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WO2012068980A1 - Procédé et système pour localiser une défaillance dans une diffusion anormale d'émissions à diffusion individuelle - Google Patents

Procédé et système pour localiser une défaillance dans une diffusion anormale d'émissions à diffusion individuelle Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012068980A1
WO2012068980A1 PCT/CN2011/082568 CN2011082568W WO2012068980A1 WO 2012068980 A1 WO2012068980 A1 WO 2012068980A1 CN 2011082568 W CN2011082568 W CN 2011082568W WO 2012068980 A1 WO2012068980 A1 WO 2012068980A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
faulty
media
program
media server
user
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2011/082568
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
耿国庆
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ZTE Corp
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ZTE Corp
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Filing date
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Application filed by ZTE Corp filed Critical ZTE Corp
Publication of WO2012068980A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012068980A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client 
    • H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
    • H04N21/64—Addressing
    • H04N21/6408—Unicasting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client 
    • H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
    • H04N21/647—Control signaling between network components and server or clients; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients, e.g. controlling the quality of the video stream, by dropping packets, protecting content from unauthorised alteration within the network, monitoring of network load, bridging between two different networks, e.g. between IP and wireless
    • H04N21/64723—Monitoring of network processes or resources, e.g. monitoring of network load
    • H04N21/6473—Monitoring network processes errors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fault location technology in a wireless communication technology system, and more particularly to a method and system for fault location of a unicast program play exception.
  • IPTV Internet Protocol Television
  • EPG server receives user When the terminal determines that the authentication authentication server is faulty, the emergency connection request message is sent, where the message carries at least the temporary user identity ID used by the user terminal when logging in to the IPTV system last time; the EPG server is based on the temporary user identity ID. And determining that the user terminal is a legitimate user, and determining that the temporary user identity ID does not exceed a corresponding expiration date, allowing the user terminal to use the specified IPTV service. In this way, when the authentication authentication server fails, the EPG server allows the user terminal to use the basic IPTV service in an emergency state, thereby ensuring the service quality of the IPTV system and ensuring the security of the system without affecting the user's use. .
  • the invention is entitled "A method, a device and a system for testing an IPTV user terminal", and the invention is disclosed in the application for determining an IPTV user terminal, and determining that the user terminal is faulty, and the user terminal is Sending a test task, where the test task carries at least a URL address of the test program, the test program is used for evaluating the QoS of the user terminal; and the test task instructs the user terminal to acquire and play the corresponding URL according to the received URL address. Testing the program and reporting the media playback QoS information generated during the playback process; analyzing and summarizing the media playback QoS information reported by the user terminal to determine the final cause of the failure.
  • the user terminal can be quickly and accurately The cause of the fault is located, and the fault can be eliminated in time, thereby greatly improving the execution efficiency of the fault detection process and improving the user experience.
  • the application number of the invention is "200810055838.5", and the invention is disclosed in the application for the measurement of the IPTV access network.
  • the IPTV access network includes an operation support system, a streaming media service system, a video source system, and
  • the user terminal the streaming media service system further includes a central streaming media server and an edge streaming media server
  • the measuring device further comprises: a NAT network measuring channel setting module, configured to be located on the edge streaming media server located on the public network and located in the private network.
  • a measurement channel is established between the user terminals to create a measurement packet and perform network quality measurement; a network delay calculation module is configured to calculate a network delay in the network quality measurement; and a packet loss rate measurement module is used to pass the The number of measurement packets from the sender to the receiver is periodically counted in the set system period to calculate the loss rate data.
  • the invention also discloses a method for measuring the IPTV access network. The invention can quickly locate and solve the network. The problem is to improve the service quality of the IPTV network.
  • the invention application with the application number "200610163987.4" entitled “Diagnostic Tools and Methods for Eliminating Multicast Connection Flow Problems in Layer 2 Aggregation Networks” discloses that the MAC address associated with the target device initiating the IGMP join operation is found. ; to the target through one or more intermediate nodes The device transmits a request message including the discovered MAC address; receives one or more reply messages from the one or more intermediate nodes and the target device; and analyzes the one or more received reply messages to determine which The intermediate node and/or the target device did not update the forwarding database located therein due to an unsuccessful IGMP join operation.
  • the application number is "200820225918.6” and the invention name is "Integrated Portable IPTV Simulation Test Device”.
  • the utility model discloses: The device includes an IPTV set-top box and a display, and a power control module and a battery are added, wherein the IPTV set-top box (STB, Set Top)
  • the audio and video output ports of the Box are connected to the audio and video input ports of the display, the input terminals of the IPTV set-top box are connected with external signals, and the output ports of the power control module are respectively connected with the power input ports of the IPTV set-top box and the display, and the power control module is
  • the input ports are connected to the battery of battery port CON2 and the AC power of AC power connector CON1.
  • the test device organically integrates the IPTV set-top box, display and battery with the power control module into a portable integrated test device, which can be used in the user's home or outdoor access location without power supply, through the display image effect of the display, intuitive evaluation
  • the quality status of the IPTV input signal and the rapid diagnosis of the faulty paragraph are effective tools for the maintenance personnel of the communication carrier to perform the IPTV service maintenance test.
  • the above-mentioned multicast protocol detection, QOS file analysis, and terminal-side network-side quality analysis are all partial fault location methods and methods. After determining the approximate fault point, further fault analysis and positioning are performed, and no overall fault location process is performed. . For the IPTV operator, when the user's obstacle-recalling program is abnormal, an overall technical means and fault location process are needed to automate the fault location to achieve efficient fault location and processing.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method and system for fault location of unicast program play abnormalities to achieve overall fault location.
  • the present invention provides a method for fault location of a unicast program broadcast abnormality, including: when an abnormality occurs in a unicast program broadcast of a user, determining an exit media index of the media server where the program is located And determining, according to the export media indicator data, whether the media server has a fault or whether the media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the above method can also have the following characteristics:
  • the above method can also have the following characteristics:
  • the media outlet network of the media server is faulty; when the egress media indicator data is normal and the playback program of the faulty program is found to be abnormal, the media on the media server is determined. The file is faulty.
  • the above method can also have the following characteristics:
  • the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal, if the quality of service data is normal, it is determined that the set top box is faulty, and if the service quality data is abnormal, it is determined that the set top box is normal.
  • the above method can also have the following characteristics:
  • the user access device is divided into a first-level access device, a second-level access device, and a third-level access device according to a distance from the user to the user;
  • the above method can also have the following characteristics:
  • the above method can also have the following characteristics:
  • the present invention also provides a system for fault location of a unicast program broadcast abnormality, including a service quality management server;
  • the service quality management server is configured to determine an exit media indicator data of a media server where the program is located when an abnormality occurs in a unicast program broadcast of the user, and determine, according to the export media indicator data, whether the media server is faulty or Whether the media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the above system can also have the following characteristics:
  • the service quality management device is further configured to use the media server as a source to play the abnormal program as a faulty program, and another media server or test device in a normal state as a receiving end, and receive the fault.
  • the program after performing the capture packet test, calculates the export media indicator data; and is further configured to determine that the media outlet network of the media server is faulty when the export media indicator data is abnormal; and the export media indicator data is normal.
  • the above system can also have the following characteristics:
  • the service quality management device is further configured to divide the access device of the user into a first-level access device, a second-level access device, and a third-level access device according to a distance from the user to the user;
  • the quality of service management device is further configured to determine that the user belongs to the third level access Whether the quality of service data of the program received by the other user of the device in the same time period is the same or approximately the bandwidth of the faulty program is abnormal, and if abnormal, determining that the third-level access device is faulty or the third-level access device is The line between the media servers is faulty, and if it is normal, it is determined that the line or device between the third-level access device and the user is faulty; the quality of service management device is further configured to determine the third In the case that the line or device between the level access device and the user is faulty, it is determined that the same user or the other user belonging to the second level access device receives the same or approximate bandwidth as the faulty program received in the same period of time.
  • the quality of service data of the program is abnormal, if abnormal, determining that the second-level access device is faulty or that the line between the second-level access device and the third-level access device is faulty, if normal, Determining that there is a fault in the line or device between the second-level access device and the user;
  • the service quality management device is further configured to determine, when the line or the device between the second-level access device and the user is faulty, that the user belongs to the first-level access device Whether the quality of service data of the program received by the same user or the same bandwidth as the faulty program is abnormal during the same period of time, and if abnormal, determining that the first-level access device is faulty or the first-level access device is There is a fault in the line between the second-level access devices. If it is normal, it is determined that there is a fault in the line or device between the first-level access device and the user.
  • determining the egress media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located determining, according to the egress media indicator data, whether the media server is faulty or whether the media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the step of determining the exit media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located includes: determining basic information of the faulty program, determining, by the basic information, media server information of the faulty program and the faulty program in the media The media file on the server; wherein the basic information includes: a faulty program name, a faulty user account, related STB device information, a faulty program name viewed by the user, a fault occurrence time, and a fault duration.
  • the step of determining the egress media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located includes: playing the faulty program by using the media server as a play source, and using another media server or test device in a normal state as the receiving end, Receiving the faulty program at the receiving end
  • the export media indicator data is calculated after the line capture capture test.
  • the step of determining, according to the export media indicator data, whether the media server is faulty or whether the media file on the media server is faulty includes:
  • the export media indicator data When it is determined that the export media indicator data is abnormal, determining that the media outlet network of the media server is faulty; determining that the export media indicator data is normal and performing a play test on the faulty program to find that the playback is abnormal, determining that the media server is on the media server If the media file is normal and the play test of the faulty program is normal and the play is normal, it is determined that the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal.
  • the method also includes:
  • the media server After determining that the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal, obtaining the service quality data of the faulty time when the faulty program is abnormal from the set top box of the user, if the quality of service data is normal, determining The set top box has a fault, and if the quality of service data is abnormal, it is determined that the set top box is normal.
  • the method also includes:
  • the user's access device After determining that the set-top box is normal, the user's access device is divided into distances from the user to the user.
  • the line or device between the Nth level access device and the user After determining that the line or device between the Nth level access device and the user is faulty, determining that the other users belonging to the N-1th access device are the same as the faulty program received by the user in the same time period. Whether the quality of service data of the program of the approximate bandwidth is abnormal, and if abnormal, determining that the N-1th access device is faulty or between the N-1th access device and the Nth access device There is a fault in the line; otherwise, it is determined that the line or device between the N-1th access device and the user is faulty;
  • a system for fault locating an abnormality of a unicast program comprising an export media indicator data determining module and a first fault determining module, wherein:
  • the egress media indicator data determining module is configured to: when an abnormality of the unicast program of the user occurs, determine an export media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located;
  • the first fault determining module is configured to: determine, according to the export media indicator data, whether the media server has a fault or whether a media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the system also includes a media server information determining module, wherein:
  • the media server information determining module is configured to: determine basic information of the faulty program, determine, by the basic information, media server information where the faulty program is located and a media file of the faulty program on the media server.
  • the basic information includes: a faulty program name, a faulty user account, related STB device information, a faulty program name viewed by the user, a fault occurrence time, and a fault duration.
  • the export media indicator data determining module is configured to determine the export media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located according to the following manner:
  • the first fault determining module is configured to determine whether the media server is faulty or whether the media file on the media server is faulty according to the following manner:
  • the export media indicator data When it is determined that the export media indicator data is abnormal, determining that the media outlet network of the media server is faulty; determining that the export media indicator data is normal and performing a play test on the faulty program to find that the playback is abnormal, determining that the media server is on the media server If the media file is normal and the play test of the faulty program is normal and the play is normal, it is determined that the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal.
  • the system also includes a second fault determination module, wherein:
  • the second fault determining module is configured to: after the first fault determining module determines that the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal, obtaining an abnormality of the faulty program from a set top box of the user Service quality data for failure time, if the quality of service If the data is normal, it is determined that the set top box is faulty, and if the quality of service data is abnormal, it is determined that the set top box is normal.
  • the system further includes an access device level dividing module and an N-level fault determining module, wherein: the access device level dividing module is configured to: the second fault determining module determines that the set-top box is normal, and presses the user's access device The user is divided into N-level access devices from the near to far distance, N 2;
  • the N-level fault determination module is configured to: determine whether the quality of service data of the program that is received by the other user belonging to the Nth-level access device and is the same or approximately the bandwidth of the faulty program received by the other user in the same time period is abnormal, if Abnormally, determining that the Nth level access device is faulty or the line between the Nth level access device and the media server is faulty; otherwise, determining a line between the Nth level access device and the user Or the device is faulty; after determining that the line or device between the Nth level access device and the user is faulty, it is determined that other users belonging to the N-1th access device are received in the same time period.
  • the quality of service data of the program having the same or similar bandwidth as the faulty program is abnormal, and if abnormal, determining that the N-1th access device is faulty or the N-1th access device and the Nth The line between the access devices is faulty. If it is normal, it is determined that the line or device between the N-1th access device and the user is faulty; The line or device between the first-level access device and the user is faulty.
  • BRIEF abstract 1 is a schematic diagram of a method for performing fault location when a unicast program is abnormally played according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a method for fault location of a user access device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the method for performing fault location when the unicast program is abnormally played includes: Step 101: When the unicast program of the user is abnormal, determine the export media indicator data of the media server of the unicast program.
  • Unicast programs include unicast live broadcast, on-demand, look back, time shift, and other media services carried in unicast mode.
  • the discovery of a unicast program failure may be caused by an end user reporting, that is, a user reporting a fault or an operation and maintenance personnel discovering that the user's corresponding experience indicator is abnormal through the monitoring system.
  • the faulty program basic information includes: the faulty program name, the faulty user account, the related STB device information, the faulty program name viewed by the user, and the fault occurrence time. , fault duration, etc.
  • the media information of the media station to which the faulty program belongs and the media file of the faulty program on the media server can be determined by the faulty program basic information.
  • Step 102 Determine, according to the export media indicator data, whether the media server has a fault or whether a media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the export media indicator data refers to the packet loss rate, network jitter parameters, and the like.
  • the export media indicator data When the export media indicator data is abnormal, it is determined that the media outlet network of the media server is faulty; when the export media indicator data is normal and the playback program of the faulty program is tested and found to be abnormally played (for example, the playback is not smooth or the audio and video are not synchronized), the determination is performed.
  • the media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the media server is normal in step 102 and the media file on the media server is normal.
  • the following detection steps may also be included in the above method:
  • Quality data if the quality of service data is normal, it is determined that the set-top box is faulty. If the quality of service data is abnormal, it is determined that the set-top box is normal, and it is necessary to further determine whether the line or device between the user and the media server is faulty.
  • Step 104 Determine whether the access device of the user has a fault.
  • the user's access device is divided into N-level access devices by the distance from the user to the N-level access device, N 2 , preferably, N is 3, because the access device closest to the user is generally determined to be the first-level access.
  • the access device that is the farthest from the user is determined to be the third-level access device, and all the access devices in the middle are determined to be the second-level access device.
  • the following describes the access devices in three levels as an example.
  • a first-level access device such as a DSLAM, an ONU, or the like
  • a second-level access device that is a network device that aggregates the first-level access device, such as an aggregation switch
  • a third-level access device that is adjacent to the bearer network such as BRAS, SR, etc.
  • Step 201 Determine whether the quality of service data of the program that is the same or the approximate bandwidth of the faulty program received by other users belonging to the third-level access device in the same period of time is abnormal, and if abnormal, determine that the third-level access device is faulty or The line between the third-level access device and the media server is faulty. If it is normal, it is determined that the line or device between the third-level access device and the user is faulty.
  • the third-level access device is faulty or the line fault between the third-level access device and the media server, and other third-level access devices have large-area similar faults, and then the relevant third-level access is inferred.
  • the device connected to the network device is faulty.
  • Step 202 If it is determined that the line or device between the third-level access device and the user is faulty, determine that the same user or the other user that belongs to the second-level access device receives the same or approximate bandwidth in the same period. Whether the service quality data of the program is abnormal, if abnormal, it is determined that the second-level access device is faulty or the line between the second-level access device and the third-level access device is faulty, and if it is normal, the second-level access is determined. There is a fault in the line or device between the device and the user.
  • Step 203 Determine that the line or device between the second-level access device and the user is faulty. In the case of determining whether the quality of service data of the program with the same or similar bandwidth as the faulty program received by the other users belonging to the first-level access device in the same period of time is abnormal, and if abnormal, determining that the first-level access device is faulty or The line between the first-level access device and the second-level access device is faulty. If it is normal, it is determined that the line or device between the first-level access device and the user is faulty.
  • the cause of the fault is finally determined, the fault handling time of the IPTV operator is shortened, and the satisfaction of the end user is improved.
  • the data acquisition and analysis and derivation process of the IPTV service quality management system are automatically completed by the system, and no manual intervention by the operation and maintenance personnel is required, thereby greatly improving the operation and maintenance guarantee of the IPTV operator. ability.
  • the above-mentioned fault detection sequence is a preferred detection sequence, and other sequences or modes may be used, such as the test mode consisting of steps 101 and 102; the detection mode consisting of step 101, step 102 and step 103; The detection method of the composition of 102, 104, etc., the fault detection methods in steps 103 and 104 can also be used separately.
  • the system for fault location of the unicast program play abnormality corresponding to the above method includes a service quality management server, and the service quality management server can be compatible with an existing server or a newly established dedicated server, thereby serving quality management.
  • the server performs the functions shown in the above method.
  • the system for fault locating the unicast program abnormality in the embodiment of the present invention includes an egress media indicator data determining module and a first fault determining module, where: the egress media indicator data determining module is configured as: a unicast class of the user When an abnormality occurs in the program play, determining the export media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located;
  • the first fault determining module is configured to: determine, according to the export media indicator data, whether the media server has a fault or whether a media file on the media server is faulty.
  • the system also includes a media server information determining module, wherein:
  • the media server information determining module is configured to: determine basic information of the faulty program, determine media server information where the faulty program is located, and the fault section by using the basic information A media file on the media server.
  • the basic information includes: a faulty program name, a faulty user account, related STB device information, a faulty program name viewed by the user, a fault occurrence time, and a fault duration.
  • the export media indicator data determining module is configured to determine the export media indicator data of the media server where the faulty program is located according to the following manner:
  • the first fault determining module is configured to determine whether the media server is faulty or whether the media file on the media server is faulty according to the following manner:
  • the export media indicator data When it is determined that the export media indicator data is abnormal, determining that the media outlet network of the media server is faulty; determining that the export media indicator data is normal and performing a play test on the faulty program to find that the playback is abnormal, determining that the media server is on the media server If the media file is normal and the play test of the faulty program is normal and the play is normal, it is determined that the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal.
  • the system also includes a second fault determination module, wherein:
  • the second fault determining module is configured to: after the first fault determining module determines that the media server is normal and the media file on the media server is normal, obtaining an abnormality of the faulty program from a set top box of the user
  • the service quality data of the failure time is determined to be faulty if the quality of service data is normal, and if the quality of service data is abnormal, it is determined that the set top box is normal.
  • the system further includes an access device level dividing module and an N-level fault determining module, wherein: the access device level dividing module is configured to: the second fault determining module determines that the set-top box is normal, and presses the user's access device The user is divided into N-level access devices from the near to far distance, N 2;
  • the N-level fault determination module is configured to: determine whether the quality of service data of the program that is received by the other user belonging to the Nth-level access device and is the same or approximately the bandwidth of the faulty program received by the other user in the same time period is abnormal, if Abnormally, determining that the Nth access device is faulty or the Nth level There is a fault in the line between the access device and the media server; otherwise, it is determined that there is a fault in the line or device between the Nth level access device and the user; determining between the Nth level access device and the user After the fault of the line or the device is determined, it is determined whether the quality of service data of the program with the same or similar bandwidth as the faulty program received by the other users belonging to the (N-1th-level access device) in the same period of time is abnormal.
  • determining that the N-1th access device is faulty or the line between the N-1th access device and the Nth access device is faulty if abnormal, determining the first The line or device between the N-1 level access device and the user is faulty; judging step by step until it is determined that the line or device between the first level access device and the user is faulty.
  • N is 3.
  • the above technical solution solves the current situation that IPTV operators cannot locate and process faults through electronic processes when they encounter user-related complaints or discover related service quality problems. Integrate the test methods and QoS data that can be implemented in the IPTV service system, analyze related indicators, and integrate with user processes to implement automatic operation and maintenance guarantee processes for user error reporting, fault location, and fault handling.
  • the process system is faulty for the user experience (QOE, Quality of Experience) that is difficult to analyze. Effective analysis and fault location are available. And make full use of the existing STB, media server data and interface functions, no need to add additional test instruments or equipment, and the IPTV service network changes are small, easy to deploy. Therefore, the present invention has strong industrial applicability.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un système permettant de localiser une défaillance dans une diffusion anormale d'émissions à diffusion individuelle. Le procédé comprend les étapes suivantes: quand la diffusion d'une émission à diffusion individuelle d'un utilisateur semble anormale, identifier des données indiquant un média d'exportation du serveur multimédia de l'émission, et déterminer si le serveur multimédia est défaillant ou si les fichiers multimédia sur le serveur comportent une défaillance selon les données indiquant un média d'exportation. L'invention permet de mettre en oeuvre une localisation mondiale de défaillance.
PCT/CN2011/082568 2010-11-23 2011-11-21 Procédé et système pour localiser une défaillance dans une diffusion anormale d'émissions à diffusion individuelle Ceased WO2012068980A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201010555446.2A CN101984583B (zh) 2010-11-23 2010-11-23 一种对单播类节目播放异常进行故障定位的方法及系统
CN201010555446.2 2010-11-23

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Publication Number Publication Date
WO2012068980A1 true WO2012068980A1 (fr) 2012-05-31

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CN (1) CN101984583B (fr)
WO (1) WO2012068980A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN111694804A (zh) * 2019-03-13 2020-09-22 阿里巴巴集团控股有限公司 故障排查方法及装置
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