WO2011152201A1 - ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、電池用セパレータ及び電池 - Google Patents
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、電池用セパレータ及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011152201A1 WO2011152201A1 PCT/JP2011/061284 JP2011061284W WO2011152201A1 WO 2011152201 A1 WO2011152201 A1 WO 2011152201A1 JP 2011061284 W JP2011061284 W JP 2011061284W WO 2011152201 A1 WO2011152201 A1 WO 2011152201A1
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- microporous membrane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a thin polyolefin microporous membrane having high porosity and excellent permeability and mechanical strength, a battery separator using such a microporous membrane, and a battery using such a separator.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries have a higher voltage than other secondary batteries such as nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries and nickel-cadmium secondary batteries, so high energy density can be obtained, but when an internal short circuit occurs May generate heat rapidly. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery separator needs to have a function (shutdown function) for stopping the battery reaction when an internal short circuit occurs.
- a polyolefin microporous membrane has been used as a battery separator. The polyolefin microporous membrane shuts down the battery reaction by blocking pores due to heat generation of the battery and blocking the ionic conduction of the electrolyte.
- a minute short-circuited portion uses an electrode in which a porous film having a convex part with a thickness of several ⁇ m is formed on the surface facing the other electrode, and lithium or transition metal is projected on the porous film during overcharge. It is formed by growing the dendrite so as to concentrate on the separator and penetrate the separator.
- a microporous membrane having a high porosity can be produced, for example, by a method of forming pores with a pore-forming agent made of an inorganic substance, but such a microporous membrane has a problem that it has poor puncture strength.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a polyolefin microporous membrane having a large pore diameter and excellent permeability and mechanical strength, an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 10 5 or more, and a weight average molecular weight.
- polyethylene composition and film-forming solvent are melt-kneaded and then extruded from a die to form a gel-like sheet by cooling, at least with respect to the gel-like sheet First stretching in a uniaxial direction, heat setting treatment within a temperature range of the polyethylene composition crystal dispersion temperature and below the melting point, removing the film-forming solvent, and at least uniaxial with respect to the stretched product after solvent removal It is proposed to form by applying a second stretch in the direction.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of Patent Document 1 contains a large amount of polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of less than 5 ⁇ 10 5 , when a relatively thin microporous membrane is formed, the porosity, permeability, and puncture strength are determined. It was sometimes difficult to obtain a good balance.
- a thin separator particularly a separator having a thickness of 19 ⁇ m or less, is required for a small lithium ion secondary battery used for a mobile phone or the like. Therefore, a thin polyolefin microporous membrane having high porosity, excellent permeability and puncture strength and suitable for preventing heat generation during overcharge is desired.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a thin polyolefin microporous membrane having high porosity and excellent permeability and mechanical strength, a battery separator using such a microporous membrane, and a battery using such a separator. It is.
- the present inventors have found that a first polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 10 5 to 9 ⁇ 10 5, a second polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more, and A gel-like sheet is formed from the mixture of, stretched, heat-set, washed, stretched again, and heat-treated to have a large pore volume in an appropriate pore size range and excellent permeability even when thin.
- the inventors have found that a polyolefin microporous membrane having mechanical strength can be obtained, and have arrived at the present invention.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention has a pore radius in the range of 100 to 1,000 ⁇ m with respect to the pore volume in the range of pore radius of 0 to 1,000 ⁇ m in the pore size distribution curve obtained by the mercury intrusion method.
- the volume ratio of the pores is 25% or more, and the volume ratio of the pores having a pore radius in the range of 500 to 1,000 nm is 5% or less.
- the polyolefin constituting the polyolefin microporous membrane preferably contains a first polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 10 5 to 9 ⁇ 10 5 and a second polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more. .
- the total content of the first and second polyethylenes is 100% by mass, and the content of the second polyethylene is preferably 10 to 25% by mass.
- the terminal polyethylene group concentration of the first polyethylene is preferably less than 0.2 per 10,000 carbon atoms.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane may contain 10% by mass or less of an inorganic filler, where the mass of the microporous membrane is 100% by mass.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention has an average thickness of 19 ⁇ m or less and a porosity of 45% or more, and the peak of the pore size distribution curve is in the range of a pore radius of 50 ⁇ m or more.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention has a transverse shrinkage (TD) of 7.5% or less (under 105 ° C. and 8 hours) and a transverse direction (TD) of 10% or less. Has maximum shrinkage (immediately before melting).
- the polyolefin microporous membrane according to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention has a porosity of 50% or more, a puncture strength of 100 ⁇ mN / ⁇ m or more, and an average thickness of 18 ⁇ m or less.
- the battery separator of the present invention is characterized by being formed of the above-mentioned polyolefin microporous film.
- the battery of the present invention includes the battery separator.
- the battery separator of the present invention is suitable for a small lithium ion secondary battery.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is thin, has a high porosity, excellent permeability and mechanical strength, and particularly excellent puncture strength.
- the small lithium ion secondary battery using the separator comprising the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention has excellent safety. Therefore, the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is particularly suitable for a separator of a small lithium ion secondary battery for mobile phones.
- Polyolefin microporous membrane (A) Composition
- the polyolefin constituting the polyolefin microporous membrane comprises a first polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 5 ⁇ 10 5 to 9 ⁇ 10 5 and a second polyethylene having an Mw of 1 ⁇ 10 6 or more.
- the composition is preferably.
- the content of the second polyethylene is preferably 10 to 25% by mass, more preferably 15 to 25% by mass, based on 100% by mass of the entire polyethylene composition. When the content is 10 to 25% by mass, a good balance is obtained between the porosity and mechanical strength of the polyolefin microporous film obtained.
- the first polyethylene is preferably high density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, branched low density polyethylene, and chain low density polyethylene, and more preferably high density polyethylene.
- the first polyethylene may be not only an ethylene homopolymer but also an ethylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer containing a small amount of ⁇ -olefin other than ethylene.
- ⁇ -olefin other than ethylene propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1 and octene-1 are preferable.
- vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate and styrene may be contained.
- the melting point of the first polyethylene can be made 132 ° C. or higher.
- the melting point is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) based on JIS K 7121.
- the content of ⁇ -olefins other than ethylene is preferably 5 mol% or less.
- the Mw of the first polyethylene is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 5 to 8 ⁇ 10 5, more preferably 5.5 ⁇ 10 5 to 7 ⁇ 10 5 .
- the molecular weight distribution [weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight (Mw / Mn)] of the first polyethylene is preferably 50 or less, more preferably 2 to 50, still more preferably 3 to 15, and most preferably 4 to 10.
- the terminal vinyl group concentration of the first polyethylene is preferably less than 0.2 per 10,000 carbon atoms.
- examples of such commercially available polyethylene include Sunfine (registered trademark, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.) grades “SH-800” and “SH-810”.
- the terminal vinyl group concentration of these commercial products is 0.05 to 0.14 per 10,000 carbon atoms.
- Such polyethylene can be produced, for example, with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst or a single site polymerization catalyst.
- the terminal vinyl group concentration can be measured by the method described in WO 1997/23554.
- polyethylene having a terminal vinyl group concentration of less than 0.2 may be mixed with polyethylene having a terminal vinyl group concentration of 0.2 or more.
- Polyethylene having a terminal vinyl group concentration of 0.2 or more improves the shutdown characteristics of the polyolefin microporous membrane.
- Examples of commercially available polyethylene having a terminal vinyl group concentration of 0.2 or more include Lupolen (Lupolen, registered trademark, manufactured by Basell). The terminal vinyl group concentration of these commercial products is 0.6-10.0 per 10,000 carbon atoms.
- Such polyethylene can be produced with a chromium-containing catalyst.
- polyethylene having a melting point of 130 ° C. or lower may be added to the first polyethylene.
- the second polyethylene is preferably ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene.
- the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene may be not only an ethylene homopolymer but also an ethylene / ⁇ -olefin copolymer containing a small amount of ⁇ -olefin other than ethylene.
- ⁇ -olefins other than ethylene include propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, and octene-1.
- vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate and styrene can also be used.
- the content of ⁇ -olefins other than ethylene is preferably 5 mol% or less.
- the Mw of the second polyethylene is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 5 ⁇ 10 6, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 3 ⁇ 10 6 .
- the Mw / Mn of the second polyethylene is preferably 1.2 to 50, more preferably 3 to 20, further preferably 4 to 15, and most preferably 4 to 10.
- the second polyethylene can be produced by, for example, a Ziegler-Natta catalyst or a single site polymerization catalyst, although not limited thereto.
- the melting point of the second polyethylene is preferably 134 ° C. or higher.
- grade “240M” of Hi-Zex Million registered trademark, manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.
- the polyethylene composition may contain other components such as an inorganic filler and a heat-resistant polymer.
- the inorganic filler preferably contains silicon and / or aluminum atoms.
- the heat-resistant polymer those described in WO 2007/132942 and WO 2008/016174 are preferable.
- the content of each of the inorganic filler and the heat-resistant polymer is preferably 10% by mass or less based on 100% by mass of the microporous membrane.
- a method for producing a polyolefin microporous membrane is as follows: (1) A polyolefin solution is prepared by melt-kneading the polyolefin and the film-forming solvent, and (2) the polyolefin solution is extruded from a die. The extruded product thus formed is cooled to form a gel-like sheet, (4) the gel-like sheet is stretched, (5) heat set, (6) the film-forming solvent is removed from the gel-like sheet, 7) The obtained microporous membrane is dried, (8) the microporous membrane is stretched (re-stretched), and (9) is heat-treated. After the step (9), (10) a cross-linking treatment step by ionizing radiation, (11) a hydrophilization treatment step and the like may be performed as necessary.
- the film-forming solvent is preferably a liquid at room temperature.
- Liquid solvents include nonane, decane, decalin, paraxylene, undecane, dodecane, liquid paraffin and other aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oil fractions with boiling points corresponding to these, and dibutyl phthalate And phthalic acid esters which are liquid at room temperature such as dioctyl phthalate.
- a non-volatile liquid solvent such as liquid paraffin.
- a solid solvent may be mixed with the liquid solvent at room temperature.
- a solid solvent include stearyl alcohol, seryl alcohol, and paraffin wax.
- the viscosity of the liquid solvent is preferably 20 to 200 cSt at 40 ° C. If the viscosity at 40 ° C. is 20 cSt or more, the sheet obtained by extruding the polyolefin solution from the die will not be uneven. On the other hand, if it is 200 cSt or less, the liquid solvent can be easily removed.
- the uniform melt-kneading of the polyolefin solution is not particularly limited, but it is preferably performed in a twin-screw extruder in order to prepare a high-concentration polyolefin solution.
- the film-forming solvent may be added before the start of kneading, or may be added from the middle of the twin-screw extruder during kneading, but the latter is preferred.
- the melt kneading temperature is preferably (melting point Tm + 10 ° C. of polyethylene composition) to (Tm + 120 ° C.). Specifically, since the polyethylene composition has a melting point of about 130 to 140 ° C., the melt kneading temperature is preferably 140 to 250 ° C., more preferably 180 to 230 ° C., and most preferably 210 to 230 ° C.
- the screw length (L) and diameter (D) ratio (L / D) of the twin screw extruder is preferably in the range of 20-100, more preferably in the range of 35-70. When L / D is 20 or more, melt-kneading is sufficient. When L / D is 100 or less, the residence time of the polyolefin solution does not increase excessively.
- the inner diameter of the twin screw extruder is preferably 40 to 100 mm.
- the polyolefin solution is 100% by mass, and the polyolefin content is preferably 20 to 30% by mass, and more preferably 20 to 28% by mass. When the polyolefin content is 20 to 30% by mass, the moldability of the gel sheet is excellent.
- the polyolefin solution melt-kneaded in the extruder is extruded from a sheet die.
- the gap of the sheet die is preferably 0.1 to 5 mm, and is preferably heated to 140 to 250 ° C. during extrusion.
- the extrusion rate of the heated solution is preferably 0.2 to 15 m / min.
- Ratio of extrusion rate Q (kg / h) of polyolefin solution to screw rotation speed Ns (rpm) of twin screw extruder Q / in order to ensure good dispersion of polyolefin in extruded product and ensure film thickness uniformity Ns is preferably 0.4 kg / h / rpm or less, and more preferably 0.35 kg / h / rpm or less.
- the lower limit of Q / Ns is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 kg / h / rpm.
- Q / Ns also depends on the screw shape (for example, diameter, screw groove depth, etc.).
- the screw rotation speed Ns is preferably 50 rpm or more.
- the upper limit of the screw rotation speed Ns is not particularly limited, but 500 rpm is preferable.
- a gel-like sheet is obtained by cooling the molded body extruded from the die. Cooling is preferably performed at a rate of 30 ° C./min or higher, preferably 50 ° C./min or higher, at least up to the gelation temperature. Further, it is preferable to cool to 10 to 45 ° C.
- the microphase of the polyolefin separated by the film-forming solvent can be fixed. In general, when the cooling rate is slow, relatively large polyolefin crystals are formed, so the higher-order structure of the gel-like sheet becomes rough. However, when the cooling rate is high, relatively small polyolefin crystals are formed. The higher order structure of the sheet is dense.
- the cooling rate is 30 ° C./min or more, an increase in crystallinity is prevented and a gel-like sheet suitable for stretching is obtained.
- the cooling method include a method of directly contacting a cooling medium such as cold air and cooling water, a method of contacting a roll cooled by a refrigerant, and the like.
- the thickness of the gel sheet is preferably 0.5 to 5 mm, more preferably 0.7 to 3 mm.
- the gel-like sheet is stretched at least in the uniaxial direction. Since the gel-like sheet contains a film-forming solvent, it can be easily and uniformly stretched. A gel-like sheet
- seat is extended
- the stretching may be uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching, but biaxial stretching is preferred. In the case of biaxial stretching, any of simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential stretching and multistage stretching (for example, a combination of simultaneous biaxial stretching and sequential stretching) may be used, but simultaneous biaxial stretching is preferable.
- the stretching ratio is preferably 2 times or more in the case of uniaxial stretching, more preferably 3 to 30 times, and preferably 3 times or more in any direction in the case of biaxial stretching.
- the area magnification is preferably 9 times or more, more preferably 16 times or more, and most preferably 20 times or more.
- the puncture strength is further improved by setting the area magnification to 9 times or more.
- the upper limit of the area magnification is practically 400 times.
- the draw ratio in the longitudinal direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) in biaxial stretching may not be the same.
- the stretching temperature is preferably not higher than the melting point Tm of the polyethylene composition, and more preferably not lower than the crystal dispersion temperature Tcd of the polyethylene composition and lower than the melting point Tm.
- the stretching temperature is equal to or lower than the melting point Tm, the polyethylene composition does not melt and the molecular chain orientation by stretching can be achieved.
- the stretching temperature is equal to or higher than the crystal dispersion temperature Tcd, the polyethylene composition is sufficiently softened and can be stretched at a high magnification without being broken during stretching.
- the crystal dispersion temperature Tcd is determined from the temperature characteristics of dynamic viscoelasticity measured according to ASTM D 4065.
- the stretching temperature is 90-130 ° C., preferably 100-120 ° C., more preferably 110-120 ° C., most preferably Set to 115-120 ° C.
- the stretching as described above causes cleavage between polyethylene lamellae, the polyethylene phase becomes finer, and a large number of fibrils are formed. Fibrils form a three-dimensional irregularly connected network structure. Stretching improves the mechanical strength and enlarges the pores, making it suitable for battery separators.
- the film may be stretched with a temperature distribution in the film thickness direction, whereby a polyolefin microporous film having further excellent mechanical strength can be obtained. Details of this method are described in Japanese Patent No. 3347854.
- Heat-fixing treatment step The stretched gel-like sheet is heat-fixed (a treatment in which it is heated while being fixed to a tenter).
- the gel of the gel-like sheet is stabilized by the heat setting treatment, and the lamellar layer becomes uniform. Therefore, a network structure composed of fibrils formed by stretching is stabilized, and a microporous film having a large pore diameter, excellent mechanical strength, and a low thermal shrinkage rate can be produced by the subsequent solvent removal treatment for film formation.
- the heat setting treatment is performed by a tenter method, a roll method or a rolling method.
- the heat setting treatment temperature is within the temperature range of (Tcd ⁇ 20 ° C.) to Tm.
- a cleaning solvent is used to remove the film-forming solvent. Since the polyolefin phase and the film forming solvent phase are separated, a porous film can be obtained by removing the film forming solvent.
- the washing solvent include saturated hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane and heptane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride, ethers such as diethyl ether and dioxane, ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, ethane trifluoride, Chain fluorocarbons such as C 6 F 14 and C 7 F 16 , cyclic hydrofluorocarbons such as C 5 H 3 F 7, hydrofluoroethers such as C 4 F 9 OCH 3 and C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 , C 4 Examples include readily volatile solvents such as perfluoroethers such as F 9 OCF 3 and C 4 F 9 OC 2 F 5 .
- These cleaning solvents have a low surface tension (eg, 24 mN / m or less at 25 ° C.).
- a cleaning solvent having a low surface tension By using a cleaning solvent having a low surface tension, the network structure forming the micropores is prevented from shrinking due to the surface tension at the gas-liquid interface during drying after cleaning, and thus the fine structure having high porosity and permeability. A porous membrane is obtained.
- the removal of the film-forming solvent can be performed by immersing the stretched film in a cleaning solvent, showering the stretched film with the cleaning solvent, or a combination thereof.
- the amount of the washing solvent used varies depending on the washing method, but generally it is preferably 300 to 30,000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the stretched film.
- the washing temperature may be 15 to 30 ° C, and if necessary, heat to 80 ° C or less. It is preferable to remove the film-forming solvent until the residual amount is less than the initial 1% by mass.
- the polyolefin microporous film obtained by removing the film-forming solvent is dried by a heat drying method, an air drying method or the like.
- the drying temperature is preferably not higher than the crystal dispersion temperature Tcd of the polyethylene composition, and particularly preferably not higher than Tcd-5 ° C. Drying is preferably performed until the dry weight of the microporous membrane is 100% by mass and the residual washing solvent is 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 3% by mass or less. If the drying is sufficient, there is no possibility that the porosity of the microporous membrane will be lowered by the subsequent heat treatment, and the permeability is kept good.
- the dried microporous membrane is stretched (re-stretched) in at least a uniaxial direction.
- Re-stretching can be performed by the tenter method or the like as described above while heating the microporous membrane.
- the tenter device for example, a device described in WO 2009/084722 can be used.
- Re-stretching may be uniaxial stretching or biaxial stretching, but in the case of uniaxial stretching, it is preferable to carry out in the transverse direction (TD).
- TD transverse direction
- any of simultaneous biaxial stretching and sequential stretching may be used, but simultaneous biaxial stretching is preferable.
- the longitudinal direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) in re-stretching are MD directions in stretching of the gel-like sheet. And coincides with TD direction.
- the redrawing temperature is preferably not higher than the melting point Tm of the polyethylene composition, more preferably in the range of (Tcd ⁇ 20 ° C.) to Tm. Specifically, it is preferably 70 to 135 ° C, more preferably 110 to 132 ° C, and most preferably 120 to 130 ° C.
- the redrawing ratio is preferably 1.01 to 1.6 times, particularly 1.1 to 1.6 times, and more preferably 1.2 to 1.5 times in the TD direction.
- it is preferably 1.01 to 1.6 times in the MD direction and TD direction, respectively.
- the MD direction and the TD direction may be different, but the TD direction is preferably smaller than the MD direction.
- the redrawing speed is preferably 3% / second or more, more preferably 5% / second or more in both the MD and TD directions.
- the upper limit is preferably 50% / second, more preferably 25% / second.
- the redrawing speed may be set independently in the MD direction and the TD direction.
- the microporous membrane after drying is heat treated.
- the crystal is stabilized by the heat treatment, and the lamellar layer is made uniform.
- the heat treatment time is preferably 1,000 seconds or less, more preferably 1 to 800 seconds.
- the heat treatment is a heat setting treatment and / or a heat relaxation treatment.
- the heat setting treatment is a heat treatment performed so that there is no dimensional change in both the MD direction and the TD direction, and the heat relaxation treatment is a heat shrinking treatment.
- the heat setting treatment can be performed by heating in a state of being fixed to the tenter.
- the heat setting treatment temperature is preferably within the range of Tcd to Tm, more preferably within the range of the stretching (re-stretching) temperature ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the heat relaxation treatment can be performed, for example, by moving the inside of the heating furnace by a belt conveyor or an air floating method, or by narrowing in the TD direction while heating while being held by a tenter.
- the thermal relaxation treatment is performed at a temperature below the melting point Tm, preferably within a temperature range of 60 ° C. to (melting point Tm ⁇ 5 ° C.).
- the shrinkage in the TD direction due to the thermal relaxation treatment is preferably stopped so that the length L 2 in the TD direction after the thermal relaxation treatment is 91% or more with respect to the length L 1 in the TD direction before re-stretching, 95 It is more preferable to keep it at% or more.
- the microporous membrane may be subjected to a crosslinking treatment by irradiation with ionizing radiation such as ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, and electron beams.
- ionizing radiation such as ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, ⁇ rays, and electron beams.
- electron beam irradiation an electron dose of 0.1 to 100 Mrad is preferable, and an acceleration voltage of 100 to 300 kV is preferable.
- the meltdown temperature of the polyolefin microporous membrane is increased by the crosslinking treatment.
- the microporous membrane may be subjected to a hydrophilic treatment.
- the hydrophilic treatment can be performed by monomer grafting, surfactant treatment, corona discharge or the like. Monomer grafting is preferably performed after the crosslinking treatment.
- any of nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants can be used, but nonionic surfactants are preferred.
- the microporous membrane is immersed in a solution obtained by dissolving a surfactant in water or a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or the solution is applied to the microporous membrane by a doctor blade method.
- C Physical properties (1) Average film thickness of 19 ⁇ m or less If the average film thickness exceeds 19 ⁇ m, it is not suitable as a separator for small lithium ion secondary batteries for mobile phones.
- the average film thickness is preferably 12 to 18 ⁇ m, more preferably 14 to 17 ⁇ m.
- the average film thickness of the microporous membrane can be controlled mainly by appropriately adjusting the thickness of the gel-like sheet and the draw ratio.
- Pore volume distribution The pore diameter distribution curve (curve plotting the pore radius r and Log differential pore volume (dVp / dLog (r))) of the microporous polyolefin membrane obtained by the mercury intrusion method is shown in FIG. As shown, for a pore volume in the range of pore radius 10-1,000 nm (represented by the hatched area S 1 in the range of pore radius 10-1,000 nm), the pore radius is 100-1,000.
- the ratio (S 2 / S 1 ⁇ 100) of the pore volume in the range of nm (represented by the area S 2 of the hatched portion in the range of pore radius of 100 to 1,000 nm) is 25% or more and fine
- the ratio (S 3 / S 1 ⁇ 100) of the pore volume in the range of pore radius 500 to 1,000 nm (expressed by the area S 3 of the hatched portion in the range of pore radius 500 to 1,000 nm) is 5% or less is there.
- (S 2 / S 1 ⁇ 100) is preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 35% or more.
- (S 3 / S 1 ⁇ 100) is preferably 4.5% or less.
- the peak of the pore size distribution curve (the highest peak when there are multiple peaks) is preferably in the range of a pore radius of 50 mm or more, more preferably in the range of a pore radius of 70 to 500 nm. Most preferably, the radius is in the range of 70 to 300 nm.
- the microporous membrane of the present invention has the pore volume distribution as described above, the above-described heat generation prevention mechanism during overcharging (a deliberate formation of a short-circuited portion between the positive and negative electrodes prevents the progress of overcharging) High porosity suitable for the mechanism to be used) and excellent permeability and mechanical strength.
- Porosity of 25 to 80% When the porosity is 25% or more, the polyolefin microporous membrane has good air permeability. On the other hand, if it is 80% or less, when the polyolefin microporous membrane is used as a battery separator, the mechanical strength is sufficient and there is no danger of short-circuiting the electrodes.
- the porosity is preferably 45% or more, more preferably 50 to 55%.
- air permeability is less than 10 sec / 100 cm 3 / ⁇ m, over and above It has a high porosity suitable for a heat generation prevention mechanism during charging (a mechanism that intentionally forms a short-circuited portion between the positive and negative electrodes to avoid the progress of overcharging).
- the air permeability is preferably 1 second / 100 cm 3 / ⁇ m to 10 seconds / 100 cm 3 / ⁇ m, more preferably 2 seconds / 100 cm 3 / ⁇ m to 9 seconds / 100 cm 3 / ⁇ m.
- Puncture strength of 1.0 ⁇ 10 2 mN / ⁇ m or more The puncture strength of the microporous membrane is as follows. It is expressed by the maximum load when When the puncture strength is 1.0 ⁇ 10 2 mN / ⁇ m or more, there is no possibility that a short circuit occurs when the polyolefin microporous membrane is incorporated in a battery as a battery separator.
- the puncture strength is preferably 1.3 ⁇ 10 2 mN / ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 2 mN / ⁇ m or more.
- Tensile rupture strength of 5 ⁇ 10 4 kPa or higher If the tensile rupture strength measured by ASTM D882 is 5 ⁇ 10 4 kPa or higher in both the MD and TD directions, it will break when used as a battery separator. No worries about membranes.
- the tensile breaking strength in the MD direction is more preferably 6 ⁇ 10 4 to 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 kPa, and the tensile breaking strength in the TD direction is more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 4 to 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 kPa, and 5 ⁇ 10 4 to 1.0 ⁇ . 10 5 kPa is most preferred.
- Tensile rupture elongation of 100% or more If the tensile rupture elongation measured by ASTM D882 is 100% or more in both MD direction and TD direction, there is a risk of film breakage when used as a battery separator. Absent.
- the tensile elongation at break is preferably 110 to 300%.
- the tensile breaking elongation in the MD direction is more preferably 125 to 250%, and the tensile breaking elongation in the TD direction is more preferably 140 to 300%.
- Thermal shrinkage of 10% or less The thermal shrinkage when held at 105 ° C for 8 hours is 10% or less in both the MD and TD directions.
- the thermal shrinkage rate in the TD direction is preferably 8% or less, more preferably 7.5% or less, and most preferably 6% or less.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is thin and excellent in permeability, mechanical strength and heat shrinkage resistance, it can be used as a battery separator, particularly a small lithium ion secondary battery separator for mobile phones. Is preferred.
- Battery The polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention comprises a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium polymer secondary battery, a nickel-hydrogen secondary battery, a nickel-cadmium secondary battery, a nickel-zinc secondary battery, and a silver-zinc secondary battery. It is preferable for a separator for a secondary battery such as a secondary battery, and particularly preferable for a separator for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery will be described below.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator containing an electrolytic solution (electrolyte).
- the structure of the electrode is not particularly limited.
- an electrode structure in which disc-shaped positive and negative electrodes are arranged to face each other coin type
- an electrode structure in which flat positive and negative electrodes are alternately stacked stacked type
- an electrode structure (winding type) in which a belt-like positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked and wound can be used.
- the positive electrode usually has (a) a current collector and (b) a layer containing a positive electrode active material formed on the surface thereof and capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material include transition metal oxides, composite oxides of lithium and transition metals (lithium composite oxides), and inorganic compounds such as transition metal sulfides. Transition metals include V, Mn, and Fe. , Co, Ni and the like.
- Preferable examples of the lithium composite oxide include lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, and a layered lithium composite oxide based on an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type structure.
- the negative electrode has (a) a current collector and (b) a layer formed on the surface thereof and containing a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material include carbonaceous materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, cokes, and carbon black.
- the electrolytic solution can be obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent.
- Lithium salts include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , Examples thereof include LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiPF 4 (CF 3 ) 2 , LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 , a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium salt, LiAlCl 4 and the like. These may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- organic solvent examples include organic solvents having a high boiling point and a high dielectric constant such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and ⁇ -butyrolactone, and tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, dioxolane, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate.
- organic solvents having a low boiling point and a low viscosity may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more. Since a high dielectric constant organic solvent has a high viscosity and a low viscosity organic solvent has a low dielectric constant, it is preferable to use a mixture of the two.
- a separator to be incorporated in a battery is impregnated by an immersion method or the like with an electrolytic solution imparting ion permeability.
- a positive electrode sheet / a microporous membrane separator / a negative electrode sheet / a microporous membrane separator are laminated and wound in this order, inserted into a battery can, impregnated with an electrolytic solution, and then also used as a positive electrode terminal equipped with a safety valve. Crimp the battery cover with a gasket.
- Example 1 The weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 5.6 ⁇ 10 5 , the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) is 4.1, the terminal vinyl group concentration is 0.1% of 10,000 high density polyethylene (HDPE) per 10,000 carbon atoms, Mw was a polyethylene composition consisting of 18% by mass of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) having a Mw / Mn of 5 and 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 .
- the polyethylene composition had a melting point Tm of 135 ° C. and a crystal dispersion temperature Tcd of 100 ° C.
- Mw and Mw / Mn of UHMWPE and HDPE are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method under the following conditions according to the method described in “Macromolecules, Vol.34, No.19, pp.6812-6820 (2001)”. (Hereinafter the same).
- Measurement device PL-GPC220 manufactured by Polymer Laboratories ⁇ Column: Three PLgel Mixed-B Columns made by Polymer Laboratories -Column temperature: 145 ° C Solvent (mobile phase): 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (Aldrich, including about 1,000 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene) ⁇ Solvent flow rate: 0.5 ml / min ⁇ Sample concentration: 0.25 to 0.75 mg / mL (dissolution condition: 160 ° C./2 h) ⁇ Injection volume: 300 ⁇ L -Detector: Differential refractometer-Calibration curve: Prepared from a calibration curve obtained using a monodisperse polystyrene standard sample, using a predetermined conversion constant.
- a polyethylene solution was prepared.
- This polyethylene solution was extruded from a T-die provided in a twin-screw extruder and cooled while being drawn with a cooling roll adjusted to 40 ° C. to form a gel sheet having a thickness of 1.2 mm.
- the obtained gel-like sheet was simultaneously biaxially stretched 5 times in both the MD direction and the TD direction at 118.0 ° C. by a tenter stretching machine, and heat-set at 95 ° C.
- the stretched gel sheet was immersed in a methylene chloride bath to remove liquid paraffin.
- the washed membrane is air-dried and re-stretched 1.4 times in the TD direction at 126.8 ° C. with a tenter stretching device, and then remains fixed at the tenter stretching device at 126.8 ° C. so that there is no dimensional change in both the MD and TD directions.
- a heat setting treatment was performed at a temperature (total time of re-stretching and subsequent heat setting treatment: 26 seconds) to obtain a microporous membrane.
- Comparative Example 1 The composition of the polyethylene composition is 70% by mass of HDPE and 30% by mass of UHMWPE, the concentration of the polyethylene composition in the polyethylene solution is 23% by mass, the stretching temperature is 115.0 ° C., the re-stretching ratio is 1.3 times, the re-stretching and the subsequent heat
- the temperature of the fixing process was set to 122.2 ° C.
- L 2 / L 1 L 1 represents the length in the TD direction of the microporous membrane before re-stretching
- a polyethylene microporous membrane having an average film thickness of 16 ⁇ m was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. Comparative Example 2 The stretching temperature is 118.0 ° C., the re-stretching ratio is 1.4 times, the temperature of the re-stretching and the subsequent heat setting treatment is 126.9 ° C., the heat relaxation treatment is not performed, and the total time of the re-stretching and the subsequent heat fixing treatment is 26.
- a polyethylene microporous film having an average film thickness of 16 ⁇ m was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the time was 2 seconds.
- the polyethylene composition has a weight average molecular weight of 7.5 ⁇ 10 5 , a molecular weight distribution of 11.8, and a terminal vinyl group concentration of 0.7 HDPE per 10,000 carbon atoms and 70% by mass of HDPE and 30% by mass of UHMWPE.
- the concentration of the composition is 23% by mass
- the stretching temperature is 116.5 ° C.
- the re-stretching ratio is 1.1 times
- the temperature of the re-stretching and subsequent heat setting treatment is 124.2 ° C.
- between the re-stretching and the subsequent heat setting treatment was performed at 124.2 ° C.
- a polyethylene microporous film having an average film thickness of 16 ⁇ m was prepared.
- Comparative Example 4 The composition of the polyethylene composition is HDPE 60 mass% and UHMWPE 40 mass%, the stretching temperature is 115.0 ° C., the re-stretching ratio is 1.08 times, the temperature of the re-stretching and subsequent heat setting treatment is 124.5 ° C., the re-stretching and the subsequent Example 1 except that heat relaxation treatment was performed at 124.5 ° C.
- Comparative Example 6 The composition of the polyethylene composition is HDPE 98 mass% and UHMWPE 2 mass%, the polyethylene composition concentration in the polyethylene solution is 39 mass%, the stretching temperature is 118.7 ° C., the restretch ratio is 1.4 times, the restretching and the subsequent heat
- a polyethylene microporous membrane having an average film thickness of 19 ⁇ m was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature of the fixing treatment was 130.2 ° C.
- the average film thickness of the microporous film was measured with a contact thickness meter (RC-1 manufactured by Meisho Co., Ltd.) at intervals of 1 cm over a length of 10 cm in the transverse direction at multiple locations on the test piece. was obtained by averaging the measured values of the obtained film thickness.
- Pore volume distribution was determined by the mercury intrusion method under the following conditions in accordance with the method described in paragraphs 82 to 83 of WO 2009/044227.
- Measuring device Pore Sizer 9320 manufactured by Micromeritics Co., Ltd.
- Mercury contact angle 141.3 °
- surface tension 484 dyne / cm Pressure range 3.6 kPa to 207 MPa
- Cell volume 15 cm 3
- the ratio of pore volume S 2 in the range of pore radius 100 to 1,000 nm and pore volume S 3 in the range of pore radius 500 to 1,000 nm to pore volume S 1 in the range of pore radius 10 to 1,000 nm is These were obtained from S 2 / S 1 and S 3 / S 1 shown in FIG. 1, respectively.
- Mw represents the weight average molecular weight.
- TD represents the direction of the hand.
- L 1 represents the length in the TD direction of the microporous membrane before redrawing
- L 2 represents the length in the TD direction of the microporous membrane after the thermal relaxation treatment.
- the microporous membrane of Example 1 has a pore radius in the range of 100 to 1,000 ⁇ m with respect to the volume of pores in the pore diameter distribution curve in the range of 10 to 1,000 ⁇ m.
- the volume ratio of the pores was 25% or more, and the volume ratio of the pores having a pore radius in the range of 500 to 1,000 nm was 5% or less. Therefore, the microporous membrane of Example 1 has a high porosity of 50% or more and a puncture strength of 100 ⁇ mN / ⁇ m or more, while having an average thickness of 19 ⁇ m or less, and further has a tensile rupture strength and heat shrinkage resistance. It was excellent.
- the microporous membranes of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 since the UHMWPE content of the polyethylene composition is more than 25% by mass, the pores with respect to the pore volume in the pore radius range of 10 to 1,000 ⁇ m are reduced. The proportion of the volume of pores having a radius in the range of 500 to 1,000 nm was more than 5%. Therefore, the microporous membranes of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 were inferior to the microporous membrane of Example 1 in at least one of air permeability, porosity, heat shrinkage resistance, and maximum shrinkage immediately before melting.
- the microporous membrane of Comparative Example 6 since the content of UHMWPE in the polyethylene composition is less than 10% by mass, the pore radius is 100 to 1,000 ⁇ m with respect to the pore volume in the range of pore radius 10 to 1,000 ⁇ m. The proportion of pore volume in the range was less than 25%. Therefore, the microporous membrane of Comparative Example 6 was inferior to the microporous membrane of Example 1 in terms of porosity, tensile rupture elongation, and maximum shrinkage immediately before melting.
- the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention is thin, has a high porosity, excellent permeability and mechanical strength, has a particularly excellent puncture strength, and is a small size using a separator comprising the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has excellent safety. Therefore, the polyolefin microporous membrane of the present invention can be suitably used particularly as a separator for small lithium ion secondary batteries for mobile phones.
- S 1 Area of the hatched portion in the range of pore radius 10 to 1,000 nm
- S 2 Area of the hatched portion in the range of pore radius 100 to 1,000 nm
- S 3 Area of the hatched portion in the range of pore radius 500 to 1,000 nm
- P Maximum dimensional change rate (shrinkage rate) in the temperature range of 135 to 140 ° C (%)
- T Temperature (° C)
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Abstract
Description
(A) 組成
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を構成するポリオレフィンは、重量平均分子量(Mw)が5×105~9×105の第一のポリエチレンと、Mwが1×106以上の第二のポリエチレンとの組成物であるのが好ましい。第二のポリエチレンの含有量は、ポリエチレン組成物全体を100質量%として、10~25質量%が好ましく、15~25質量%がより好ましい。この含有量が10~25質量%だと得られるポリオレフィン微多孔膜の空孔率と機械的強度とのバランスが良い。
第一のポリエチレンは、高密度ポリエチレン、中密度ポリエチレン、分岐状低密度ポリエチレン及び鎖状低密度ポリエチレンが好ましく、高密度ポリエチレンがより好ましい。第一のポリエチレンは、エチレンの単独重合体のみならず、エチレン以外のα-オレフィンを少量含有するエチレン・α-オレフィン共重合体でもよい。エチレン以外のα-オレフィンとしては、プロピレン、ブテン-1、ペンテン-1、ヘキセン-1、4-メチルペンテン-1及びオクテン-1が好ましい。その他に、酢酸ビニル、メタクリル酸メチル及びスチレンを含有しても良い。エチレンとエチレン以外のα-オレフィンとを共重合することにより、第一のポリエチレンの融点を132℃以上とすることができる。融点は、JIS K 7121に基づき示差走査熱量測定(DSC)により求める。エチレン以外のα-オレフィンの含有量は5モル%以下が好ましい。
第二のポリエチレンは超高分子量ポリエチレンが好ましい。超高分子量ポリエチレンは、エチレンの単独重合体のみならず、エチレン以外のα-オレフィンを少量含有するエチレン・α-オレフィン共重合体でもよい。エチレン以外のα-オレフィンとしては、プロピレン、ブテン-1、ペンテン-1、ヘキセン-1、4-メチルペンテン-1及びオクテン-1が挙げられる。その他に、酢酸ビニル、メタクリル酸メチル及びスチレンも使用可能である。エチレン以外のα-オレフィンの含有量は5モル%以下が好ましい。第二のポリエチレンのMwは1×106~5×106が好ましく、1×106~3×106がより好ましい。第二のポリエチレンのMw/Mnは1.2~50が好ましく、3~20がより好ましく、4~15がさらに好ましく、4~10が最も好ましい。
上記ポリエチレン組成物は、無機フィラー、耐熱ポリマー等のその他の成分を含有してもよい。無機フィラーは、珪素及び/又はアルミニウム原子を含むのが好ましい。耐熱ポリマーとして、WO 2007/132942及びWO 2008/016174に記載されたものが好ましい。無機フィラー及び耐熱ポリマーの各々の含有量は、微多孔膜の質量を100質量%として10質量%以下が好ましい。
(B) 製造方法
ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を製造する方法は、(1) 上記ポリオレフィン及び成膜用溶剤を溶融混練してポリオレフィン溶液を調製し、(2) ポリオレフィン溶液をダイより押し出し、(3) 得られた押出し成形体を冷却してゲル状シートを形成し、(4) ゲル状シートを延伸し、(5) 熱固定処理し、(6) ゲル状シートから成膜用溶剤を除去し、(7) 得られた微多孔膜を乾燥し、(8) 微多孔膜を延伸(再延伸)し、(9) 熱処理する工程を有する。工程(9)の後に、必要に応じて、(10) 電離放射による架橋処理工程、(11) 親水化処理工程等を施しても良い。
上記ポリオレフィンと成膜用溶剤を溶融混練することにより調製するポリオレフィン溶液に、必要に応じて酸化防止剤、微粉珪酸(孔形成剤)等の各種添加剤を本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で添加しても良い。
押出機内で溶融混練したポリオレフィン溶液をシート用ダイから押し出す。シート用ダイのギャップは0.1~5mmが好ましく、押し出し時に140~250℃に加熱するのが好ましい。加熱溶液の押し出し速度は0.2~15 m/分であるのが好ましい。
ダイから押し出した成形体を冷却することによりゲル状シートが得られる。冷却は、少なくともゲル化温度までは30℃/分以上、好ましくは50℃/分以上の速度で行うのが好ましい。また10~45℃まで冷却するのが好ましい。冷却により、成膜用溶剤によって分離されたポリオレフィンのミクロ相は固定化することができる。一般に冷却速度が遅いと、比較的大きなポリオレフィンの結晶が形成されるので、ゲル状シートの高次構造が粗くなるが、冷却速度が速いと、比較的小さなポリオレフィンの結晶が形成されるので、ゲル状シートの高次構造が密になる。冷却速度を30℃/分以上とすると結晶化度の上昇を防ぎ、延伸に適したゲル状シートとなる。冷却方法としては、冷風、冷却水等の冷却媒体に直接接触させる方法、冷媒で冷却したロールに接触させる方法等が挙げられる。ゲル状シートの厚さは0.5~5mmが好ましく、0.7~3mmがより好ましい。
ゲル状シートを少なくとも一軸方向に延伸する。ゲル状シートは成膜用溶剤を含むので、簡単に均一に延伸できる。ゲル状シートは、加熱後、テンター法等より所定の倍率に延伸する。延伸は一軸延伸でも二軸延伸でもよいが、二軸延伸が好ましい。二軸延伸の場合、同時二軸延伸、逐次延伸及び多段延伸(例えば同時二軸延伸及び逐次延伸の組合せ)のいずれでもよいが、同時二軸延伸が好ましい。
延伸したゲル状シートを熱固定処理(テンターに固定した状態で加熱する処理)する。熱固定処理によりゲル状シートの結晶が安定化し、ラメラ層が均一化する。そのため延伸により形成されたフィブリルからなる網状構造が安定化し、後段の成膜用溶剤除去処理により、細孔径が大きく、機械的強度に優れ、熱収縮率が低い微多孔膜を作製できる。熱固定処理は、テンター方式、ロール方式又は圧延方式により行う。熱固定処理温度は(Tcd-20℃)~Tmの温度範囲内である。
成膜用溶剤の除去に洗浄溶媒を用いる。ポリオレフィン相と成膜用溶剤相とは分離しているので、成膜用溶剤の除去により多孔質膜が得られる。洗浄溶媒としては、例えばペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン等の飽和炭化水素、塩化メチレン、四塩化炭素等の塩素化炭化水素、ジエチルエーテル、ジオキサン等のエーテル類、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類、三フッ化エタン,C6F14,C7F16等の鎖状フルオロカーボン、C5H3F7等の環状ハイドロフルオロカーボン、C4F9OCH3,C4F9OC2H5等のハイドロフルオロエーテル、C4F9OCF3,C4F9OC2F5等のパーフルオロエーテル等の易揮発性溶媒が挙げられる。これらの洗浄溶媒は低い表面張力(例えば25℃で24 mN/m以下)を有する。低い表面張力の洗浄溶媒を用いることにより、微多孔を形成する網状構造が洗浄後の乾燥時に気-液界面の表面張力により収縮するのが抑制され、もって高い空孔率及び透過性を有する微多孔膜が得られる。
成膜用溶剤を除去することにより得られたポリオレフィン微多孔膜を、加熱乾燥法、風乾法等により乾燥する。乾燥温度は、ポリエチレン組成物の結晶分散温度Tcd以下であるのが好ましく、特にTcd-5℃以下であるのが好ましい。乾燥は、微多孔膜の乾燥重量を100質量%として、残存洗浄溶媒が5質量%以下になるまで行うのが好ましく、3質量%以下になるまで行うのがより好ましい。乾燥が十分であると、後の熱処理で微多孔膜の空孔率が低下するおそれがなく、透過性が良好に保たれる。
乾燥した微多孔膜を少なくとも一軸方向に延伸(再延伸)する。再延伸は、微多孔膜を加熱しながら上記と同様にテンター法等により行うことができる。テンター装置としては、例えばWO 2009/084722に記載された装置を用いることができる。再延伸は一軸延伸でも二軸延伸でもよいが、一軸延伸の場合は横手方向(TD)に行うのが好ましい。二軸延伸の場合、同時二軸延伸及び逐次延伸のいずれでもよいが、同時二軸延伸が好ましい。なお再延伸は通常延伸ゲル状シートから得られた長尺シート状の微多孔膜に対して行うので、再延伸における長手方向(MD)及び横手方向(TD)はゲル状シートの延伸におけるMD方向及びTD方向と一致する。
乾燥後の微多孔膜を熱処理する。熱処理によって結晶が安定化し、ラメラ層が均一化される。熱処理時間は1,000秒以下が好ましく、1~800秒がより好ましい。熱処理は、熱固定処理及び/又は熱緩和処理である。熱固定処理とはMD方向及びTD方向の両方ともに寸法変化が無いように行う熱処理であり、熱緩和処理とは熱収縮させる処理である。熱固定処理はテンターに固定した状態で加熱することにより行うことができる。熱固定処理温度はTcd~Tmの範囲内が好ましく、微多孔膜の延伸(再延伸)温度±5℃の範囲内がより好ましく、再延伸温度±3℃の範囲内が特に好ましい。熱緩和処理は、例えばベルトコンベア又はエアフローティング方式により加熱炉内を移動させたり、テンターに保持した状態で加熱しながらTD方向に狭めたりすることにより行うことができる。熱緩和処理は融点Tm以下の温度、好ましくは60℃~(融点Tm-5℃)の温度範囲内で行う。熱緩和処理によるTD方向における収縮は、再延伸前のTD方向の長さL1に対して熱緩和処理後のTD方向の長さL2が91%以上であるように留めるのが好ましく、95%以上となるように留めるのがより好ましい。以上のような熱緩和処理により、透過性の良好な高強度の微多孔膜が得られる。
微多孔膜に対して、α線、β線、γ線、電子線等の電離放射線の照射により架橋処理を施してもよい。電子線の照射の場合、0.1~100 Mradの電子線量が好ましく、100~300 kVの加速電圧が好ましい。架橋処理によりポリオレフィン微多孔膜のメルトダウン温度が上昇する。
用途に応じて、微多孔膜に親水化処理を施してもよい。親水化処理は、モノマーグラフト、界面活性剤処理、コロナ放電等により行うことができる。モノマーグラフトは架橋処理後に行うのが好ましい。
(C) 物性
(1) 19μm以下の平均膜厚
平均膜厚が19μm超では、携帯電話用小型リチウムイオン二次電池のセパレータに適さない。平均膜厚は12~18μmが好ましく、14~17μmがより好ましい。微多孔膜の平均膜厚は、主としてゲル状シートの厚さ及び延伸倍率を適宜調整することにより制御することができる。
水銀圧入法により求めたポリオレフィン微多孔膜の孔径分布曲線[細孔半径rとLog微分細孔容積(dVp/dLog(r))をプロットした曲線]では、図1に示すように、細孔半径10~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔容積(細孔半径10~1,000 nmの範囲のハッチング部分の面積S1により表される)に対して、細孔半径が100~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔の容積(細孔半径100~1,000 nmの範囲のハッチング部分の面積S2により表される)の割合(S2/S1×100)が25%以上であり、かつ細孔半径500~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔容積(細孔半径500~1,000 nmの範囲のハッチング部分の面積S3により表される)の割合(S3/S1×100)が5%以下である。(S2/S1×100)は30%以上が好ましく、35%以上がより好ましい。(S3/S1×100)は4.5%以下が好ましい。
空孔率が25%以上とすると、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜は良好な透気度を有する。一方80%以下とすると、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を電池用セパレータとして用いたとき、機械的強度が十分で、電極が短絡する危険がない。空孔率は45%以上が好ましく、50~55%がより好ましい。
JIS P 8117に準拠して測定した透気度(空気透過度)が10秒/100 cm3/μm以下であると、前述した過充電時の発熱防止メカニズム(正負極間に微小な短絡箇所を故意に形成して過充電の進行を回避させるメカニズム)に適した高い空孔率を有する。透気度は1秒/100 cm3/μm~10秒/100 cm3/μmが好ましく、2秒/100 cm3/μm~9秒/100 cm3/μmがより好ましい。ここで透気度は、平均膜厚TAVの微多孔膜に対してJIS P 8117に準拠して測定した透気度P1を、P2=P1/TAVの式により膜厚を1μmとしたときの透気度P2に換算した値である。
微多孔膜の突刺強度は、先端が球面(曲率半径R:0.5 mm)の直径1mmの針を2mm/秒の速度で微多孔膜に突刺したときの最大荷重により表される。突刺強度が1.0×102 mN/μm以上とすると、ポリオレフィン微多孔膜を電池用セパレータとして電池に組み込んだ場合に短絡が発生するおそれがない。突刺強度は1.3×102mN/μm以上が好ましく、1.5×102 mN/μm以上がより好ましい。ここで突刺強度は、平均膜厚TAVの微多孔膜に対して測定した突刺強度S(mN)を、S'=S/TAVの式により、膜厚を1μmとしたときの突刺強度S'(mN/μm)に換算した値である。
ASTM D882により測定した引張破断強度がMD方向及びTD方向のいずれにおいても5×104 kPa以上であると、電池用セパレータとして用いたときに破膜の心配がない。特にMD方向の引張破断強度は6×104~2.5×105 kPaがより好ましく、TD方向の引張破断強度は5×104~1.5×105 kPaがより好ましく、5×104~1.0×105 kPaが最も好ましい。
ASTM D882により測定した引張破断伸度がMD方向及びTD方向のいずれにおいても100%以上であると、電池用セパレータとして用いたときに破膜の心配がない。引張破断伸度は110~300%が好ましい。特にMD方向の引張破断伸度は125~250%がより好ましく、TD方向の引張破断伸度は140~300%がより好ましい。
105℃に8時間保持したときの熱収縮率はMD方向及びTD方向ともに10%以下である。TD方向の熱収縮率は、8%以下が好ましく、7.5%以下がより好ましく、6%以下が最も好ましい。
図2から明らかなように、荷重下で微多孔膜を昇温させると、微多孔膜は収縮し続け、温度T(℃)で寸法変化率(収縮率)が最大となる。温度T(℃)を超えると、微多孔膜は急激に伸びる。これは微多孔膜の溶融によると推測される。温度T(℃)における(溶融直前の)最大収縮率Pは耐溶融収縮性の指標となる。MD方向の最大収縮率は、好ましくは10%以下である。TD方向の最大収縮率は、好ましくは15%以下であり、より好ましくは12%以下である。
[2] 電池用セパレータ
本発明のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は薄く、かつ透過性、機械的強度及び耐熱収縮性に優れているので、電池用セパレータ、特に携帯電話用小型リチウムイオン二次電池のセパレータに好適である。
[3] 電池
本発明のポリオレフィン微多孔膜は、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムポリマー二次電池、ニッケル-水素二次電池、ニッケル-カドミウム二次電池、ニッケル-亜鉛二次電池、銀-亜鉛二次電池等の二次電池用のセパレータに好ましく、特にリチウムイオン二次電池用セパレータに好ましい。以下リチウムイオン二次電池を説明する。
重量平均分子量(Mw)が5.6×105で、分子量分布(Mw/Mn)が4.1で、末端ビニル基濃度が10,000個の炭素原子当たり0.1個の高密度ポリエチレン(HDPE)82質量%と、Mwが2.0×106で、Mw/Mnが5の超高分子量ポリエチレン(UHMWPE)18質量%とからなるポリエチレン組成物を調製した。ポリエチレン組成物の融点Tmは135℃であり、結晶分散温度Tcdは100℃であった。
・測定装置:Polymer Laboratories製PL-GPC220
・カラム:Polymer Laboratories製Three PLgel Mixed-B Columns
・カラム温度:145℃
・溶媒(移動相):1,2,4-トリクロロベンゼン(アルドリッチ社製、約1,000 ppmのブチル化ヒドロキシトルエンを含む)
・溶媒流速:0.5 ml/分
・試料濃度:0.25~0.75 mg/mL(溶解条件:160℃/2h)
・インジェクション量:300μL
・検出器:ディファレンシャルリフラクトメーター
・検量線:単分散ポリスチレン標準試料を用いて得られた検量線から、所定の換算定数を用いて作成した。
比較例1
ポリエチレン組成物の組成をHDPE70質量%及びUHMWPE30質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液のポリエチレン組成物の濃度を23質量%とし、延伸温度を115.0℃とし、再延伸倍率を1.3倍とし、再延伸及びその後の熱固定処理の温度を122.2℃とし、再延伸とその後の熱固定処理の間に、L2/L1(L1は再延伸前の微多孔膜のTD方向の長さを表し、L2は熱緩和処理後の微多孔膜のTD方向の長さを表す。)が1.0となるように122.2℃で熱緩和処理し、再延伸及びその後の熱緩和処理及び熱固定処理の合計時間を26秒とした以外、実施例1と同様にして、平均膜厚16μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を作製した。
比較例2
延伸温度を118.0℃とし、再延伸倍率を1.4倍とし、再延伸及びその後の熱固定処理の温度を126.9℃とし、熱緩和処理を行わず、再延伸及びその後の熱固定処理の合計時間を26秒とした以外比較例1と同様にして、平均膜厚16μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を作製した。
比較例3
ポリエチレン組成物の組成を、重量平均分子量が7.5×105で、分子量分布が11.8で、末端ビニル基濃度が10,000個の炭素原子当たり0.7個のHDPE70質量%及びUHMWPE30質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液のポリエチレン組成物の濃度を23質量%とし、延伸温度を116.5℃とし、再延伸倍率を1.1倍とし、再延伸及びその後の熱固定処理の温度を124.2℃とし、再延伸とその後の熱固定処理の間に、L2/L1が0.95となるように124.2℃で熱緩和処理し、再延伸及びその後の熱緩和処理及び熱固定処理の合計時間を26秒とした以外実施例1と同様にして、平均膜厚16μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を作製した。
比較例4
ポリエチレン組成物の組成をHDPE60質量%及びUHMWPE40質量%とし、延伸温度を115.0℃とし、再延伸倍率を1.08倍とし、再延伸及びその後の熱固定処理の温度を124.5℃とし、再延伸とその後の熱固定処理の間に、L2/L1が0.96となるように124.5℃で熱緩和処理し、再延伸及びその後の熱緩和処理及び熱固定処理の合計時間を26秒とした以外実施例1と同様にして、平均膜厚16μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を作製した。
比較例5
ポリエチレン溶液のポリエチレン組成物の濃度を25質量%とし、再延伸を行わずにL2/L1が0.95となるように126.0℃で熱緩和処理してTD方向に収縮させた後126.0℃で熱固定処理し、熱緩和処理及びその後の熱固定処理の合計時間を26秒とした以外比較例1と同様にして、平均膜厚20μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を作製した。
比較例6
ポリエチレン組成物の組成をHDPE98質量%及びUHMWPE2質量%とし、ポリエチレン溶液のポリエチレン組成物の濃度を39質量%とし、延伸温度を118.7℃とし、再延伸倍率を1.4倍とし、再延伸及びその後の熱固定処理の温度を130.2℃とした以外実施例1と同様にして、平均膜厚19μmのポリエチレン微多孔膜を作製した。
微多孔膜の平均膜厚は、試験片の複数箇所で10 cmの横手方向長さにわたって1cmの間隔で接触厚さ計(明産株式会社製RC-1)により膜厚を測定し、得られた膜厚の測定値を平均することにより求めた。
透気度は、平均膜厚TAVの微多孔膜に対してJIS P8117に準拠して測定した透気度P1を、P2=P1/TAVの式により膜厚を1μmとしたときの透気度P2に換算することにより求めた。
空孔率は、微多孔膜の質量w1と、微多孔膜と同じポリエチレン組成物からなる同サイズの空孔のない膜の質量w2から、空孔率(%)=(w2-w1)/w2×100の式により算出した。
先端に球面(曲率半径R:0.5 mm)を有する直径1mmの針を、平均膜厚TAVの微多孔膜に2mm/秒の速度で突刺して最大荷重S(貫通する直前の荷重mN)を測定し、膜厚を1μmとしたときの荷重S'をS'=S/TAVの式により求め、突刺強度(mN/μm)とした。
幅10 mmの短冊状試験片を用いてASTM D882により測定した。
微多孔膜を105℃に8時間保持したときのMD方向及びTD方向の収縮率をそれぞれ3回ずつ測定し、平均することにより求めた。
微多孔膜から切り出した50 mm×3mmの短冊状試験片を、熱機械的分析装置(セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社製、TMA/SS6000)に10 mmのチャック間距離でセットし、試験片の下端に19.6 mNの荷重をかけながら5℃/minの速度で昇温し、寸法変化を測定した。23℃における試験片の寸法を基準にして、それに対する寸法の変化率を算出し、図2に示す温度-寸法変化率曲線を作成した。135~140℃の温度範囲における寸法変化率(収縮率)の最大値Pを溶融直前の最大収縮率とした。
細孔容積分布は、WO 2009/044227の段落82~83に記載の方法に従い、以下の条件で水銀圧入法により求めた。
水銀:接触角141.3°、表面張力484 dyne/cm
圧力範囲:3.6 kPa~207 MPa
セル容積:15 cm3
細孔半径10~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔容積S1に対する細孔半径100~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔容積S2及び細孔半径500~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔容積S3の割合は、それぞれ図1に示すS2/S1及びS3/S1から求めた。
S2:細孔半径100~1,000 nmの範囲のハッチング部分の面積
S3:細孔半径500~1,000 nmの範囲のハッチング部分の面積
P:135~140℃の温度範囲における寸法変化率(収縮率)の最大値(%)
T:温度(℃)
Claims (10)
- 水銀圧入法により求めた孔径分布曲線において、細孔半径が10~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔の容積に対して、細孔半径が100~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔の容積の割合が25%以上であり、かつ細孔半径が500~1,000 nmの範囲の細孔の容積の割合が5%以下であるポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 重量平均分子量が5×105~9×105の第一のポリエチレンと重量平均分子量が1×106以上の第二のポリエチレンとを含む請求項1に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 前記第一及び第二のポリエチレンの合計を100質量%として、前記第二のポリエチレンの含有量が10~25質量%である請求項2に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 前記第一のポリエチレンの末端ビニル基濃度が10,000個の炭素原子当たり0.2個未満であり、微多孔膜の質量を100質量%として10質量%以下の無機フィラーを含む請求項2又は3に記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 平均厚さが19μm以下で、空孔率が45%以上で、前記孔径分布曲線のピークが細孔半径50 nm以上の範囲にある請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 105℃に8時間保持したときの横手方向(TD)の熱収縮率が7.5%以下で、横手方向(TD)の溶融直前の最大収縮率が10%以下である請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 空孔率が50%以上で、突刺強度が100 mN/μm以上で、平均厚さが18μm以下である請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のポリオレフィン微多孔膜からなる電池用セパレータ。
- 請求項8に記載の電池用セパレータを含む電池。
- 電池が小型のリチウムイオン二次電池である請求項9に記載の電池。
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| JP2010129255A JP2013166804A (ja) | 2010-06-04 | 2010-06-04 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、電池用セパレータ及び電池 |
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| WO2011152201A1 true WO2011152201A1 (ja) | 2011-12-08 |
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| JP (1) | JP2013166804A (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101843806B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN102869710B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011152201A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014192861A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-04 | 東レバッテリーセパレータフィルム株式会社 | ポリオレフィン多層微多孔膜およびその製造方法 |
| JP2017165938A (ja) * | 2016-03-11 | 2017-09-21 | 東ソー株式会社 | 超高分子量ポリエチレン組成物製セパレータ |
| US10079378B2 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2018-09-18 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Polyolefin microporous membrane and production method thereof |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HUE035392T2 (en) * | 2012-03-30 | 2018-05-02 | Toray Industries | Polyethylene microporous membrane and process |
| KR20160002447A (ko) * | 2014-06-30 | 2016-01-08 | 제일모직주식회사 | 다공성 폴리올레핀계 분리막 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| JP6130080B2 (ja) | 2014-12-17 | 2017-05-17 | 住友化学株式会社 | 無機酸化物粉末、およびこれを含有するスラリー、ならびに非水電解液二次電池およびその製造方法 |
| JP6859952B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-05 | 2021-04-14 | 東レ株式会社 | 微多孔膜製造方法、微多孔膜、電池用セパレータ及び二次電池 |
| JP7088162B2 (ja) * | 2017-03-08 | 2022-06-21 | 東レ株式会社 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜 |
| CN108819279B (zh) * | 2018-06-04 | 2021-06-29 | 四川大学 | 一种高孔隙率聚丙烯微孔膜及其制备方法 |
| EP3910011B1 (en) | 2019-01-09 | 2024-11-13 | Kao Corporation | Fiber sheet and method for producing same |
| JP7567443B2 (ja) * | 2019-12-26 | 2024-10-16 | 東レ株式会社 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、及び二次電池 |
| CN116491020A (zh) * | 2021-05-07 | 2023-07-25 | 株式会社Lg新能源 | 隔膜用多孔基材和包含其的电化学装置用隔膜 |
| WO2024162314A1 (ja) * | 2023-02-01 | 2024-08-08 | 東レ株式会社 | ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、二次電池用セパレータ、液体用ろ過フィルター、二次電池、およびろ過ユニット |
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- 2011-05-17 KR KR1020127026859A patent/KR101843806B1/ko active Active
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| WO2014192861A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-04 | 東レバッテリーセパレータフィルム株式会社 | ポリオレフィン多層微多孔膜およびその製造方法 |
| CN105246692A (zh) * | 2013-05-31 | 2016-01-13 | 东丽电池隔膜株式会社 | 聚烯烃多层微多孔膜及其制造方法 |
| KR20160016806A (ko) * | 2013-05-31 | 2016-02-15 | 도레이 배터리 세퍼레이터 필름 주식회사 | 폴리올레핀 다층 미다공막 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| JPWO2014192861A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2017-02-23 | 東レバッテリーセパレータフィルム株式会社 | ポリオレフィン多層微多孔膜およびその製造方法 |
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| JP2017165938A (ja) * | 2016-03-11 | 2017-09-21 | 東ソー株式会社 | 超高分子量ポリエチレン組成物製セパレータ |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2013166804A (ja) | 2013-08-29 |
| CN102869710B (zh) | 2014-03-05 |
| KR20130087367A (ko) | 2013-08-06 |
| CN102869710A (zh) | 2013-01-09 |
| KR101843806B1 (ko) | 2018-03-30 |
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