股份有限公司 一种用于内悬膜门窗的内悬膜及其制备方法
WO2024243579A1 (fr) * 2023-05-24 2024-11-28 The Mackinac Technology Company Système de gestion d'énergie de fenêtre modernisée pour commande dynamique de flux d'énergie à travers des fenêtres de bâtiment
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CN103260871B (zh) 2016-09-14
JP2014500223A (ja) 2014-01-09
EP2651637A1 (fr) 2013-10-23
CA2818186C (fr) 2014-09-16
EP2651637A4 (fr) 2016-12-21
CN103260871A (zh) 2013-08-21
KR20130126661A (ko) 2013-11-20
JP6062867B2 (ja) 2017-01-18
EP3663085A1 (fr) 2020-06-10
US8530011B2 (en) 2013-09-10
CA2818186A1 (fr) 2012-06-21
US20120148863A1 (en) 2012-06-14

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