WO2011142062A1 - 3次元撮像装置 - Google Patents
3次元撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011142062A1 WO2011142062A1 PCT/JP2011/000761 JP2011000761W WO2011142062A1 WO 2011142062 A1 WO2011142062 A1 WO 2011142062A1 JP 2011000761 W JP2011000761 W JP 2011000761W WO 2011142062 A1 WO2011142062 A1 WO 2011142062A1
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- imaging device
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- polarizer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography
- G03B35/08—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous recording
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
- G02B6/021—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the core or cladding or coating, e.g. materials, radial refractive index profiles, cladding shape
- G02B6/02109—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the core or cladding or coating, e.g. materials, radial refractive index profiles, cladding shape having polarization sensitive features, e.g. reduced photo-induced birefringence
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
- H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
- H04N13/207—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using a single 2D image sensor
- H04N13/218—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using a single 2D image sensor using spatial multiplexing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a monocular three-dimensional imaging technique for acquiring a plurality of images having parallax using one optical system and one imaging device.
- the display device uses a thin liquid crystal display or plasma display to save space and achieve high resolution and high contrast performance.
- Such a flow of improving the quality of video is progressing from a two-dimensional image to a three-dimensional image as a target image.
- polarized glasses are required, but a high-quality three-dimensional display device is being developed. .
- Patent Document 1 introduces a system using two polarizing plates whose polarization directions are orthogonal to each other and a rotating polarizing filter.
- FIG. 12 shows the configuration of the imaging system in this method.
- 11 is a 0-degree polarizing plate
- 12 is a 90-degree polarizing plate
- 13 is a reflecting mirror
- 14 is light transmitted through the polarizing plate 12 and light reflected by the reflecting mirror 13 through the polarizing plate 11.
- a half mirror that transmits and reflects 15 is a circular polarizing filter
- 16 is a driving device that rotates the circular polarizing filter
- 3 is an optical lens
- 9 is an imaging device that captures an image formed by the optical lens.
- the incident light passes through the polarizing plates 11 and 12 disposed at different locations, and thereafter, their optical axes are aligned by the reflecting mirror 13 and the half mirror 14, so that the circular polarizing filter 15 and the optical lens 3 are aligned.
- the imaging principle of this method is to capture two images having parallax by capturing light incident on the two polarizing plates 11 and 12 at different timings by rotating a circular polarizing filter 15. .
- Patent Document 2 introduces a method for simultaneously capturing images having parallax without using mechanical drive.
- two incident areas are formed and light incident from these areas is collected and imaged by one image sensor, but it does not have a mechanical drive unit.
- FIG. 13 shows the configuration of this type of imaging system, and the imaging principle will be described below.
- polarizing plates 11 and 12 whose polarization directions are orthogonal to each other, a reflecting mirror 13, an optical lens 3, and an image sensor 1 are arranged
- 10 is a pixel of the image sensor
- 17 and 18 are one-to-one on the pixels of the image sensor.
- the polarizing filter 17 has the same characteristics as the polarizing plate 11, and the polarizing filter 18 has the same characteristics as the polarizing plate 12.
- the polarizing filters 17 and 18 are alternately arranged and arranged on all pixels.
- incident light passes through the polarizing plates 11 and 12, passes through the reflecting mirror 13 and the optical lens 3, and forms an image on the image sensor 1.
- the light incident through the polarizing plate 11 is photoelectrically converted by the pixel immediately below it through the polarizing filter 17, and the light incident through the polarizing plate 12 is input through the polarizing filter 18 to the pixel immediately below it. Is photoelectrically converted.
- an image obtained from the pixel group immediately below the polarizing filter 17 is the image for the right eye.
- the image obtained from the pixel group immediately below it through the polarizing filter 18 becomes the left-eye image.
- Patent Document 2 uses a circular circular polarization filter shown in Patent Document 1 and alternately arranges polarization filters having different characteristics on pixels of the image sensor, thereby resolving the resolution. 1 ⁇ 2, but the right-eye image and the left-eye image can be obtained simultaneously.
- the above technique can obtain two images having parallax with one image sensor, the amount of incident light is reduced because it passes through the polarizing plate, and the amount of light is also reduced when passing through the polarizing filter. Therefore, the sensitivity of the image is greatly reduced.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for mechanically switching between imaging of two images having parallax and imaging of a normal image.
- FIG. 14 shows the configuration of the imaging system in this method, and the basic imaging principle will be described.
- 19 has two polarization transmission parts 20 and 21, a light passage part that transmits incident light from the optical lens 3 only through these transmission parts, and 22 a light beam from the polarization transmission parts 20 and 21.
- it is a filter drive part which performs the reverse operation
- the filter driving unit 25 is operated, the light passing unit 19 and the specific component transmission filter 23 are used for imaging an image having parallax, and the color filter 24 is used for normal imaging.
- the imaging of parallax images is basically the same as that shown in Patent Document 2, and the sensitivity of the image is greatly reduced. In normal photographing, a color image without sensitivity reduction can be obtained by removing the light passage portion 19 from the optical path and inserting the color filter 24 in place of the specific component transmission filter 23.
- two images having parallax can be captured with a monocular camera by using a polarizing plate (polarized light transmitting portion) and a polarizing filter.
- both the polarizing plate and the polarizing filter are composed of two types of polarizers having transmission axes of 0 ° and 90 °.
- the present invention provides an imaging technique capable of obtaining a plurality of images having parallax by a new method different from these conventional techniques.
- a plurality of images having parallax will be referred to as “multi-viewpoint images” (multi-viewpoint images).
- a three-dimensional imaging device includes a light transmission unit having at least two polarizers, a solid-state imaging device that receives light transmitted through the light transmission unit, and an imaging that forms an image on an imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device.
- the light transmission unit includes a first polarizer and a second polarizer having a transmission axis that forms an angle of ⁇ (0 ° ⁇ ⁇ 90 °) with respect to the transmission axis of the first polarizer.
- the solid-state imaging device is disposed in a plurality of pixel blocks each including a first pixel and a second pixel, and is opposed to the first pixel in each pixel block, and transmits the first polarizer.
- a first polarizing filter having a transmission axis that forms an angle of ⁇ (0 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 °) with respect to the axis, and the first polarizing filter disposed in each pixel block so as to face the second pixel.
- a second polarizing filter having a transmission axis that forms an angle ⁇ (0 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 °, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) with respect to the transmission axis of the optical element.
- the first polarizing filter is disposed to receive light transmitted through the first polarizer and the second polarizer, and the second polarizing filter is configured to receive the first polarizer and the second polarized light. Arranged to receive light transmitted through the child.
- the light transmission unit includes a transparent region that transmits incident light regardless of a polarization direction, each pixel block includes a third pixel, and the third pixel includes the first pixel.
- the light transmitted through the polarizer, the second polarizer, and the transparent region are received, and a photoelectric conversion signal corresponding to the received light is output.
- 80 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 ° is satisfied.
- the directions are orthogonal to each other.
- each pixel block further includes a fourth pixel
- the solid-state imaging device emits light of a first color component disposed to face the third pixel included in each pixel block.
- a first color filter that transmits light; and a second color filter that transmits light of a second color component disposed to face the fourth pixel included in each pixel block.
- the first pixel, the second pixel, the third pixel, and the fourth pixel are arranged in a matrix, and the first pixel is Arranged in the first row and first column, the second pixel is arranged in the second row and second column, the third pixel is arranged in the first row and second column, and the fourth pixel is arranged in the second row and first column. Is arranged.
- one of the first color filter and the second color filter transmits light of at least a red component, and the other of the first color filter and the second color filter is at least blue. Transmits component light.
- one of the first color filter and the second color filter transmits light of a yellow component
- the other of the first color filter and the second color filter is of a cyan component. Transmit light.
- the imaging apparatus further includes an image processing unit, and the image processing unit uses a photoelectric conversion signal output from the first pixel and the second pixel to obtain a difference between two images having parallax. Is formed.
- the image processing unit reads a photoelectric conversion signal from the first pixel and the second pixel a plurality of times, and calculates the difference in which the signal level is increased based on the plurality of read photoelectric conversion signals. The image shown is formed.
- the image acquisition method of the present invention is used in the three-dimensional imaging apparatus of the present invention, and acquires the first photoelectric conversion signal from the first pixel, and the second photoelectric conversion signal from the second pixel. And obtaining an image indicating a difference between two images having parallax based on the first photoelectric conversion signal and the second photoelectric conversion signal.
- the three-dimensional imaging device of the present invention has at least two polarization regions in the light incident region.
- the image sensor has at least two types of pixel groups in which a polarizing filter is arranged.
- the directions of the transmission axes in the two polarization regions are different from each other. Further, the directions of the transmission axes of the two types of polarizing filters arranged to face the two types of pixel groups are also different from each other. For this reason, it is possible to acquire an image of light passing through the two polarization regions with two types of pixel groups. This is the same as capturing different incident light information by two sensors having different characteristics, and the relationship between two outputs with respect to two inputs can be expressed by a specific mathematical expression. Therefore, on the contrary, it is possible to calculate two pieces of input information from two output results.
- a difference image can be obtained by obtaining the image information from the two polarization regions and applying the difference process therebetween.
- FIG. 1 is an overall configuration diagram of an imaging apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a state in which light is incident on the solid-state imaging device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a basic pixel configuration diagram of a solid-state imaging device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- the front view of the translucent board in the 1st Embodiment of this invention The graph which shows the calculated value of the denominator of Formula 14 in the 1st Embodiment of this invention
- the graph which shows the calculated value of the denominator of Formula 15 in the 1st Embodiment of this invention The conceptual diagram which shows an example of the two images which have the parallax in this invention
- Basic pixel configuration diagram of another solid-state imaging device according to the first embodiment of the present invention The front view of the other translucent board in the 1st Embodiment of this invention
- the front view of the translucent board in the 2nd Embodiment of this invention Configuration diagram of imaging system in Patent Document 1 Configuration diagram of imaging system in Patent Document 2 Configuration diagram of imaging system in Patent Document 3
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of an imaging apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a solid-state image sensor for photoelectric conversion
- 2 is a translucent plate having a polarization region in part
- 3 is a circular optical lens for imaging incident light
- 4 is an infrared cut filter
- 5 is a solid-state image sensor
- a signal generation and image signal receiving unit that generates an original signal used for driving and receives a signal from a solid-state image sensor
- 6 is an image sensor drive unit that generates a signal for driving the solid-state image sensor
- 7 processes an image signal.
- An image processing unit for generating a multi-viewpoint image, a difference image indicating a difference between the multi-viewpoint images, and a normal image having no parallax and no problem in sensitivity, and 8 indicates the generated multi-viewpoint image, the difference image, and the normal image. It is an image interface unit for sending an image signal to the outside.
- the translucent plate 2 has a polarizing region in which two polarizers are arranged and a transparent region that transmits light regardless of the polarization direction.
- the solid-state imaging device 1 (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “imaging device”) is typically a CCD or CMOS sensor, and is manufactured by a known semiconductor technology.
- a plurality of pixels (photosensitive cells) are two-dimensionally arranged on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device 1.
- Each pixel is typically a photodiode, and outputs an electrical signal (photoelectric conversion signal) corresponding to the amount of incident light by photoelectric conversion.
- the image processing unit 7 includes a memory that stores various types of information used for image processing, and an image signal generation unit that generates an image signal for each pixel based on data read from the memory.
- incident light passes through the translucent plate 2, the optical lens 3, and the infrared cut filter 4, is imaged on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device 1, and is photoelectrically converted by the solid-state imaging device 1.
- the image signal generated by the photoelectric conversion is sent to the image processing unit 7 through the image signal receiving unit 5, where a multi-viewpoint image, a difference image, and a normal image with no parallax and no problem in sensitivity are generated.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a state in which incident light passes through the light transmitting plate 2 and the optical lens 3 and enters the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device 1.
- components other than the light transmitting plate 2, the optical lens 3, and the solid-state imaging device 1 are omitted.
- the solid-state imaging device 1 only a part of the imaging surface is shown.
- the translucent plate 2 has polarizing regions P (1), P (2) and a transparent region P (3).
- the directions of the transmission axes of the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) are different from each other.
- the plurality of pixels arranged on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device 1 constitutes a plurality of pixel blocks having three pixels as one unit.
- polarizing filters 50a and 50b are arranged to face the pixels W1 and W2, respectively.
- the directions of the transmission axes of the polarizing filters 50a and 50b are different from each other.
- a corresponding polarizing filter is not disposed in the pixel W3.
- positioning relationship of each component shown in figure is an example to the last, and this invention is not restricted to this arrangement
- the optical lens 3 may be arranged farther from the imaging element 1 than the translucent plate 2 as long as an image can be formed on the imaging surface, or a plurality of optical lenses 3 may be arranged.
- the optical lens 3 and the translucent plate 2 do not need to be independent components, and both may be configured as one integrated optical element.
- the pixels W1, W2, and W3 are sequentially arranged along a direction (X direction) parallel to a line segment that connects the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) of the translucent plate 2. Although depicted as such, it need not necessarily be so arranged.
- a plurality of pixels are also arranged on the imaging surface of the imaging device 1 in a direction (Y direction) perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG.
- FIG. 3 shows one pixel block on the imaging surface of the imaging device 1.
- a plurality of pixels having a basic configuration of 3 rows and 1 column are arranged on the imaging surface.
- the basic configuration (pixel block) of the pixel includes the pixels W1 and W2 where the two polarizing filters 50a and 50b having different polarization directions are arranged, and the pixel W3 where nothing is arranged.
- W1, W2, and W3 are arranged along the Y axis.
- the transmission axis of the polarizing filter 50a in the first row and first column is inclined by an angle ⁇ (0 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 °) with respect to the X direction, and the polarizing filter 50b in the second row and first column. Is inclined at an angle ⁇ (0 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 °, ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ).
- FIG. 4 is a front view of the translucent plate 2 in the present embodiment.
- the shape of the translucent plate 2 is the same circle as the optical lens 3.
- polarization regions P (1) and P (2) made of two polarizers having different transmission axis directions are arranged apart from each other in the X direction.
- the region other than the polarization region is the transparent region P (3).
- the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (1) coincides with the X direction.
- the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (2) is inclined by an angle ⁇ (0 ° ⁇ ⁇ 90 °) with respect to the X direction.
- the shape of the translucent plate 2 is circular in FIG. 4, it does not necessarily need to be circular.
- the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) do not necessarily have to be rectangular, and may have any shape. However, it is preferable that the areas and shapes of the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) are the same.
- the direction of the straight line passing through the center of the pixel W1 and the center of the pixel W2, the center of the polarization region P (1), and the center of the polarization region P (2) are perpendicular to each other.
- each pixel on the imaging surface of the imaging device 1 transmits the light that is transmitted through the polarization regions P (1), P (2), and the transparent region P (3) and is collected by the optical lens 3. receive.
- the photoelectric conversion signal in each pixel will be described.
- the pixel W3 receives incident light through the light transmitting plate 2, the optical lens 3, and the infrared cut filter 4, and outputs a photoelectric conversion signal corresponding to the received light.
- the transmittance when incident light passes through the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) of the translucent plate 2 is defined as T1.
- the signal amount when it is assumed that the light incident on the polarization regions P (1), P (2) and the transparent region P (3) is not dimmed and is photoelectrically converted by the imaging device 1 is attached with a suffix s.
- the photoelectric conversion signal S3 in the pixel W3 is expressed by the following Expression 1. (Expression 1)
- S3 T1 (Ps (1) + Ps (2)) + Ps (3)
- the photoelectric conversion signals of the pixels W1 and W2 where the polarizing filter is arranged will be described. Since the polarizing filters 50a and 50b are respectively disposed facing the pixels W1 and W2, the amount of light incident on the pixels W1 and W2 is basically smaller than the amount of light incident on the pixel W3.
- the transmittance when the non-polarized light is transmitted through the polarizing filter 50a or 50b is T1, similarly to the transmittance in the polarization regions P (1) and P (2).
- T2 be the transmittance when polarized light that vibrates in the same direction as the transmission axis of each polarizing filter passes through the polarizing filter.
- photoelectric conversion amounts S1 and S2 in the pixels W1 and W2 are expressed by the following formulas 2 and 3, respectively.
- S1 T1 (T2 (Ps (1) cos ⁇ + Ps (2) cos ( ⁇ )) + Ps (3))
- S2 T1 (T2 (Ps (1) cos ⁇ + Ps (2) cos ( ⁇ )) + Ps (3))
- Equation 4 and Equation 5 When Ps (3) is eliminated from the above Equations 1 to 3, and Ps (1) and Ps (2) are calculated, Ps (1) and Ps (2) are expressed by Equation 4 and Equation 5 below, respectively.
- in Equations 4 and 5 is a determinant represented by Equation 6 below.
- signals Ps (1) and Ps (2) indicating images by light that passes through the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) and enter the imaging surface are obtained from S1, S2, and S3. be able to.
- Ps (1) and Ps (2) correspond to two images having different viewpoints, and information regarding the depth of the subject can be obtained by obtaining a difference between them.
- the signal Ds indicating the difference image obtained by the difference between Ps (1) and Ps (2) is expressed by the following Expression 7.
- the term relating to S3 is a signal in the pixel W3 where the polarizing filter is not arranged, and it is preferable that the term does not affect the difference image. Therefore, it is preferable that the angles ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are set so that the term relating to S3 in Equation 7 becomes a value close to zero. If the value regarding S3 in Expression 7 is sufficiently close to 0, the difference image Ds can be obtained using only the photoelectric conversion signals S1 and S2 of the pixels W1 and W2. Assuming that the term relating to S3 of the difference image Ds is Ds_3, Ds_3 is expressed by the following Expression 8.
- FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 show the calculation results when ⁇ is changed from 0 ° to 45 ° with respect to the denominator value of Equation 9 and the denominator value of Equation 10, respectively.
- the difference image represented by Expression 9 and the image from the transparent region P (3) represented by Expression 10 are obtained.
- the difference image since there is a high possibility that the signal largely fluctuates in the vicinity of the contour portion of the subject, the depth information can be obtained by measuring the width (for example, dX shown in FIG. 7).
- the area of the polarizing regions P (1) and P (2) is reduced to the transparent region P (3 ) Is preferably sufficiently smaller than the area of As the relative area of the transparent region P (3) is increased, the amount of light transmitted through the transparent region can be increased, so that a highly sensitive image can be obtained.
- the translucent plate 2 on which light is incident has the two polarization regions P (1) and P (2) and the one transparent region P (3). is doing.
- the angle formed by the direction of the transmission axis of the polarizing region P (2) is ⁇
- the angles formed by the direction of the transmission axis of the pixels W1 and W2 are ⁇ and ⁇ , respectively.
- the angle ⁇ formed by the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (2) is 90 °, and the direction of the transmission axis of the pixels W1 and W2
- the difference image Ds can be obtained by Expression 7.
- the angles ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are preferably set so as to satisfy
- ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are more preferably set so as to satisfy
- ⁇ is preferably close to 90 °.
- ⁇ is preferably set to satisfy 60 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 °, more preferably 80 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 90 °.
- a two-dimensional image having no problem in sensitivity is obtained from light transmitted through only the transparent region P (3) by calculation between pixels, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the configuration may be such that a two-dimensional image is obtained using all the light transmitted through the regions P (1), P (2), and P (3).
- a two-dimensional image may be generated by combining signals represented by Ps (1), Ps (2), and Ps (3).
- the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (1) does not need to coincide with the X direction, and may be an arbitrary direction.
- the shape of the pixels W1, W2, and W3 is a square shape, and the pixels W1, W2, and W3 are disposed adjacent to each other in the Y direction.
- the present invention is limited to such a configuration. I can't.
- the shape of each pixel may be any shape, and the pixels W1, W2, and W3 are not necessarily adjacent to each other in the Y direction. However, it is preferable that the pixels are close to each other.
- the translucent plate 2 and the imaging surface of the imaging element 1 are arranged in parallel. However, they do not necessarily have to be arranged in parallel.
- an optical element such as a mirror or a prism between the two
- the translucent plate 2 and the image pickup surface of the image pickup element 1 can be arranged on a plane intersecting with each other.
- the angles ⁇ and ⁇ are obtained when it is assumed that the translucent plate 2 and the imaging surface of the imaging device 1 are parallel to each other in consideration of the change of the optical path by the optical element. What is necessary is just to determine with reference to the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (1).
- the imaging device is configured to simultaneously acquire a multi-viewpoint image, a difference image, and a normal image.
- the present invention is not limited to such a configuration. It is also possible to acquire a multi-viewpoint image and a difference image without acquiring a normal image.
- the imaging apparatus is configured for such a purpose, the pixel W3 in the above description is not necessary, and a light shielding region that does not transmit light is provided instead of the transparent region P (3).
- FIGS. 8 and 9 show an example of the basic pixel configuration and the configuration of the translucent plate 2 in an imaging apparatus that acquires a multi-viewpoint image and a difference image without acquiring a normal image, respectively.
- a plurality of pixel blocks are arranged in units of pixel blocks including the pixels W1 and W2.
- areas other than the polarization areas P (1) and P (2) in the light transmitting plate 2 are light shielding areas.
- the photoelectric conversion signals S1 and S2 output from the pixels W1 and W2 can be expressed by the following equations 11 and 12, respectively.
- S1 T1T2 (Ps (1) cos ⁇ + Ps (2) cos ( ⁇ )
- S2 T1T2 (Ps (1) cos ⁇ + Ps (2) cos ( ⁇ )
- Ps (1) and Ps (2) are represented by the following Expressions 13 and 14, respectively.
- is a determinant represented by Expression 15 below.
- a difference image is represented by the following formula
- the signals Ps (1), Ps (2), and Ds can be obtained from the photoelectric conversion signals S1 and S2 in the pixels W1 and W2. According to such an imaging apparatus, it is possible to acquire a multi-viewpoint image and a difference image without acquiring a normal image.
- FIG. 10 shows a basic pixel configuration on the imaging surface of the solid-state imaging device 1 in the present embodiment.
- color elements color filters
- polarizing filters are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence with pixels with a basic configuration of 2 rows and 2 columns.
- the color element in the present embodiment is a known color filter that transmits only light having a wavelength range of a specific color component.
- a color filter that transmits only light of the color component C is referred to as a C element.
- a cyan element (Cy) is arranged in the first row and the first column
- a yellow element (Ye) is arranged in the second row and the second column
- a color is arranged in the first row and the second column and the second row and the first column.
- the element is not placed.
- a polarization filter whose polarization direction forms an angle ⁇ with respect to the X direction is disposed in the element in the first row and second column, and a polarization direction in which the polarization direction is ⁇ with respect to the X direction in the second row and first column element
- a polarizing filter is arranged. Note that the pixel arrangement is a square arrangement, and as a result, the line segment connecting the centers of the two polarizing filters arranged facing the two pixels W1 and W2 has an angle of 45 ° oblique to the X direction. There is no.
- FIG. 11 is a front view of the translucent plate 2 in the present embodiment, and the shape is circular and has the same effective diameter as the optical lens 3. Furthermore, the translucent plate 2 has a rectangular polarization region P (1) for polarizing incident light in the X direction on the upper left side in FIG. In addition, a polarization region P (2) having the same size as the polarization region P (1) and polarizing incident light in the Y direction is provided on the lower right side in FIG. Moreover, the area
- the direction ⁇ of the transmission axis of the region P (2) is 90 °.
- the main features of the imaging apparatus of the present embodiment are the following two points.
- the first point is that the directions of the straight lines passing through the centers of the polarizing regions P (1) and P (2) are orthogonal to the directions of the straight lines passing through the centers of the two polarizing filters shown in FIG. It is.
- the second point is that the image sensor is colored.
- the difference image generation method is basically the same as in the first embodiment. If the pixels on which the polarizing filter is disposed are pixels W1 and W2, and the photoelectric conversion signals thereof are S1 and S2, respectively, a difference image is obtained by calculation based on Expression 9 shown in the first embodiment.
- a straight line passing through the center of the polarization region P (1) and the center of P (2) is rotated by 45 ° with respect to the X direction, and the center of the pixel W1 and the center of the pixel W2 are defined. Since the connecting line segment also forms an angle of 45 ° with respect to the X direction, there is no parallax error due to the pixel arrangement.
- Scy is the amount of signal that is photoelectrically converted by passing through the cyan element of the image sensor
- Sye is the amount of signal that is photoelectrically converted by passing through the yellow element, and is obtained by adding together the pixel signals that are photoelectrically converted by passing through two types of polarizing filters.
- Sw be a signal to be generated.
- a color signal can be obtained by the following calculation.
- the red color information Sr is obtained by the calculation of (Sw ⁇ Scy).
- the blue color information Sb is obtained by the calculation of (Sw-Sye).
- the green color information is obtained by the calculation of (Sw ⁇ Sr ⁇ Sb) using the obtained color signals Sr and Sb.
- an RGB color image can be generated.
- the areas of the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) are each 1/4 of the total transmission area, and the areas of the transparent regions P (3) are each 1/2 of the total transmission area.
- a decrease in the amount of light in the translucent plate 2 occurs only in the polarization regions P (1) and P (2), and the amount of light is reduced by about 50% in these regions. Since the light amount does not decrease in the transparent region P (3), it can be seen that a color image that secures a light amount of 75% of the incident light can be obtained. If the areas of the polarization regions P (1) and P (2) are further reduced, the sensitivity of the color image can be further improved.
- the basic color configuration of the imaging unit of the solid-state imaging device is configured by 2 rows and 2 columns, the cyan element (Cy) in the first row and the first column, and the second row and the second column.
- a yellow filter (Ye) in the eye a polarizing filter in which the polarization direction forms an angle ⁇ with respect to the X direction in the first row and the second column, and a polarization direction forms an angle ⁇ with respect to the X direction in the second row and the first column.
- a polarizing filter is arranged. Further, as shown in FIG.
- a rectangular region P (1) for polarizing incident light in the X direction on the left oblique upper side 45 ° direction of the translucent plate 2 is arranged, and the same size in the right oblique lower side 45 ° direction.
- region P (1) and area P (2) of the translucent board was made into the rectangle, this invention is not limited to this.
- the positional relationship between the pixels W1 and W2 and the regions P (1) and P (2) is not limited to the above positional relationship.
- the directions from the pixels W1 to W2 and the directions from the regions P (1) to P (2) are orthogonal to each other.
- the color filter in this embodiment does not necessarily need to be a cyan element and a yellow element.
- the two types of color filters only have to be arranged with a color filter that transmits the first color component and a color filter that transmits the second color component. For example, it is possible to employ a configuration in which red and blue elements are directly used as color filters and a red signal and a blue signal are directly obtained as pixel signals.
- the pixels do not necessarily have to be arranged in a square lattice, and the shape of each pixel does not have to be a square. If one pixel block is composed of 4 pixels, a polarizing filter having a different transmission axis direction is arranged facing two of them, and a different color filter is arranged facing the other two pixels, The effect of this embodiment can be obtained.
- the angle ⁇ formed by the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (2) with respect to the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (1) is 90 °.
- ⁇ is not necessarily 90 °. Need not be. Even if ⁇ ⁇ 90 °, a difference image can be obtained based on Equation 7.
- the direction of the transmission axis of the polarization region P (1) does not need to coincide with the X direction, and may be an arbitrary direction.
- the configuration of the imaging apparatus according to the present embodiment is the same as that of the imaging apparatus according to the first embodiment, but is different from the imaging apparatus according to the first embodiment in that the image processing unit 7 cumulatively adds the difference images. Therefore, only differences from the imaging apparatus according to the first embodiment will be described below.
- the difference image is generated based on the difference result between the signals of the pixels W1 and W2, as represented by Ds in Equation 9. Therefore, the difference image Ds has a signal level lower than that of the normal image represented by Ps (3). Therefore, the imaging apparatus according to the present embodiment makes it possible to increase the signal level of the difference image by acquiring the difference image a plurality of times and cumulatively adding the acquired difference images.
- a difference image is stored in the image memory after being cumulatively added without being calculated according to the frame rate.
- the timing for extracting the difference image is once every N frames (N: an integer of 2 or more).
- the difference signals are not obtained multiple times and then accumulated, but the signals of each pixel are read multiple times and accumulated for each pixel, and then the image signals represented by equations 4, 5, and 7 are obtained.
- Ps (1), Ps (2), and Ds may be obtained. In this way, a difference image with an increased signal level can be obtained.
- the time interval for reading out signals for each pixel may be changed.
- the pixel W3 in which the polarizing filter is not disposed receives more light than the pixels W1 and W2, and thus the generated signal charge is likely to be saturated. Therefore, the signal S3 in the pixel W3 may be read out at a relatively short time interval, and the signals S1 and S2 in the pixels W1 and W2 may be read out at a relatively long time interval.
- the time interval for reading out signals for each pixel may be changed.
- the pixel W3 in which the polarizing filter is not disposed receives more light than the pixels W1 and W2, and thus the generated signal charge is likely to be saturated. Therefore, the signal S3 in the pixel W3 may be read out at a relatively short time interval, and the signals S1 and S2 in the pixels W1 and W2 may be read out at a relatively long time interval.
- a memory provided inside the image processing unit 7 is used, but the memory may be provided outside the image processing unit 7.
- the memory may be provided inside the image sensor 1.
- the configuration of the imaging device of the first embodiment is adopted, but the same effect can be obtained even if the configuration of the imaging device of the second embodiment or the other imaging device of the present invention is adopted. it can.
- the imaging apparatus is configured to acquire both the multi-viewpoint image and the difference image, but is configured to acquire either the multi-viewpoint image or the difference image. It may be.
- the imaging device may acquire only a plurality of viewpoint images, and the difference image may be obtained by another arithmetic processing device connected to the imaging device by wire or wirelessly. Further, the imaging device may acquire only the difference image, and another device may acquire the multi-viewpoint image.
- a disparity map indicating the magnitude of the position shift of each corresponding point on the image can be obtained from a plurality of viewpoint images.
- the depth information of the subject can be obtained from the parallax image.
- the three-dimensional imaging device according to the present invention is effective for all cameras using a solid-state imaging device.
- it is effective for consumer cameras such as digital still cameras and digital video cameras, and solid-state surveillance cameras for industrial use.
- SYMBOLS 1 Solid-state image sensor 2 Light transmissive part (translucent plate) DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 3 Optical lens 4 Infrared cut filter 5 Signal generation and image signal receiving part 6 Image pick-up element drive part 7 Image processing part 8 Image interface part 9 Imaging device 10 Pixel 11 0 degree polarization polarizing plate 12 90 degree polarization polarizing plate 13 Reflection Mirror 14 Half mirror 15 Circular polarizing filter 16 Driving device for rotating the polarizing filter 17, 18 Polarizing filter 19 Light passing portion 20, 21 Polarized transmitting portion 22 Light receiving portion Optical filter tray 23 Specific component transmitting filter 24 Color filter 25 Filter driving portion 50a, 50b Polarizing filter
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の第1の実施形態における撮像装置の構成図である。1は光電変換する固体撮像素子、2は一部に偏光領域を有する透光板、3は入射光を結像するための円形の光学レンズ、4は赤外カットフィルタ、5は固体撮像素子の駆動に使う原信号を発生させると共に固体撮像素子からの信号を受信する信号発生及び画像信号受信部、6は固体撮像素子を駆動するための信号を作り出す撮像素子駆動部、7は画像信号を処理して複数視点画像、複数視点画像の差分を示す差分画像、および視差が無く感度上問題のない通常画像を生成する画像処理部、8は生成した複数視点画像、差分画像、および通常画像を示す画像信号を外部に送出する画像インターフェース部である。
(式1)S3=T1(Ps(1)+Ps(2))+Ps(3)
(式2)S1=T1(T2(Ps(1)cosα+Ps(2)cos(α-θ))+Ps(3))
(式3)S2=T1(T2(Ps(1)cosβ+Ps(2)cos(β-θ))+Ps(3))
(式11) S1=T1T2(Ps(1)cosα+Ps(2)cos(α-θ)
(式12) S2=T1T2(Ps(1)cosβ+Ps(2)cos(β-θ)
次に本発明の第2の実施形態を説明する。本実施形態において、実施形態1との主たる相違点は、固体撮像素子1の画素構成と透光板2の向きにあり、それ以外は実施形態1と同一である。そのため、実施形態1との相違点のみを以下に説明する。
次に本発明の第3の実施形態を説明する。本実施形態の撮像装置の構成は実施形態1の撮像装置の構成と同じであるが、画像処理部7が差分画像を累積加算する点で実施形態1の撮像装置とは異なっている。そのため、実施形態1の撮像装置と異なる点のみを以下に説明する。本実施形態において、差分画像は式9のDsで表されるように、画素W1とW2の信号の差分結果をもとに作られる。そのため、差分画像Dsは、Ps(3)で表される通常画像よりも信号レベルが低い。そこで、本実施形態の撮像装置は、複数回にわたって差分画像を取得し、取得した差分画像を累積的に加算することによって差分画像の信号レベルを高めることを可能にする。
2 光透過部(透光板)
3 光学レンズ
4 赤外カットフィルタ
5 信号発生及び画像信号受信部
6 撮像素子駆動部
7 画像処理部
8 画像インターフェース部
9 撮像装置
10 画素
11 0度偏光の偏光板
12 90度偏光の偏光板
13 反射鏡
14 ハーフミラー
15 円形の偏光フィルタ
16 偏光フィルタを回転させる駆動装置
17、18 偏光フィルタ
19 光通過部
20、21 偏光透過部
22 受光部光学フィルタトレイ
23 特定成分透過フィルタ
24 カラーフィルタ
25 フィルタ駆動部
50a、50b 偏光フィルタ
Claims (13)
- 少なくとも2つの偏光子を有する光透過部と、
前記光透過部を透過した光を受ける固体撮像素子と、
前記固体撮像素子の撮像面に像を形成する結像部と、
を備える3次元撮像装置であって、
前記光透過部は、
第1の偏光子と、
前記第1の偏光子の透過軸に対してθ(0°<θ≦90°)の角度をなす透過軸を有する第2の偏光子と、
を有し、
前記固体撮像素子は、
各々が第1の画素および第2の画素を含む複数の画素ブロックと、
各画素ブロックにおいて、前記第1の画素に対向して配置され、前記第1の偏光子の透過軸に対してα(0°≦α<90°)の角度をなす透過軸を有する第1偏光フィルタと、
各画素ブロックにおいて、前記第2の画素に対向して配置され、前記第1の偏光子の透過軸に対してβ(0°≦β<90°、β≠α)の角度をなす透過軸を有する第2偏光フィルタと、
を有し、
前記第1偏光フィルタは、前記第1の偏光子および前記第2の偏光子を透過した光を受けるように配置され、
前記第2偏光フィルタは、前記第1の偏光子および前記第2の偏光子を透過した光を受けるように配置されている、3次元撮像装置。 - 前記光透過部は、入射光を偏光方向によらずに透過させる透明領域を有し、
各画素ブロックは、第3の画素を含み、
前記第3の画素は、前記第1の偏光子、前記第2の偏光子、および前記透明領域を透過した光を受け、受けた光に応じた光電変換信号を出力する、請求項1に記載の3次元撮像装置。 - |θ-(α+β)|≦20°を満足する請求項2に記載の3次元撮像装置。
- |θ-(α+β)|≦10°を満足する請求項2または3に記載の3次元撮像装置。
- 80°≦θ≦90°を満足する、請求項2から4のいずれかに記載の3次元撮像装置。
- 前記第1の画素の中心と前記第2の画素の中心とを通る直線の方向と、前記第1の偏光子の中心と前記第2の偏光子の中心とを通る直線の方向とは互いに直交している、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の3次元撮像装置。
- 各画素ブロックは、第4の画素をさらに含み、
前記固体撮像素子は、
各画素ブロックに含まれる前記第3の画素に対向して配置された第1の色成分の光を透過させる第1の色フィルタと、
各画素ブロックに含まれる前記第4の画素に対向して配置された第2の色成分の光を透過させる第2の色フィルタと、
を有している、請求項2から6のいずれかに記載の3次元撮像装置。 - 各画素ブロックにおいて、前記第1の画素、前記第2の画素、前記第3の画素、および前記第4の画素は、行列状に配置されており、
前記第1の画素は1行1列目に配置され、
前記第2の画素は2行2列目に配置され、
前記第3の画素は1行2列目に配置され、
前記第4の画素は2行1列目に配置されている、
請求項7に記載の3次元撮像装置。 - 前記第1の色フィルタおよび前記第2の色フィルタの一方は、少なくとも赤成分の光を透過させ、
前記第1の色フィルタおよび前記第2の色フィルタの他方は、少なくとも青成分の光を透過させる、請求項7または8に記載の3次元撮像装置。 - 前記第1の色フィルタおよび前記第2の色フィルタの一方は、黄成分の光を透過させ、
前記第1の色フィルタおよび前記第2の色フィルタの他方は、シアン成分の光を透過させる、請求項7から9のいずれかに記載の3次元撮像装置。 - 画像処理部をさらに備え、
前記画像処理部は、前記第1の画素および前記第2の画素から出力される光電変換信号を用いて視差を有する2つの画像の差分を示す画像を形成する、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の3次元撮像装置。 - 前記画像処理部は、前記第1の画素および前記第2の画素から複数回にわたって光電変換信号を読み出し、読み出した複数の光電変換信号に基づいて信号レベルが増加した前記差分を示す画像を形成する、請求項11に記載の3次元撮像装置。
- 第1の偏光子および第2の偏光子を有する光透過部と、
前記光透過部を透過した光を受ける固体撮像素子と、
を備え、
前記固体撮像素子は、
第1の画素および第2の画素と、
前記第1の画素に対向して配置され、前記第1の偏光子の透過軸に対してα(0°≦α<90°)の角度をなす透過軸を有する第1の偏光フィルタと、
前記第2の画素に対向して配置され、前記第1の偏光子の透過軸に対してβ(0°≦β<90°,β≠α)の角度をなす透過軸を有する第2の偏光フィルタと、
を有している3次元撮像装置に用いられる画像形成方法であって、
前記第1の画素から第1の光電変換信号を取得するステップと、
前記第2の画素から第2の光電変換信号を取得するステップと、
前記第1の光電変換信号および前記第2の光電変換信号に基づいて視差を有する2つの画像の差分を示す画像を形成するステップと、
を含む画像形成方法。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2012105157A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-01 | 2012-08-09 | パナソニック株式会社 | 立体画像撮影装置および内視鏡 |
| WO2012144162A1 (ja) * | 2011-04-22 | 2012-10-26 | パナソニック株式会社 | 3次元撮像装置、光透過部、画像処理装置、およびプログラム |
| CN103582846A (zh) * | 2012-05-28 | 2014-02-12 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 进深推定摄像装置 |
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| US9294680B1 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2016-03-22 | Richard Pavelle | Motorized rotating linearly polarized optical device |
| US20200092448A1 (en) * | 2014-07-25 | 2020-03-19 | SMR Patents S.à.r.l. | Apparatus for light intensity adjustment |
| EP2978209B1 (en) * | 2014-07-25 | 2018-03-07 | SMR Patents S.à.r.l. | Apparatus for light intensity adjustment |
| US10564174B2 (en) * | 2017-09-06 | 2020-02-18 | Pixart Imaging Inc. | Optical sensing apparatuses, method, and optical detecting module capable of estimating multi-degree-of-freedom motion |
| JP7321857B2 (ja) * | 2019-09-18 | 2023-08-07 | 株式会社東芝 | 光学撮像装置 |
| WO2021172284A1 (ja) | 2020-02-28 | 2021-09-02 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 撮像装置及び方法 |
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| WO2012105157A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-01 | 2012-08-09 | パナソニック株式会社 | 立体画像撮影装置および内視鏡 |
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| CN103582846B (zh) * | 2012-05-28 | 2017-03-22 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 进深推定摄像装置 |
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