WO2011033596A1 - 倒立振子型車両の制御装置 - Google Patents
倒立振子型車両の制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011033596A1 WO2011033596A1 PCT/JP2009/004777 JP2009004777W WO2011033596A1 WO 2011033596 A1 WO2011033596 A1 WO 2011033596A1 JP 2009004777 W JP2009004777 W JP 2009004777W WO 2011033596 A1 WO2011033596 A1 WO 2011033596A1
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- Prior art keywords
- value
- speed
- cmd
- operation unit
- moving
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62K—CYCLES; CYCLE FRAMES; CYCLE STEERING DEVICES; RIDER-OPERATED TERMINAL CONTROLS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES; CYCLE AXLE SUSPENSIONS; CYCLE SIDE-CARS, FORECARS, OR THE LIKE
- B62K1/00—Unicycles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62K—CYCLES; CYCLE FRAMES; CYCLE STEERING DEVICES; RIDER-OPERATED TERMINAL CONTROLS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES; CYCLE AXLE SUSPENSIONS; CYCLE SIDE-CARS, FORECARS, OR THE LIKE
- B62K11/00—Motorcycles, engine-assisted cycles or motor scooters with one or two wheels
- B62K11/007—Automatic balancing machines with single main ground engaging wheel or coaxial wheels supporting a rider
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a control device for an inverted pendulum type vehicle that can move on a floor surface.
- an inverted pendulum type vehicle a passenger's riding section that is tiltable with respect to the vertical direction is assembled to a base body on which a moving operation unit that moves on the floor surface and an actuator device that drives the moving operation unit are assembled. It is a vehicle, and it is necessary to move the moving operation part in such a manner that the fulcrum of the inverted pendulum is moved in order to keep the inclination angle of the riding part at a certain target inclination angle (in order to prevent the riding part from tilting).
- a vehicle it is necessary to move the moving operation part in such a manner that the fulcrum of the inverted pendulum is moved in order to keep the inclination angle of the riding part at a certain target inclination angle (in order to prevent the riding part from tilting).
- a vehicle base on which a passenger's riding section is assembled is provided so as to be tiltable about two axes, a front-rear axis and a left-right axis, with respect to a spherical moving operation unit.
- a control technique for an inverted pendulum type vehicle is described.
- the measured value of the inclination angle of the riding section (the inclination angle around the two axes in the front-rear direction and the left-right direction) is converged to the required target inclination angle, and the moving speed in the front-rear direction and the left-right direction of the vehicle is measured.
- the torque command value of the electric motor as an actuator is determined so that the value converges to the target speed, and the operation of the electric motor is controlled according to this torque command value, so that the vehicle is moved.
- the driving force of the moving operation unit suitable for converging the measured value of the tilt angle of the riding part of the inverted pendulum type vehicle to the required target tilt angle and converging the measured value of the moving speed of the vehicle to the target speed.
- the weight of the object to be transported crew, luggage, etc.
- the torque command value of the electric motor, and hence the driving force applied to the moving operation unit by the electric motor is a deviation between the measured value of the inclination angle of the riding portion and the target oblique angle.
- it is determined according to the deviation between the measured value of the moving speed of the vehicle and the target speed. Therefore, in the control technique found in Patent Document 1, the torque command value of the electric motor is determined depending only on the deviation even if the weight of the passenger riding on the riding section changes.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a background, and controls the inclination angle and the like of the mounting portion regardless of the weight of the object to be transported mounted on the tiltable mounting portion of the inverted pendulum type vehicle.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a control device capable of applying an appropriate driving force to the moving operation unit.
- a control device for an inverted pendulum type vehicle includes a moving operation unit that can move on the floor, an actuator device that drives the moving operation unit, and the moving operation unit and actuator device.
- An inverted pendulum type vehicle control device comprising: a base body assembled with; and a carrying object mounting portion that is assembled to the base body so as to be tiltable with respect to a vertical direction.
- An inclination angle measuring means for generating an output corresponding to an actual inclination angle of the mounting portion; At least, using the inclination deviation which is the deviation between the measured value of the inclination angle of the mounting portion indicated by the output of the inclination angle measuring means and the target inclination angle of a predetermined value, the inclination deviation is brought close to “0”.
- Speed command value determining means for sequentially determining a speed command value that defines a target value of the moving speed of the moving operation unit; Actuator control means for controlling the actuator device so that the actual moving speed of the moving operation unit follows the target value of the moving speed defined by the speed command value determined by the speed command value determining means.
- floor does not mean a floor in a normal sense (such as an indoor floor) but also includes an outdoor ground or road surface.
- the speed command value is determined so that the inclination deviation approaches “0”. That is, the speed command value is determined as an operation amount (control input) for controlling the actuator device so that the inclination deviation approaches “0”. Then, the actuator control means controls the actuator device so that the actual moving speed of the moving operation unit follows the target value of the moving speed defined by the speed command value.
- the tilting operation of the object to be transported mounted on the mounting unit (specifically, the tilting operation of the center of gravity of the portion of the entire vehicle including the object to be transported that can be tilted integrally with the mounting unit) is:
- the behavior is similar to that of an inverted pendulum.
- the form of change over time of the tilt deviation is independent of the weight of the object to be transported mounted on the mounting part, and the form of change over time of the moving speed of the moving operation part, It depends on the time series of speed command values.
- an appropriate driving force can be applied to the moving operation unit to bring the inclination deviation close to “0” regardless of the weight of the object to be transported mounted on the mounting unit.
- the speed command value may typically be a command value itself for the movement speed (translation speed) of the moving operation unit.
- the speed command value is obtained by multiplying the movement speed by a predetermined constant value. It may be a value (a value proportional to the moving speed).
- the target inclination angle for example, the center of gravity of the entire portion of the vehicle including the object to be transported that can be tilted integrally with the mounting portion is the tilt center (tilting fulcrum) of the mounting portion.
- the inclination angle of the mounting portion in a state located immediately above or substantially above (that is, a state where the moment generated around the tilt center is “0” or almost “0” by gravity acting on the center of gravity). Can be adopted.
- the speed command value determining means sequentially determines an acceleration command value that defines a target value of the moving acceleration of the moving operation unit according to at least the tilt deviation, and the determined acceleration command value is determined.
- the speed command value is preferably determined by integration (second invention).
- the speed command value is determined by integrating the acceleration command value. Therefore, it is possible to smoothly change the speed command value while suppressing a rapid fluctuation of the speed command value. As a result, the moving speed of the moving operation unit can be changed smoothly. In addition, the degree of freedom in controlling the state quantity of the vehicle motion is increased.
- the mounting portion of the entire vehicle including the object to be transported The actual moving speed of a predetermined representative point of the part that can be tilted integrally (for example, the center of gravity of the entire part that can be tilted integrally with the mounting part) is brought close to a predetermined target value (for example, “0”).
- a predetermined target value for example, “0”.
- the following modes can be adopted. That is, in addition to the tilt angle measuring means, there is further provided representative point speed measuring means for generating an output corresponding to the actual moving speed of the predetermined representative point (hereinafter also referred to as representative point speed). .
- the speed command value determining means includes, for example, at least an operation amount component obtained by multiplying the tilt deviation by a first gain coefficient, and a measured value of the representative point speed (represented by the output of the representative point speed measuring means).
- the acceleration command value by combining a representative point speed deviation, which is a deviation between the measured value of the point speed) and a predetermined target value of the moving speed of the representative point, by multiplying the manipulated variable component by a second gain coefficient.
- At least an operation amount component obtained by multiplying the tilt deviation by a first gain coefficient and an operation amount component obtained by multiplying the representative point speed deviation by a second gain coefficient are synthesized. It is also possible to determine the speed command value. However, in this case, the degree of freedom in setting the values of the first gain coefficient and the second gain coefficient is lower than when determining the acceleration command value.
- the inverted pendulum type vehicle is configured such that the moving operation portion is movable in only one direction on the floor surface, and the mounting portion is orthogonal to the one direction.
- the vehicle may be assembled to the base body so as to be tiltable around an axis in the direction to be moved.
- the moving operation unit is configured to be movable in all directions including a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to each other on the floor surface, and the mounting unit is configured around an axis in the first direction. And about the axis in the second direction may be assembled to the base body so as to be tiltable around the axis.
- the actuator device applies a driving force to the moving operation unit, for example.
- the two rotation actuators are provided, and by controlling the respective rotation speeds of the two rotation actuators, a speed vector that is a two-dimensional vector of the movement speed of the moving operation unit is configured to be controllable.
- the speed command value determined by the speed command value determining means is a command value that defines a speed vector of the moving operation unit, and the actuator control means determines the determined speed command value as the speed command value. It is preferable that the rotation speeds of the two rotary actuators are converted into actuator speed command values that define the rotation speeds, and the two rotary actuators are controlled in accordance with the actuator speed command values (third invention).
- the fact that the moving operation section is “movable in all directions including the first direction and the second direction” means that the axial direction is orthogonal to the first direction and the second direction.
- the direction of the velocity vector of the moving operation unit at each moment when viewed in the above can take any angle direction around the axial direction by driving the moving operation unit by the actuator device.
- the axial direction is generally a vertical direction or a direction perpendicular to the floor surface.
- “orthogonal” in the present invention is not necessarily orthogonal in the strict sense, and may be slightly deviated from orthogonal in the strict meaning without departing from the essence of the present invention.
- each of two components constituting the speed vector of the moving operation unit is the rotational speed of the two rotary actuators. Even if it depends on both, the speed command value can be determined without depending on the dependence. Then, after determining the speed command value, by converting the speed command value, the actuator speed command value of the two rotary actuators is determined. Therefore, an algorithm for determining the actuator speed command value is constructed. Becomes easier.
- the moving operation unit is formed in a wheel shape that can freely rotate on the floor surface, and is configured to be rotatable around a central axis of a cross section in a radial direction thereof.
- a moving operation unit that can move in all directions by a rotational operation around an axis, and the actuator device includes a moving operation unit in a direction of a rotation axis that is a rotation axis of the rotation of the moving operation unit.
- Two rotating members rotatably arranged around the rotary shaft center on both sides, and arranged around the rotary shaft center between the moving operation unit and each rotating member, and the rotary shaft center
- the rotary member is held by the rotary member so as to be rotatable around the rotary shaft center inclined with respect to the rotary shaft, and can be rotated around the rotary shaft core integrally with the rotary member.
- a plurality of rollers pressed against each other, the two A combination of a first driving force for rotating the moving operation unit and a second driving force for rotating the moving operation unit around the central axis by rotationally driving each of the rotating members by different rotary actuators.
- a driving force is configured to be applied to the moving operation unit by a frictional force between the moving operation unit and the plurality of rollers.
- the “center axis” is an annular shape that extends in the circumferential direction of the moving operation portion through the center of the radial cross section of the moving operation portion (the cross section including the rotation axis of the moving operation portion). Means the axis.
- the velocity vector of the moving operation unit has a speed component in the direction of the rotary axis, that is, around the central axis.
- the rotation operation of the moving operation unit is performed, the sliding state between the plurality of rollers and the moving operation unit is changed according to the second driving force.
- the relationship between the rotational speed of the two rotary actuators and the component in the direction of the rotary axis of the speed vector of the moving operation unit changes according to the second driving force.
- the speed command value determining means includes the combined driving force that is actually applied to the moving operation unit by the actuator device. It is preferable to further comprise means for observing the second driving force and correcting the speed command value according to the observed value (detected value or estimated value) of the second driving force (fourth invention).
- the fourth aspect of the invention it is possible to determine an appropriate actuator speed command value for compensating the influence of the change in the slip state and causing the actual moving speed of the moving operation unit to follow the speed command value. For this reason, the followability of the actual moving speed of the moving operation unit to the speed command value can be improved.
- the front view of the inverted pendulum type vehicle of embodiment The side view of the inverted pendulum type vehicle of embodiment.
- the flowchart which shows the process of the control unit of the inverted pendulum type vehicle of embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing processing functions related to STEP 9 in FIG. 7.
- the block diagram which shows the processing function of the gain adjustment part shown in FIG. The block diagram which shows the processing function of the limit process part (or limit process part shown in FIG. 12) shown in FIG.
- the inverted pendulum type vehicle 1 includes a passenger (driver) riding section 3 as an object to be transported of the vehicle 1 and the floor surface while being in contact with the floor surface.
- a moving operation unit 5 that can move in all directions (two-dimensional all directions including the front-rear direction and the left-right direction), and an actuator device 7 that applies power for driving the moving operation unit 5 to the moving operation unit 5
- front-rear direction and “left-right direction” respectively match or substantially coincide with the front-rear direction and the left-right direction of the upper body of the occupant who has boarded the riding section 3 in a standard posture.
- Means direction Note that the “standard posture” is a posture assumed by design with respect to the riding section 3, and the trunk axis of the occupant's upper body is generally directed vertically and the upper body is not twisted. It is posture.
- the “front-rear direction” and the “left-right direction” are the direction perpendicular to the paper surface and the left-right direction of the paper surface, respectively.
- FIG. It is the left-right direction of the paper surface and the direction perpendicular to the paper surface.
- the suffixes “R” and “L” attached to the reference numerals are used to mean the right side and the left side of the vehicle 1, respectively.
- the base 9 includes a lower frame 11 to which the moving operation unit 5 and the actuator device 7 are assembled, and a support frame 13 extending upward from the upper end of the lower frame 11.
- a seat frame 15 projecting forward from the support frame 13 is fixed to the top of the support frame 13.
- a seat 3 on which an occupant sits is mounted on the seat frame 15.
- the seat 3 is a passenger's boarding portion (portion for carrying the object to be transported). Therefore, the inverted pendulum type vehicle 1 (hereinafter, simply referred to as the vehicle 1) in the present embodiment moves on the floor surface while the occupant is seated on the seat 3.
- grips 17R and 17L are disposed for the passengers seated on the seat 3 to grip as necessary. These grips 17R and 17L are respectively provided to the support frame 13 (or the seat frame 15). It is being fixed to the front-end
- the lower frame 11 includes a pair of cover members 21R and 21L arranged to face each other in a bifurcated manner with an interval in the left-right direction.
- the upper end portions (bifurcated branch portions) of these cover members 21R and 21L are connected via a hinge shaft 23 having a longitudinal axis, and one of the cover members 21R and 21L is hinged relative to the other. It can swing around the shaft 23.
- the cover members 21R and 21L are urged by a spring (not shown) in a direction in which the lower end side (the bifurcated tip side) of the cover members 21R and 21L is narrowed.
- a step 25R for placing the right foot of the occupant seated on the seat 3 and a step 25L for placing the left foot are respectively projected so as to protrude rightward and leftward.
- the moving operation unit 5 and the actuator device 7 are disposed between the cover members 21R and 21L of the lower frame 11.
- the structures of the moving operation unit 5 and the actuator device 7 will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the moving operation unit 5 is a wheel body formed in an annular shape from a rubber-like elastic material, and has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape. Due to its elastic deformation, the moving operation unit 5 (hereinafter referred to as the wheel body 5) has a circular cross section center C1 (more specifically, a circular cross section center C1 as shown by an arrow Y1 in FIGS. 5 and 6). And can be rotated around a circumferential line that is concentric with the axis of the wheel body 5.
- the wheel body 5 is disposed between the cover members 21R and 21L with its axis C2 (axis C2 orthogonal to the diameter direction of the entire wheel body 5) directed in the left-right direction. Ground to the floor at the lower end of the outer peripheral surface.
- the wheel body 5 rotates around the axis C2 of the wheel body 5 as shown by an arrow Y2 in FIG. 5 (operation to rotate on the floor surface) by driving by the actuator device 7 (details will be described later). And an operation of rotating around the cross-sectional center C1 of the wheel body 5 can be performed. As a result, the wheel body 5 can move in all directions on the floor surface by a combined operation of these rotational operations.
- the axis C2 corresponds to the rotary axis in the present invention
- the cross-sectional center C1 corresponds to the central axis in the present invention.
- the actuator device 7 includes a rotating member 27R and a free roller 29R interposed between the wheel body 5 and the right cover member 21R, and a rotating member interposed between the wheel body 5 and the left cover member 17L. 27L and a free roller 29L, an electric motor 31R as an actuator disposed above the rotating member 27R and the free roller 29R, and an electric motor 31L as an actuator disposed above the rotating member 27L and the free roller 29L. .
- the electric motors 31R and 31L correspond to the two rotary actuators in the present invention.
- the electric motors 31R and 31L have their respective housings attached to the cover members 21R and 21L. Although illustration is omitted, the power sources (capacitors) of the electric motors 31 ⁇ / b> R and 31 ⁇ / b> L are mounted at appropriate positions on the base 9 such as the support frame 13.
- the rotating member 27R is rotatably supported by the cover member 21R via a support shaft 33R having a horizontal axis.
- the rotation member 27L is rotatably supported by the cover member 21L via a support shaft 33L having a horizontal axis.
- the rotation axis of the rotation member 27R (axis of the support shaft 33R) and the rotation axis of the rotation member 27L (axis of the support shaft 33L) are coaxial.
- the rotating members 27R and 27L are connected to the output shafts of the electric motors 31R and 31L via power transmission mechanisms including functions as speed reducers, respectively, and the power (torque) transmitted from the electric motors 31R and 31L, respectively. It is rotationally driven by.
- Each power transmission mechanism is of a pulley-belt type, for example. That is, as shown in FIG. 3, the rotating member 27R is connected to the output shaft of the electric motor 31R via the pulley 35R and the belt 37R. Similarly, the rotating member 27L is connected to the output shaft of the electric motor 31L via a pulley 35L and a belt 37L.
- the power transmission mechanism may be constituted by, for example, a sprocket and a link chain, or may be constituted by a plurality of gears.
- the electric motors 31R and 31L are arranged to face the rotating members 27R and 27L so that the respective output shafts are coaxial with the rotating members 27R and 27L, and the electric motors 31R and 31L are respectively arranged.
- the output shaft may be connected to each of the rotating members 27R and 27L via a speed reducer (such as a planetary gear device).
- Each rotary member 27R, 27L is formed in the same shape as a truncated cone that is reduced in diameter toward the wheel body 5, and the outer peripheral surfaces thereof are tapered outer peripheral surfaces 39R, 39L.
- a plurality of free rollers 29R are arranged around the tapered outer peripheral surface 39R of the rotating member 27R so as to be arranged at equal intervals on a circumference concentric with the rotating member 27R.
- Each of these free rollers 29R is attached to the tapered outer peripheral surface 39R via a bracket 41R and is rotatably supported by the bracket 41R.
- a plurality (the same number as the free rollers 29R) of free rollers 29L are arranged around the tapered outer peripheral surface 39L of the rotating member 27L so as to be arranged at equal intervals on a circumference concentric with the rotating member 27L. Yes.
- Each of these free rollers 29L is attached to the taper outer peripheral surface 39L via the bracket 41L, and is rotatably supported by the bracket 41L.
- the wheel body 5 is arranged coaxially with the rotating members 27R and 27L so as to be sandwiched between the free roller 29R on the rotating member 27R side and the free roller 29L on the rotating member 27L side.
- each of the free rollers 29 ⁇ / b> R and 29 ⁇ / b> L has the axis C ⁇ b> 3 inclined with respect to the axis C ⁇ b> 2 of the wheel body 5 and the diameter direction of the wheel body 5 (the wheel body 5.
- the axis C2 When viewed in the direction of the axis C2, it is arranged in a posture inclined with respect to the radial direction connecting the axis C2 and the free rollers 29R and 29L. In such a posture, the outer peripheral surfaces of the free rollers 29R and 29L are in pressure contact with the inner peripheral surface of the wheel body 5 in an oblique direction.
- the free roller 29R on the right side has a frictional force component in the direction around the axis C2 at the contact surface with the wheel body 5 when the rotating member 27R is driven to rotate around the axis C2.
- the frictional force component in the tangential direction of the inner periphery of the wheel body 5 and the frictional force component in the direction around the cross-sectional center C1 of the wheel body 5 (the tangential frictional force component in the circular cross section)
- the wheel body 5 is pressed against the inner peripheral surface in such a posture that it can act on the wheel body 5.
- the frictional force component in the direction around the axis C2 and the frictional force component in the direction around the cross-sectional center C1 correspond to the first driving force and the second driving force in the present invention, respectively. It is.
- the cover members 21R and 21L are urged in a direction in which the lower end side (the bifurcated tip side) of the cover members 21R and 21L is narrowed by a spring (not shown). Therefore, the wheel body 5 is sandwiched between the right free roller 29R and the left free roller 29L by this urging force, and the free rollers 29R and 29L are in pressure contact with the wheel body 5 (more specifically, free The pressure contact state in which a frictional force can act between the rollers 29R and 29L and the wheel body 5 is maintained.
- the wheel body 5 when the rotating members 27R and 27L are driven to rotate at the same speed in the same direction by the electric motors 31R and 31L, the wheel body 5 has the same direction as the rotating members 27R and 27L. Will rotate around the axis C2. Thereby, the wheel body 5 rotates on the floor surface in the front-rear direction, and the entire vehicle 1 moves in the front-rear direction. In this case, the wheel body 5 does not rotate around the center C1 of the cross section.
- the wheel body 5 rotates around the center C1 of the cross section.
- the wheel body 4 moves in the direction of the axis C2 (that is, the left-right direction), and as a result, the entire vehicle 1 moves in the left-right direction.
- the wheel body 5 does not rotate around the axis C2.
- the wheel body 5 rotates around its axis C2, It will rotate about the cross-sectional center C1.
- the wheel body 5 moves in a direction inclined with respect to the front-rear direction and the left-right direction by a combined operation (composite operation) of these rotational operations, and as a result, the entire vehicle 1 moves in the same direction as the wheel body 5.
- the moving direction of the wheel body 5 in this case changes depending on the difference in rotational speed (rotational speed vector in which the polarity is defined according to the rotational direction) including the rotational direction of the rotating members 27R and 27L. .
- the moving operation of the wheel body 5 is performed as described above, by controlling the respective rotational speeds (including the rotational direction) of the electric motors 31R and 31L, and by controlling the rotational speeds of the rotating members 27R and 27L, The moving speed and moving direction of the vehicle 1 can be controlled.
- the seat (boarding portion) 3 and the base body 9 are tiltable about the axis C2 in the left-right direction with the axis C2 of the wheel body 5 as a fulcrum, and the grounding surface (lower end surface) of the wheel body 5 As a fulcrum, it can be tilted together with the wheel body 5 around an axis in the front-rear direction.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 an XYZ coordinate system is assumed in which the horizontal axis in the front-rear direction is the X axis, the horizontal axis in the left-right direction is the Y axis, and the vertical direction is the Z axis.
- the direction and the left-right direction may be referred to as the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively.
- the operation of the occupant moving the upper body and thus tilting the base body 9 together with the seat 3 is one basic control operation (operation request of the vehicle 1) for the vehicle 1, and the control The moving operation of the wheel body 5 is controlled via the actuator device 7 in accordance with the operation.
- the ground contact surface of the wheel body 5 as the entire ground contact surface has an area compared to a region where the entire vehicle 1 and the passengers riding on the vehicle 1 are projected on the floor surface. It becomes a small single local region, and the floor reaction force acts only on the single local region. For this reason, in order to prevent the base body 9 from tilting, it is necessary to move the wheel body 5 so that the center of gravity of the occupant and the vehicle 1 is positioned almost directly above the ground contact surface of the wheel body 5.
- the center of gravity of the entire occupant and vehicle 1 is positioned almost directly above the center point of the wheel body 5 (center point on the axis C2) (more precisely, the center of gravity point is
- the posture of the base body 9 in a state (which is located almost directly above the ground contact surface of the wheel body 5) is set as a target posture, and basically, the actual posture of the base body 9 is converged to the target posture.
- the movement operation is controlled.
- a state where the center of gravity of the single vehicle 1 is located almost directly above the center point of the wheel body 5 (center point on the axis C ⁇ b> 2) (more accurately, (The state where the center of gravity is located almost directly above the ground contact surface of the wheel body 5) is the target posture, and the actual posture of the base 9 is converged to the target posture.
- the movement operation of the wheel body 5 is controlled so that the vehicle 1 can stand on its own without tilting.
- the moving speed of the vehicle 1 increases as the deviation from the target posture of the base body 9 increases.
- the moving operation of the wheel body 5 is controlled so that the movement of the vehicle 1 is stopped.
- “posture” means spatial orientation.
- the base body 9 and the sheet 3 are tilted to change the postures of the base body 9 and the sheet 3. Further, in the present embodiment, the base body 9 and the sheet 3 are integrally tilted, so that the posture of the base body 9 is converged to the target posture, which means that the posture of the sheet 3 is the target posture corresponding to the seat 3 ( This is equivalent to converging to the posture of the sheet 3 in a state where the posture of the base 9 matches the target posture of the base 9.
- the vehicle 1 in order to control the operation of the vehicle 1 as described above, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, it is constituted by an electronic circuit unit including a microcomputer and drive circuit units of the electric motors 31R and 31L.
- a load sensor 54 for detecting whether or not the vehicle is rotating, and rotary encoders 56R and 56L as angle sensors for detecting the rotational angles and rotational angular velocities of the output shafts of the electric motors 31R and 31L, respectively. Installed in place.
- control unit 50 and the inclination sensor 52 are attached to the column frame 13 in a state of being accommodated in the column frame 13 of the base body 9, for example.
- the load sensor 54 is built in the seat 3.
- the rotary encoders 56R and 56L are provided integrally with the electric motors 31R and 31L, respectively.
- the rotary encoders 56R and 56L may be attached to the rotating members 27R and 27L, respectively.
- the tilt sensor 52 includes an acceleration sensor and a rate sensor (angular velocity sensor) such as a gyro sensor, and outputs detection signals of these sensors to the control unit 50. Then, the control unit 50 performs a predetermined measurement calculation process (this may be a known calculation process) based on the outputs of the acceleration sensor and the rate sensor of the tilt sensor 52, and thereby the part on which the tilt sensor 52 is mounted.
- a predetermined measurement calculation process this may be a known calculation process
- the tilt angle ⁇ b to be measured (hereinafter also referred to as the base body tilt angle ⁇ b) is more specifically, the component ⁇ b_x in the Y axis direction (pitch direction) and the X axis direction (roll direction), respectively. It consists of component ⁇ b_y.
- the base body tilt angle ⁇ b also has a meaning as the tilt angle of the riding section 3.
- a variable such as a motion state quantity having a component in each direction of the X axis and the Y axis (or a direction around each axis) such as the base body inclination angle ⁇ b, or a relation to the motion state quantity.
- a suffix “_x” or “_y” is added to the reference symbol of the variable when each component is expressed separately.
- a subscript “_x” is added to the component in the X-axis direction
- a subscript “_y” is added to the component in the Y-axis direction.
- the subscript “_x” is added to the component around the Y axis for convenience in order to align the subscript with the variable related to translational motion.
- the subscript “_y” is added to the component around the X axis.
- a variable is expressed as a set of a component in the X-axis direction (or a component around the Y-axis) and a component in the Y-axis direction (or a component around the X-axis)
- the reference numeral of the variable The subscript “_xy” is added.
- the base body tilt angle ⁇ b is expressed as a set of a component ⁇ b_x around the Y axis and a component ⁇ b_y around the X axis, it is expressed as “base body tilt angle ⁇ b_xy”.
- the load sensor 54 is built in the seat 3 so as to receive a load due to the weight of the occupant when the occupant is seated on the seat 3, and outputs a detection signal corresponding to the load to the control unit 50. Then, the control unit 50 determines whether or not an occupant is on the vehicle 1 based on the measured load value indicated by the output of the load sensor 54.
- a switch type sensor that is turned on when an occupant sits on the seat 3 may be used.
- the rotary encoder 56R generates a pulse signal every time the output shaft of the electric motor 31R rotates by a predetermined angle, and outputs this pulse signal to the control unit 50. Then, the control unit 50 measures the rotational angle of the output shaft of the electric motor 53R based on the pulse signal, and further calculates the temporal change rate (differential value) of the measured value of the rotational angle as the rotational angular velocity of the electric motor 53R. Measure as The same applies to the rotary encoder 56L on the electric motor 31L side.
- the control unit 50 determines a speed command that is a target value of the rotational angular speed of each of the electric motors 31R and 31L by executing a predetermined calculation process using each of the measured values, and the electric motor is operated according to the speed command.
- the rotational angular velocities of the motors 31R and 31L are feedback controlled.
- the relationship between the rotational angular velocity of the output shaft of the electric motor 31R and the rotational angular velocity of the rotating member 27R is proportional to the constant reduction ratio between the output shaft and the rotating member 27R.
- the rotational angular velocity of the electric motor 31R means the rotational angular velocity of the rotating member 27R.
- the rotational angular velocity of the electric motor 31L means the rotational angular velocity of the rotating member 27L.
- control process of the control unit 50 will be described in more detail.
- the control unit 50 executes the process (main routine process) shown in the flowchart of FIG. 7 at a predetermined control process cycle.
- control unit 50 acquires the output of the tilt sensor 52.
- control unit 50 calculates the measured value ⁇ b_xy_s of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b and the measured value ⁇ bdot_xy_s of the base body tilt angular velocity ⁇ bdot based on the acquired output of the tilt sensor 52.
- control unit 50 executes the determination process in STEP 4. In this determination process, the control unit 50 determines whether or not an occupant is on the vehicle 1 depending on whether or not the load measurement value indicated by the acquired output of the load sensor 54 is larger than a predetermined value set in advance ( Whether or not an occupant is seated on the seat 3).
- control unit 50 sets the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b, and constant parameters for controlling the operation of the vehicle 1 (basic values of various gains, etc.) ) Is set in STEPs 5 and 6, respectively.
- control unit 50 sets a predetermined target value for the boarding mode as the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b.
- boarding mode means an operation mode of the vehicle 1 when a passenger is on the vehicle 1.
- the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj for the boarding mode is such that the overall center of gravity of the vehicle 1 and the occupant seated on the seat 3 (hereinafter referred to as the vehicle / occupant overall center of gravity) is located almost directly above the ground contact surface of the wheel body 5.
- the posture of the base body 9 in a state is set in advance so as to coincide with or substantially coincide with the measured value ⁇ b_xy_s of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b measured based on the output of the tilt sensor 52.
- control unit 50 sets a predetermined value for the boarding mode as a constant parameter value for controlling the operation of the vehicle 1.
- control unit 50 performs processing for setting the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b_xy, and processing for setting constant parameter values for operation control of the vehicle 1. Are executed in STEP7 and STEP8.
- control unit 50 sets a predetermined target value for the independent mode as the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj of the inclination angle ⁇ b.
- independent mode means an operation mode of the vehicle 1 when no occupant is on the vehicle 1.
- the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj for the self-supporting mode is an inclination sensor in the posture of the base body 9 where the center of gravity of the vehicle 1 (hereinafter referred to as the vehicle center of gravity) is located almost directly above the ground contact surface of the wheel body 5. It is set in advance so as to coincide with or substantially coincide with the measured value ⁇ b_xy_s of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b measured based on the output of 52.
- the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj for the self-supporting mode is generally different from the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj for the boarding mode.
- control unit 50 sets a predetermined value for the independent mode as a constant parameter value for operation control of the vehicle 1.
- the value of the constant parameter for the independent mode is different from the value of the constant parameter for the boarding mode.
- the difference in the value of the constant parameter between the boarding mode and the independent mode is due to the difference in the height of the center of gravity, the overall mass, etc. in each mode, and the response of the operation of the vehicle 1 to the control input. This is because the characteristics are different from each other.
- the target value ⁇ b_xy_obj of the base body inclination angle ⁇ b_xy and the value of the constant parameter are set for each operation mode of the boarding mode and the self-supporting mode.
- the target value of the component ⁇ bdot_x around the Y axis and the target value of the component ⁇ bdot_y around the X axis of the base body tilt angular velocity ⁇ bdot are both “0”. For this reason, the process which sets the target value of base
- control unit 50 After executing the processing of STEPs 5 and 6 or the processing of STEPs 7 and 8 as described above, the control unit 50 next executes the vehicle control arithmetic processing in STEP 9 to thereby control the respective speed commands of the electric motors 31R and 31L. To decide. Details of this vehicle control calculation processing will be described later.
- the control unit 50 executes an operation control process for the electric motors 31R, 31L in accordance with the speed command determined in STEP 9.
- the control unit 50 determines the deviation according to the deviation between the speed command of the electric motor 31R determined in STEP 9 and the measured value of the rotational speed of the electric motor 31R measured based on the output of the rotary encoder 56R.
- the target value (target torque) of the output torque of the electric motor 31R is determined so as to converge to “0”.
- the control unit 50 controls the energization current of the electric motor 31R so that the output torque of the target torque is output to the electric motor 31R.
- control unit 50 determines a command value for the energizing current of the electric motor 31R according to the target torque, and sets the energizing current so that the actual energizing current matches the determined command value for the energizing current.
- Feedback control The same applies to the operation control of the electric motor 31L.
- the vehicle / occupant overall center-of-gravity point in the boarding mode and the vehicle single body center-of-gravity point in the independent mode are collectively referred to as a vehicle system center-of-gravity point.
- the vehicle system center-of-gravity point means the vehicle / occupant overall center-of-gravity point
- the operation mode of the vehicle 1 is the independent mode, it means the vehicle single body center-of-gravity point.
- the value determined in the current (latest) control processing cycle is the current value, and the control processing immediately before that The value determined by the cycle may be referred to as the previous value.
- a value not particularly different from the current value and the previous value means the current value.
- the forward direction is a positive direction
- the speed and acceleration in the Y-axis direction the left direction is a positive direction
- the dynamic behavior of the center of gravity of the vehicle system (specifically, the behavior seen by projecting from the Y-axis direction onto a plane (XZ plane) orthogonal thereto, and orthogonal to the X-axis direction)
- the vehicle of STEP9 is assumed that the behavior (projected and projected on the plane (YZ plane)) is approximately expressed by the behavior of the inverted pendulum model (the dynamic behavior of the inverted pendulum) as shown in FIG. Control arithmetic processing is performed.
- reference numerals without parentheses are reference numerals corresponding to the inverted pendulum model viewed from the Y-axis direction, and reference numerals with parentheses refer to the inverted pendulum model viewed from the X-axis direction. Corresponding reference sign.
- the inverted pendulum model expressing the behavior seen from the Y-axis direction has a mass point 60_x located at the center of gravity of the vehicle system and a rotation axis 62a_x parallel to the Y-axis direction.
- Wheel 62_x (hereinafter referred to as virtual wheel 62_x).
- the mass point 60_x is supported by the rotation shaft 62a_x of the virtual wheel 62_x via the linear rod 64_x, and can swing around the rotation shaft 62a_x with the rotation shaft 62a_x as a fulcrum.
- the motion of the mass point 60_x corresponds to the motion of the center of gravity of the vehicle system viewed from the Y-axis direction.
- the movement speed Vw_x (translation movement speed in the X-axis direction) of the virtual wheel 62_x is the same as the movement speed in the X-axis direction of the wheel body 5 of the vehicle 1.
- an inverted pendulum model (refer to the reference numerals in parentheses in FIG. 8) expressing the behavior seen from the X-axis direction includes a mass point 60_y located at the center of gravity of the vehicle system and a rotation axis 62a_y parallel to the X-axis direction. And virtual wheels 62_y (hereinafter referred to as virtual wheels 62_y) that can rotate on the floor surface.
- the mass point 60_y is supported by the rotation shaft 62a_y of the virtual wheel 62_y via a linear rod 64_y, and can swing around the rotation shaft 62a_y with the rotation shaft 62a_y as a fulcrum.
- the motion of the mass point 60_y corresponds to the motion of the center of gravity of the vehicle system viewed from the X-axis direction.
- the moving speed Vw_y (translational moving speed in the Y-axis direction) of the virtual wheel 62_y is set to coincide with the moving speed in the Y-axis direction of the wheel body 5 of the vehicle 1.
- the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y have predetermined radii of predetermined values Rw_x and Rw_y, respectively.
- the rotational angular velocities ⁇ w_x and ⁇ w_y of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y and the rotational angular velocities ⁇ _R and ⁇ _L of the electric motors 31R and 31L (more precisely, the rotational angular velocities ⁇ _R and ⁇ _L of the rotating members 27R and 27L), respectively.
- the relationship of the following formulas 01a and 01b is established.
- ⁇ w_x ( ⁇ _R + ⁇ _L) / 2 Equation 01a
- “C” in Expression 01b is a coefficient of a predetermined value depending on the mechanical relationship between the free rollers 29R and 29L and the wheel body 5 and slippage.
- the positive directions of ⁇ w_x, ⁇ _R, and ⁇ _L are the rotation direction of the virtual wheel 62_x when the virtual wheel 62_x rotates forward, and the positive direction of ⁇ w_y is the case when the virtual wheel 62_y rotates leftward. This is the rotation direction of the virtual wheel 62_y.
- the dynamics of the inverted pendulum model shown in FIG. 8 is expressed by the following equations 03x and 03y.
- the expression 03x is an expression expressing the dynamics of the inverted pendulum model viewed from the Y-axis direction
- the expression 03y is an expression expressing the dynamics of the inverted pendulum model viewed from the X-axis direction.
- ⁇ wdot_x is the rotational angular acceleration of the virtual wheel 62_x (first-order differential value of the rotational angular velocity ⁇ w_x)
- ⁇ _x is a coefficient that depends on the mass and height h_x of the mass 60_x
- ⁇ _x is the inertia (moment of inertia of the virtual wheel 62_x )
- Rw_x the radius
- ⁇ _x and ⁇ _x in Expression 03x are values that hardly depend on the mass of the mass point 60_x (the mass of the center of gravity of the vehicle system) if the height h_x of the mass point 60_x is a substantially constant value.
- ⁇ _y and ⁇ _y in Expression 03y are values that hardly depend on the mass of the mass point 60_y (the mass of the center of gravity of the vehicle system) if the height h_y of the mass point 60_y is a substantially constant value.
- the motions of the mass points 60_x and 60_y of the inverted pendulum are the rotational angular acceleration ⁇ wdot_x of the virtual wheel 62_x and the rotational angular acceleration ⁇ wdot_y of the virtual wheel 62_y, respectively. It is defined depending on.
- the rotation angular acceleration ⁇ wdot_x of the virtual wheel 62_x is used as a basic operation amount (control input) for controlling the motion of the vehicle system center of gravity point viewed from the Y-axis direction, and from the X-axis direction.
- the rotation angular acceleration ⁇ wdot_y of the virtual wheel 62_y is used as a basic operation amount (control input) for controlling the motion of the viewed vehicle system center of gravity.
- the control unit 50 determines that the motion of the mass point 60_x seen in the X-axis direction and the motion of the mass point 60_y seen in the Y-axis direction are Virtual wheel rotational angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd, which are command values (target values) of the rotational angular accelerations ⁇ wdot_x and ⁇ wdot_y as basic operation amounts, are determined so as to achieve a motion corresponding to a desired motion.
- control unit 50 integrates the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd, and the virtual wheel rotation that is the command values (target values) of the respective rotation angular velocities ⁇ w_x and ⁇ w_y of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y.
- the angular velocity commands are determined as ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd.
- the target movement speed in the X-axis direction and the target movement speed in the Y-axis direction of the wheel body 5 of the vehicle 1 and the respective speeds of the electric motors 31 ⁇ / b> R and 31 ⁇ / b> L so as to realize these target movement speeds.
- the commands ⁇ _R_cmd and ⁇ L_cmd are determined.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd as the operation amount (control input) are obtained by adding three operation amount components as shown in equations 07x and 07y described later, respectively. It is determined.
- a virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_x_cmd obtained by integrating ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and a virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd obtained by integrating ⁇ wdot_y_cmd are the target values of the moving speed of the wheel body 5 in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively ( In other words, it functions as a speed command value that defines the target value of the speed vector of the wheel body 5).
- a set of these virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd is used as an operation amount for controlling the electric motors 31R and 31L.
- the control unit 50 has the function shown in the block diagram of FIG. 9 as a function for executing the vehicle control calculation process of STEP 9 as described above.
- control unit 50 calculates the base body tilt angle deviation measurement value ⁇ be_xy_s, which is a deviation between the base body tilt angle measurement value ⁇ b_xy_s and the base body tilt angle target value ⁇ b_xy_obj, and the moving speed of the vehicle system center-of-gravity point.
- the control unit 50 further calculates the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_xy_cmd, the attitude control calculation unit 80, and the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_xy_cmd from the speed command ⁇ _R_cmd (rotational angular velocity command value) of the right electric motor 31R. And a motor command calculation unit 82 for converting into a set with a speed command ⁇ _L_cmd (rotation angular velocity command value) of the left electric motor 31L.
- control unit 50 first executes the process of the deviation calculating unit 70 and the process of the gravity center speed calculating unit 72.
- the deviation calculation unit 70 receives the base body tilt angle measurement value ⁇ b_xy_s ( ⁇ b_x_s and ⁇ b_y_s) calculated in STEP2 and the target values ⁇ b_xy_obj ( ⁇ b_x_obj and ⁇ b_y_obj) set in STEP5 or STEP7.
- the process of the deviation calculating part 70 may be executed in the process of STEP 5 or 7.
- the center-of-gravity velocity calculation unit 72 receives the current value of the base body tilt angular velocity measurement value ⁇ bdot_xy_s ( ⁇ bdot_x_s and ⁇ bdot_y_s) calculated in STEP 2 and the previous value ⁇ w_xy_cmd_p ( ⁇ w_x_cmd_p and ⁇ w_y_cmd_p) of the virtual wheel speed command ⁇ w_xy_cmd. Input from the delay element 84.
- the center-of-gravity speed calculation unit 72 calculates the center-of-gravity speed estimated values Vb_xy_s (Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s) from these input values using a predetermined arithmetic expression based on the inverted pendulum model.
- the center-of-gravity velocity calculation unit 72 calculates Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s by the following equations 05x and 05y, respectively.
- Rw_x and Rw_y are the respective radii of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y as described above, and these values are predetermined values set in advance.
- H_x and h_y are the heights of the mass points 60_x and 60_y of the inverted pendulum model, respectively.
- the height of the vehicle system center-of-gravity point is maintained substantially constant. Therefore, predetermined values set in advance are used as the values of h_x and h_y, respectively. Supplementally, the heights h_x and h_y are included in the constant parameters whose values are set in STEP 6 or 8.
- the first term on the right side of the formula 05x is the moving speed in the X-axis direction of the virtual wheel 62_x corresponding to the previous value ⁇ w_x_cmd_p of the speed command of the virtual wheel 62_x, and this moving speed is the X-axis direction of the wheel body 5 This corresponds to the current value of the actual movement speed.
- the second term on the right side of the expression 05x is the movement speed in the X-axis direction of the vehicle system center-of-gravity point caused by the base body 9 tilting at the inclination angular velocity of ⁇ bdot_x_s around the Y axis (relative to the wheel body 5). This is equivalent to the current value of the movement speed.
- Formula 05y The same applies to Formula 05y.
- a set of measured values (current values) of the respective rotational angular velocities of the electric motors 31R and 31L measured based on the outputs of the rotary encoders 56R and 56L is converted into a set of rotational angular velocities of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y.
- the rotational angular velocities may be converted and used in place of ⁇ w_x_cmd_p and ⁇ w_y_cmd_p in equations 05x and 05y.
- control unit 50 executes the process of the gravity center speed limiting unit 76 and the process of the gain adjusting unit 78.
- the center-of-gravity speed limiter 76 and the gain adjustment unit 78 are input with the center-of-gravity speed estimated values Vb_xy_s (Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s) calculated by the center-of-gravity speed calculator 72 as described above.
- the gain adjustment unit 78 determines the gain adjustment parameter Kr_xy (Kr_x and Kr_y) based on the input center-of-gravity velocity estimated value Vb_xy_s (Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s).
- the gain adjusting unit 78 inputs the input center-of-gravity velocity estimated values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s to the limit processing unit 86.
- output values Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 are generated by appropriately adding limits corresponding to the allowable ranges of the rotational angular velocities of the electric motors 31R and 31L to the gravity center speed estimated values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s.
- the output value Vw_x_lim1 has a meaning after limiting the moving speed Vw_x in the X-axis direction of the virtual wheel 62_x, and the output value Vw_y_lim1 has a meaning as a value after limiting the moving speed Vw_y in the Y-axis direction of the virtual wheel 62_y. .
- the processing of the limit processing unit 86 will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. Note that the reference numerals in parentheses in FIG. 11 indicate processing of the limit processing unit 104 of the gravity center speed limiting unit 76 described later, and may be ignored in the description of the processing of the limit processing unit 86.
- the limit processing unit 86 first inputs the center-of-gravity velocity estimated values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s to the processing units 86a_x and 86a_y, respectively.
- the processing unit 86a_x divides Vb_x_s by the radius Rw_x of the virtual wheel 62_x to calculate the rotational angular velocity ⁇ w_x_s of the virtual wheel 62_x when it is assumed that the moving speed in the X-axis direction of the virtual wheel 62_x matches Vb_x_s. .
- the limit processing unit 86 converts the set of ⁇ w_x_s and ⁇ w_y_s into a set of the rotation angular velocity ⁇ _R_s of the electric motor 31R and the rotation angular velocity ⁇ _L_s of the electric motor 31L by the XY-RL conversion unit 86b.
- this conversion is performed by solving simultaneous equations obtained by replacing ⁇ w_x, ⁇ w_y, ⁇ _R, and ⁇ _L in the equations 01a and 01b with ⁇ w_x_s, ⁇ w_y_s, ⁇ _R_s, and ⁇ _L_s, with ⁇ _R_s and ⁇ _L_s as unknowns. Done.
- the limit processing unit 86 inputs the output values ⁇ _R_s and ⁇ _L_s of the XY-RL conversion unit 86b to the limiters 86c_R and 86c_L, respectively. At this time, if the limiter 86c_R is within the allowable range for the right motor having a predetermined upper limit value (> 0) and lower limit value ( ⁇ 0), the limiter 86c_R keeps ⁇ _R_s as it is. Output as output value ⁇ _R_lim1.
- the limiter 86c_R outputs the boundary value closer to ⁇ _R_s between the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the right motor allowable range as the output value ⁇ _R_lim1. Output as. As a result, the output value ⁇ _R_lim1 of the limiter 86c_R is limited to a value within the allowable range for the right motor.
- the limiter 86c_L keeps ⁇ _L_s as it is. Output as output value ⁇ _L_lim1. Further, when ⁇ _L_s deviates from the left motor allowable range, the limiter 86c_L outputs the boundary value closer to ⁇ _L_s between the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the left motor allowable range as the output value ⁇ _L_lim1. Output as. As a result, the output value ⁇ _L_lim1 of the limiter 86c_L is limited to a value within the left motor allowable range.
- the allowable range for the right motor is set so that the rotational angular velocity (absolute value) of the right electric motor 31R does not become too high, and in turn prevents the maximum value of torque that can be output by the electric motor 31R from decreasing. Tolerance. The same applies to the allowable range for the left motor.
- the limit processing unit 86 converts the set of output values ⁇ _R_lim1 and ⁇ _L_lim1 of the limiters 86c_R and 86c_L into sets of rotational angular velocities ⁇ w_x_lim1 and ⁇ w_y_lim1 of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y by the RL-XY conversion unit 86d. .
- This conversion is a reverse conversion process of the conversion process of the XY-RL conversion unit 86b.
- This processing is performed by solving simultaneous equations obtained by replacing ⁇ w_x, ⁇ w_y, ⁇ _R, and ⁇ _L in the equations 01a and 01b with ⁇ w_x_lim1, ⁇ w_y_lim1, ⁇ _R_lim1, and ⁇ _L_lim1 as ⁇ w_x_lim1 and ⁇ w_y_lim1.
- the limit processing unit 86 inputs the output values ⁇ w_x_lim1 and ⁇ w_y_lim1 of the RL-XY conversion unit 86d to the processing units 86e_x and 86e_y, respectively.
- the processing unit 86e_x converts ⁇ w_x_lim1 into the moving speed Vw_x_lim1 of the virtual wheel 62_x by multiplying ⁇ w_x_lim1 by the radius Rw_x of the virtual wheel 62_x.
- both or one of the rotational angular velocities ⁇ _R_s and ⁇ _L_s of the electric motors 31R and 31L deviate from the allowable range, both or one of the rotational angular velocities is forcibly limited within the allowable range.
- the limit processing unit 86 outputs a set of movement speeds Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction corresponding to the set of rotational angular velocities ⁇ _R_lim1 and ⁇ _L_lim1 of the electric motors 31R and 31L after the limitation.
- the limit processing unit 86 can make the rotation angular velocities of the electric motors 31R and 31L corresponding to the set of the output values Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 not to deviate from the permissible range under the necessary conditions. As long as the output values Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 coincide with Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s, a set of output values Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 is generated.
- the gain adjustment unit 78 next executes the processing of the calculation units 88_x and 88_y.
- the calculation unit 88_x receives the estimated center-of-gravity velocity value Vb_x_s in the X-axis direction and the output value Vw_x_lim1 of the limit processing unit 86. Then, the calculation unit 88_x calculates and outputs a value Vover_x obtained by subtracting Vb_x_s from Vw_x_lim1. Further, the Y-axis direction center-of-gravity velocity estimated value Vb_y_s and the output value Vw_y_lim1 of the limit processing unit 86 are input to the calculation unit 88_y.
- the computing unit 88_y calculates and outputs a value Vover_y obtained by subtracting Vb_y_s from Vw_y_lim1.
- Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 of the limit processing unit 86 are generated by forcibly limiting the input values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s
- the correction amount ( Vw_x_lim1-Vb_x_s) of Vw_x_lim1 from Vb_x_s
- the gain adjustment unit 78 determines the gain adjustment parameter Kr_x by sequentially passing the output value Vover_x of the calculation unit 88_x through the processing units 90_x and 92_x. Further, the gain adjustment unit 78 determines the gain adjustment parameter Kr_y by sequentially passing the output value Vover_y of the calculation unit 88_y through the processing units 90_y and 92_y.
- the gain adjustment parameters Kr_x and Kr_y are both values in the range from “0” to “1”.
- the processing unit 90_x calculates and outputs the absolute value of the input Vover_x. Further, the processing unit 92_x generates Kr_x so that the output value Kr_x monotonously increases with respect to the input value
- the saturation characteristic is a characteristic in which the change amount of the output value with respect to the increase of the input value becomes “0” or approaches “0” when the input value increases to some extent.
- the processing unit 92_x sets a value obtained by multiplying the input value
- the processing unit 92_x outputs “1” as Kr_x.
- the proportional coefficient is set so that the product of
- processing of the processing units 90_y and 92_y is the same as the processing of the above-described processing units 90_x and 92_x, respectively.
- the output values Vw_x_lim1 and Vw_y_lim1 of the limit processing unit 86 are generated by forcibly limiting the input values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s, that is, in the X axis direction and the Y axis direction of the wheel body 5 respectively. If the electric motors 31R and 31L are operated so that the moving speeds Vw_x and Vw_y coincide with the center-of-gravity speed estimated values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s, respectively, the rotational angular speed of either of the electric motors 31R and 31L deviates from the allowable range.
- the gain adjustment parameters Kr_x and Kr_y are determined according to the absolute values of the correction amounts Vover_x and Vover_y, respectively.
- Kr_x is determined to have a larger value as the absolute value of the correction amount Vx_over increases with “1” as the upper limit. The same applies to Kr_y.
- center-of-gravity speed limiter 76 uses the input estimated center-of-gravity speed value Vb_xy_s (Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s) to execute the processing shown in the block diagram of FIG. 12, thereby controlling the target gravity center speed Vb_xy_mdfd (Vb_x_mdfd). And Vb_y_mdfd).
- the center-of-gravity speed limiting unit 76 first executes the processes of the steady deviation calculating units 94_x and 94_y.
- the steady-state deviation calculating unit 94_x receives the estimated center-of-gravity velocity value Vb_x_s in the X-axis direction and the previous value Vb_x_mdfd_p of the control target center-of-gravity velocity Vb_x_mdfd in the X-axis direction via the delay element 96_x. .
- the steady deviation calculating unit 94_x first inputs the input Vb_x_s to the proportional / differential compensation element (PD compensation element) 94a_x.
- the proportional / differential compensation element 94_x is a compensation element whose transfer function is represented by 1 + Kd ⁇ S, and is obtained by multiplying the input Vb_x_s and its differential value (time change rate) by a predetermined coefficient Kd. Add the value and output the result of the addition.
- the steady deviation calculating unit 94_x calculates a value obtained by subtracting the input Vb_x_mdfd_p from the output value of the proportional / differential compensation element 94_x by the calculating unit 94b_x, and then outputs the output value of the calculating unit 94b_x to the phase compensation It inputs into the low-pass filter 94c_x which has a function.
- the low-pass filter 94c_x is a filter whose transfer function is represented by (1 + T2 ⁇ S) / (1 + T1 ⁇ S).
- the steady deviation calculating unit 94_x outputs the output value Vb_x_prd of the low-pass filter 94c_x.
- the steady-state deviation calculating unit 94_y receives the Y-axis centroid speed estimated value Vb_y_s and the previous value Vb_y_mdfd_p of the Y-axis control target centroid speed Vb_y_mdfd via the delay element 96_y.
- the steady deviation calculation unit 94_y sequentially executes the processing of the proportional / differential compensation element 94a_y, the calculation unit 94b_y, and the low-pass filter 94c_y, and outputs the output value Vb_y_prd of the low-pass filter 94c_y. To do.
- the output value Vb_x_prd of the steady deviation calculating unit 94_x is based on the current motion state of the vehicle system center of gravity as viewed from the Y-axis direction (in other words, the motion state of the mass point 60_x of the inverted pendulum model as viewed from the Y-axis direction). It has a meaning as a steady deviation with respect to the control target center-of-gravity speed Vb_x_mdfd of the estimated predicted center-of-gravity speed estimated value in the X-axis direction.
- the steady deviation calculating unit 94_y output value Vb_y_prd is estimated from the current motion state of the vehicle system center of gravity as viewed from the X-axis direction (in other words, the motion state of the mass point 60_y of the inverted pendulum model as viewed from the X-axis direction).
- the convergence predicted value of the estimated center-of-gravity speed value in the future Y-axis direction has a meaning as a steady deviation with respect to the control target center-of-gravity speed Vb_y_mdfd.
- the respective output values Vb_x_prd and Vb_y_prd of the steady deviation calculation units 94_x and 94_y are referred to as center-of-gravity velocity steady deviation prediction values.
- the center-of-gravity speed limiter 76 executes the processes of the steady-state deviation calculators 94_x and 94_y as described above, and then inputs the center-of-gravity speed steady-state deviation predicted values Vb_x_prd and Vb_y_prd to the limit processor 100.
- the processing of the limit processing unit 100 is the same as the processing of the limit processing unit 86 of the gain adjustment unit 78 described above. In this case, only the input value and the output value of each processing unit of the limit processing unit 100 are different from the limit processing unit 86, as indicated by reference numerals in parentheses in FIG.
- the moving speeds Vw_x and Vw_y of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y coincide with Vb_x_prd and Vb_y_prd, respectively, and the rotational angular velocities ⁇ w_x_t, ⁇ w_y_t is calculated by the processing units 86a_x and 86a_y, respectively.
- the set of rotational angular velocities ⁇ w_x_t and ⁇ w_y_t is converted into a set of rotational angular velocities ⁇ _R_t and ⁇ _L_t of the electric motors 31R and 31L by the XY-RL conversion unit 86b.
- rotational angular velocities ⁇ _R_t and ⁇ _L_t are limited by the limiters 86c_R and 86c_L to values within the allowable range for the right motor and values within the allowable range for the left motor, respectively. Then, the values ⁇ _R_lim2 and ⁇ _L_lim2 after the restriction processing are converted into the rotational angular velocities ⁇ w_x_lim2 and ⁇ w_y_lim2 of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y by the RL-XY conversion unit 86d.
- the moving speeds Vw_x_lim2 and Vw_y_lim2 of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y corresponding to the rotational angular velocities ⁇ w_x_lim2 and ⁇ w_y_lim2 are calculated by the processing units 86e_x and 86e_y, respectively, and the moving speeds Vw_x_lim2 and Vw_y_lim2 are output from the limit processing unit 100.
- the limit processing unit 100 has the rotational angular velocities of the electric motors 31R and 31L corresponding to the set of output values Vw_x_lim2 and Vw_y_lim2 deviate from the allowable range. It is an essential requirement that the output values Vw_x_lim2 and Vw_y_lim2 are generated so that the output values Vw_x_lim2 and Vw_y_lim2 coincide with Vb_x_t and Vb_y_t, respectively, as much as possible under the necessary conditions.
- permissible ranges for the right motor and the left motor in the limit processing unit 100 need not be the same as the permissible ranges in the limit processing unit 86, and may be set to different permissible ranges.
- the center-of-gravity speed limiting unit 76 next calculates the control target center-of-gravity speeds Vb_x_mdfd and Vb_y_mdfd by executing the processing of the calculation units 102_x and 102_y, respectively.
- the calculation unit 102_x calculates a value obtained by subtracting the X-axis direction center-of-gravity velocity steady deviation predicted value Vb_x_prd from the output value Vw_x_lim2 of the limit processing unit 100 as the control target center-of-gravity velocity Vb_x_mdfd.
- the calculation unit 102_y calculates a value obtained by subtracting the Y-axis direction center-of-gravity velocity steady-state deviation predicted value Vb_y_prd from the output value Vw_y_lim2 of the limit processing unit 100 as the Y-axis direction control center-of-gravity velocity Vb_y_mdfd.
- the control target center-of-gravity velocities Vb_x_mdfd and Vb_y_mdfd determined as described above are obtained when the output values V_x_lim2 and V_y_lim2 in the limit processing unit 100 are not forcibly limited, that is, in the X-axis direction of the wheel body 5. Even if the electric motors 31R and 31L are operated so that the respective movement speeds in the Y-axis direction coincide with the center-of-gravity speed steady-state deviation predicted values Vb_x_prd and Vb_y_prd, the rotational angular speeds of the electric motors 31R and 31L are allowed.
- the control target center-of-gravity speed Vb_x_mdfd is a speed opposite to the X-axis direction center-of-gravity speed steady deviation predicted value Vb_x_prd output by the steady deviation calculator 94_x.
- the speed in the Y-axis direction is a speed opposite to the X-axis direction center-of-gravity speed steady deviation predicted value Vb_x_prd output by the steady deviation calculator 94_x.
- control unit 50 executes the processing of the gravity center speed limiting unit 76, the gain adjusting unit 78, and the deviation calculating unit 70 as described above, and then performs the processing of the attitude control calculating unit 80. Execute.
- reference numerals without parentheses are reference numerals related to processing for determining the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_x_cmd that is a target value of the rotation angular velocity of the virtual wheel 62_x rotating in the X-axis direction.
- the reference numerals in parentheses are reference numerals related to the process of determining the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd that is the target value of the rotation angular velocity of the virtual wheel 62_y rotating in the Y-axis direction.
- the posture control calculation unit 80 includes a base body tilt angle deviation measurement value ⁇ be_xy_s calculated by the deviation calculation unit 70, a base body tilt angular velocity measurement value ⁇ bdot_xy_s calculated in STEP2, and a center of gravity speed calculated by the center of gravity speed calculation unit 72.
- the estimated value Vb_xy_s, the control target center-of-gravity speed Vb_xy_mdfd calculated by the center-of-gravity speed limiting unit 76, and the gain adjustment parameter Kr_xy calculated by the gain adjustment unit 78 are input.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 first calculates a virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_xy_cmd by using the following values 07x and 07y using these input values.
- Formula 07y Therefore, in the present embodiment, as an operation amount (control input) for controlling the motion of the mass point 60_x of the inverted pendulum model viewed from the Y-axis direction (and hence the motion of the vehicle system center-of-gravity point viewed from the Y-axis direction).
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_y_cmd is determined by adding three manipulated variable components (three terms on the right side of equations 07x and 07y).
- the gain coefficients K1_x, K2_x, K3_x related to each manipulated variable component in the expression 07x are variably set according to the gain adjustment parameter Kr_x, and the gain coefficients K1_y, K2_y, K3_y related to each manipulated variable component in the expression 07y. Is variably set according to the gain adjustment parameter Kr_y.
- the gain coefficients K1_x, K2_x, and K3_x in Expression 07x may be referred to as a first gain coefficient K1_x, a second gain coefficient K2_x, and a third gain coefficient K3_x, respectively. The same applies to the gain coefficients K1_y, K2_y, and K3_y in Expression 07y.
- Ki_a_x and Ki_b_x in the expression 09x are preliminarily set as the gain coefficient value on the minimum side (side closer to “0”) and the gain coefficient value on the maximum side (side away from “0”) of the i-th gain coefficient Ki_x, respectively. It is a set constant value. The same applies to Ki_a_y and Ki_b_y in Expression 09y.
- the weights applied to Ki_a_y and Ki_b_y are changed according to the gain adjustment parameter Kr_y. Therefore, as in the case of Ki_x, as the value of Kr_y changes between “0” and “1”, the value of the i-th gain coefficient Ki_y changes between Ki_a_y and Ki_b_y.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 calculates the expression 07x using the first to third gain coefficients K1_x, K2_x, and K3_x determined as described above, so that the virtual wheel related to the virtual wheel 62_x that rotates in the X-axis direction. Rotational angular acceleration command ⁇ wdot_x_cmd is calculated.
- the posture control calculation unit 80 sets the manipulated variable component u1_x obtained by multiplying the base body tilt angle deviation measured value ⁇ be_x_s by the first gain coefficient K1_x and the base body tilt angular velocity measured value ⁇ bdot_x_s.
- the operation amount component u2_x obtained by multiplying the two gain coefficients K2_x is calculated by the processing units 80a and 80b, respectively.
- the operation amount u3_x is calculated by the processing unit 80c.
- the posture control calculation unit 80 calculates the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ wdot_x_cmd by adding these manipulated variable components u1_x, u2_x, u3_x in the calculation unit 80e.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 calculates the expression 07y using the first to third gain coefficients K1_y, K2_y, and K3_y determined as described above, so that the virtual wheel 62_y that rotates in the Y-axis direction is obtained.
- the related virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ wdot_y_cmd is calculated.
- the posture control calculation unit 80 multiplies the operation amount component u1_y obtained by multiplying the base body tilt angle deviation measurement value ⁇ be_y_s by the first gain coefficient K1_y and the base body tilt angular velocity measurement value ⁇ bdot_y_s by the second gain coefficient K2_y.
- the operation amount component u2_y is calculated by the processing units 80a and 80b, respectively.
- the operation amount u3_y is calculated by the processing unit 80c.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 calculates the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ wdot_x_cmd by adding these manipulated variable components u1_y, u2_y, u3_y in the calculation unit 80e.
- first to third terms first to third manipulated variable components u1_y, u2_y, u3_y on the right side of the expression 07y.
- the control target center of gravity speed Vb_x_mdfd. , Vb_y_mdfd is “0”.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 After calculating the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd as described above, the attitude control calculation unit 80 then integrates the ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd by the integrator 80f, thereby obtaining the virtual wheel rotation speed command. Determine ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd.
- the wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_x_cmd may be calculated.
- the wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_y_cmd may be calculated.
- control unit 50 next inputs the virtual wheel rotation speed commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd determined as described above by the attitude control calculation unit 80 to the motor command calculation unit 82, and the motor command calculation unit By executing the process 82, the speed command ⁇ _R_com of the electric motor 31R and the speed command ⁇ _L_cmd of the electric motor 31L are determined.
- the processing of the motor command calculation unit 82 is the same as the processing of the XY-RL conversion unit 86b of the limit processing unit 86 (see FIG. 11).
- the motor command calculation unit 82 replaces ⁇ w_x, ⁇ w_y, ⁇ _R, and ⁇ _L in the equations 01a and 01b with ⁇ w_x_cmd, ⁇ w_y_cmd, ⁇ _R_cmd, and ⁇ _L_cmd, respectively, and sets ⁇ _R_cmd and ⁇ _L_cmd as unknowns.
- the speed commands ⁇ _R_com and ⁇ _L_cmd of the electric motors 31R and 31L are determined.
- the control unit 50 executes the control calculation process, so that the attitude of the seat 3 and the base body 9 basically changes in the base body tilt angle deviation in both the riding mode and the self-supporting mode.
- this posture is referred to as a basic posture
- a virtual as an operation amount (control input) is performed so that the vehicle system center of gravity is stationary.
- a wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_xy_cmd is determined.
- the posture of the seat 3 and the base body 9 is tilted with respect to the basic posture, in other words, the horizontal position of the vehicle system center of gravity (the vehicle / occupant overall center of gravity or the vehicle single body center of gravity) is
- the seat 3 and the base body 9 are displaced from a state almost directly above the ground plane, the postures of the seat 3 and the base 9 are restored to the basic posture ( ⁇ be_x_s and ⁇ be_y_s are brought close to “0” or held at “0”).
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_xy_cmd is determined.
- the rotational angular velocities of the electric motors 31R and 31L obtained by converting the virtual wheel rotational angular velocity command ⁇ w_xy_cmd obtained by integrating the components of ⁇ dotw_xy_cmd are determined as the speed commands ⁇ _R_cmd and ⁇ _L_cmd of the electric motors 31R and 31L. Further, the rotational speeds of the electric motors 31R and 31L are controlled according to the speed commands ⁇ _R_cmd and ⁇ _L_cmd.
- the moving speeds of the wheel body 5 in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction are controlled so as to coincide with the moving speed of the virtual wheel 62_x corresponding to ⁇ w_x_cmd and the moving speed of the virtual wheel 62_y corresponding to ⁇ w_y_cmd, respectively.
- the wheel body 5 is adjusted to eliminate the shift (to converge ⁇ be_x_s to “0”). Move forward. Similarly, when the actual ⁇ b_x shifts backward from the target value ⁇ b_x_obj, the wheel body 5 moves rearward in order to eliminate the shift (to converge ⁇ be_x_s to “0”).
- the wheel body 5 faces right to eliminate the shift (to converge ⁇ be_y_s to “0”). Move to. Similarly, when the actual ⁇ b_y shifts to the left tilt side from the target value ⁇ b_y_obj, the wheel body 5 moves to the left in order to eliminate the shift (to converge ⁇ be_y_s to “0”).
- the wheel body 5 moves toward the tilted side. Therefore, for example, in the boarding mode, when the occupant intentionally tilts the upper body together with the seat 3 and the base body 9, the wheel body 5 moves to the tilted side.
- the wheel body 5 When the wheel body 5 is moved (when the entire vehicle 1 is moved), the posture of the seat 3 and the base body 9 is tilted from the basic posture (a posture where the base body tilt angle deviation measurement value ⁇ be_xy_s is constant).
- the moving speed of the vehicle system center-of-gravity point (and thus the moving speed of the wheel body 5) has a certain deviation from the control target center-of-gravity speed Vb_xy_mdfd, and the deviation depends on the measured base body tilt angle deviation value ⁇ be_xy_s. Converge to the desired moving speed.
- the second manipulated variable components u2_x and u2_y are “0”. Therefore, the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_x_cmd is a combination of the first operation amount component u1_x and the third operation amount component u3_x, and the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ dotw_y_cmd is the first operation amount component u1_y. And the third manipulated variable component u3_y.
- ⁇ dotw_x_cmd on the left side is a constant value.
- the convergence value of the centroid velocity Vb_x in the direction (the convergence value of the centroid velocity estimated value Vb_x_s, hereinafter referred to as the steady-state convergence velocity Vb_x_stb) depends on the measured body inclination angle deviation ⁇ be_x_s around the Y axis.
- Vb_x_stb ( ⁇ K1_x ⁇ ⁇ be_x_s + ⁇ dotw_x_cmd) / K3_x + Vb_x_mdfd, and thus a function value that changes monotonously with ⁇ be_x_s.
- ⁇ dotw_y_cmd on the left side is a constant value.
- the convergence value of the centroid velocity Vb_y in the direction (the convergence value of the centroid velocity estimated value Vb_y_s, hereinafter referred to as the steady-state convergence velocity Vb_y_stb) depends on the measured body inclination angle deviation ⁇ be_y_s around the X axis.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd are determined as basic operation amounts by the equations 07x and 07y, and are integrated to obtain the operation amounts for controlling the electric motors 31R and 31L.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd are determined.
- the relationship between the translational motion of the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y (and hence the translational motion of the wheel body 5) and the base body inclination angle ⁇ b_xy, that is, the relationship expressed by the equations 03x and 03y is It is a constant relationship independent of mass.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd as the operation amounts for controlling the electric motors 31R and 31L are obtained by integrating the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd, respectively, the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd , ⁇ w_y_cmd is suppressed from sudden fluctuation. For this reason, the moving speed of the wheel body 5 changes smoothly, and a comfortable riding comfort can be realized.
- the tilt amount of the base body 9 and the seat 3 from the basic posture becomes relatively large, and the X of the wheel body 5 when the tilt amount is held constant.
- One or both of the movement speeds in the axial direction and the Y-axis direction (these movement speeds correspond to the center-of-gravity speed steady-state deviation predicted values Vb_x_prd and Vb_y_prd shown in FIG. 12), respectively, of the electric motors 31R and 31L.
- a speed in a direction opposite to the moving speed of the wheel body 5 ( Specifically, Vw_x_lim2-Vb_x_prd and Vw_y_lim2-Vb_y_prd) are determined as control target center-of-gravity speeds Vb_x_mdfd and Vb_y_mdfd.
- the third manipulated variable components u3_x and u3_y among the manipulated variables constituting the control input are determined so as to converge the gravity center speed estimated values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s to the control target gravity center speeds Vb_x_mdfd and Vb_y_mdfd, respectively. For this reason, the acceleration of the wheel body 5 is suppressed, and as a result, the rotational angular velocity of one or both of the electric motors 31R and 31L is prevented from becoming too high.
- the gain adjusting unit 78 one or both of the center-of-gravity speed estimated values Vb_x_s and Vb_y_s increase, and as a result, the moving speed of one or both of the wheel body 5 in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction becomes the electric motor 31R, In a situation where the moving speed becomes excessive such that one or both of the rotational angular velocities of 31L deviate from the allowable range in the limit processing unit 86, the deviation becomes more significant (specifically, Vover_x shown in FIG. 10). As the absolute value of Vover_y increases, one or both of the gain adjustment parameters Kr_x and Kr_y are brought closer to “1” from “0”.
- the same applies to each i-th gain coefficient Ki_y (i 1, 2, 3) calculated by the expression 09y.
- the sensitivity of the angular acceleration commands ( ⁇ dotw_x_cmd, ⁇ dotw_y_cmd) is increased. Therefore, if the inclination amount from the basic posture of the base body 9 and the seat 3 is to be increased or the magnitude of the center of gravity speed estimated value Vb_xy_s is to be increased, the moving speed of the wheel body 5 is controlled so as to quickly eliminate them. Will be.
- the base body 9 is greatly inclined from the basic posture or the estimated center-of-gravity speed value Vb_xy_s is increased.
- the moving speed of one or both of the wheel body 5 in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction is electrically controlled. It is possible to prevent an excessive moving speed from causing the rotational angular speed of one or both of the motors 31R and 31L to deviate from the allowable range in the limit processing unit 86.
- the front-rear direction (X-axis direction) and the left-right direction (Y-axis direction) of the passenger boarding the vehicle 1 correspond to the first direction and the second direction in the present invention, respectively.
- the speed command value determining means in the present invention is realized by the processing executed by the attitude control calculation unit 80.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ wdot_xy_cmd corresponds to the acceleration command value in the present invention
- the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_xy_cmd corresponds to the speed command value in the present invention.
- the tilt angle measuring means in the present invention is realized by the tilt sensor 52 and the processing of STEP 2 in FIG.
- the base body tilt angle deviation estimated value measurement value ⁇ be_xy_s corresponds to the tilt deviation in the present invention.
- the actuator control means in the present invention is realized by the process executed by the motor command calculation unit 82 and the process of STEP 10 in FIG.
- the speed commands ⁇ _R_cmd and ⁇ _L_cmd of the electric motors 31R and 31L correspond to the actuator speed command values in the present invention.
- the present embodiment corresponds to a target value of the moving speed of the wheel body 5 in the Y-axis direction among a part of processing of the attitude control calculation unit 80 (specifically, of the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd, ⁇ w_y_cmd). Only the method of determining the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd) is different from the first embodiment. Therefore, in the description of the present embodiment, the same reference numerals as those in the first embodiment are used for the same components or the same functional elements as those in the first embodiment, and the description thereof is omitted.
- the free rollers respectively corresponding to the rotating members 27R and 27L. 29R, 29L and the wheel body 5 are slipped, and the slip state is a driving force for rotating the wheel body 5 around the center C1 of the cross section (specifically, all free rollers 29R, 29L and It tends to change according to the translational force component in the Y-axis direction of the resultant force acting on the wheel body 5 due to the frictional force generated between the wheel body 5 and the lateral drive force.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 obtains the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd by the processing of the block diagram of FIG. 13 described in the first embodiment, and then obtains these ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd.
- ⁇ w_y_cmd in the Y-axis direction is set as a provisional value, and the provisional value ⁇ w_y_cmd is corrected according to the lateral driving force.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 calculates the corrected value of ⁇ w_y_cmd (hereinafter referred to as the corrected virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd_c) by the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_x_cmd in the X-axis direction obtained by the processing of the block diagram of FIG. And output (input to the motor command calculation unit 82).
- the posture control calculation unit 80 corrects the Y-axis direction virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd (the integrated value of the Y-axis direction virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration command ⁇ wdot_y_cmd) as follows.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 firstly, based on the previous values of the current command values I_R and I_L (or the current values of the detected values of the energized currents) that are the command values of the energized currents of the electric motors 31R and 31L, respectively.
- a lateral driving force estimated value Fy_s is obtained as an observed value of the lateral driving force.
- KT1 ⁇ I_R and KT1 ⁇ I_L have a meaning as a lateral driving force generated by the electric motors 31R and 31L, respectively, and a difference between them becomes a lateral driving force estimated value Fy_s.
- the influence of the moment of inertia of the power transmission system from the electric motors 31R and 31L to the wheel body 5 is ignored.
- the lateral driving force is expressed by the following Expression 13.
- the estimated value Fy_s may be obtained.
- KT2 is a coefficient of a predetermined value set in advance
- IM_R is an equivalent moment of inertia (set value) of the power transmission system from the electric motor 31R to the wheel body 4
- IM_L is the wheel body 4 from the electric motor 31L.
- ⁇ dot_R_cmd is a temporal change rate of the speed command ⁇ _R_cmd of the electric motor 31R (previous value)
- ⁇ dot_L_cmd is a temporal change rate of the speed command ⁇ _L_cmd of the electric motor 31L ( The previous value).
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 determines the provisional value of the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd in the Y-axis direction (the value of ⁇ w_y_cmd obtained by the processing of the block diagram of FIG. 13) according to the lateral driving force estimated value Fy_s obtained as described above.
- the current value is corrected by the following equation (15), thereby determining the corrected virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd_c.
- KT3 is a predetermined coefficient set in advance.
- the attitude control calculation unit 80 multiplies the provisional value of the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd by a coefficient (1 + KT3 ⁇ Fy_s) that is variably set according to the lateral driving force estimation value Fy_s, thereby correcting the corrected virtual wheel rotation.
- the angular velocity command ⁇ w_y_cmd_c is determined.
- This embodiment is the same as the first embodiment except for the items described above.
- the free rollers 29R and 29L and the wheel body 5 respectively corresponding to the rotating members 27R and 27L when the wheel body (moving operation unit) 5 is moved in the Y-axis direction (left-right direction)
- the actual movement speed of the wheel body 5 can be accurately followed by the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd determined by the processing of the block diagram of FIG. For this reason, the movement operation of the wheel body 5 can be controlled more appropriately.
- the lateral driving force Fy is estimated by the equation 11 or 13, but the lateral driving force Fy may be detected using an appropriate force sensor or strain sensor.
- the “control means for correcting the speed command value” in the present invention is realized by the process in which the attitude control calculation unit 80 corrects the virtual wheel rotation angular speed command ⁇ w_y_cmd as described above.
- the lateral driving force estimated value Fy_s corresponds to the observed value of the second driving force in the present invention. Except for this, the correspondence between the present embodiment and the present invention is the same as in the first embodiment.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd are set as acceleration command values that define the target value of the moving acceleration of the wheel body 5, and the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd are set as the moving speed of the wheel body 5.
- the target value is determined as a speed command value.
- a set of translation acceleration command values for the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y is determined as an acceleration command value, or a set of translation speed command values for the virtual wheels 62_x and 62_y is determined as a speed command value. May be.
- the acceleration command value and the speed command value may be expressed in a polar coordinate format, for example.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd that define the target value of the moving acceleration of the wheel body 5 are determined and integrated to determine the target value of the moving speed of the wheel body 5.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular velocity commands ⁇ w_x_cmd and ⁇ w_y_cmd that stipulate the above are determined.
- the speed command value that defines the target value of the moving speed of the wheel body 5 may be determined directly (without performing integration processing) from the measured base body tilt angle deviation value ⁇ be_xy_s or the like.
- the behavior of the inverted pendulum model shown in FIG. 8 (which will be described here with reference to the typical behavior seen from the Y-axis direction) can be approximated by ignoring the inertia (moment of inertia) included in the system. It is expressed by 17ax, 17bx.
- Vw_y_cmd ⁇ w_y_cmd ⁇ Rw_y
- KK1_x and KK2_x in Expression 19x and KK1_y and KK2_y in Expression 19y are gain coefficients of predetermined values.
- the virtual wheel rotation angular acceleration commands ⁇ wdot_x_cmd and ⁇ wdot_y_cmd are determined as the acceleration command values that define the target value of the moving acceleration of the wheel body 5.
- the control characteristic of the base body tilt angle ⁇ b_xy and the control characteristic of the center-of-gravity velocity Vb_xy are hardly affected by each other, and the degree of freedom in designing these control characteristics is increased.
- the vehicle system center of gravity point (specifically, the vehicle / occupant overall center of gravity point) is set as a predetermined representative point of the vehicle 1. For example, it may be set at a point of the support frame 13).
- the inverted pendulum type vehicle 1 in which an occupant is a transport target object has been described as an example.
- a load other than the occupant is a transport target object, and the mounting portion of the transport target object is used instead of the seat 3. You may make it prepare for.
- the vehicle 1 having the structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is illustrated, but the inverted pendulum type vehicle 1 in the present invention is not limited to the vehicle illustrated in the present embodiment.
- the wheel body 5 as the moving operation unit of the vehicle 1 has an integral structure.
- the wheel body 5 has a structure as shown in FIG. May be. That is, a plurality of rollers are extrapolated on a rigid annular shaft body so that the shaft centers in the tangential direction of the shaft body, and the plurality of rollers are circumferentially arranged along the shaft body. You may comprise a wheel body by arranging in a direction.
- the moving operation unit may have a crawler-like structure as described in FIG.
- the moving operation unit is configured by a sphere, and the sphere is connected to an actuator device (
- the vehicle may be configured to be rotationally driven in the direction around the X axis and the direction around the Y axis by an actuator device having the wheel body 5).
- an inverted pendulum type vehicle according to the present invention has both feet as shown in FIG.
- the vehicle may have a structure in which the step of placing and the portion gripped by the occupant standing on the step are assembled to the base body.
- the present invention can be applied to an inverted pendulum type vehicle having various structures as seen in Patent Documents 1 to 3 and the like.
- the inverted pendulum type vehicle according to the present invention includes a plurality of moving operation units that can move in all directions on the floor surface (for example, two in the left-right direction, two in the front-rear direction, or three or more). You may have.
- the base body tilts together with the riding section of the occupant.
- the base body to which these moving operation units are assembled is prevented from tilting with respect to the floor surface, and the riding section is assembled to be tiltable with respect to the base body. Also good.
- the electric motors 31R and 31L are provided as the rotary actuators.
- a hydraulic rotor reactor may be provided instead of the electric motors 31R and 31L.
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Abstract
Description
前記搭載部の実際の傾斜角度に応じた出力を生成する傾斜角度計測手段と、
少なくとも、前記傾斜角度計測手段の出力が示す前記搭載部の傾斜角度の計測値と所定値の目標傾斜角度との偏差である傾斜偏差を用いて、該傾斜偏差を“0”に近づけるように前記移動動作部の移動速度の目標値を規定する速度指令値を逐次決定する速度指令値決定手段と、
該速度指令値決定手段により決定された速度指令値により規定される移動速度の目標値に前記移動動作部の実際の移動速度を追従させるように前記アクチュエータ装置を制御するアクチュエータ制御手段とを備えることを特徴とする(第1発明)。
本発明の第1実施形態を以下に説明する。まず、図1~図6を参照して、本実施形態における倒立振子型車両の構造を説明する。
ωw_x=(ω_R+ω_L)/2 ……式01a
ωw_y=C・(ω_R-ω_L)/2 ……式01b
なお、式01bにおける“C”は、前記フリーローラ29R,29Lと車輪体5との間の機構的な関係や滑りに依存する所定値の係数である。また、ωw_x,ω_R,ω_Lの正の向きは、仮想車輪62_xが前方に向かって輪転する場合の該仮想車輪62_xの回転方向、ωw_yの正の向きは、仮想車輪62_yが左向きに輪転する場合の該仮想車輪62_yの回転方向である。
d2θbe_x/dt2=α_x・θbe_x+β_x・ωwdot_x ……式03x
d2θbe_y/dt2=α_y・θbe_y+β_y・ωwdot_y ……式03y
式03xにおけるωwdot_xは仮想車輪62_xの回転角加速度(回転角速度ωw_xの1階微分値)、α_xは、質点60_xの質量や高さh_xに依存する係数、β_xは、仮想車輪62_xのイナーシャ(慣性モーメント)や半径Rw_xに依存する係数である。式03yにおけるωwdot_y、α_y、β_yについても上記と同様である。なお、式03xにおけるα_x、β_xは、質点60_xの高さh_xがほぼ一定値であれば、質点60_xの質量(車両系重心点の質量)にほとんど依存しない値となる。同様に、式03yにおけるα_y、β_yは、質点60_yの高さh_yがほぼ一定値であれば、質点60_yの質量(車両系重心点の質量)にほとんど依存しない値となる。
Vb_x_s=Rw_x・ωw_x_cmd_p+h_x・θbdot_x_s ……05x
Vb_y_s=Rw_y・ωw_y_cmd_p+h_y・θbdot_y_s ……05y
これらの式05x,05yにおいて、Rw_x,Rw_yは、前記したように、仮想車輪62_x,62_yのそれぞれの半径であり、これらの値は、あらかじめ設定された所定値である。また、h_x,h_yは、それぞれ倒立振子モデルの質点60_x,60_yの高さである。この場合、本実施形態では、車両系重心点の高さは、ほぼ一定に維持されるものとされる。そこで、h_x,h_yの値としては、それぞれ、あらかじめ設定された所定値が用いられる。補足すると、高さh_x,h_yは、前記STEP6又は8において値を設定する定数パラメータに含まれるものである。
ωwdot_x_cmd=K1_x・θbe_x_s+K2_x・θbdot_x_s
+K3_x・(Vb_x_s-Vb_x_mdfd) ……式07x
ωwdot_y_cmd=K1_y・θbe_y_s+K2_y・θbdot_y_s
+K3_y・(Vb_y_s-Vb_y_mdfd) ……式07y
従って、本実施形態では、Y軸方向から見た倒立振子モデルの質点60_xの運動(ひいては、Y軸方向から見た車両系重心点の運動)を制御するための操作量(制御入力)としての仮想車輪回転角加速度指令ωdotw_x_cmdと、X軸方向から見た倒立振子モデルの質点60_yの運動(ひいては、X軸方向から見た車両系重心点の運動)を制御するための操作量(制御入力)としての仮想車輪回転角加速度指令ωdotw_y_cmdとは、それぞれ、3つの操作量成分(式07x,07yの右辺の3つの項)を加え合わせることによって決定される。
Ki_x=(1-Kr_x)・Ki_a_x+Kr_x・Ki_b_x ……式09x
Ki_y=(1-Kr_y)・Ki_a_y+Kr_y・Ki_b_y ……式09y
(i=1,2,3)
ここで、式09xにおけるKi_a_x、Ki_b_xは、それぞれ、第iゲイン係数Ki_xの最小側(“0”に近い側)のゲイン係数値、最大側(“0”から離れる側)のゲイン係数値としてあらかじめ設定された定数値である。このことは、式09yにおけるKi_a_y、Ki_b_yについても同様である。
次に、本発明の第2実施形態を説明する。なお、本実施形態は、前記姿勢制御演算部80の一部の処理(詳しくは、仮想車輪回転角速度指令ωw_x_cmd,ωw_y_cmdのうち、Y軸方向での車輪体5の移動速度の目標値に対応する仮想車輪回転角速度指令ωw_y_cmdの決定の仕方)のみが、第1実施形態と相違するものである。従って、本実施形態の説明では、第1実施形態と同一の構成要素又は同一の機能要素については、第1実施形態と同一の参照符号を用い、説明を省略する。
Fy_s=KT1・(I_R-I_L) ……式11
なお、式11では、電動モータ31R,31Lから車輪体5への動力伝達系の慣性モーメントを影響分を無視しているが、その影響分を考慮して、例えば、次式13により横駆動力推定値Fy_sを求めるようにしてもよい。
Fy_s=(KT1・I_R-KT2・IM_R・ωdot_R_cmd)
-(KT1・I_L-KT2・IM_L・ωdot_L_cmd) ……式13
この式13のKT2は、あらかじめ設定された所定値の係数、IM_Rは、電動モータ31Rから車輪体4への動力伝達系の等価慣性モーメント(設定値)、IM_Lは、電動モータ31Lから車輪体4への動力伝達系の等価慣性モーメント(設定値)、ωdot_R_cmdは、電動モータ31Rの速度指令ω_R_cmdの時間的変化率(前回値)、ωdot_L_cmdは、電動モータ31Lの速度指令ω_L_cmdの時間的変化率(前回値)である。
ωw_y_cmd_c=(1+KT3・Fy_s)・ωw_y_cmd ……式15
なお、この式15のKT3はあらかじめ設定された所定値の係数である。
dθbe_x/dt=(1/h_x)・Vb_x+(1/h_x)・Vw_x ……式17ax
dVb_x/dt=g・θbe_x ……式17by
そこで、例えば、これらの式17ax,17bxに基づいて、車輪体5のX軸方向の移動速度の目標値を規定するものとしての仮想車輪62_xの並進速度の指令値Vw_x_cmd(=ωw_x_cmd・Rw_x)を、前記基体傾斜角度偏差計測値θbe_x_s、並びに、前記重心速度推定値Vb_x_sと制御用目標重心速度Vb_x_mdfd(通常はVb_x_mdfd=0)との偏差(=Vb_x_s-Vb_x_mdfd)から、次式19xにより決定するようにしてもよい。
Vw_x_cmd=KK1_x・θbe_x_s+KK2_x・(Vb_x_s-Vb_x_mdfd) ……式19x
このことは、Y軸方向に関する仮想車輪62_yの並進速度の指令値Vw_y_cmd(=ωw_y_cmd・Rw_y)についても同様であり、該指令値Vw_y_cmdを次式19yにより決定するようにしてもよい。
Vw_y_cmd=KK1_y・θbe_y_s+KK2_y・(Vb_y_s-Vb_y_mdfd) ……式19y
なお、式19xにおけるKK1_x、KK2_xと、式19yにおけるKK1_y,KK2_yとは、所定値のゲイン係数である。
Claims (4)
- 床面上を移動可能な移動動作部と、該移動動作部を駆動するアクチュエータ装置と、該移動動作部及びアクチュエータ装置が組付けられた基体と、鉛直方向に対して傾動自在に前記基体に組付けられた運搬対象物体の搭載部とを備えた倒立振子型車両の制御装置であって、
前記搭載部の実際の傾斜角度に応じた出力を生成する傾斜角度計測手段と、
少なくとも、前記傾斜角度計測手段の出力が示す前記搭載部の傾斜角度の計測値と所定値の目標傾斜角度との偏差である傾斜偏差を用いて、該傾斜偏差を“0”に近づけるように前記移動動作部の移動速度の目標値を規定する速度指令値を逐次決定する速度指令値決定手段と、
該速度指令値決定手段により決定された速度指令値により規定される移動速度の目標値に前記移動動作部の実際の移動速度を追従させるように前記アクチュエータ装置を制御するアクチュエータ制御手段とを備えることを特徴とする倒立振子型車両の制御装置。 - 請求項1記載の倒立振子型車両の制御装置において、
前記速度指令値決定手段は、少なくとも前記傾斜偏差に応じて前記移動動作部の移動加速度の目標値を規定する加速度指令値を逐次決定し、その決定した加速度指令値を積分することにより前記速度指令値を決定することを特徴とする倒立振子型車両の制御装置。 - 請求項1記載の倒立振子型車両の制御装置において、
前記移動動作部は、床面上を互いに直交する第1の方向及び第2の方向を含む全方向に移動可能に構成されており、
前記搭載部は、前記第1の方向の軸周りと第2の方向の軸周りとの2軸周りで傾動自在に前記基体に組付けられており、
前記アクチュエータ装置は、前記移動動作部に駆動力を付与する2つの回転アクチュエータを備えると共に、該2つの回転アクチュエータのそれぞれの回転速度を制御することによって前記移動動作部の移動速度の2次元ベクトルである速度ベクトルを制御可能に構成されており、
前記速度指令値決定手段が決定する速度指令値は、前記移動動作部の速度ベクトルを規定する指令値であり、
前記アクチュエータ制御手段は、前記決定された速度指令値を前記2つの回転アクチュエータのそれぞれの回転速度を規定するアクチュエータ速度指令値に変換し、そのアクチュエータ速度指令値に応じて前記2つの回転アクチュエータを制御することを特徴とする倒立振子型車両の制御装置。 - 請求項3記載の倒立振子型車両の制御装置において、
前記移動動作部は、床面上を輪転自在な車輪形状に形成されると共に、その径方向での横断面の中心軸の周りに回転可能に構成され、当該輪転動作と前記中心軸の周りの回転動作とによって前記全方向に移動可能な移動動作部であり、
前記アクチュエータ装置は、前記移動動作部の輪転の回転軸心である輪転軸心の方向での該移動動作部の両側で該輪転軸心の周りに回転自在に配置された2つの回転部材と、該移動動作部と各回転部材との間で前記輪転軸心の周りに配列されると共に、該輪転軸心に対して傾斜した回転軸心周りに回転自在で、且つ、該回転部材と一体に前記輪転軸心の周りに回転し得るように該回転部材に保持され、さらにそれぞれの外周面が前記移動動作部に圧接された複数のローラとを備え、該2つの回転部材のそれぞれを各別の前記回転アクチュエータにより回転駆動することによって、前記移動動作部を輪転させる第1駆動力と該移動動作部を前記中心軸の周りに回転させる第2駆動力との合成駆動力を前記移動動作部と前記複数のローラとの間の摩擦力によって該移動動作部に付与するように構成されており、
前記速度指令値決定手段は、前記アクチュエータ装置によって前記移動動作部に実際に付与される前記合成駆動力のうちの前記第2駆動力を観測し、第2駆動力の観測値に応じて前記速度指令値を補正する手段をさらに備えることを特徴とする倒立振子型車両の制御装置。
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| US13/394,912 US8543307B2 (en) | 2009-09-18 | 2009-09-18 | Control device of inverted pendulum type vehicle |
| PCT/JP2009/004777 WO2011033596A1 (ja) | 2009-09-18 | 2009-09-18 | 倒立振子型車両の制御装置 |
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| JP5921950B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-14 | 2016-05-24 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 倒立振子型車両 |
| US9937973B2 (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2018-04-10 | Shane Chen | Fore-aft self-balancing transportation device with low and centered foot platform |
| JP6220763B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-06 | 2017-10-25 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 倒立振子型車両 |
| US10399457B2 (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2019-09-03 | Future Motion, Inc. | Dismount controls for one-wheeled vehicle |
| JP7656636B2 (ja) * | 2020-06-03 | 2025-04-03 | フォーティートゥドット インク | ネットワークを介したユーザの呼び出し車両搭乗位置推薦方法、これに用いられる管理サーバ及びネットワークを介したユーザの呼び出し車両搭乗位置推薦方法を実行させるプログラムが記録された記録媒体 |
| US11273364B1 (en) | 2021-06-30 | 2022-03-15 | Future Motion, Inc. | Self-stabilizing skateboard |
| US11299059B1 (en) | 2021-10-20 | 2022-04-12 | Future Motion, Inc. | Self-stabilizing skateboard |
| US11890528B1 (en) | 2022-11-17 | 2024-02-06 | Future Motion, Inc. | Concave side rails for one-wheeled vehicles |
| US12187373B1 (en) | 2024-02-29 | 2025-01-07 | Future Motion, Inc. | Skateboard footpads having foot engagement structures and traction inserts |
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| US7847504B2 (en) * | 2006-10-10 | 2010-12-07 | Carnegie Mellon University | Dynamic balancing mobile robot |
| WO2008132778A1 (ja) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-11-06 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | 全方向駆動装置及びそれを用いた全方向移動車 |
| KR101113927B1 (ko) | 2007-04-20 | 2012-02-29 | 혼다 기켄 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 전방향 구동 장치 및 그것을 이용한 전방향 이동차 |
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| JP3070015B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-30 | 2000-07-24 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 不安定車両の走行制御装置 |
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| JP5355701B2 (ja) | 2013-11-27 |
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