WO2012081502A1 - ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断反応を指標としたスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断反応を指標としたスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012081502A1 WO2012081502A1 PCT/JP2011/078460 JP2011078460W WO2012081502A1 WO 2012081502 A1 WO2012081502 A1 WO 2012081502A1 JP 2011078460 W JP2011078460 W JP 2011078460W WO 2012081502 A1 WO2012081502 A1 WO 2012081502A1
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/34—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase
- C12Q1/37—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving hydrolase involving peptidase or proteinase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
- C12Q1/485—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase involving kinase
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
- G01N2333/91—Transferases (2.)
- G01N2333/912—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
- G01N2333/91205—Phosphotransferases in general
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
- G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
- G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- G01N2333/95—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99)
- G01N2333/964—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue
- G01N2333/96425—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals
- G01N2333/96427—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general
- G01N2333/9643—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general with EC number
- G01N2333/96486—Metalloendopeptidases (3.4.24)
- G01N2333/96491—Metalloendopeptidases (3.4.24) with definite EC number
- G01N2333/96494—Matrix metalloproteases, e. g. 3.4.24.7
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
- G01N2500/02—Screening involving studying the effect of compounds C on the interaction between interacting molecules A and B (e.g. A = enzyme and B = substrate for A, or A = receptor and B = ligand for the receptor)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a screening method using EphA4 cleavage reaction by gelatinase (MMP-2 or MMP-9) as an index.
- Eph receptor A4 is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and is a molecule that controls post-synaptic morphogenesis. EphA4 knockout or dominant-negative mutant expression reduces the number of spines, small spines on dendrites, and elongates spines (Non-Patent Document 1). It is generally advocated that the process of memory and learning is reflected in the number and shape of spines.
- the MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) family which is an enzyme that cleaves the extracellular domain of EphA4, is divided into the classical MMP family and the ADAM family.
- Many ⁇ -secretase substrates such as Notch and APP are known to be cleaved by ADAM protease (Non-patent Document 3).
- MMP-2 and MMP-9 which belong to the gelatinase family, are highly expressed in the central nervous system and activated depending on nerve activity. It is known to be involved in spine formation (Non-patent Document 4).
- the relationship between the gelatinase family and EphA4 has never been reported, and it has not been clarified at all whether EphA4 is cleaved into gelatinase family molecules.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a screening method using as an index the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by gelatinase family molecules (MMP-2, -9).
- the present inventor has found that the cleavage reaction of the extracellular region of EphA4 induced in the hippocampal primary cultured neurons depending on the nerve activity is gelatinase (MMP-2, -9 ) Found to be completely inhibited by the selective agent inhibitor mmp-2 / 9 Inhibitor II, and used to screen for compounds that increase or decrease EphA4 processing through ⁇ -secretase, or It has been found that compounds that increase or decrease spine formation through EphA4 intracellular fragments processed by secretase can be screened, and the present invention has been completed.
- MMP-2, -9 gelatinase
- the present invention is a method for screening a substance that affects EphA4 processing by gelatinase, and comprises the following steps: (A) contacting a first biological composition comprising gelatinase or a biologically active fragment thereof with a second biological composition comprising EphA4 in the presence and absence of a candidate substance Let (B) The presence or amount of an extracellular region and / or an intracellular region fragment of EphA4 is measured, and (c) the measurement result of (b) in the presence of the candidate substance is obtained in the absence of the candidate substance. Selecting the candidate substance as a substance that affects the processing of EphA4 by gelatinase when changed compared with the measurement result of (b), The method is provided.
- ⁇ -secretase can be further present in (a).
- the fragment of the intracellular region and / or extracellular region of EphA4 measured in (b) in the presence of the candidate substance is the above-mentioned (b) in the absence of the candidate substance.
- the candidate substance is identified as a substance that promotes the processing of EphA4 by gelatinase when increased in comparison with the fragment of the intracellular region and / or extracellular region of EphA4 measured in (1).
- the substance that promotes the processing of EphA4 by gelatinase can be evaluated as a substance that further promotes the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by ⁇ -secretase.
- a substance that promotes EphA4 processing by gelatinase is a substance that further promotes the spine formation reaction via an intracellular fragment of EphA4.
- the intracellular and / or extracellular region fragments of EphA4 measured in (b) in the presence of the candidate substance are measured in (b) in the absence of the candidate substance. Identifying the candidate substance as a substance that inhibits the processing of EphA4 by gelatinase when it is reduced as compared to a fragment of the intracellular and / or extracellular region of EphA4.
- the substance that inhibits EphA4 processing by gelatinase can be further evaluated as a substance that inhibits the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by ⁇ -secretase.
- a substance that inhibits EphA4 processing by gelatinase can be further evaluated as a substance that inhibits the spine formation reaction via intracellular fragments of EphA4.
- the present invention provides an EphA4 extracellular domain cleaving agent comprising gelatinase or a biologically active fragment thereof. Furthermore, the present invention measures the processing of EphA4 by gelatinase, comprising a first biological composition comprising gelatinase or a biologically active fragment thereof and a second biological composition comprising EphA4.
- a test kit for measuring the spine formation is provided.
- the test kit of the present invention may further contain a biological composition containing ⁇ -secretase.
- a screening method using EphA4 cleavage reaction as an index is provided.
- a substance that promotes or inhibits EphA4 cleavage reaction can be screened.
- a substance that increases or decreases spine formation can be screened.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing EphA4 cleavage processing and spine formation. It is a figure which shows the result of cleavage reaction of the extracellular region of EphA4.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing EphA4 cleavage processing and spine formation. As shown in FIG.
- EICD EphA4 intracellular domain
- MMP-2 or MMP-9 (these are called gelatinases) cleave EphA4. Therefore, substances that promote gelatinase activity are: (i) Promotes the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by gelatinase, so that EphA4 is cleaved into its extracellular region fragment and intracellular region fragment (fragment containing transmembrane domain and EICD), (ii) cleavage of an intracellular region fragment of EphA4 by ⁇ -secretase, and (iii) A substance that promotes a series of processing of EICD production, and a substance that suppresses the activity of gelatinase can be said to be a substance that suppresses the above-mentioned processing.
- the action of gelatinase is to cleave EphA4 into a fragment in the extracellular region and a fragment in the intracellular region. Since the extracellular region fragment of EphA4 cleaved by gelatinase is released to the outside of the cell, if the gelatinase is allowed to act on EphA4 together with the candidate substance, and the released fragment is collected and measured by ELISA or the like, the change in cleavage efficiency can be seen. Substances that can be quantified and affect the action of gelatinase can be screened.
- EphA4 intracellular domain fragments cleaved by gelatinase can be used to quantify changes in cleavage efficiency by recovering cells and measuring fragments that are present in the cells (including cell membrane fractions) by ELISA. A substance that affects the action of gelatinase can be screened.
- the intracellular region fragment of EphA4 that has been cleaved by gelatinase is further cleaved by ⁇ -secretase to produce an intracellular domain (EICD). Therefore, when a fusion gene was prepared by binding a transcription factor to the C-terminus of EphA4 (the end of the intracellular domain fragment) and expressed in neurons, EICD-transcribed cleaved by ⁇ -secretase.
- the factor fusion molecule can translocate to the nucleus and increase the expression of a reporter gene that is produced such that expression is controlled by the transcription factor. Thereby, the production of EICD can be quantified.
- gelatinase when gelatinase is allowed to act on nerve cells or the like in the presence of a candidate substance, the presence or amount of an extracellular region fragment of EphA4, or the presence or amount of an intracellular region fragment, particularly EICD, which is a domain of the intracellular region. It is possible to examine whether the candidate substance is a substance that affects the activity of gelatinase.
- the present inventor confirmed that the cleavage reaction of the extracellular region of EphA4 induced in a neuronal activity-dependent manner in hippocampal primary cultured neurons is a gelatinase (MMP-2, -9) selective inhibitor mmp-2 / 9 Inhibitor It was proved for the first time that it was completely inhibited by II. It was also found for the first time that the cleavage reaction by gelatinase can be quantified by ELISA using an antibody specific to the extracellular region of EphA4 or Western blot using a specific antibody against a fragment of the intracellular region of EphA4.
- the present inventor has shown that the cleavage reaction of the extracellular region that determines the efficiency of the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by ⁇ -secretase is suppressed by the gelatinase inhibitor.
- the screening method using the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by gelatinase is effective.
- the promoters and inhibitors of EphA4 cleavage reaction by gelatinase obtained by the screening method of the present invention are involved in the activation and inactivation of gelatinase, respectively, and these promoters and inhibitors act on EphA4.
- substances for example, compounds that activate and inactivate the enzymatic reaction of gelatinase, respectively.
- EphA4 since the cleavage reaction of the extracellular region of EphA4 is a factor that determines the efficiency of the cleavage reaction by ⁇ -secretase, promoters and inhibitors of the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by gelatinase are EphA4 mediated by ⁇ -secretase. It can be said that it is a substance (for example, a compound) that increases and decreases processing, respectively, and a substance (for example, a compound) that increases and decreases spine formation through EphA4 intracellular fragments processed by ⁇ -secretase.
- the present invention is a method for screening a substance that affects EphA4 processing by gelatinase, and includes the following steps.
- contact means that the first biological composition and the second biological composition are placed in an environment where the first biological composition and the second biological composition can react under predetermined conditions.
- Mixing the second biological composition with the biological composition mixing the first biological composition with the second biological composition, culturing the mixture of both, and gelatinase It means co-culturing a transformant containing a gene encoding and a transformant containing a gene encoding EphA4, co-expressing a gene encoding gelatinase and a gene encoding EphA4.
- the first biological composition includes gelatinase or a biologically active fragment thereof, and the second biological composition includes EphA4.
- the cleavage reaction of EphA4 proceeds by gelatinase.
- this reaction system is a cell-free system or a cell system in which ⁇ -secretase is present
- the candidate substance is a substance that promotes the action of gelatinase
- a cleavage fragment of EphA4 is produced by the action of gelatinase, followed by cleavage reaction of the intracellular region fragment of EphA4 by ⁇ -secretase, resulting in EICD. Even if no candidate substance is present, the enzymatic reaction by gelatinase proceeds.
- the candidate substance can be evaluated as a substance that promotes the action of gelatinase.
- the candidate substance exhibits the action of gelatinase. It can be evaluated as an inhibitory substance. Thereby, it is possible to evaluate whether or not the candidate substance promotes the action of gelatinase using the production of the cleaved fragment of the extracellular region and / or the intracellular region fragment (particularly EICD) as an index.
- the candidate substance when the fragment of the intracellular region and / or the extracellular region of EphA4 measured in (b) in the presence of the candidate substance is in the absence of the candidate substance,
- the candidate substance is identified as a substance that promotes EphA4 processing by gelatinase, and when the candidate substance is decreased compared to the absence of the candidate substance, the candidate substance is , Identified as a substance that inhibits EphA4 processing by gelatinase.
- the substance that promotes EphA4 processing by gelatinase is further evaluated to increase the EphA4 cleavage reaction by ⁇ -secretase
- the substance that inhibits EphA4 processing by gelatinase is the EphA4 cleavage reaction by ⁇ -secretase. It can be evaluated that it is a substance that inhibits.
- substances that promote EphA4 processing by gelatinase are further evaluated as substances that increase the spine formation reaction via intracellular fragments of EphA4, and substances that inhibit EphA4 processing by gelatinase are intracellular. It can be evaluated that the substance inhibits the spine formation reaction via the fragment.
- the presence / absence or amount of an extracellular region cleaved fragment and / or an intracellular region fragment can be measured by ELISA or Western blotting using an antibody or the like of these fragments (details will be described later).
- gelatinase is a molecule classified as classical MMP in the MMP family, and includes MMP-2 and MMP-9.
- gelatinase may be any of various animal-derived polypeptides, recombinant polypeptides, and synthetic polypeptides.
- Gelatinase is preferably full-length, but may be a biologically active fragment (partial sequence) or a full-length or partial fragment variant sequence as long as it has matrix metalloproteinase activity.
- a gelatinase mutant or biologically active fragment (partial sequence, etc.) has one or more (preferably one or several) amino acid deletions, substitutions, insertions and / or deletions in the full-length or partial sequence gelatinase.
- gelatinase or a biologically active fragment thereof has an action of cleaving the extracellular region of EphA4 as described above, it is used as an agent for cleaving the extracellular region of EphA4.
- EphA4 is a known polypeptide that is a regulator of synapse formation and / or maintenance (Murai KK et al., Nat Neurosci. 2003 Feb; 6 (2): 153-60.) .
- EphA4 (NM_004438.3, BC026327, NP_004429.1, BAG35298.1), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) EphA4 (XM_001106493.1, XM_001106620, XM_001106561, XM_001106876, XM_001106943, XM_001106806, XP_00110643tes, XP_00110643tes) ) EphA4 (XM_001164636.1, XM_001164828, XM_526042, XM_001164899, XM_001164862, XM_001164676), rat EphA4 (XM_244186), mouse EphA4 (NM_007936.3, BC052164, X65138, BC004782, AK2.2203, NP013) Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) EphA4 (XM_001365826), domestic dog
- EphA4 structurally includes a ⁇ -secretase cleavage site, a transmembrane domain, and a kinase active site, and its ligand is the EphrinA family (Aoto, J et al., Brain Res. 2006 11).
- EphA4 may be any of an animal-derived polypeptide, a recombinant polypeptide, and a synthetic polypeptide.
- EphA4 is preferably full-length, but may have a partial sequence or a mutant sequence as long as it contains at least a cleavage site of EphA4 by gelatinase and a cleavage site by ⁇ -secretase.
- a variant of EphA4 may have one or more (preferably one or several) amino acids deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added to EphA4 of the full length or partial sequence, or a combination thereof.
- the “polypeptide functionally substantially identical to EphA4” means a polypeptide having an activity possessed by EphA4, for example, a cleavage activity depending on gelatinase or ⁇ -secretase.
- ⁇ -secretase is a proteolytic enzyme formed from presenilin (presenilin 1 or 2) and three types of cofactor proteins (nicastrin, Aph-1, Pen-2).
- each protein constituting ⁇ -secretase may be a polypeptide derived from various animals, a recombinant polypeptide, or a synthetic polypeptide.
- Each protein constituting ⁇ -secretase is preferably full-length, but may be of a partial sequence or a mutant sequence as long as ⁇ -secretase has proteolytic activity.
- each protein constituting ⁇ -secretase one to plural (preferably one or several) amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added to each constituent protein of full length or partial sequence.
- Polypeptide substantially functionally identical to ⁇ -secretase means a polypeptide having the activity of ⁇ -secretase, for example, the activity of degrading a protein (eg, EphA4 cleaved from the extracellular region). To do.
- Table 1 shows the correspondence between the base sequence and amino acid sequence of EphA4 derived from various animals
- Table 2 shows the correspondence between the base sequence and amino acid sequence of human-derived gelatinase
- Table 3 shows the correspondence between the base sequence and amino acid sequence of ⁇ -secretase derived from various animals.
- the “candidate substance” is a substance for testing whether or not the activity of gelatinase, preferably the activity of mammalian gelatinase, can be changed, and its kind and origin are particularly limited. is not.
- expression product of gene library natural or synthetic small molecule compound (including compounds contained in library), nucleic acid (oligo DNA, oligo RNA), natural or synthetic peptide (including peptides contained in library) , Antibodies, bacterial release substances (including substances released by bacterial metabolism), cell (microbe, plant cell, animal cell) extract, cell (microbe, plant cell, animal cell) culture supernatant, purification or partial purification Examples thereof include one or more substances selected from the group consisting of peptides, extracts derived from various organisms (marine organisms, plants or animals), soil, and peptides contained in a random phage peptide display library.
- the candidate substance may be a new substance or a known substance. Further, the candidate substance may be modified by conventional chemical means, physical means and / or biochemical means, for example, direct chemistry such as acylation, alkylation, esterification, amidation, etc. It may be a compound that has been subjected to modification or random chemical modification to be a structural analog.
- the candidate substance may be a compound identified by a pharmacophore search for a compound, a structure comparison program using a computer, or the like. The compound may form a salt, and the candidate compound and its salt may form a solvate (including a hydrate).
- the candidate substance may be a known gelatinase promoter or gelatinase inhibitor related to gelatinase processing, or a structural analog thereof.
- a known compound that promotes or inhibits the activity of gelatinase may be a compound that can be designed through rational drug design. Examples of these compounds include NMDA and mmp-2 / 9 Inhibitor II. The structure of mmp-2 / 9 Inhibitor II (Merck) is shown below. (2R)-[(4-Biphenylylsulfonyl) amino] -N-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionamide (BiPS)
- Candidate substances can generally be included (eg, added) to the reaction system at concentrations ranging from about 1 nM to 1 mM, usually from about 10 ⁇ M to 1 mM.
- the above steps are carried out in the presence and absence of the candidate substance, and the EphA4 cleavage activity of gelatinase in the presence of the candidate substance is determined. By comparing with the activity in the presence, a substance that changes the cleavage activity of EphA4 by gelatinase is identified.
- the fact that the amount or degree (presence or absence) of EphA4 changes in the presence of the candidate substance is an indicator that the cleavage activity of EphA4 by gelatinase has changed in the presence of the candidate substance, and is a modulator of the activity of gelatinase.
- the substance is identified. For example, a substance that increases the EphA4 cleavage product as compared with the control is evaluated as an accelerator for the proteolytic activity of gelatinase. On the other hand, substances that reduce EphA4 cleavage products compared to controls are evaluated as inhibitors of gelatinase proteolytic activity.
- the gelatinase promoter or modulator thereof obtained by the method of the present invention may be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- the inhibitor of gelatinase obtained by the method of the present invention may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with synapse, especially spine hyperplasia.
- the “fragment of the extracellular region” is an N-terminal fragment of EphA4 that has been cleaved by gelatinase and is released to the outside of the cell (see FIG. 1).
- the “fragment in the intracellular region” refers to a cleavage product after EphA4 is cleaved by gelatinase, that is, a fragment on the C-terminal side of EphA4 and other than an extracellular region fragment.
- a fragment of the intracellular region contains a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain, and is a fragment serving as a substrate for ⁇ -secretase.
- a fragment of an intracellular region that is cleaved and produced by ⁇ -secretase is called an EphA4 intracellular domain (EICD). Therefore, EICD is a concept included in “fragment of intracellular region”.
- substitution preferably means that one or more (preferably one or several) amino acid residues are separated from another chemically similar group so that the activity of the polypeptide is not substantially altered.
- Functionally similar amino acids that can make such substitutions are known in the art for each amino acid. Specific examples include non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acids such as alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine.
- Examples of polar (neutral) amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamine, asparagine, and cysteine.
- Examples of positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, histidine, and lysine.
- Examples of negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
- the number of amino acids that may be deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added is, for example, 1 to 30, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, still more preferably 1 to 5, Particularly preferred is 1 to 2.
- the amino acid sequence of each protein constituting the gelatinase, EphA4 and ⁇ -secretase is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, and still more preferably 90% with the amino acid sequence of each wild-type polypeptide. More preferably, it contains 95% or more, particularly preferably 98% or more, and most preferably 99% or more amino acid sequences having homology of 99% or more.
- the polypeptide containing the amino acid sequence having the homology is a mutant polypeptide used in the present invention.
- polypeptides may be any of the aforementioned animal-derived polypeptides, recombinant polypeptides, and synthetic polypeptides.
- the identity may be a numerical value calculated using a homology search program known to those skilled in the art.
- BLAST Basic local alignment search tool
- It can be calculated by using default (initial setting) parameters in //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/.
- EphA4 to be analyzed and ⁇ -secretase that can be used include a fusion polypeptide fused with another polypeptide, for example, a polypeptide to which a tag or a tag is added, or It may be in the form of a polypeptide subjected to other modifications.
- These polypeptides can be obtained by genetic engineering techniques, site-directed mutagenesis, mutagen treatment (eg, hydroxylamine), or automated peptide synthesis.
- Any EphA4 derivative containing at least a cleavage site by gelatinase and ⁇ -secretase can be used in the present invention. These polypeptides are particularly useful for detecting and purifying EphA4.
- the “biological composition” is not particularly limited as long as it is a composition containing gelatinase or EphA4.
- a cell-free reconstitution system an expression product obtained by a genetic engineering technique, a mammal, or one of them.
- the biological composition may be a composition containing ⁇ -secretase.
- gelatinase and / or EphA4 may be endogenous or exogenous.
- gelatinase or EphA4 derived from a part of the animal.
- the animal include tissues, cells, cell membrane fractions, purified membranes and the like derived from the animals.
- the cells include central nervous system cells, brain-derived neurons, cerebral cortex-derived neurons, cerebral cortex-derived primary cultured neurons, hippocampal-derived primary cultured neurons, and glial cells. It is done. Further, in these cells, gelatinase and / or EphA4 may remain in the mammal or a part thereof, or the gelatinase fraction or EphA4 fraction of the cell lysate prepared from the mammal. It may be.
- the cell lysate may be prepared, for example, by lysis of cells containing gelatinase or EphA4 with a hypotonic solution or a surfactant, or by ultrasonic disruption or physical disruption. It may be treated with a purification means such as.
- gelatinase-expressing cells or EphA4-expressing cells when expressed in a host cell using all or part of each expression vector containing a polynucleotide encoding gelatinase or a polynucleotide encoding EphA4 Alternatively, it may be a gelatinase fraction of a cell lysate derived from gelatinase-expressing cells or a gelatinase fraction of a cell lysate derived from EphA4-expressing cells.
- the cell lysate may be prepared, for example, by lysis of cells containing gelatinase or EphA4 with a hypotonic solution or a surfactant, or by ultrasonic disruption or physical disruption. It may be treated with a purification means such as.
- the expression vector may be one that is transformed or transfected into a host cell and transiently expresses the gene, or one that is integrated into the genome of the host cell and stably expresses the gene.
- transformation means any method that changes the DNA content of a eukaryotic cell. Examples include calcium phosphate transfection, protoplast fusion transfection, electroporation transfection, DEAE-dextran-treated transfection, liposome transfection, polybrene transfection, direct microinjection transfection (Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning 3). : 16.30-16.31 (1989)).
- the expression vector used for the transformation or transfection is not particularly limited as long as it contains a polynucleotide encoding gelatinase or a polynucleotide encoding EphA4, and is a known one appropriately selected according to the host cell used.
- a plasmid obtained by inserting the polynucleotide into an expression vector can be exemplified.
- CMV immediate early promoters eg LTRs from MLV and MMTV
- retroviral promoters eg LTRs from MLV and MMTV
- SV40 e.g LTRs from MLV and MMTV
- RSV LTR SV40
- HIV-1 LTR HIV-2 LTR promoters
- HIV-2 LTR promoters provide strong transcriptional activity.
- Adenovirus promoters eg from E1A region, E2A region, MLP region
- AAV LTR cauliflower mosaic virus
- HSV-TK avian sarcoma virus promoter
- the transformed or transfected host cell is not particularly limited as long as it contains a polynucleotide encoding gelatinase or a polynucleotide encoding EphA4.
- the polynucleotide is integrated into the chromosome of the host cell. It can be a transformant, a transformant containing the polynucleotide containing the polynucleotide, or a transformant not expressing gelatinase or EphA4.
- the transformant can be obtained, for example, by transforming a desired host cell with the plasmid or with the polynucleotide itself.
- the host cell transformed or transfected with the expression vector may be any cell or cell line capable of expressing a gene, and includes known cultured cells.
- mammalian cells or cell lines HEK293 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, fibroblasts, primary endothelial cells (HUVEC cells), human glioma cells, Hela cells, COS cells, PC12 cells, lymphoblasts
- CHO Chinese hamster ovary
- fibroblasts primary endothelial cells
- human glioma cells Hela cells, COS cells, PC12 cells, lymphoblasts
- spheres, melanoma cells, hybridoma cells, oocytes, embryonic stem cells, etc., or known microorganisms include, for example, Escherichia coli, yeast, and insect cells (for example, BmN4 cells).
- the cell is not particularly limited, whether it is endogenous or exogenous, but any cell that expresses at least one of gelatinase and EphA4 may be used.
- the expression vector include pUC, pTV, pGEX, pKK, or pTrcHis for E. coli, pEMBLY or pYES2 for yeast, and animal cells (CHO cells, HEK293 cells, and COS cells).
- Examples include pcDNA3, pMAMneo or pBabe Puro, and for insect cells (BmN4 cells), a vector having a polyhedrin promoter of silkworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) (for example, pBK283).
- the cells containing the gelatinase and / or EphA4 are not particularly limited, for example, cells expressing gelatinase and EphA4 in which one of gelatinase and EphA4 is endogenous and the other is exogenous, or exogenous Cells expressing both gelatinase and exogenous EphA4 can also be obtained by culturing under conditions that allow expression of gelatinase and / or EphA4.
- RNA encoding gelatinase and / or RNA encoding EphA4 may be injected into an appropriate cell, and cultured under conditions that allow expression of gelatinase and / or EphA4 to obtain the target cell.
- the cell membrane fraction can be obtained, for example, by crushing cells expressing the gelatinase or EphA4 of the present invention and then separating a fraction containing a large amount of cell membrane.
- cell crushing methods include a method of crushing cells with a homogenizer, crushing with a Waring blender or polytron, crushing with ultrasonic waves, or crushing by ejecting cells from a thin nozzle while applying pressure with a French press or the like. be able to.
- Examples of the cell membrane fractionation method include a fractionation method using centrifugal force, such as a fractional centrifugation method or a density gradient centrifugation method. When purifying a cell membrane fraction, a known protein purification method can be used.
- the method includes, as one step, an operation of roughly fractionating cells into a polypeptide fraction and a non-polypeptide fraction.
- the desired gelatinase or EphA4 is further purified using chromatography or electrophoresis, and partially or completely purified (or homogenized by purification).
- Analytical methods that are particularly suitable for the preparation and purification of pure peptides include, for example, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, PEG, antibodies, or centrifugation after heat denaturation, and various chromatographic steps such as ion exchange. Chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, affinity chromatography, high performance protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), and even isoelectric Point electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, SDS (Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate) -polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), etc. can be used alone or in appropriate combination. In addition to these methods, other methods can be used in combination.
- gelatinase or EphA4 by preliminarily tagging gelatinase or EphA4, passing it through a purification column to which a protein that recognizes the tag is bound, adsorbing the desired gelatinase or EphA4 in the column, and flowing an appropriate effluent solvent, Purify by desorption from the column.
- the order in which the various purification steps are performed may be changed, or some steps may be omitted.
- One preferred method of assessing the purity of the fraction is to calculate the specific activity of the fraction, compare it to the specific activity of the original extract, and calculate and evaluate the magnitude of purity.
- a biological composition containing ⁇ -secretase or ⁇ -secretase prepared by the same method as described above for gelatinase or EphA4 can also be used.
- processing of EphA4 means a process by which EphA4 protein is modified. Processing includes the addition, modification, cleavage and removal of amino acids or peptide chains, protein folding, and the like.
- EphA4 processing preferably means EphA4 cleavage process or a reaction in which EphA4 is cleaved.
- a substance that affects EphA4 processing by gelatinase means a substance that inhibits the cleavage activity of EphA4 by gelatinase (gelatinase inhibitor), or a substance that promotes the cleavage activity of EphA4 by gelatinase (gelatinase promoter) ) Means one of the following.
- the gelatinase inhibitor includes an antagonist
- the gelatinase promoter includes an agonist.
- Gelatinase inhibitors and gelatinase promoters include substances that alter the cleavage site of EphA4 by gelatinase to generate EphA4 cleavage products with different peptide lengths.
- the method of the present invention can be carried out in an appropriate cell line containing gelatinase and EphA4 or a cell-free system (a system not containing cells).
- a cell line containing gelatinase and EphA4 the cell used may be an endogenous gene-expressing cell line, or any cell line containing an exogenous gene.
- cells containing gelatinase and EphA4 can be cultured in an appropriate medium in the presence and absence of the candidate substance, and incubated under reaction conditions that enable EphA4 cleavage reaction by gelatinase activity.
- a glutamate receptor present in the reaction system may be activated with a neurotransmitter such as NMDA.
- a cell line containing an exogenous gene it can be carried out under culture conditions where the gene can be expressed.
- the gene in the endogenous gene-expressing cell line, in the case of primary cultured neurons, for example, in MEM (Invitrogen) medium, 5% FBS (Hyclone), 1X B27 Supplement (Invitrogen), 0.5 mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 25 ⁇ g / ml Insulin (SIGMA), 8 ⁇ M AraC (SIGMA) can be cultured under 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. culture conditions.
- a system containing an exogenous gene in the case of the HEK293 cell line, for example, it can be cultured with 10% FBS (Hyclone) / DMEM (Invitrogen) under 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. culture conditions.
- a first biological composition comprising gelatinase or a biologically active fragment thereof (eg, a cell membrane fraction comprising gelatinase) in the presence and absence of a candidate compound
- a second biological composition containing EphA4 eg, a cell membrane fraction containing EphA4
- Gelatinase or EphA4 may be purified gelatinase or EphA4, biologically active fragments thereof, analogs thereof, or mutants thereof.
- an index indicating cleavage is measured for one or both of the N-terminal fragment and the C-terminal fragment of EphA4.
- An anti-EphA4 antibody can be used to monitor the cleavage of EphA4 by gelatinase or subsequent cleavage of the intracellular region by ⁇ -secretase, but the antibody recognizes the fragment produced as a result of cleavage of EphA4,
- an antibody that recognizes a fragment of the extracellular region of EphA4 an antibody that recognizes a fragment of the intracellular region of EphA4, and more preferably an antibody that recognizes a fragment of the C-terminal region of EphA4 (particularly EICD) can be used.
- an antibody that recognizes the selected tag can be used.
- an HA tag is attached to the C-terminus of EphA4, it can be detected using an anti-HA tag antibody.
- the presence and concentration of the C-terminus of EphA4 produced as a result of cleavage of EphA4 can be clarified.
- Systems particularly useful as tagged polypeptides include hemagglutinin (HA) systems, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) systems, maltose binding protein systems, 6 ⁇ histidine systems, 8 ⁇ histidine systems, and the like.
- an assay system in which a fusion gene in which a transcription factor is bound to the C-terminus of EphA4 is prepared and expressed in cells to cause a cleavage reaction by ⁇ -secretase.
- the EICD-transcription factor fusion molecule is transferred to the nucleus, and the expression of the reporter gene can be increased.
- the production of EICD can be quantified.
- the transcription factor include yeast GAL4 (Yeast GAL4), heat shock factor, hypoxia inducing factor, and the like.
- reporter genes include genes such as luciferase, heat stable alkaline phosphatase, and GFP (Green fluorescent protein).
- the expression level of the reporter gene can be measured using a detector such as fluorescence or luminescence depending on the nature of the reporter gene.
- the label examples include a biotin label, a radioactive label, a fluorescent label, and a chemiluminescent label. It is also possible to make modifications that incorporate a detectable moiety other than the label. In the present invention, any EphA4 can be equipped with one, two or more of these labels or modifications.
- EphA4 in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is rat EphA4, for example, a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
- EphA4 in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a rat EphA4 HA-tagged polypeptide.
- a polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 4) further comprising an HA tag at the C-terminus of rat EphA4.
- the whole or part of the human EphA4 sequence for example, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10 or 12, can be used in the same manner as rat EphA4.
- the present invention further provides a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the EphA4.
- polynucleotide encoding EphA4 is a polynucleotide encoding rat EphA4, for example, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the polynucleotide encoding EphA4 in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a polynucleotide encoding a rat EphA4 HA-tagged polypeptide.
- it is a polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 3) encoding a polypeptide further comprising an HA tag at the C-terminus of rat EphA4.
- the whole or a part of the human EphA4 sequence for example, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, 9 or 11, can be used in the same manner as rat EphA4.
- EphA4 antibody is not particularly limited as long as it recognizes EphA4, but is preferably an antibody that recognizes the intracellular region of EphA4.
- the antibody described in Tremblay et al., J J Comp. Neurol 501-1691-702, or a commercially available anti-rat EphA4 antibody (Upstate, Zymed, Santacruze) can be used.
- those skilled in the art can immunize an immunogen (antigen) and produce the monoclonal antibody according to an existing general production method.
- the antigen is immunized to a non-human mammal with Freund's Adjuvant as necessary.
- Polyclonal antibodies can be obtained from serum obtained from the immunized animal.
- a monoclonal antibody is prepared by preparing a fusion cell (hybridoma) from the antibody-producing cell obtained from the immunized animal and a myeloma cell (myeloma cell) having no autoantibody-producing ability, cloning the hybridoma, It is produced by selecting clones that produce monoclonal antibodies that show specific affinity for the antigens used to immunize animals.
- the monoclonal antibody is produced from the hybridoma in vitro, or in vitro in a non-human mammal, preferably a mouse or a rat, more preferably a mouse ascites, and the obtained culture supernatant, or the relevant It can be carried out by isolation from ascites of mammals.
- the above-described culture supernatant or ascites can be obtained by using saturated ammonium sulfate, Euglobulin precipitation method, caproic acid method, caprylic acid method, ion exchange chromatography (DEAE or DE52, etc.), anti-immunoglobulin column or It can be performed by subjecting to affinity column chromatography such as a protein A column.
- the monoclonal antibody includes a heavy chain and / or a light chain having an amino acid sequence in which one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequences of the heavy chain and / or light chain constituting the antibody. Monoclonal antibodies consisting of chains are also included.
- gelatinase and EphA4 can be incubated in the presence or absence of a candidate substance, and a substance that affects EphA4 processing by gelatinase can be evaluated using the number of spines of spine-forming cells as an index. . That is, in the method of the present invention, after contact with gelatinase and EphA4, cleavage of the extracellular region of EphA4 by gelatinase, subsequent cleavage of the intracellular region of EphA4 by ⁇ -secretase, production of EICD, and intracellular signal It can be carried out in a cell line in which the process of forming spines via transmission can be observed.
- the “appropriate cell line containing gelatinase and EphA4” and the spine-forming cell may be composed of different cells or the same cell.
- a “spine-forming cell” is a cell capable of forming a spine, and includes, for example, a nerve cell having an excitatory synapse in the central nervous system.
- spine is a fine structure constituting a chemical synapse, and refers to a spinous protrusion (spinous process) formed on a dendrite at the back of the synapse (Hering et al., Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Dec; 2 (12): 880-8.).
- spinous protrusion spikenous process
- dendritic Filopodia and spinous processes Dendritic Spine
- Preferred cell lines in this embodiment include primary cultured neuronal cells, brain slice slice cultured cells, and the like.
- HBSS HBSS
- MEM Invitrogen
- SIGMA Horse serum
- the whole brain is taken out of the beaker and placed on the stage, and the cerebellum and the rostral half of the cerebrum are cut off and then fixed to the stage using an adhesive.
- the hippocampus is cut out from the tissue piece after fixation.
- the obtained section (300-400 ⁇ m) is placed on a membrane on a well prepared in advance, and primary cultured cells cultured on the membrane can be used (Stoppini, L., Buchs, P.-A. and Muller, DJ Neurosci. Methods. 37 (1991) 173-182, Gahwiler, BH Trends Neurosci. 11 (1988) 484-489, Sakaguti, T., Okada, M. and Kawasaki, K. Neurosci. Res. 20 (1994 ) See 157-164.)
- the spine measured in the present invention is a spine on a synapse, preferably a spine on a synapse at the stage of acicular and spinous processes.
- a synapse at the stage of acicular and spinous processes is a form of synapse that exists when memory or learning is actually performed, and is a functioning in vivo by measuring the spine on the synapse It is possible to measure the spine at the synapse at or in the previous stage.
- antibodies that recognize molecules that are specifically expressed in spines, antibodies that recognize polypeptides tagged with molecules that are specifically expressed in spines, or cells Spine can be detected by using a spine-forming cell labeled with itself.
- the spine is detected using a microscope capable of detecting the label as a marker of spinous processes on the spine-forming cells.
- the label in this case includes EGFP.
- an antibody that recognizes a molecule specifically expressed in spine as an antibody that recognizes a molecule specifically expressed in spine, for example, an anti-PSD-95 (Postsynaptic Density-95) antibody, an anti-Glutamate Receptor1 antibody, an anti-antibody Actin antibody, anti-Homer antibody, anti-Shank antibody and the like can be mentioned.
- an antibody against the selected tag can be used.
- PSD-95 When PSD-95 is selected as a molecule specifically expressed in spine and an EGFP tag is attached to the C-terminus of PSD-95, it can be detected using an anti-EGFP tag antibody. In this case, the presence and concentration of the C-terminus of PSD-95 can be clarified.
- the above steps are performed in the presence and absence of the candidate substance, and the spine formation activity in the presence of the candidate substance is determined in the absence of the candidate substance.
- a substance that changes the cleavage activity of EphA4 by gelatinase is identified.
- a slight change in the number of spines in the presence of a candidate substance is an indicator that the activity of cleaving EphA4 by gelatinase has changed in the presence of a candidate substance, and a substance that is a modulator of gelatinase activity has been identified. That's right.
- a compound that increases the number of spines as compared to a control is evaluated as a modulator of the proteolytic activity of gelatinase or a promoter of the proteolytic activity of gelatinase.
- a compound that reduces the number of spines as compared with the control is evaluated as an inhibitor of gelatinase proteolytic activity.
- the present invention also includes a method for evaluating postsynaptic morphology or neurotransmission function using a substance identified as a result of screening.
- the evaluation of the post-synaptic morphology is a method for evaluating the number of spines and the shape of spines (Pak D et al. Neuron 2001 31. 289-303).
- evaluation of the neurotransmitter function is a method of evaluating electrical changes occurring on the synaptic membrane using, for example, cultured cells and cultured slices (Saura et al., Neuron 2004 42 23-36).
- the method of the present invention also includes a high-throughput screening (HTS) method known to those skilled in the art for simultaneously testing a large number of candidate substances (US5876946, US5902732, Jayawickreme and Kost, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 8, pp 629-634, 1997, Houston and Banks, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 8, pp. 734-740, 1997).
- HTS high-throughput screening
- the method of the present invention includes the use of a known model animal.
- a compound selected by the in vitro method of the present invention can be used to analyze the in vivo effect of the compound using, for example, a non-human model of EphA4 processing.
- a non-human model of EphA4 processing For example, in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, serum when a known mouse gelatinase inhibitor mmp-2 / 9 Inhibitor II or a compound selected by the method of the present invention is administered to a transgenic mouse introduced with the EphA4 gene. Evaluation by a method for measuring the amount of each A ⁇ (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
- the method of the present invention provides a method (screening method) for secondary evaluation of whether or not a compound affects spine formation using a method for evaluating postsynaptic morphology or neurotransmission function. Is done. This method can be performed in a suitable cell line.
- composition containing a substance obtained by the method of the present invention A substance, its salt or a solvate thereof that promotes the cleavage activity of EphA4 by gelatinase obtained by the method of the present invention promotes the production of EICD. , And EICD promotes spine formation. Therefore, the above substances, salts thereof or solvates thereof can be expected as an agent for improving cognitive function, and may be useful for the treatment of dementia, particularly AD. On the other hand, substances that inhibit EphA4 cleavage activity by gelatinase, salts thereof, or solvates thereof are considered useful for the treatment of diseases involving excessive formation of synapses, particularly hyperplasia of spines.
- treatment generally means obtaining a desired pharmacological and / or physiological effect.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- pathological signs include progressive disorientation, memory loss, and aphasia, eventually resulting in incompetence, language loss and ataxia.
- the pathological signs of AD include, for example, the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and amyloid angiopathy.
- a patient's AD diagnosis can be implemented using various well-known methods. Typically, clinical and pathological assessments are combined to diagnose AD.
- AD Alzheimer's Disease Evaluation Scale-Cognitive Factor
- ADCS-ADL Alzheimer's disease collaborative research-daily life movement scale
- NINCDS-ADRDA National Neurology National Institute of Neurologic Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association
- salt refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, and is not particularly limited as long as it forms a pharmaceutically acceptable salt with the substance (for example, a compound).
- hydrohalide eg, hydrofluoride, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, etc.
- inorganic acid salt eg, sulfate, nitrate, perchlorate
- Phosphates carbonates, bicarbonates, etc.
- organic carboxylates eg acetate, oxalate, maleate, tartrate, fumarate, citrate, etc.
- organic sulfonates eg Methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, etc.
- amino acid salts eg aspartate, glutamate, etc.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substance (eg, compound) identified by the method of the present invention, preferably the AD therapeutic agent of the present invention, can be administered to a patient in various forms, orally or parenterally (eg, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous administration). , Rectal administration, and transdermal administration). Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition containing the substance (for example, compound) of the present invention can be used alone, but it is suitable using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier by a method commonly used depending on the administration route. It can be formulated into a dosage form.
- a substance eg, compound identified by the method of the present invention, preferably the AD therapeutic agent of the present invention
- Preferred dosage forms include tablets, powders, fine granules, granules, coated tablets, capsules, syrups, lozenges, oral preparations, inhalants, suppositories, injections (including drops), and ointments. And parenteral preparations such as eye drops, eye drops, eye ointments, nasal drops, ear drops, poultices, lotions, and liposomes.
- Carriers used for formulating these preparations include, for example, commonly used excipients, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, colorants, flavoring agents, and if necessary, stabilizers, emulsifiers, absorption promoters, Surfactants, pH adjusters, preservatives, antioxidants, bulking agents, wetting agents, surface activators, dispersants, buffers, preservatives, solubilizers, soothing agents, etc. can be used In general, it is possible to formulate by a conventional method by blending components used as raw materials for pharmaceutical preparations.
- Non-toxic components that can be used include, for example, animal and vegetable oils such as soybean oil, beef tallow and synthetic glycerides; hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin, squalane and solid paraffin; esters such as octyldodecyl myristate and isopropyl myristate Oils; higher alcohols such as cetostearyl alcohol and behenyl alcohol; silicone resins; silicone oils; eg polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, glycerin fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyethylene -Surfactants such as polyoxypropylene block copolymers; eg hydroxyethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, carboxyvinyl polymer, polyethylene glycol Water-soluble polymers such as coal, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose; lower alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; poly
- excipients include lactose, fructose, corn starch, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, crystalline cellulose, and silicon dioxide.
- binders include polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, gum arabic, tragacanth, Gelatin, shellac, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polypropylene glycol polyoxyethylene block polymer, meglumine, etc., disintegrating agents such as starch, agar, gelatin powder, crystalline cellulose, calcium carbonate, hydrogen carbonate Sodium, calcium citrate, dextrin, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose / calcium, etc.
- Magnesium acid, talc, polyethylene glycol, silica, hydrogenated vegetable oil, etc. are permitted to be added to pharmaceuticals as coloring agents, but as flavoring agents, cocoa powder, mint brain, aroma powder, mint oil, Borneolum and cinnamon powder are used respectively.
- the above components may be their salts or solvates thereof.
- an oral preparation is prepared by adding an excipient, and if necessary, for example, a binder, a disintegrant, a lubricant, a coloring agent, a flavoring agent, etc. Powders, fine granules, granules, tablets, coated tablets, capsules, etc. In the case of tablets / granules, for example, sugar coating or other appropriate coating may be used if necessary.
- a preparation is prepared by a conventional method with a pH adjusting agent, a solubilizing agent, a tonicity agent and the like, and if necessary, a solubilizing agent and a stabilizer.
- a manufacturing method in particular is not limited, It can manufacture by a conventional method.
- the base material to be used various raw materials usually used for pharmaceuticals, quasi drugs, cosmetics, etc. can be used.
- animal and vegetable oils, mineral oils, ester oils, waxes, higher alcohols, fatty acids , Silicone oils, surfactants, phospholipids, alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, water-soluble polymers, clay minerals, purified water, etc., pH adjusters, antioxidants as necessary Agents, chelating agents, antiseptic / antifungal agents, coloring agents, fragrances and the like can be added.
- components such as blood flow promoters, bactericides, anti-inflammatory agents, cell activators, vitamins, amino acids, humectants, and keratolytic agents can be blended as necessary.
- the ratio of the active ingredient to the carrier at this time can vary between 1 and 90% by weight.
- the peptides used in the present invention or the polynucleotides used in the present invention are used for the treatment, at least 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, more preferably 98% or more. Further, it is preferable to use a product purified to 99% or more.
- the effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention containing the substance of the present invention can be determined depending on, for example, the degree of symptoms, age, sex, body weight, dosage form, salt type, specific type of disease, etc. Usually, for adults, the body weight is 60 kg. Oral administration per day is about 30 ⁇ g to 10 g, preferably 100 ⁇ g to 5 g, more preferably 100 ⁇ g to 100 mg. In the case of injection administration, about 30 ⁇ g to 1 g, preferably 100 ⁇ g to 500 mg, more preferably 100 ⁇ g to 30 mg are each administered once or divided into several times. Given the differing efficiencies of the routes of administration, the required dosage is expected to vary widely. For example, oral administration is expected to require a higher dose than administration by intravenous injection. When administered to children, the dose may be less than that administered to adults. These dosage level variations can be adjusted using standard empirical optimization procedures, as is well understood in the art.
- gelatinase has EphA4 cleavage activity. Therefore, EphA4, particularly EphA4 extracellular region cleaving agent, ⁇ -secretase EphA4 is used for in vitro experiments and animal experiments for non-human subjects. It can be used as a reagent for promoting cleavage of intracellular region fragments of, or as a reagent for EICD production via ⁇ -secretase. In that case, in addition to gelatinase, it may be in the form of a kit containing at least one selected from a buffer solution, a cell culture solution, an antibody against EphA4 or a fragment thereof, a fluorescent dye, and the like.
- the kit can also include instructions for use that describe enzyme activity of gelatinase, a method for testing EICD nuclear translocation, and the like.
- the present invention further provides a test kit for measuring the level of EphA4 processing by gelatinase, preferably the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by gelatinase, and a test kit for measuring spine formation.
- the kit of the present invention comprises gelatinase or a biological composition containing the same and a biological composition containing EphA4.
- the kit of the present invention may contain a biological composition containing ⁇ -secretase.
- the kit may include instruments used in immunoblotting and Western blotting techniques (eg, reaction vessels, blotting membranes, etc.), reagents (eg, buffer, culture solution, anti-EphA4 antibody, etc.), instructions, etc. Good.
- instruments used in immunoblotting and Western blotting techniques eg, reaction vessels, blotting membranes, etc.
- reagents eg, buffer, culture solution, anti-EphA4 antibody, etc.
- instructions etc. Good.
- Hippocampal Neurons Hippocampus was isolated from embryonic day 18 SD rats (Charles River) and subjected to culture. Specifically, fetuses were aseptically removed from pregnant rats. The brains were removed from the fetuses and immersed in 20% FBS (Hyclone) / HBSS (SIGMA). The hippocampus was collected from the removed brain under a stereomicroscope. The collected hippocampus was subjected to enzyme treatment at 37 ° C. for 10 minutes in an enzyme solution containing 0.25% trypsin (Invitrogen) and 0.5 mg / ml DNase (SIGMA) to disperse the cells.
- FBS Hyclone
- SIGMA HBSS
- the enzyme reaction was stopped by adding 20% FBS (Hyclone) / HBSS (SIGMA). 2 ml of HBSS (SIGMA) was added to the obtained cells. The cell mass to which HBSS (SIGMA) was added was redispersed by a gentle pipetting operation.
- This nerve cell suspension was diluted with a medium and seeded in a 35 mm dish at an initial cell density of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / dish.
- the medium used was Neurobasal (Invitrogen) medium supplemented with 1 X B27 Supplement (Invitrogen) and 0.5 mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen). The seeded cells were cultured in a 5% CO 2 , 95% air, 37 ° C. incubator.
- the medium was changed to a medium containing 50 ⁇ M NMDA, and after 30 minutes, the culture solution was collected and used for ELISA.
- neurons were collected in PBS, protein quantified, and each 10 ⁇ g was subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western blotted using an anti-EphA4 antibody that recognizes the intracellular region.
- FIG. 2 shows the results.
- FIG. 2 shows the results.
- the protease that cleaves the extracellular region of EphA4 is a gelatinase family molecule (MMP-2, -9).
- a compound that promotes the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by gelatinase can increase the production of EICD, promote spine formation, and show a cognitive function improving effect. Therefore, an assay system that can detect or quantify the cleavage reaction of EphA4 by MMP2 / 9 is useful for screening a cognitive function improving drug.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、ゼラチナーゼファミリーとEphA4との関係については、一切報告されておらず、EphA4がゼラチナーゼファミリー分子に切断されるかについては、まったく明らかにされていない。
(a)ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片を含む第1の生物学的組成物と、EphA4を含む第2の生物学的組成物とを、候補物質の存在下及び非存在下で接触させ、
(b)EphA4の細胞外領域及び/又は細胞内領域の断片の存在又は量を測定し、そして
(c)候補物質の存在下における前記(b)の測定結果が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)の測定結果と比較して変化したときは、前記候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質として選択すること、
を含む、前記方法を提供する。
本発明においては、前記(c)において、候補物質の存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片と比較して増加したときは、当該候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質であると同定することを含む。ここで、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質は、さらにγ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の切断反応を促進する物質であると評価することができる。また、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質は、さらにEphA4の細胞内断片を介したスパインの形成反応を促進する物質であると評価することができる。
他方、前記(c)において、候補物質の存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片と比較して減少したときは、当該候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質であると同定することを含む。ここで、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質は、さらにγ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の切断反応を阻害する物質であると評価することができる。また、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質は、さらにEphA4の細胞内断片を介したスパインの形成反応を阻害する物質であると評価することができる。
さらに、本発明は、ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片を含む第1の生物学的組成物と、EphA4を含む第2の生物学的組成物とを含む、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを測定するための検査キットまたはスパイン形成を測定するための検査キットを提供する。
本発明の検査キットは、γ-セクレターゼを含む生物学的組成物をさらに含んでいてもよい。
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
1.概要
本発明は、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質をスクリーニングする方法であり、ゼラチナーゼがEphA4を切断するという知見を見出したことにより完成されたものである。
図1は、EphA4の切断プロセシング及びスパイン形成を示す模式図である。
図1に示すように、神経活動が起こり、神経伝達物質がグルタミン酸受容体であるNMDA受容体(NMDAR)に作用すると、MMP(マトリックスメタロプロテイナーゼ)によるEphA4の切断反応が誘発され、切断された細胞内領域の断片(膜貫通ドメインと細胞内ドメインを含む断片)をさらにγ-セクレターゼが切断し、EphA4の細胞内ドメイン(EICD:EphA4 intracellular domain)が産生される。このEICDはスパインを形成及び安定化させる活性を有する。
脳内では多くの種類のMMPが発現しているが、本発明においては、その中でもMMP-2又はMMP-9(これらをゼラチナーゼという)がEphA4を切断していることを明らかにした。
従って、ゼラチナーゼの活性を促進する物質は、
(i) ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断反応を促進し、その結果EphA4はその細胞外領域断片と、細胞内領域断片(膜貫通ドメイン及びEICDを含む断片)とに開裂し、続いて、
(ii) γ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の細胞内領域断片の切断、そして、
(iii) EICDの産生
という一連のプロセシングを促進する物質であり、ゼラチナーゼの活性を抑制する物質は、上記プロセシングを抑制する物質であると言える。
すなわち、本発明者は、EphA4のγ-セクレターゼによる切断反応の効率を決定する細胞外領域の切断反応は、ゼラチナーゼ阻害剤によって抑制されることを示した。これにより、EphA4のゼラチナーゼによる切断反応を利用したスクリーニング方法が有効であることを示した。
本発明のスクリーニング方法によって得られる、EphA4のゼラチナーゼによる切断反応の促進剤及び阻害剤は、それぞれ、ゼラチナーゼの活性化及び不活性化に関与し、また、これらの促進剤及び阻害剤はEphA4に作用して、それぞれゼラチナーゼの酵素反応を活性化、不活性化させる物質(例えば化合物)である。
さらに、EphA4の細胞外領域の切断反応は、γ-セクレターゼによる切断反応の効率を決定する因子であることから、EphA4のゼラチナーゼによる切断反応の促進剤及び阻害剤は、γ-セクレターゼを介するEphA4のプロセシングをそれぞれ増加、減少させる物質(例えば化合物)であるとともに、γ-セクレターゼによりプロセシングされたEphA4細胞内断片を通じて、それぞれ、スパイン形成を増加、減少させる物質(例えば化合物)であるといえる。
上記「1.概要」の項で説明した通り、候補物質の存在下で神経細胞等におけるEphA4にゼラチナーゼを作用させた場合、EphA4の細胞外領域の断片の存否又は量、あるいは細胞内領域の断片(特にEICD)の存否又は量を測定することによって、候補物質がゼラチナーゼの活性に影響を与える物質であるかどうかを調べることができる。
従って、本発明は、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質をスクリーニングする方法であり、以下の工程を含む。
(a) ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片を含む第1の生物学的組成物と、EphA4を含む第2の生物学的組成物とを、候補物質の存在下及び非存在下で接触させ、
(b) EphA4の細胞外領域及び/又は細胞内領域の断片の存在又は量を測定し、そして
(c) 候補物質の存在下における前記(b)の測定結果が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)の測定結果と比較して変化したときは、前記候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質として選択する工程。
第1の生物学的組成物には、ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片が含まれており、第2の生物学的組成物にはEphA4が含まれている。両組成物を接触させると、ゼラチナーゼによりEphA4の切断反応が進行する。この反応系が、γ-セクレターゼが存在する無細胞系又は細胞系の場合、候補物質を存在させて第1の生物学的組成物と第2の生物学的組成物との反応を進めると、候補物質がゼラチナーゼの作用を促進する物質であれば、ゼラチナーゼの作用によるEphA4の切断断片が産生され、続いてγ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の細胞内領域断片の切断反応が起こり、EICDが生じる。候補物質が存在しなくても、ゼラチナーゼによる酵素反応は進行するので、候補物質が存在しない反応系を対照として用いれば、対照よりも細胞外領域断片、細胞内領域断片又はその両者の量が増えたときは、候補物質はゼラチナーゼの作用を促進する物質であると評価でき、対照よりも細胞外領域断片、細胞内領域断片又はその両者の量が減少したときは、候補物質はゼラチナーゼの作用を阻害する物質であると評価できる。これにより、細胞外領域の切断断片及び/又は細胞内領域断片(特にEICD)の産生を指標として、候補物質がゼラチナーゼの作用を促進するのか否かについて評価することができる。
また、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質は、さらにEphA4の細胞内断片を介したスパインの形成反応を増加させる物質であると評価し、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質はEphA4の細胞内断片を介したスパインの形成反応を阻害する物質であると評価することができる。
細胞外領域の切断断片及び/又は細胞内領域断片(特にEICD)の存否又は量の測定は、これらの断片の抗体等を用いたELISAやウエスタンブロッティング等により行なうことができる(詳細は後述する)。
ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片は、上記の通りEphA4の細胞外領域を切断する作用を有することから、EphA4の細胞外領域切断剤として使用される。
前記候補物質は新規物質であってもよく、公知物質であってもよい。さらに、前記候補物質は、従来の化学的手段、物理的手段及び/又は生化学的手段により改変したものであってもよく、例えばアシル化、アルキル化、エステル化、アミド化などの直接的化学修飾又はランダムな化学修飾に付して構造的類似体に改変した化合物であってもよい。前記候補物質は、化合物のファーマコフォア検索、コンピューターを用いた構造比較プログラムなどにより同定される化合物であってもよい。当該化合物は塩を形成してもよく、さらに候補化合物及びその塩は溶媒和物(水和物含む)を形成していてもよい。
さらに、候補物質は、ゼラチナーゼのプロセシングに関係する公知のゼラチナーゼ促進剤又はゼラチナーゼ抑制剤、あるいはその構造的類似体であってもよい。ゼラチナーゼの活性を促進又は阻害する公知の化合物を、合理的な薬剤設計を通じて設計することのできる化合物であってもよい。これらの化合物としては、例えばNMDA、mmp-2/9 Inhibitor IIなどが挙げられる。
mmp-2/9 Inhibitor II(Merck)の構造を以下に示す。
(2R)-[(4-Biphenylylsulfonyl)amino]-N-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionamide (BiPS)
候補物質の存在下でEphA4の量又は程度(存否)がいくらかでも変化するということは、候補物質の存在下でゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断活性が変化したことの指標であり、ゼラチナーゼの活性のモジュレーターとなる物質が同定されたことになる。例えば、コントロールと比べてEphA4開裂産物を増加させる物質は、ゼラチナーゼのタンパク質分解活性の促進剤であると評価される。一方、コントロールと比べてEphA4開裂産物を減少させる物質は、ゼラチナーゼのタンパク質分解活性の阻害剤であると評価される。
本発明の方法により得られるゼラチナーゼの促進剤又はそのモジュレーターは、アルツハイマー病(AD)の治療に有用である可能性がある。また、本発明の方法により得られるゼラチナーゼの阻害剤は、シナプス、特にスパインの過形成を伴う疾患の治療に有用である可能性がある。
本明細書において、「細胞内領域の断片」とは、EphA4がゼラチナーゼにより切断を受けた後の開裂産物、すなわちEphA4のC末端側の断片であって細胞外領域断片以外の断片を指す。細胞内領域の断片は、膜貫通ドメイン及び細胞内ドメインを含んでおり、γ-セクレターゼの基質となる断片である。γ-セクレターゼにより切断され産生する細胞内領域の断片をEphA4の細胞内ドメイン(EICD:EphA4 intracellular domain)という。従って、EICDは「細胞内領域の断片」に含まれる概念である。
前記の欠失、置換、挿入及び/又は付加されてもよいアミノ酸の数は、例えば1~30個、好ましくは1~20個、より好ましくは1~10個、さらに好ましくは1~5個、特に好ましくは1~2個である。
前記の同一性は、当業者に公知の相同性検索プログラムを用いて算出される数値であればよく、例えば全米バイオテクノロジー情報センター(NCBI)の相同性アルゴリズムBLAST(Basic local alignment search tool)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/においてデフォルト(初期設定)のパラメーターを用いることにより、算出することができる。
ゼラチナーゼ及びγ-セクレターゼによる切断部位を少なくとも含むあらゆるEphA4誘導体を本発明において使用することができる。これらのポリペプチドは、EphA4を検出、精製する上で特に有用である。
本明細書において、ゼラチナーゼ及び/又はEphA4は、内因性のものであっても、外因性のものであってもよい。内因性の場合は、前記動物の一部に由来するゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4を含む組成物であれば特に限られない。前記動物の一部は、例えば前記動物由来の組織、細胞、細胞膜分画、精製された膜などが挙げられる。当該細胞は、例えば中枢神経系の細胞、脳由来の神経細胞、大脳皮質由来の神経細胞、大脳皮質由来の初代培養神経細胞、海馬由来の初代培養神経細胞などの神経細胞、グリア細胞などが挙げられる。
またこれらの細胞において、ゼラチナーゼ及び/又はEphA4は、哺乳動物又はその一部に含有されたままの状態であってもよいし、哺乳動物から調製された細胞溶解物のゼラチナーゼ分画又はEphA4分画であってもよい。当該細胞溶解物は、例えばゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4を含有する細胞を低張液若しくは界面活性剤による溶解、又は超音波破砕若しくは物理的な破砕により調製されたものであってもよく、場合によっては、カラムなどの精製手段を処置したものであってもよい。外因性の場合は、ゼラチナーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド又はEphA4をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む各発現ベクターの全て又はその一部を用いて、宿主細胞に発現させた場合の、ゼラチナーゼ発現細胞又はEphA4発現細胞であってもよいし、あるいはゼラチナーゼ発現細胞に由来する細胞溶解物のゼラチナーゼ分画又はEphA4発現細胞に由来する細胞溶解物のゼラチナーゼ分画であってもよい。当該細胞溶解物は、例えばゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4を含有する細胞を低張液若しくは界面活性剤による溶解、又は超音波破砕若しくは物理的な破砕により調製されたものであってもよく、場合によっては、カラムなどの精製手段を処置したものであってもよい。当該発現ベクターは、宿主細胞に形質転換又はトランスフェクションされ、一過性に遺伝子を発現するもの、又は宿主細胞のゲノムに組み込まれ、安定に遺伝子を発現するものであってもよい。
前記形質転換又はトランスフェクションに使用される発現ベクターは、ゼラチナーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド又はEphA4をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む限り、特に限定されるものではなく、用いる宿主細胞に応じて適宜選択した公知の発現ベクターに、当該ポリヌクレオチドを挿入することにより得られるプラスミドを挙げることができる。例えば、哺乳動物の細胞では、強い転写活性を与えるのにCMV前初期プロモーター、レトロウイルスのプロモーター(例えばMLVやMMTVからのLTR)、SV40、RSV LTR、HIV-1 LTR、HIV-2 LTRのプロモーター、アデノウイルスのプロモーター(例えばE1A領域、E2A領域、MLP領域からのもの)、AAV LTR、カリフラワー・モザイク・ウイルス、HSV-TK、トリ肉腫ウイルスのプロモーターなどがある。
前記形質転換又はトランスフェクションされた宿主細胞も、ゼラチナーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド又はEphA4をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む限り、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば当該ポリヌクレオチドが宿主細胞の染色体に組み込まれた形質転換体であることもできるし、当該ポリヌクレオチドを含むプラスミドの形で含有する形質転換体であることもできるし、あるいはゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4を発現していない形質転換体であることもできる。当該形質転換体は、例えば前記プラスミドにより、あるいは、前記ポリヌクレオチドそれ自体により、所望の宿主細胞を形質転換することにより得ることができる。
前記発現ベクターとしては、例えば大腸菌に対してはpUC、pTV、pGEX、pKK、又はpTrcHisなどを、酵母に対してはpEMBLY又はpYES2などを、動物細胞(CHO細胞、HEK293細胞及びCOS細胞)に対してはpcDNA3、pMAMneo又はpBabe Puroなどを、昆虫細胞(BmN4細胞)に対してはカイコ核多角体ウイルス(BmNPV)のポリヘドリンプロモーターを有するベクター(例えばpBK283)などを挙げることができる。
あるいは、適当な細胞に、ゼラチナーゼをコードするRNA及び/又はEphA4をコードするRNAを注入し、ゼラチナーゼ及び/又はEphA4の発現が可能な条件下で培養することにより目的の細胞を得ることもできる。
細胞膜画分を精製する場合、公知のタンパク質精製法を利用することができる。その方法には、1つの段階として、細胞を粗分画してポリペプチド分画と非ポリペプチド分画に分ける操作が含まれる。ゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4を他のポリペプチドから分離した後は、クロマトグラフィ法又は電気泳動法を利用して所望のゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4をさらに精製し、部分的精製又は完全精製(又は精製による均一化)する。
本明細書において「ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質」とは、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断活性を阻害する物質(ゼラチナーゼ阻害剤)、あるいはゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断活性を促進する物質(ゼラチナーゼ促進剤)のいずれかを意味する。ここで、ゼラチナーゼ阻害剤には、アンタゴニストが含まれ、ゼラチナーゼ促進剤には、アゴニストが含まれる。ゼラチナーゼ阻害剤及びゼラチナーゼ促進剤には、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断部位を変化させ、ペプチドの長さの異なるEphA4開裂産物を生成させる物質も含まれる。
外来性遺伝子を含む細胞系の場合は、その遺伝子が発現できる培養条件で実施することができる。内在性遺伝子発現細胞系では、初代培養神経細胞の場合、例えば、MEM(Invitrogen)培地に, 5%FBS(Hyclone), 1X B27 Supplement (Invitrogen ), 0.5mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen), 25μg/ml Insulin (SIGMA), 8μM AraC(SIGMA)を加えた5%CO2、37℃の培養条件で培養することができる。外来性遺伝子を含む系では、HEK293細胞株の場合、例えば、10%FBS(Hyclone) / DMEM(Invitrogen) で5% CO2、37℃の培養条件で培養することができる。細胞を含まない系では、候補化合物の存在下と非存在下で、ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性なその断片を含む第1の生物学的組成物(例えば、ゼラチナーゼを含む細胞膜分画)と、EphA4を含む第2の生物学的組成物(例えば、EphA4を含む細胞膜分画)とを混合することによってインキュベーションする。これらはゼラチナーゼ活性によるEphA4の切断反応が可能となる反応条件で混合することができる。ゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4は、精製されたゼラチナーゼ又はEphA4、その生物学的に活性な断片、そのアナログ、その変異体のいずれであってもよい。
タグ付きポリペプチドとして特に有用な系としては、ヘマグルチニン(HA)系、グルタチオン-S-トランスフェラーゼ(GST)系、マルトース結合タンパク質系、6×ヒスチジン系、8×ヒスチジン系などが挙げられる。
EphA4又はタグ付のEphA4が標識された場合は、その標識の消光状態を検出することができる。
本発明において、前記転写因子は、酵母GAL4(Yeast GAL4)、熱ショック因子(Heat shock factor)、低酸素誘導因子(Hypoxia inducing factor)等が挙げられる。EICD-転写因子融合分子が核に移行すると、当該転写因子部分がレポーター遺伝子の上流に配置する当該転写因子に対する応答配列に作用し、その結果、レポーター遺伝子の発現が上昇する。
本発明において、レポーター遺伝子は、ルシフェラーゼ(luciferase)、耐熱性アルカリフォスファターゼ(heat stable alkaline phosphatase)、GFP(Green fluorescent protein)等の遺伝子が挙げられる。レポーター遺伝子の発現量は、レポーター遺伝子の性質によって、蛍光、発光等の検出器を用いて測定することができる。
本発明ではさらに、前記EphA4をコードするヌクレオチド配列を含むポリヌクレオチドを提供する。当該EphA4をコードするポリヌクレオチドの一例は、ラットEphA4をコードするポリヌクレオチドであり、例えば配列番号1のポリヌクレオチドである。さらに本発明の好ましい態様のEphA4をコードするポリヌクレオチドは、ラットEphA4のHAタグ付きポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドである。例えば、ラットEphA4のC末端にHAタグをさらに備えたポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド(配列番号3)である。もちろん、ヒトEphA4配列の全体又は一部、例えば配列番号5、7、9又は11のヌクレオチド配列もラットEphA4と同様に用いることができる。
すなわち、本発明の方法においては、ゼラチナーゼとEphA4との接触後、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の細胞外領域の切断、その後のγ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の細胞内領域の切断、及びEICDの産生、そして細胞内シグナル伝達を介してスパインを形成する過程が観察可能な細胞系で実施することが可能である。この場合において、「ゼラチナーゼとEphA4を含む適切な細胞系」とスパイン形成細胞は別細胞で構成されていてもよいし、同一の細胞で構成されていてもよい。「スパイン形成細胞」とは、スパインを形成することが可能な細胞であり、例えば、中枢神経系における興奮性シナプスをもつ神経細胞などが挙げられる。
生後8-9日齢のラットの全脳を取り出し、GBSS溶液(HBSS(SIGMA)/MEM(Invitrogen)/Horse serum(SIGMA)=1:2:1)を入れたビーカーに入れ、1分程度全脳を冷却させる。冷却後、全脳をビーカーから取り出してステージへ載せ、小脳と大脳の吻側側半分を切り落とした後、接着剤を用いてステージに固定する。固定後の組織片から海馬を切り出す。得られた切片(300-400μm)を予め準備したウェル上のメンブレンに載せ、メンブレン上で培養した初代培養細胞を使用することも可能である(Stoppini, L., Buchs, P.-A. and Muller, D. J. Neurosci. Methods.37 (1991) 173-182、Gahwiler, B. H. Trends Neurosci. 11 (1988) 484-489、Sakaguti, T., Okada, M. and Kawasaki, K. Neurosci. Res. 20 (1994) 157-164参照。)。
スパインの数の測定に際しては、スパインに特異的に発現する分子を認識する抗体を用いたり、スパインに特異的に発現する分子にタグを付けたポリペプチドを認識する抗体を用いたり、又は、細胞自体が標識されたスパイン形成細胞を用いることでスパインの検出が可能である。
細胞自体が標識されたスパイン形成細胞を用いる場合には、当該標識を検出することが可能な顕微鏡を用いてスパイン形成細胞上の棘状突起物を目印にスパインの検出が行われる。この場合における標識としてはEGFPが挙げられる。
スパインに特異的に発現する分子を認識する抗体を用いる場合、スパインに特異的に発現する分子を認識する抗体として、例えば、抗PSD-95(Postsynaptic Density-95)抗体,抗Glutamate Receptor1抗体, 抗Actin抗体, 抗Homer抗体, 抗Shank抗体などが挙げられる。
また、スパインに特異的に発現する分子にタグを付けたポリペプチドを検出する場合は、選択されたタグに対する抗体を用いることができる。スパインに特異的に発現する分子としてPSD-95を選択して、PSD-95のC末端にEGFPタグを付けた場合、抗EGFPタグ抗体を用いて検出することができる。この場合、PSD-95のC末端の存在と濃度を明らかにすることができる。
候補物質の存在下でスパインの数がいくらかでも変化するということは、候補物質の存在下でゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断活性が変化したことの指標であり、ゼラチナーゼの活性のモジュレーターとなる物質が同定されたことになる。例えば、コントロールと比べてスパインの数を増加させる化合物は、ゼラチナーゼのタンパク質分解活性のモジュレーター又はゼラチナーゼのタンパク質分解活性の促進剤であると評価される。一方、コントロールと比べてスパインの数を減少させる化合物は、ゼラチナーゼのタンパク質分解活性の阻害剤であると評価される。
本発明の方法には、多数の候補物質を同時に試験する当業者に公知のハイスループット・スクリーニング(HTS)法も含まれる(US5876946、US5902732、JayawickremeとKost,Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 8, pp.629-634, 1997, HoustonとBanks, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 8, pp.734-740, 1997)。
また、本発明の方法により、ポストシナプスの形態あるいは神経伝達の機能を評価する方法を利用して、スパイン形成に影響を与える化合物であるか否かを二次評価する方法(スクリーニング方法)が提供される。この方法は、適切な細胞系の中で行うことができる。
本発明の方法により得られる、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断活性を促進する物質、その塩又はそれらの溶媒和物は、EICDの産生を促進し、そしてEICDはスパイン形成を促進する。従って、上記物質、その塩又はそれらの溶媒和物は認知機能改善剤として期待することができ、例えば認知症、特にADの治療に有用である可能性がある。
一方、シナプスの過剰な形成、特にスパインの過形成を伴う疾患の治療には、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断活性を阻害する物質、その塩又はそれらの溶媒和物が有用であると考えられる。
本明細書において「治療」とは、一般的に、所望の薬理学的効果及び/又は生理学的効果を得ることを意味する。例えばADの場合、臨床学的症状又は病理学的徴候の減少又は改善により示される。
ここで、アルツハイマー病(AD)の臨床学的症状としては、進行性見当識障害、記憶喪失、及び失語症が挙げられ、最終的には、無能力、言語喪失及び無動が起こる。ADの病理学的徴候としては、例えば、神経原繊維変化、老人斑及びアミロイド血管障害の存在が挙げられる。
患者のAD診断は、公知の種々の方法を用いて実施することができる。典型的には、臨床及び病理学的評価を組み合わせて、ADを診断する。例えば、ADの進行又は重症度は、ミニ精神状態検査(Mini Mental State Examination)(MMSE)(Mohsら(1996)Int Psychogeriatr 8:195-203)、アルツハイマー病評価スケール-認識要素(ADAS-cog)(Galaskoら(1997)Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 11 suppl 2:S33-9)、アルツハイマー病共同研究-日常生活動作スケール(ADCS-ADL)(McKhannら(1984)Neurology 34:939-944)、国立神経伝達障害研究所(National Institute of Neurologic Communicative Disorders)及び発作-アルツハイマー病及び関連障害協会(Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association)(NINCDS-ADRDA)基準(Folsteinら(1975)J Psychiatr Res 12:189-198、McKhannら(1984)Neurology 34:939-944、)を用いて、判定することができる。さらに、脳の様々な領域について評価し、老人斑や神経原繊維変化の頻度の推定を可能にする方法を用いることができる(Braakら(1991)Acta Neuropathol 82:239-259;Khachaturian(1985)Arch Neuro 42:1097-1105;Mirraら(1991)Neurology 41:479-486;ならびに、Mirraら(1993)Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:132-144)。
好ましい剤形としては、例えば錠剤、散剤、細粒剤、顆粒剤、被覆錠剤、カプセル剤、シロップ剤、トローチ剤などによる経口剤、吸入剤、坐剤、注射剤(点滴剤を含む)、軟膏剤、点眼剤、眼軟膏剤、点鼻剤、点耳剤、パップ剤、ローション剤、リポソーム剤などによる非経口剤が挙げられる。
これらの製剤の製剤化に用いる担体には、例えば通常用いられる賦形剤、結合剤、崩壊剤、滑沢剤、着色剤、矯味矯臭剤や、必要により安定化剤、乳化剤、吸収促進剤、界面活性剤、pH調整剤、防腐剤、抗酸化剤、増量剤、湿潤化剤、表面活性化剤、分散剤、緩衝剤、保存剤、溶解補助剤、無痛化剤などを使用することができ、一般に医薬品製剤の原料として用いられる成分を配合して常法により製剤化することが可能である。使用可能な無毒性のこれらの成分としては、例えば大豆油、牛脂、合成グリセライドなどの動植物油;例えば流動パラフィン、スクワラン、固形パラフィンなどの炭化水素;例えばミリスチン酸オクチルドデシル、ミリスチン酸イソプロピルなどのエステル油;例えばセトステアリルアルコール、ベヘニルアルコールなどの高級アルコール;シリコン樹脂;シリコン油;例えばポリオキシエチレン脂肪酸エステル、ソルビタン脂肪酸エステル、グリセリン脂肪酸エステル、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタン脂肪酸エステル、ポリオキシエチレン硬化ひまし油、ポリオキシエチレン-ポリオキシプロピレンブロックコポリマーなどの界面活性剤;例えばヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ポリアクリル酸、カルボキシビニルポリマー、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリビニルピロリドン、メチルセルロースなどの水溶性高分子;例えばエタノール、イソプロパノールなどの低級アルコール;例えばグリセリン、プロピレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール、ソルビトール、ポリエチレングリコールなどの多価アルコール(ポリオール);例えばグルコース、ショ糖などの糖;例えば無水ケイ酸、ケイ酸アルミニウムマグネシウム、ケイ酸アルミニウムなどの無機粉体;塩化ナトリウム、リン酸ナトリウムなどの無機塩;精製水などが挙げられる。
本発明において、ゼラチナーゼは、EphA4の切断活性を有することから、in vitro実験や非ヒトを対象とした動物実験などを行なうためにEphA4、特にEphA4細胞外領域の切断剤、γ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の細胞内領域断片の切断促進用試薬、あるいはγ-セクレターゼを介したEICD産生用試薬として使用することができる。その場合は、ゼラチナーゼのほかに、緩衝液、細胞培養液、EphA4又はその断片に対する抗体、蛍光色素などから選ばれる少なくとも1つを含むキットの形態とすることができる。キットには、ゼラチナーゼの酵素活性、EICDの核内移行を試験する方法などが記載された使用説明書を同封することもできる。
さらに、本発明は、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシング、好ましくはゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断反応のレベルを測定するための検査キット及びスパイン形成を測定するための検査キットを提供する。
本発明のキットは、ゼラチナーゼ又はそれを含む生物学的組成物と、EphA4を含む生物学的組成物とを含むものである。本発明のキットには、γ-セクレターゼを含む生物学的組成物を含んでいてもよい。当該キットには、イムノブロッティング、ウエスタンブロッティング技術に用いられる器具(例えば、反応容器、ブロッティングメンブレンなど)、試薬(例えば、緩衝液、培養液、抗EphA4抗体など)、説明書などを含んでいてもよい。
以下、実施例により本発明をさらに具体的に説明する。但し、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。
神経活動依存的に、EphA4の細胞外領域を切断しているプロテアーゼを同定する目的で、まず、脳で重要な機能をもっているゼラチナーゼファミリー分子(MMP-2, -9)の特異的阻害剤を用いて解析を行なった。神経刺激は、50μM NMDAで行い、阻害剤は、mmp-2/9 Inhibitor II((2R)-[(4-Biphenylylsulfonyl)amino]-N-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionamide、Merck)を用いた。切断反応の検出は、EphA4の細胞内領域を認識する抗体を用いたWestern blot法とEphA4の細胞外領域を認識する抗体を用いたELISA法の2種類の抗体を用いた方法で確認を行なった。
(1)海馬神経細胞の培養
胎生18日齢のSD系ラット(チャールズリバー社)より海馬を単離し培養に供した。具体的には、妊娠ラットより無菌的に胎仔を摘出した。その胎仔より脳を摘出し、それらを20% FBS (Hyclone) / HBSS (SIGMA)に浸した。その摘出した脳から、実体顕微鏡下で海馬を採取した。採取した海馬を、0.25 %トリプシン(trypsin)(Invitrogen)及び0.5 mg/ml DNase (SIGMA)を含有した酵素溶液中、37℃、10分間の酵素処理することにより、細胞を分散させた。この際、酵素反応は20% FBS(Hyclone) /HBSS (SIGMA)を加えることで停止させた。得られた細胞は、HBSS (SIGMA)を2 ml加えた。HBSS (SIGMA)が加えられた細胞塊を、緩やかなピペッティング操作により細胞を再分散させた。この神経細胞懸濁液を培地にて希釈し、35mm dishに初期細胞密度、2×105cells / dishにて播種した。培地にはNeurobasal (Invitrogen)培地に, 1 X B27 Supplement (Invitrogen), 0.5 mM L-Glutamine (Invitrogen)を添加したものを用いた。播種した細胞は5%CO2、95%空気、37℃インキュベーター中にて培養した。培養3週間後、50μM NMDA含有培地に培地交換し、30分後に、培養液を回収し、ELISAに用いた。また、神経細胞は、PBSで回収した後、タンパク質定量し、それぞれ10μgずつSDS-PAGEし、細胞内領域を認識する抗EphA4抗体を用いて、ウェスタンブロットした。
図2にその結果を示す。
図2において、海馬神経細胞を50μM NMDAで刺激すると、EphA4の切断反応が誘導され、EphA4細胞内領域断片が検出される。この刺激条件に、0μM, 1μM, 5μM, 10μM, 25μMのmmp-2/9 Inhibitor IIを加えると、濃度依存的に切断反応が阻害された(図2A)。また、この切断現象は、EphA4の細胞外領域を認識する抗体を用いて作製したELISAでも検出され、5μMのmmp-2/9 Inhibitor IIにより完全に阻害された(図2B)。これらの結果から、EphA4の細胞外領域を切断しているプロテアーゼは、ゼラチナーゼファミリー分子(MMP-2, -9)であることが明らかとなった。
Claims (9)
- ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下のステップ:
(a)ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片を含む第1の生物学的組成物と、EphA4を含む第2の生物学的組成物とを、候補物質の存在下及び非存在下で接触させ、
(b)EphA4の細胞外領域及び/又は細胞内領域の断片の存在又は量を測定し、そして
(c)候補物質の存在下における前記(b)の測定結果が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)の測定結果と比較して変化したときは、前記候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングに影響を与える物質として選択すること、
を含む、前記方法。 - 前記(c)において、候補物質の存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片と比較して増加したときは、当該候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質であると同定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記(c)において、候補物質の存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片が、候補物質の非存在下における前記(b)で測定されたEphA4の細胞内領域及び/又は細胞外領域の断片と比較して減少したときは、当該候補物質を、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質であると同定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質は、さらにγ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の切断反応を促進する物質であると評価する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質は、さらにγ-セクレターゼによるEphA4の切断反応を阻害する物質であると評価する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを促進する物質は、さらにEphA4の細胞内断片を介したスパインの形成反応を促進する物質であると評価する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを阻害する物質は、さらにEphA4の細胞内断片を介したスパインの形成反応を阻害する物質であると評価する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片を含む、EphA4の細胞外領域切断剤。
- ゼラチナーゼ又はその生物学的に活性な断片を含む第1の生物学的組成物と、EphA4を含む第2の生物学的組成物とを含む、ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4のプロセシングを測定するための検査キット。
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| EP11848175.3A EP2653552B1 (en) | 2010-12-17 | 2011-12-08 | SCREENING METHOD USING GELATINASE-MEDIATED EphA4 CLEAVAGE REACTION AS AN INDICATOR |
| JP2012548763A JP6059017B2 (ja) | 2010-12-17 | 2011-12-08 | ゼラチナーゼによるEphA4の切断反応を指標としたスクリーニング方法 |
| DK11848175.3T DK2653552T3 (en) | 2010-12-17 | 2011-12-08 | SCREENING METHOD USING GELATINASE-MEDIATED EphA4 DIVISION REACTION AS INDICATOR |
| US13/993,126 US8865426B2 (en) | 2010-12-17 | 2011-12-08 | Screening method using gelatinase-mediated EphA4 cleavage reaction as an indicator |
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| US10428140B2 (en) | 2015-09-08 | 2019-10-01 | Eisai R&D Management Co., Ltd. | Anti-EphA4 antibody |
| US10947313B2 (en) | 2019-07-01 | 2021-03-16 | Eisai R&D Management Co., Ltd. | Anti-EphA4 antibody |
| WO2022138708A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-24 | 2022-06-30 | エーザイ・アール・アンド・ディー・マネジメント株式会社 | 抗EphA4抗体 |
| WO2022138707A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-24 | 2022-06-30 | エーザイ・アール・アンド・ディー・マネジメント株式会社 | 筋萎縮性側索硬化症の治療用医薬組成物 |
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| US20130288278A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
| EP2653552A4 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
| US8865426B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
| EP2653552B1 (en) | 2016-10-19 |
| JP6059017B2 (ja) | 2017-01-11 |
| JPWO2012081502A1 (ja) | 2014-05-22 |
| EP2653552A1 (en) | 2013-10-23 |
| DK2653552T3 (en) | 2017-01-16 |
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