WO2011013577A1 - 電解質材料、液状組成物および固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体 - Google Patents
電解質材料、液状組成物および固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011013577A1 WO2011013577A1 PCT/JP2010/062380 JP2010062380W WO2011013577A1 WO 2011013577 A1 WO2011013577 A1 WO 2011013577A1 JP 2010062380 W JP2010062380 W JP 2010062380W WO 2011013577 A1 WO2011013577 A1 WO 2011013577A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
- C08F216/12—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an ether radical
- C08F216/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F216/1408—Monomers containing halogen
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1058—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by a porous support having no ion-conducting properties
- H01M8/106—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by a porous support having no ion-conducting properties characterised by the chemical composition of the porous support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1081—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes starting from solutions, dispersions or slurries exclusively of polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
- H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
- H01M8/1048—Ion-conducting additives, e.g. ion-conducting particles, heteropolyacids, metal phosphate or polybenzimidazole with phosphoric acid
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
- H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
- H01M8/1051—Non-ion-conducting additives, e.g. stabilisers, SiO2 or ZrO2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolyte material for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a liquid composition containing the electrolyte material, and a membrane electrode assembly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell containing the electrolyte material in a catalyst layer.
- the following polymer (1) is generally known as the electrolyte material contained in the catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- a —SO 2 F group of a polymer having a repeating unit based on the compound represented by the following formula (m3) and a repeating unit based on tetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter referred to as TFE) is converted to a sulfonic acid group (—SO 3 H group). ) Converted to (1).
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CFZ ) m O p (CF 2) n SO 2 F ⁇ (m3).
- Z is a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group
- m is an integer of 0 to 3
- p is 0 or 1
- n 1 to 12
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is operated in a low or non-humidified condition where the relative humidity of the reaction gas (fuel gas and oxidant gas) is low, and at high temperatures.
- running in conditions (90 degreeC or more) is calculated
- an electrolyte material a material excellent in power generation performance under low humidification or non-humidification conditions and even at high temperature conditions is required instead of the polymer (1).
- the electrolyte material of the catalyst layer is important because it greatly affects the electrode performance.
- a polymer having a ring structure in the molecule is known.
- the repeating units based on perfluoro monomer having a -SO 2 F group and dioxolane ring, having no -SO 2 F group, -SO 2 F groups of the polymer having the repeating units based on perfluoro monomer having a dioxolane ring Is a polymer (2) in which is converted to a sulfonic acid group (—SO 3 H group) (Patent Document 1).
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the polymer (2) as the electrolyte material for the catalyst layer has a cell temperature of 70 ° C. and a humidification rate of 100% RH, compared with those using the polymer (1).
- the open circuit voltage is improved and the electrode performance is improved.
- the power generation performance under low or no humidification conditions where the humidification is 30% RH or less has not been verified. In order to develop high performance under low or no humidification conditions, it is effective to increase the ion exchange capacity of the electrolyte material of the catalyst layer.
- the present invention is a membrane electrode assembly that is excellent in power generation characteristics under both low and non-humidified conditions and high humidified conditions; an electrolyte material that is suitable for the catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly and has a low water content; And a liquid composition suitable for forming a catalyst layer in the membrane electrode assembly.
- the electrolyte material of the present invention is characterized by comprising a polymer (H) obtained by converting a precursor group of the following polymer (F) into an ion exchange group.
- Polymer (F) a repeating unit (A) based on a perfluoromonomer having a precursor group of an ion exchange group and a 5-membered ring to which the precursor group is bonded, and a repeating unit (B) represented by the following formula (u2)
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a spiro ring formed by linking each other (provided that s is 0
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently a fluorine atom or a C 1-5 perfluoroalkyl group
- R 5 is a fluorine atom, a C 1-5 perfluoroalkyl group, or carbon.
- the ion exchange group of the polymer (H) is preferably a group represented by the following formula (g1). - (SO 2 X (SO 2 R f) a) - M + ⁇ (g1).
- M + is H + , a monovalent metal cation, or an ammonium ion in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a hydrocarbon group, and R f has an etheric oxygen atom.
- At least one of the repeating units obtained by converting the precursor group of the repeating unit (A) into an ion exchange group is a repeating unit represented by the following formula (u11).
- R 11 is a divalent perfluoro organic group that may have an etheric oxygen atom
- R 12 , R 13 , R 15 , and R 16 each independently have an etheric oxygen atom
- R 14 may be a monovalent perfluoro organic group which may have an etheric oxygen atom, a fluorine atom, or —R 11 (SO 2 X (SO 2 R f ) a ) ⁇ M + group.
- R 15 and R 16 in the formula (u11) are preferably fluorine atoms.
- M + is preferably H + .
- At least one of the repeating units represented by the formula (u11) is preferably a repeating unit represented by the following formula (u11-1).
- At least one of the repeating units obtained by converting the precursor group of the repeating unit (A) into an ion exchange group is a repeating unit represented by the following formula (u12).
- R 21 is a C 1-6 perfluoroalkylene group or a C 2-6 perfluoroalkylene group having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds
- R 22 is a fluorine atom, carbon number A perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a perfluoroalkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds, or —R 21 (SO 2 X (SO 2 R f ) a ) ⁇ M + It is a group.
- M + is preferably H + .
- At least one of the repeating units represented by the formula (u12) is preferably a repeating unit represented by the following formula (u12-1).
- At least one of the repeating units represented by the formula (u12) is preferably a repeating unit represented by the following formula (u12-2).
- R 5 in the formula (u2) is preferably a fluorine atom. At least one of the repeating units represented by the formula (u2) is preferably a repeating unit represented by the following formula (u2-1).
- the polymer (F) may further have a repeating unit based on TFE.
- the liquid composition of the present invention includes a dispersion medium and the electrolyte material of the present invention dispersed in the dispersion medium, and the dispersion medium includes an organic solvent having a hydroxyl group.
- the solid polymer membrane electrode assembly of the present invention is disposed between an anode having a catalyst layer containing a proton conductive polymer, a cathode having a catalyst layer containing a proton conductive polymer, and the anode and the cathode.
- a proton conductive polymer contained in at least one catalyst layer of the cathode and the anode is the electrolyte material of the present invention. It is characterized by that.
- the membrane / electrode assembly of the present invention is excellent in power generation characteristics under both low and non-humidified conditions and high humidified conditions.
- the electrolyte material of the present invention is suitable for a catalyst layer of a membrane electrode assembly. Furthermore, the moisture content is low.
- the liquid composition of the present invention is suitable for forming a catalyst layer in the membrane electrode assembly of the present invention.
- the repeating unit represented by the formula (u11) is referred to as a unit (u11). Repeating units represented by other formulas are also described in the same manner.
- a compound represented by the formula (m11) will be referred to as a compound (m11). The same applies to compounds represented by other formulas.
- group represented by a formula (g1) is described as group (g1). Groups represented by other formulas are also described in the same manner.
- the repeating unit means a unit derived from the monomer formed by polymerization of the monomer.
- the repeating unit may be a unit directly formed by a polymerization reaction, or may be a unit in which a part of the unit is converted into another structure by treating the polymer.
- the monomer is a compound having a polymerization-reactive carbon-carbon double bond.
- the ion exchange group is a group having H + , a monovalent metal cation, ammonium ion, or the like. Examples of the ion exchange group include a group (g1) described later.
- the precursor group is a group that can be converted into an ion exchange group by a known treatment such as hydrolysis treatment or acidification treatment. Examples of the precursor group include —SO 2 F group.
- the electrolyte material of the present invention comprises a polymer (H) obtained by converting a precursor group of the polymer (F) into an ion exchange group.
- a polymer (F) is a polymer which has a specific repeating unit (A), a specific repeating unit (B), and another repeating unit (C) as needed.
- the repeating unit (A) is a repeating unit based on a perfluoromonomer (hereinafter, also referred to as monomer (a)) having a precursor group of an ion exchange group and a 5-membered ring to which the precursor group is bonded.
- the 5-membered ring is a cyclic perfluoro organic group which may have one or two ether-bonded oxygen atoms.
- the polymerization-reactive carbon-carbon double bond in the monomer (a) may be composed of two adjacent carbon atoms constituting a 5-membered ring, and one carbon atom constituting the 5-membered ring and this carbon atom. It may be composed of one carbon atom existing outside the five-membered ring adjacent to, or may be composed of two adjacent carbon atoms existing outside the five-membered ring.
- a polymerization-reactive carbon-carbon double bond composed of two adjacent carbon atoms existing outside the 5-membered ring is a divalent perfluoro organic group which may have an etheric oxygen atom (for example, It may be bonded to a 5-membered ring via a perfluoroalkylene group or the like which may have an etheric oxygen atom.
- the precursor group may be directly bonded to a 5-membered ring, and may be a divalent perfluoro organic group that may have an etheric oxygen atom (for example, a perfluoroalkylene that may have an etheric oxygen atom) Group) or the like.
- a divalent perfluoro organic group that may have an etheric oxygen atom (for example, a perfluoroalkylene that may have an etheric oxygen atom) Group) or the like.
- Examples of the monomer (a) include the compounds (m11) to (m13), and the compound (m11) or the compound (m12) is preferable from the viewpoint that the effect of improving the electrode performance of the polymer is high. In view of ease, the compound (m11) is more preferable.
- R 11 is a divalent perfluoro organic group which may have an etheric oxygen atom.
- An organic group is a group having one or more carbon atoms.
- a perfluoroalkylene group is preferable.
- the oxygen atom may be one or may be two or more.
- the oxygen atom may be inserted between the carbon-carbon bonds of the perfluoroalkylene group or may be inserted at the carbon atom bond terminal.
- the perfluoroalkylene group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- R 12 , R 13 , R 15 and R 16 are each independently a monovalent perfluoro organic group or a fluorine atom which may have an etheric oxygen atom.
- a perfluoroalkyl group is preferable.
- at least one of R 15 and R 16 is preferably a fluorine atom, and more preferably both are fluorine atoms.
- R 14 is a monovalent perfluoro organic group which may have an etheric oxygen atom, a fluorine atom, or a —R 11 SO 2 F group.
- a perfluoroalkyl group is preferable.
- the oxygen atom may be one or two or more.
- the oxygen atom may be inserted between the carbon-carbon bonds of the perfluoroalkyl group, or may be inserted at the carbon atom bond terminal.
- the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- R 11 may be the same group or may be different groups.
- R 21 is a C 1-6 perfluoroalkylene group or a C 2-6 perfluoroalkylene group having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds.
- the oxygen atom may be one or two or more.
- the perfluoroarylene group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- R 22 represents a fluorine atom, a C 1-6 perfluoroalkyl group, a C 2-6 perfluoroalkyl group having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds, or —R 21 (SO 2 X (SO 2 R f ) a ) ⁇ M + group.
- the oxygen atom may be one or two or more.
- the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- R 21 may be the same group or may be different groups.
- R 31 is a C 1-6 perfluoroalkylene group or a C 2-6 perfluoroalkylene group having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds.
- the oxygen atom may be one or may be two or more.
- the perfluoroalkylene group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- R 32 to R 35 are a fluorine atom, a C 1-6 perfluoroalkyl group, or a C 2-6 perfluoroalkyl group having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds.
- the oxygen atom may be one or two or more.
- the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- R 36 is a single bond, a C 1-6 perfluoroalkylene group or a C 2-6 perfluoroalkylene group having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon-carbon bonds.
- the oxygen atom may be one or may be two or more.
- the perfluoroalkylene group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear.
- Examples of the compound (m11) include the compounds (m11-1) to (m11-4), and the compound (m11-1) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of easy synthesis and high polymerization reactivity.
- Examples of the compound (m12) include the compound (m12-1) or the compound (m12-2).
- Examples of the compound (m13) include the compound (m13-1) or the compound (m13-2).
- the compound (m11) can be synthesized by the methods described in International Publication No. 2003/037885 pamphlet, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-314388, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-040909, and the like.
- Compound (m12) can be synthesized by the method described in JP-A No. 2006-152249.
- Compound (m13) can be synthesized by the method described in JP-A-2006-241302.
- the repeating unit (B) is a repeating unit based on a perfluoromonomer (hereinafter also referred to as a monomer (b)) that can constitute the repeating unit represented by the formula (u2).
- a perfluoromonomer hereinafter also referred to as a monomer (b)
- Examples of the monomer (b) include the compound (m2).
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a spiro ring formed by linking each other (provided that s is 0).
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently a fluorine atom or a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R 5 is a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a perfluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R 5 is preferably a fluorine atom from the viewpoint of high polymerization reactivity.
- the perfluoroalkyl group and the perfluoroalkoxy group may be linear or branched, and preferably linear.
- Examples of the compound (m2) include the compounds (m2-1) to (m2-11), and the compound (m2-1) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint that the effect of improving the electrode performance of the polymer is high.
- Compound (m2) is described in Macromolecule, Vol. 26, No. 22, 1993, p. 5829-5834 or the method described in JP-A-6-92957.
- the other repeating unit (C) is a repeating unit based on the monomer (a) and another monomer other than the monomer (b) (hereinafter also referred to as monomer (c)).
- monomer (c) As the monomer (c), TFE, chlorotrifluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, vinyl fluoride, ethylene, propylene, perfluoro (3-butenyl vinyl ether), perfluoro (allyl vinyl ether), perfluoro ⁇ -olefins (Hexafluoropropylene, etc.), (perfluoroalkyl) ethylenes ((perfluorobutyl) ethylene, etc.), (perfluoroalkyl) propenes (3-perfluorooctyl-1-propene, etc.), perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ethers), etc. .
- TFE is particularly preferable. Since TFE has high crystallinity,
- a perfluoromonomer having no ion exchange group and its precursor group, a dioxolane ring, and one carbon-carbon double bond having polymerization reactivity (hereinafter referred to as a monomer (c ′ ) May also be used.
- the monomer (c ′) is preferably the compound (m51) from the viewpoint of high polymerization reactivity.
- R 41 to R 46 each independently represents a monovalent perfluoro organic group which may have an etheric oxygen atom or a fluorine atom.
- a perfluoroalkyl group is preferable.
- the oxygen atom may be one or two or more.
- the oxygen atom may be inserted between the carbon-carbon bonds of the perfluoroalkyl group, or may be inserted at the carbon atom bond terminal.
- the perfluoroalkyl group may be linear or branched, and is preferably linear. From the viewpoint of high polymerization reactivity, at least one of R 45 and R 46 is preferably a fluorine atom, and more preferably both are fluorine atoms.
- Examples of the compound (m51) include the compound (m51-1) or the compound (m51-2), and the compound (m51-1) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of easy synthesis and high polymerization reactivity. .
- monomer (c ) a perfluoromonomer having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds having polymerization reactivity (hereinafter also referred to as monomer (c ′′)) may be used.
- monomer (c ′′) By using, the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F) can be increased, and the water content of the polymer (H) can be suppressed.
- Examples of the monomer (c ′′) include the compound (m52) or the compound (m53).
- Q 1 is a perfluoroalkylene group which may have an oxygen atom or an ether-bonded oxygen atom having a linear or branched structure.
- Q 2 is a C 1-10 perfluoroalkylene group which may have a single bond, an oxygen atom, or an ether bond oxygen atom.
- CF 2 CFO (CF 2 )
- h OCF CF 2 (m52-2)
- h and k are integers of 2 to 8
- i and j are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, and i + j ⁇ 1.
- the compounds (m53-1) to (m53-6) are preferable from the viewpoint of easy synthesis and high polymerization reactivity.
- the addition amount of the monomer (c ′′) is 0.001 to 20 mol% of 100 mol% of all monomers constituting the polymer (F) (total of monomer (a), monomer (b) and monomer (c)). If it is less than 0.001 mol%, the effect of increasing the molecular weight is not sufficient, and if it is more than 20 mol%, the polymer (F) has a difference in reactivity with the monomer (a) and the monomer (b). Manufacturing becomes difficult.
- Intrinsic viscosity The intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F) is 0.3 dL / g or more, preferably 0.3 to 2.0 dL / g, more preferably 0.4 to 1.0 dL / g. If the intrinsic viscosity is 0.3 dL / g or more, even if the ion exchange capacity of the polymer (H) is increased, an increase in the moisture content of the polymer (H) can be suppressed, and the catalyst layer of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell When used as an electrolyte material, flooding in the catalyst layer is suppressed.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer is defined as follows and is an indicator of the molecular weight of the polymer.
- [ ⁇ ] is the intrinsic viscosity
- ⁇ is the viscosity of the polymer solution
- ⁇ 0 is the viscosity of the solvent
- c is the concentration of the polymer solution.
- Examples of the method for adjusting the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F) to 0.3 dL / g or more include (i) a method for adjusting the polymerization conditions, (ii) a method for adding the compound (c ′′) during the polymerization, Etc.
- it is important to suppress chain transfer during polymerization Specifically, it is preferable to perform bulk polymerization without using a solvent as a form of polymerization. When solution polymerization is performed, it is effective to use a solvent having a low chain transfer property.
- As the radical initiator it is preferable to use a radical initiator having a low chain transfer property, particularly a radical initiator composed of a perfluoro compound.
- the intrinsic viscosity can be increased by adding the compound (c ′′).
- the polymer (F) is produced by polymerizing the monomer (a), the monomer (b), and, if necessary, the monomer (c).
- Examples of the polymerization method include known polymerization methods such as a bulk polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method. Moreover, you may superpose
- the polymerization temperature is usually 10 to 150 ° C.
- radical initiators include bis (fluoroacyl) peroxides, bis (chlorofluoroacyl) peroxides, dialkyl peroxydicarbonates, diacyl peroxides, peroxyesters, azo compounds, persulfates, etc.
- Perfluoro compounds such as bis (fluoroacyl) peroxides are preferred from the viewpoint of obtaining a polymer (F) having few stable end groups.
- Solvents include perfluorotrialkylamines (perfluorotributylamine, etc.), perfluorocarbons (perfluorohexane, perfluorooctane, etc.), hydrofluorocarbons (1H, 4H-perfluorobutane, 1H-perfluorohexane, etc.), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane, etc.), hydrofluoroethers (CF 3 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, etc.).
- a monomer, a radical initiator, and the like are added to a solvent, and radicals are generated in the solvent to polymerize the monomer.
- the monomer and initiator may be added all at once, sequentially, or continuously.
- Nonionic radical initiators include bis (fluoroacyl) peroxides, bis (chlorofluoroacyl) peroxides, dialkyl peroxydicarbonates, diacyl peroxides, peroxyesters, dialkyl peroxides, bis (fluoroalkyl) Examples thereof include peroxides and azo compounds.
- the dispersion medium may contain the above-mentioned solvent as an auxiliary agent; a surfactant as a dispersion stabilizer that prevents aggregation of suspended particles; and a hydrocarbon compound (hexane, methanol, etc.) as a molecular weight regulator.
- a surfactant as a dispersion stabilizer that prevents aggregation of suspended particles
- a hydrocarbon compound hexane, methanol, etc.
- the polymer (H) is a polymer obtained by converting the precursor group of the polymer (F) into an ion exchange group, and includes a specific repeating unit (A ′), a specific repeating unit (B), and other units as necessary.
- Repeating unit (A ′) is a repeating unit obtained by converting the precursor group of the repeating unit (A) into an ion exchange group.
- the ion exchange group is preferably a group (g1). - (SO 2 X (SO 2 R f) a) - M + ⁇ (g1).
- M + is H + , a monovalent metal cation, or an ammonium ion in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a hydrocarbon group, and H + is preferable from the viewpoint of high conductivity.
- R f is a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group which may have an etheric oxygen atom. The perfluoroalkyl group preferably has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. When two or more R f are present, R f may be the same group or different groups.
- X is an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom
- a 0 when X is an oxygen atom
- a 1 when X is a nitrogen atom
- a 2 when X is a carbon atom.
- Examples of the repeating unit (A ′) include units (u11) to (u13), and unit (u11) or unit (u12) is preferred from the viewpoint of high effect of improving the electrode performance of the polymer.
- the unit (u11) is more preferable from the viewpoint of ease of synthesis.
- R 11 to R 13 , R 15 and R 16 are as described for the compound (m11).
- R 14 is a monovalent perfluoro organic group which may have an etheric oxygen atom, a fluorine atom, or a —R 11 (SO 2 X (SO 2 R f ) a ) ⁇ M + group.
- at least one of R 15 and R 16 is preferably a fluorine atom, and more preferably both are fluorine atoms.
- R 21 and R 22 are as described for the compound (m12).
- R 31 to R 36 are as described for the compound (m13).
- the unit (u11) is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of easy synthesis of the monomer (a) constituting the repeating unit (A).
- the unit (u12) include the unit (u12-1) and the unit (u12-2).
- Repeating unit (B) is a repeating unit based on the monomer (b), that is, the unit (u2).
- R 1 to R 5 are as described for the compound (m2).
- R 5 is preferably a fluorine atom from the viewpoint of high polymerization reactivity.
- the unit (u2) the unit (u2-1) is particularly preferable because the effect of improving the electrode performance of the polymer is high.
- the other repeating unit (C) is a repeating unit based on the monomer (c).
- a repeating unit based on TFE is particularly preferable because the water content of the polymer (H) can be reduced.
- the ion exchange capacity of the polymer (H) is preferably 0.7 to 2.3 meq / g dry resin, more preferably 1.1 to 2.0 meq / g dry resin. If the ion exchange capacity is 0.7 meq / g dry resin or more, the conductivity of the polymer (H) will be high, so that when used as an electrolyte material for the catalyst layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a sufficient battery Output can be obtained. If the ion exchange capacity is 2.3 meq / g dry resin or less, the polymer (F) having a high intrinsic viscosity can be easily synthesized, and an increase in the water content of the polymer (H) can be suppressed.
- the ratio of the monomer (a) in the synthesis of the polymer (F) is adjusted. Specifically, it is important to control the monomer composition at the time of polymerization. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine the charged composition in consideration of the polymerization reactivity of the monomer. Moreover, when making it react 2 or more types of monomers, reaction can be advanced with a fixed composition by adding a more highly reactive monomer sequentially or continuously.
- the polymer (H) is produced by converting the precursor group of the polymer (F) into an ion exchange group.
- -SO 2 F groups sulfonic acid groups - as a way to convert (-SO 3 H + group) include the following methods (i), a -SO 2 F group sulfonimide group (-SO 2 N ( As a method for converting into (SO 2 R f ) ⁇ H + group), the following method (ii) may be mentioned.
- IIi A method in which the —SO 2 F group of the polymer (F) is imidized to form a salt-type sulfonimide group, which is further converted to an acid type sulfonimide group.
- the basic compound include sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
- the solvent include water, a mixed solvent of water and a polar solvent, and the like.
- the polar solvent include alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.), dimethyl sulfoxide and the like.
- the acidification is performed, for example, by bringing a polymer having a sulfonate into contact with an aqueous solution such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. Hydrolysis and acidification are usually performed at 0 to 120 ° C.
- (Ii-1) A method of reacting —SO 2 F group with R f SO 2 NHM.
- (Ii-2) A method of reacting —SO 2 F group with R f SO 2 NH 2 in the presence of alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate, MF, ammonia or primary to tertiary amine.
- (Ii-3) A method of reacting —SO 2 F group with R f SO 2 NMSi (CH 3 ) 3 .
- M is an alkali metal or primary to quaternary ammonium. Acidification is carried out by treating a polymer having a salt-type sulfonimide group with an acid (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.).
- the polymer (H) in which the ion exchange group is a sulfonimide group includes a monomer (a ′) obtained by converting the —SO 2 F group of the monomer (a) into a sulfonimide group, a monomer (b), and as necessary. It can also be produced by polymerizing the monomer (c).
- the monomer (a ′) is prepared by adding chlorine or bromine to the carbon-carbon double bond of the monomer (a), converting the —SO 2 F group into a sulfonimide group by the method (ii), and then using metal zinc. And can be produced by dechlorination or debromination reaction.
- the membrane / electrode assembly in which the electrolyte material is contained in the catalyst layer can exhibit sufficient power generation characteristics (output voltage and the like) under both low and non-humidified conditions and high humidified conditions.
- high power generation characteristics output voltage, etc.
- a conventional polymer having crystallinity for example, a polymer in which a —SO 2 F group of a polymer having a repeating unit based on the above compound (m3) and a repeating unit based on TFE is converted into a sulfonic acid group
- the molecular weight ie, It is known that increasing the intrinsic viscosity increases the mechanical strength, but even if the intrinsic viscosity is increased, the water content suppressing effect is small.
- the phenomenon that the increase in moisture content can be suppressed by increasing the intrinsic viscosity is a phenomenon particularly noticeable in an amorphous polymer such as the polymer (H) in the present invention.
- the liquid composition of the present invention is a composition comprising a dispersion medium and the electrolyte material of the present invention dispersed in the dispersion medium.
- the dispersion medium contains an organic solvent having a hydroxyl group.
- the organic solvent having a hydroxyl group include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanol, 2,2 , 3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol, 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-1-pentanol, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, 3, , 3,3-trifluoro-1-propanol, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexanol, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6 6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-1-octanol and the like.
- the organic solvent which has a hydroxyl group may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for it.
- the dispersion medium preferably contains water.
- the proportion of water is preferably 10 to 99% by mass and more preferably 40 to 99% by mass in the dispersion medium (100% by mass). By increasing the proportion of water, the dispersibility of the electrolyte material in the dispersion medium can be improved.
- the proportion of the organic solvent having a hydroxyl group is preferably 1 to 90% by mass and more preferably 1 to 60% by mass in the dispersion medium (100% by mass).
- the ratio of the electrolyte material is preferably 1 to 50% by mass and more preferably 3 to 30% by mass in the liquid composition (100% by mass).
- Examples of the method for preparing the liquid composition include a method in which shear is applied to the electrolyte material in the dispersion medium under atmospheric pressure or a state sealed with an autoclave or the like.
- the preparation temperature is preferably 0 to 250 ° C, more preferably 20 to 150 ° C. You may provide shearing, such as an ultrasonic wave, as needed.
- the liquid composition of the present invention is suitably used for forming a catalyst layer in a membrane electrode assembly described later.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a membrane electrode assembly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as a membrane electrode assembly).
- the membrane electrode assembly 10 is in contact with the catalyst layer 11 between the anode 13 having the catalyst layer 11 and the gas diffusion layer 12, the cathode 14 having the catalyst layer 11 and the gas diffusion layer 12, and the anode 13 and the cathode 14.
- a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 arranged in the above state.
- the catalyst layer 11 is a layer containing a catalyst and a proton conductive polymer.
- the catalyst include a supported catalyst in which platinum or a platinum alloy is supported on a carbon support.
- the carbon carrier include carbon black powder.
- Examples of the proton conductive polymer include the electrolyte material of the present invention and known electrolyte materials.
- the proton conductive polymer contained in at least one of the catalyst layers of the cathode and the anode is the electrolyte material of the present invention, and the catalyst of the cathode. More preferably, the proton conductive polymer contained in the layer is the electrolyte material of the present invention.
- the catalyst layer 11 may contain a water repellent agent from the viewpoint of increasing the effect of suppressing flooding.
- the water repellent include tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene and the like.
- a fluorine-containing polymer that can be dissolved in a solvent is preferable because the catalyst layer 11 can be easily subjected to water repellent treatment.
- the amount of the water repellent agent is preferably 0.01 to 30% by mass in the catalyst layer 11 (100% by mass).
- Examples of the method for forming the catalyst layer 11 include the following methods.
- the catalyst layer forming liquid is a liquid in which an electrolyte material and a catalyst are dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- the catalyst layer forming liquid can be prepared, for example, by mixing the liquid composition of the present invention and a catalyst dispersion.
- the gas diffusion layer 12 has a function of uniformly diffusing gas in the catalyst layer 11 and a function as a current collector.
- Examples of the gas diffusion layer 12 include carbon paper, carbon cloth, and carbon felt.
- the gas diffusion layer 12 is preferably water repellent treated with polytetrafluoroethylene or the like.
- the membrane electrode assembly 10 may have a carbon layer 16 between the catalyst layer 11 and the gas diffusion layer 12, as shown in FIG. By disposing the carbon layer 16, gas diffusibility on the surface of the catalyst layer 11 is improved, and the power generation performance of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is greatly improved.
- the carbon layer 16 is a layer containing carbon and a nonionic fluorine-containing polymer.
- carbon carbon nanofibers having a fiber diameter of 1 to 1000 nm and a fiber length of 1000 ⁇ m or less are preferable.
- the nonionic fluorine-containing polymer include polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 is a membrane containing a proton conductive polymer.
- the proton conductive polymer include the electrolyte material of the present invention or a known electrolyte material.
- a known electrolyte material a polymer having a repeating unit based on the compound (m3) and a repeating unit based on the TFE and a polymer in which —SO 2 F group is converted into a sulfonic acid group; a repeating unit based on the compound (m4) and the TFE And a polymer obtained by converting —SO 2 F group of a polymer having a repeating unit based on the above to a sulfonic acid group.
- CF 2 CF (OCF 2 CFZ ) m O p (CF 2) n SO 2 F ⁇ (m3).
- Z is a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group
- m is an integer of 0 to 3
- p is 0 or 1
- n is 1 to 12
- R f1 and R f2 are each a single bond or a linear perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (however, it may have an etheric oxygen atom), and q is 0 or 1 .
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 can be formed by, for example, a method (cast method) in which a liquid composition of an electrolyte material is applied on a base film or the catalyst layer 11 and dried.
- the liquid composition is a dispersion in which an electrolyte material is dispersed in a dispersion medium containing an organic solvent having a hydroxyl group and water.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 130 to 200 ° C. although it depends on the type of electrolyte material. When the temperature of the heat treatment is 130 ° C. or higher, the electrolyte material does not excessively contain water. If the temperature of the heat treatment is 200 ° C. or less, thermal decomposition of the ion exchange groups is suppressed, and a decrease in proton conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 is suppressed.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 may be treated with a hydrogen peroxide solution as necessary.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 may be reinforced with a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing material include porous bodies, fibers, woven fabrics, and nonwoven fabrics.
- the reinforcing material include polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, and the like.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 may contain one or more atoms selected from the group consisting of cerium and manganese in order to further improve the durability. Cerium and manganese decompose hydrogen peroxide, which is a causative substance that causes deterioration of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15. Cerium and manganese are preferably present as ions in the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15, and may exist in any state in the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 as long as they are present as ions.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 may contain silica or a heteropolyacid (zirconium phosphate, phosphomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid, etc.) as a water retention agent for preventing drying.
- the membrane electrode assembly 10 is manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- membrane electrode assembly 10 is manufactured by the following method, for example.
- a dispersion containing carbon and a nonionic fluorine-containing polymer is applied on a base film and dried to form a carbon layer 16.
- a catalyst layer 11 is formed on the carbon layer 16.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15 are bonded together, the base film is peeled off to form a membrane catalyst layer assembly having the carbon layer 16, and the membrane catalyst layer assembly is sandwiched between the gas diffusion layers 12.
- a dispersion containing carbon and a nonionic fluoropolymer was applied on the gas diffusion layer 12 and dried to form the carbon layer 16, and the catalyst layer 11 was formed on the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 15.
- a method in which a membrane catalyst layer assembly is sandwiched between gas diffusion layers 12 each having a carbon layer 16.
- the membrane electrode assembly 10 described above is excellent in power generation characteristics under any of low humidification, non-humidification conditions, and high humidification conditions.
- the power generation characteristics are excellent even under severe conditions such as high temperature conditions, low humidification conditions, and no humidification conditions.
- the membrane electrode assembly of the present invention is used for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is manufactured, for example, by forming a cell by sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly between two separators and stacking a plurality of cells.
- Examples of the separator include a conductive carbon plate in which a groove serving as a passage for an oxidant gas (air, oxygen, etc.) containing fuel gas or oxygen is formed.
- Examples of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell include a hydrogen / oxygen fuel cell and a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).
- the methanol or methanol aqueous solution used for the DMFC fuel may be a liquid feed or a gas feed.
- Examples 1 to 9 and 15 to 23 are examples, and examples 10 to 14 and 24 to 28 are comparative examples.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F) is “New Experimental Chemistry Lecture 19 Polymer Chemistry II”, Maruzen Co., Ltd., p. It was determined by the method described in 607-611.
- the polymer (F) was dissolved using hexafluorobenzene as a solvent to obtain a solution.
- a Ubbelohde viscometer manufactured by Shibata Kagaku Co., Ltd.
- the intrinsic viscosity was calculated from the solvent, the drop time of the solution in which the polymer was dissolved, and the polymer concentration of the solution.
- the ion exchange capacity of the polymer (H) was determined by the following method. The polymer (H) was put in a glove box and left to dry for 24 hours or more in an atmosphere of flowing dry nitrogen. The dry mass of the polymer (H) was measured in the glove box. The polymer (H) was immersed in a 2 mol / L sodium chloride aqueous solution, allowed to stand at 60 ° C. for 1 hour, and then cooled to room temperature. The aqueous sodium chloride solution in which the polymer (H) was immersed was titrated with a 0.5 mol / L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to determine the ion exchange capacity of the polymer (H).
- the water content of the polymer (H) was determined by the following method.
- the polymer (F) was heated to a temperature at which the polymer (F) flows, and then processed into a film having a thickness of 100 to 200 ⁇ m by pressure press molding. Subsequently, the film is immersed in an aqueous solution containing 20% by mass of methanol and 15% by mass of potassium hydroxide for 40 hours to hydrolyze the —SO 2 F group of the polymer (F) in the film, Converted to SO 3 K group. Next, the film was immersed in a 3 mol / L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution for 2 hours.
- the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution was exchanged, and the same treatment was further repeated 4 times to convert the —SO 3 K group of the polymer in the film into a sulfonic acid group.
- the film was sufficiently washed with ultrapure water to obtain a polymer (H) film.
- the film was immersed in warm water at 80 ° C. for 16 hours, and then the film was cooled to room temperature together with warm water. The film was taken out of the water, water droplets adhering to the surface were wiped off, and the mass of the film when it was wet was measured immediately. Next, the film was put in a glove box and left in an atmosphere of flowing dry nitrogen for 24 hours or more to dry the film. The dry mass of the film was measured in the glove box. From the difference between the moisture content of the film and the dry mass, the mass of water absorbed by the polymer (H) when moisture was obtained was determined. And the moisture content of the polymer (H) was calculated
- Water content (mass of water absorbed when the film is moistened / dry mass of the film) ⁇ 100.
- Example 1 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 5.97 g of compound (m11-1), 13.70 g of compound (m2-1), 13.75 g of compound (s-1) and 17 of compound (i-1) .1 mg was charged and sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Thereafter, the temperature was raised to 65 ° C. and held for 6 hours, and then the reaction was stopped by cooling the autoclave. After the product was diluted with the compound (s-1), n-hexane was added thereto, and the polymer was aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer was stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-1). The yield was 3.7g. The intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-1) was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the polymer (F-1) is immersed in a 50 ° C. aqueous solution containing 20% by mass of methanol and 15% by mass of potassium hydroxide for 40 hours to hydrolyze the —SO 2 F group in the polymer (F-1). , Converted to —SO 3 K group. Then, the polymer was immersed in a 3 mol / L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at room temperature for 2 hours. The hydrochloric acid aqueous solution was replaced, and the same treatment was repeated four more times to obtain a polymer (H-1) in which —SO 3 K groups in the polymer were converted to sulfonic acid groups. The polymer (H-1) was thoroughly washed with ultrapure water. The ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-1) were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 11.17 g of compound (m11-1), 23.26 g of compound (m2-1), 12.06 g of compound (s-1) and 22 of compound (i-1) .3 mg was charged and sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 18 hours, the autoclave was cooled and reaction was stopped. After the product was diluted with the compound (s-1), n-hexane was added thereto, and the polymer was aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer was stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C.
- Example 3 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 6.20 g of compound (m11-1), 18.0 g of compound (m2-1), 7.5 g of compound (s-1) and 15 of compound (i-1) Charge 5 mg and thoroughly deaerate under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 18 hours, an autoclave is cooled and reaction is stopped. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer is stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-3).
- the yield is 8.0 g.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-3) is measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-3) polymer (H-3) and liquid composition (D-3) are obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-3) are measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 12.07 g of compound (m11-2), 23.26 g of compound (m2-1), 12.0 g of compound (s-1) and 22 of compound (i-1) 0.0 mg is charged and sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 18 hours, an autoclave is cooled and reaction is stopped. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer is stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-4).
- Example 5 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 5.23 g of compound (m11-3), 18.0 g of compound (m2-1), 7.5 g of compound (s-1), 14 of compound (i-1) Charge 5 mg and thoroughly deaerate under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 18 hours, an autoclave is cooled and reaction is stopped. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer is stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-5).
- Example 6 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 15.29 g of compound (m12-1), 15.0 g of compound (m2-1), 10.0 g of compound (s-1) and 23 mg of compound (i-1) And sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 18 hours, an autoclave is cooled and reaction is stopped. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer is stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-6).
- Example 7 In an autoclave made of stainless steel having an internal volume of 125 mL, 20.07 g of compound (m12-2), 15.0 g of compound (m2-1), 12.0 g of compound (s-1) and 23 mg of compound (i-1) And sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 18 hours, an autoclave is cooled and reaction is stopped. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer is stirred in the compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C.
- Example 8 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 22.26 g of compound (m11-1), 15.25 g of compound (m2-1), 11.0 g of compound (s-1) and 24 mg of compound (i-1) And sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Thereafter, 3.0 g of TFE is charged, the temperature is raised to 65 ° C., and the mixture is stirred for 18 hours, and then the reaction is stopped by cooling the autoclave. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered.
- polymer (F-8) is stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-8). Yield is 15.0 g.
- the composition of the repeating unit constituting the copolymer is analyzed by 19F-NMR, the repeating unit based on TFE is 14 mol%.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-8) is measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-8) polymer (H-8) and liquid composition (D-8) are obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-8) are measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 9 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 21.2 g of compound (m11-1), 21.96 g of compound (m2-1), 13.0 g of compound (s-1) and 25 mg of compound (i-1) And sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Thereafter, 4.25 g of TFE is charged, the temperature is raised to 65 ° C., and the mixture is stirred for 18 hours, and then the reaction is stopped by cooling the autoclave. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered.
- polymer (F-9) is stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-9). Yield is 17.0 g.
- the composition of the repeating unit constituting the copolymer is analyzed by 19F-NMR, the repeating unit based on TFE is 16 mol%.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-9) is measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-9) polymer (H-9) and liquid composition (D-9) are obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-9) are measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 10 Compound (m3-1) 49.64 g, compound (s-1) 28.22 g and compound (s-1) dissolved at a concentration of 3.2% by mass in a stainless steel autoclave having an internal volume of 125 mL ( 38.9 mg of i-2) was charged and sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Thereafter, the temperature was raised to 30 ° C., TFE was introduced into the system, and the pressure was maintained at 0.37 MPaG. After stirring for 4.8 hours, the reaction was stopped by cooling the autoclave. After the product was diluted with compound (s-1), compound (s-2) was added thereto, and the polymer was aggregated and filtered.
- polymer (F-10) was stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with compound (s-2), and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-10). Yield was 15.0 g.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-10) was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-10) polymer (H-10) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-10) were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Water was further added to adjust the solid content concentration to 7.0% by mass to obtain a liquid composition (D-10) in which the polymer (H-10) was dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- Example 11 A stainless steel autoclave having an internal volume of 125 mL was charged with 45.9 g of the compound (m4-1), 16.5 g of the compound (s-1) and 12.65 mg of the compound (i-3), and cooled with liquid nitrogen. I was deaerated well. Thereafter, the temperature was raised to 40 ° C., TFE was introduced into the system, and the pressure was maintained at 0.55 MPaG. After stirring at 40 ° C. for 4.3 hours, the gas in the system was purged and the autoclave was cooled to complete the reaction. After the product was diluted with compound (s-1), compound (s-2) was added thereto, and the polymer was aggregated and filtered.
- polymer (F-11) was stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with compound (s-2), and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-11).
- the yield was 6.5g.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-11) was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-11) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-11) were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 12 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 9.38 g of compound (m11-1), 11.36 g of compound (m51-1), 28.59 g of compound (s-1) and 80 of compound (i-1) .2 mg was charged and sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 5.6 hours, the autoclave was cooled and reaction was stopped. After the product was diluted with the compound (s-1), n-hexane was added thereto, and the polymer was aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer was stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C.
- Example 13 A stainless steel autoclave with an internal volume of 125 mL was charged with 66.9 g of the compound (m3-1), 11.47 g of the compound (m2-1) and 23 mg of the compound (i-3). I care. Then, after heating up to 40 degreeC and stirring for 24 hours, an autoclave is cooled and reaction is stopped. After diluting the product with the compound (s-1), n-hexane is added thereto, and the polymer is aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer is stirred in the compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain a polymer (F-13). The yield is 19.5g.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-13) is measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-13) polymer (H-13) and liquid composition (D-13) are obtained in the same manner as in Example 10.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-13) are measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 14 In a 125 mL stainless steel autoclave, 6.18 g of compound (m11-1), 14.23 g of compound (m2-1), 29.61 g of compound (s-1) and 100 mg of compound (i-1) was sufficiently deaerated under cooling with liquid nitrogen. Then, after heating up to 65 degreeC and stirring for 5 hours, the autoclave was cooled and reaction was stopped. After the product was diluted with the compound (s-1), n-hexane was added thereto, and the polymer was aggregated and filtered. Thereafter, the polymer was stirred in compound (s-1), re-agglomerated with n-hexane, and dried under reduced pressure at 80 ° C. overnight to obtain polymer (F-14).
- the yield was 7.5g.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer (F-14) was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- polymer (F-14) polymer (H-14) and liquid composition D-14 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 10.
- the ion exchange capacity and water content of the polymer (H-14) were measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 15 39 g of water was added to 10 g of a supported catalyst in which 50% by mass of platinum was supported on carbon powder, and ultrasonic waves were applied for 10 minutes to obtain a catalyst dispersion.
- 60 g of the liquid composition (D-1) was added to the catalyst dispersion, and 64 g of ethanol was further added to adjust the solid content concentration to 8% by mass to obtain a catalyst layer forming solution.
- the solution was applied onto a separately prepared sheet of ethylene and TFE copolymer (trade name: Aflex 100N, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., thickness 100 ⁇ m) (hereinafter referred to as ETFE sheet) at 80 ° C. It was dried for 30 minutes and further subjected to a heat treatment at 165 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a catalyst layer with a platinum amount of 0.35 mg / cm 2 .
- ETFE sheet ethylene and TFE copolymer
- the liquid composition (D-11) was applied on an ETFE sheet with a die coater, dried at 80 ° C. for 30 minutes, and further subjected to heat treatment at 190 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a solid polymer electrolyte membrane having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m. .
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane After peeling the ETFE sheet from the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is sandwiched between two catalyst layers with an ETFE sheet, and heated and pressed under the conditions of a press temperature of 160 ° C., a press time of 5 minutes, and a pressure of 3 MPa, The catalyst layer was bonded to both surfaces of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and the ETFE sheet was peeled from the catalyst layer to obtain a membrane catalyst layer assembly having an electrode area of 25 cm 2 .
- a carbon layer made of carbon and polytetrafluoroethylene was formed on the gas diffusion layer made of carbon paper.
- the membrane / catalyst layer assembly was sandwiched between the gas diffusion layers so that the carbon layer and the catalyst layer were in contact with each other to obtain a membrane / electrode assembly.
- the membrane electrode assembly was incorporated into a power generation cell, and power generation characteristics were evaluated under the following two conditions.
- Example 16 to 28 Membrane electrode bonding was carried out in the same manner as in Example 15, except that the liquid composition (D-1) used for forming the catalyst layer was changed to liquid compositions (D-2) to (D-14), respectively. The body was manufactured and the power generation characteristics were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- the electrolyte material of the present invention is useful as an electrolyte material for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- Other applications proto selective permeable membranes used for water electrolysis, hydrogen peroxide production, ozone production, waste acid recovery, etc .; cation exchange membranes for electrodialysis used for salt electrolysis, redox flow battery membranes, desalting or salt production Etc.).
- the entire contents of the specification, claims, drawings and abstract of Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-179065 filed on July 31, 2009 are cited here as disclosure of the specification of the present invention. Incorporated.
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Abstract
Description
下式(m3)で表される化合物に基づく繰り返し単位とテトラフルオロエチレン(以下、TFEと記す。)に基づく繰り返し単位とを有するポリマーの-SO2F基をスルホン酸基(-SO3H基)に変換したポリマー(1)。
CF2=CF(OCF2CFZ)mOp(CF2)nSO2F ・・・(m3)。
ただし、Zは、フッ素原子またはトリフルオロメチル基であり、mは、0~3の整数であり、pは、0または1であり、nは、1~12であり、m+p>0である。
また、低加湿ないし無加湿条件下において高性能を発現させるためには、触媒層の電解質材料のイオン交換容量を高くすることが有効である。しかし、電解質材料のイオン交換容量を単に高くしただけでは、電解質材料の含水率(吸水性)が急激に高くなるため、反応ガスの相対湿度が高い高加湿条件下では、フラッディングが発生しやすくなり、発電特性が低下してしまう。特に分子内に環構造を含有するポリマーは、ポリマー(1)に比べ、含水率が高くなる傾向があり、電解質材料の特徴を充分に引き出すことが難しい。
ポリマー(F):イオン交換基の前駆体基および該前駆体基が結合した5員環を有するペルフルオロモノマーに基づく繰り返し単位(A)と、下式(u2)で表される繰り返し単位(B)とを有し、固有粘度が、0.3dL/g以上であるポリマー。
-(SO2X(SO2Rf)a)-M+ ・・・(g1)。
ただし、M+は、H+、一価の金属カチオン、または1以上の水素原子が炭化水素基と置換されていてもよいアンモニウムイオンであり、Rfは、エーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい直鎖または分岐のペルフルオロアルキル基であり、Xは、酸素原子、窒素原子または炭素原子であって、Xが酸素原子の場合a=0であり、Xが窒素原子の場合a=1であり、Xが炭素原子の場合a=2である。
前記式(u11)におけるM+は、H+であることが好ましい。
前記式(u11)で表わされる繰り返し単位の少なくとも一種は、下式(u11-1)で表わされる繰り返し単位であることが好ましい。
前記式(u12)で表わされる繰り返し単位の少なくとも一種は、下式(u12-1)で表わされる繰り返し単位であることが好ましい。
前記式(u2)で表わされる繰り返し単位の少なくとも一種は、下式(u2-1)で表わされる繰り返し単位であることが好ましい。
本発明の液状組成物は、分散媒と、該分散媒に分散された本発明の電解質材料とを含み、前記分散媒が、水酸基を有する有機溶媒を含むことを特徴とする。
本発明の電解質材料は、膜電極接合体の触媒層に好適である。さらに、含水率が低い。
本発明の液状組成物は、本発明の膜電極接合体における触媒層の形成に好適である。
また、本明細書においては、式(m11)で表される化合物を化合物(m11)と記す。他の式で表される化合物も同様に記す。
また、本明細書においては、式(g1)で表される基を基(g1)と記す。他の式で表される基も同様に記す。
また、モノマーとは、重合反応性の炭素-炭素二重結合を有する化合物である。
また、イオン交換基とは、H+、一価の金属カチオン、アンモニウムイオン等を有する基である。イオン交換基としては、後述の基(g1)等が挙げられる。
また、前駆体基とは、加水分解処理、酸型化処理等の公知の処理によりイオン交換基に変換できる基である。前駆体基としては、-SO2F基等が挙げられる。
本発明の電解質材料は、ポリマー(F)の前駆体基をイオン交換基に変換したポリマー(H)からなる。
ポリマー(F)は、特定の繰り返し単位(A)と、特定の繰り返し単位(B)と、必要に応じて他の繰り返し単位(C)とを有するポリマーである。
繰り返し単位(A)は、イオン交換基の前駆体基および該前駆体基が結合した5員環を有するペルフルオロモノマー(以下、モノマー(a)とも記す。)に基づく繰り返し単位である。
5員環は、エーテル結合性酸素原子を1個または2個有してもよい環状のペルフルオロ有機基である。
R14は、エーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい1価のペルフルオロ有機基、フッ素原子、または-R11SO2F基である。
化合物(m12)は、特開2006-152249号公報等に記載された方法により合成できる。
化合物(m13)は、特開2006-241302号公報等に記載された方法により合成できる。
繰り返し単位(B)は、式(u2)で表される繰り返し単位を構成し得るペルフルオロモノマー(以下、モノマー(b)とも記す。)に基づく繰り返し単位である。
モノマー(b)としては、化合物(m2)が挙げられる。
R1およびR2は、それぞれ独立にフッ素原子、炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルキル基、または互いに連結して形成されたスピロ環(ただし、sが0の場合)である。
R3およびR4は、それぞれ独立にフッ素原子または炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルキル基である。
R5は、フッ素原子、炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルキル基、または炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルコキシ基である。R5は、重合反応性が高い点から、フッ素原子が好ましい。
ペルフルオロアルキル基およびペルフルオロアルコキシ基は、直鎖状であってもよく、分岐状であってもよく、直鎖状であることが好ましい。
他の繰り返し単位(C)は、モノマー(a)およびモノマー(b)以外の他のモノマー(以下、モノマー(c)とも記す。)に基づく繰り返し単位である。
モノマー(c)としては、TFE、クロロトリフルオロエチレン、トリフルオロエチレン、フッ化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニル、エチレン、プロピレン、ペルフルオロ(3-ブテニルビニルエーテル)、ペルフルオロ(アリルビニルエーテル)、ペルフルオロα-オレフィン類(ヘキサフルオロプロピレン等)、(ペルフルオロアルキル)エチレン類((ペルフルオロブチル)エチレン等)、(ペルフルオロアルキル)プロペン類(3-ペルフルオロオクチル-1-プロペン等)、ペルフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)類等が挙げられる。モノマー(c)としては、TFEが特に好ましい。TFEは高い結晶性を有するため、ポリマー(H)が含水した際の膨潤を抑える効果があり、ポリマー(H)の含水率を低減できる。
モノマー(c’)としては、重合反応性が高い点から、化合物(m51)が好ましい。
R45およびR46は、重合反応性が高い点から、少なくとも一方がフッ素原子であることが好ましく、両方がフッ素原子であることがより好ましい。
CF2=CF-Q1-CF=CF2 ・・・(m52)。
Q2は、単結合、酸素原子、またはエーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい炭素数1~10のペルフルオロアルキレン基である。
CF2=CFOCF=CF2 ・・・(m52-1)、
CF2=CFO(CF2)hOCF=CF2 ・・・(m52-2)、
CF2=CF[OCF2CF(CF3)]iO(CF2)k[OCF(CF3)CF2]jOCF=CF2 ・・・(m52-3)。
ただし、h、kは、2~8の整数であり、i、jは、それぞれ独立に0~5の整数であり、i+j≧1である。
ポリマー(F)の固有粘度は、0.3dL/g以上であり、0.3~2.0dL/gが好ましく、0.4~1.0dL/gがより好ましい。固有粘度が0.3dL/g以上であれば、ポリマー(H)のイオン交換容量を高くしても、ポリマー(H)の含水率の上昇が抑えられ、固体高分子形燃料電池の触媒層の電解質材料として用いた場合、触媒層におけるフラッディングが抑えられる。
ポリマーの固有粘度は、下記の通り定義され、ポリマーの分子量の指標となる。
(i)の方法においては、重合時の連鎖移動を抑制することが重要である。具体的には、重合の形態としては溶媒を用いないバルク重合を行うことが好ましい。溶液重合を行う際には、連鎖移動性の少ない溶媒を用いることが有効である。ラジカル開始剤としては連鎖移動性の少ないラジカル開始剤、特にペルフルオロ化合物からなるラジカル開始剤を用いることが好ましい。また、ラジカル開始剤による再結合停止反応を減らすために、モノマーに対するラジカル開始剤の量を減らすことも有効である。
(ii)の方法においては、上述したとおり、化合物(c”)を添加することにより固有粘度を上げることができる。
ポリマー(F)は、モノマー(a)、モノマー(b)、および必要に応じてモノマー(c)を重合することによって製造される。
重合は、ラジカルが生起する条件で行われる。ラジカルを生起させる方法としては、紫外線、γ線、電子線等の放射線を照射する方法、ラジカル開始剤を添加する方法等が挙げられる。
重合温度は、通常、10~150℃である。
非イオン性のラジカル開始剤としては、ビス(フルオロアシル)ペルオキシド類、ビス(クロロフルオロアシル)ペルオキシド類、ジアルキルペルオキシジカーボネート類、ジアシルペルオキシド類、ペルオキシエステル類、ジアルキルペルオキシド類、ビス(フルオロアルキル)ペルオキシド類、アゾ化合物類等が挙げられる。
分散媒には、助剤として前記溶媒;懸濁粒子の凝集を防ぐ分散安定剤として界面活性剤;分子量調整剤として炭化水素系化合物(ヘキサン、メタノール等)等を添加してもよい。
ポリマー(H)は、ポリマー(F)の前駆体基をイオン交換基に変換したポリマーであり、特定の繰り返し単位(A’)と、特定の繰り返し単位(B)と、必要に応じて他の繰り返し単位(C)とを有するポリマーである。
繰り返し単位(A’)は、繰り返し単位(A)の前駆体基をイオン交換基に変換した繰り返し単位である。
イオン交換基は、基(g1)であることが好ましい。
-(SO2X(SO2Rf)a)-M+ ・・・(g1)。
Rfは、エーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい直鎖または分岐のペルフルオロアルキル基である。ペルフルオロアルキル基の炭素数は、1~8が好ましく、1~6がより好ましい。2個以上のRfを有する場合、Rfは、それぞれ同じ基であってもよく、それぞれ異なる基であってもよい。
基(g1)としては、スルホン酸基(-SO3 -M+基)、スルホンイミド基(-SO2N(SO2Rf)-M+基)、またはスルホンメチド基(-SO2C(SO2Rf)2)-M+基)が挙げられる。
R14は、エーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい1価のペルフルオロ有機基、フッ素原子、または-R11(SO2X(SO2Rf)a)-M+基である。
R15およびR16は、重合反応性が高い点から、少なくとも一方がフッ素原子であることが好ましく、両方がフッ素原子であることがより好ましい。
R21、R22は、化合物(m12)において説明した通りである。
R31~R36は、化合物(m13)において説明した通りである。
単位(u12)としては、たとえば、単位(u12-1)または単位(u12-2)が挙げられる。
繰り返し単位(B)は、モノマー(b)に基づく繰り返し単位、すなわち単位(u2)である。
R5は、重合反応性が高い点から、フッ素原子であることが好ましい。
単位(u2)としては、ポリマーの電極性能を向上させる効果が高い点から、単位(u2-1)が特に好ましい。
他の繰り返し単位(C)は、モノマー(c)に基づく繰り返し単位である。
他の繰り返し単位(C)としては、ポリマー(H)の含水率を低減できる点から、TFEに基づく繰り返し単位が特に好ましい。
ポリマー(H)のイオン交換容量は、0.7~2.3ミリ当量/g乾燥樹脂が好ましく、1.1~2.0ミリ当量/g乾燥樹脂がより好ましい。イオン交換容量が0.7ミリ当量/g乾燥樹脂以上であれば、ポリマー(H)の導電性が高くなるため、固体高分子形燃料電池の触媒層の電解質材料として用いた場合、充分な電池出力を得ることできる。イオン交換容量が2.3ミリ当量/g乾燥樹脂以下であれば、固有粘度の高いポリマー(F)の合成が容易であり、また、ポリマー(H)の含水率上昇が抑えられる。
ポリマー(H)は、ポリマー(F)の前駆体基をイオン交換基に変換することによって製造される。
(i)ポリマー(F)の-SO2F基を加水分解してスルホン酸塩とし、スルホン酸塩を酸型化してスルホン酸基に変換する方法。
(ii)ポリマー(F)の-SO2F基をイミド化して塩型のスルホンイミド基とし、さらに酸型化して酸型のスルホンイミド基に変換する方法。
加水分解は、たとえば、溶媒中にてポリマー(F)と塩基性化合物とを接触させて行う。塩基性化合物としては、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等が挙げられる。溶媒としては、水、水と極性溶媒との混合溶媒等が挙げられる。極性溶媒としては、アルコール類(メタノール、エタノール等)、ジメチルスルホキシド等が挙げられる。
酸型化は、たとえば、スルホン酸塩を有するポリマーを、塩酸、硫酸等の水溶液に接触させて行う。
加水分解および酸型化は、通常、0~120℃にて行う。
イミド化としては、下記の方法が挙げられる。
(ii-1)-SO2F基と、RfSO2NHMとを反応させる方法。
(ii-2)アルカリ金属水酸化物、アルカリ金属炭酸塩、MF、アンモニアまたは1~3級アミンの存在下で、-SO2F基と、RfSO2NH2とを反応させる方法。
(ii-3)-SO2F基と、RfSO2NMSi(CH3)3とを反応させる方法。
ただし、Mは、アルカリ金属または1~4級のアンモニウムである。
酸型化は、塩型のスルホンイミド基を有するポリマーを、酸(硫酸、硝酸、塩酸等)で処理することにより行う。
モノマー(a')は、モノマー(a)の炭素-炭素二重結合に塩素または臭素を付加し、-SO2F基を(ii)の方法でスルホンイミド基に変換した後、金属亜鉛を用いて脱塩素または脱臭素反応を行うことにより製造できる。
本発明の液状組成物は、分散媒と、該分散媒に分散された本発明の電解質材料とを含む組成物である。
水酸基を有する有機溶媒としては、メタノール、エタノール、1-プロパノール、2-プロパノール、2,2,2-トリフルオロエタノール、2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロ-1-プロパノール、2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-1-プロパノール、4,4,5,5,5-ペンタフルオロ-1-ペンタノール、1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロ-2-プロパノール、3,3,3-トリフルオロ-1-プロパノール、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-ノナフルオロ-1-ヘキサノール、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-トリデカフルオロ-1-オクタノール等が挙げられる。
水酸基を有する有機溶媒は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
水の割合は、分散媒(100質量%)のうち、10~99質量%が好ましく、40~99質量%がより好ましい。水の割合を増やすことにより、分散媒に対する電解質材料の分散性を向上できる。
水酸基を有する有機溶媒の割合は、分散媒(100質量%)のうち、1~90質量%が好ましく、1~60質量%がより好ましい。
電解質材料の割合は、液状組成物(100質量%)のうち、1~50質量%が好ましく、3~30質量%がより好ましい。
液状組成物の調製方法としては、大気圧下、またはオートクレーブ等で密閉した状態下において、分散媒中の電解質材料にせん断を加える方法が挙げられる。調製温度は、0~250℃が好ましく、20~150℃がより好ましい。必要に応じて、超音波等のせん断を付与してもよい。
本発明の液状組成物は、後述の膜電極接合体における触媒層の形成に好適に用いられる。
図1は、本発明の固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体(以下、膜電極接合体と記す。)の一例を示す断面図である。膜電極接合体10は、触媒層11およびガス拡散層12を有するアノード13と、触媒層11およびガス拡散層12を有するカソード14と、アノード13とカソード14との間に、触媒層11に接した状態で配置される固体高分子電解質膜15とを具備する。
触媒層11は、触媒と、プロトン伝導性ポリマーとを含む層である。
触媒としては、カーボン担体に白金または白金合金を担持した担持触媒が挙げられる。
カーボン担体としては、カーボンブラック粉末が挙げられる。
(i)触媒層形成用液を、固体高分子電解質膜15、ガス拡散層12、またはカーボン層16上に塗布し、乾燥させる方法。
(ii)触媒層形成用液を基材フィルム上に塗布し、乾燥させ触媒層11を形成し、該触媒層11を固体高分子電解質膜15上に転写する方法。
ガス拡散層12は、触媒層11に均一にガスを拡散させる機能および集電体としての機能を有する。
ガス拡散層12としては、カーボンペーパー、カーボンクロス、カーボンフェルト等が挙げられる。
ガス拡散層12は、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等によって撥水化処理されていることが好ましい。
膜電極接合体10は、図2に示すように、触媒層11とガス拡散層12との間にカーボン層16を有していてもよい。カーボン層16を配置することにより、触媒層11の表面のガス拡散性が向上し、固体高分子形燃料電池の発電性能が大きく向上する。
カーボンとしては、繊維径1~1000nm、繊維長1000μm以下のカーボンナノファイバーが好ましい。
非イオン性含フッ素ポリマーとしては、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等が挙げられる。
固体高分子電解質膜15は、プロトン伝導性ポリマーを含む膜である。
プロトン伝導性ポリマーとしては、本発明の電解質材料、または公知の電解質材料が挙げられる。公知の電解質材料としては、化合物(m3)に基づく繰り返し単位とTFEに基づく繰り返し単位とを有するポリマーの-SO2F基をスルホン酸基に変換したポリマー;化合物(m4)に基づく繰り返し単位とTFEに基づく繰り返し単位とを有するポリマーの-SO2F基をスルホン酸基に変換したポリマー等が挙げられる。
CF2=CF(OCF2CFZ)mOp(CF2)nSO2F ・・・(m3)。
Rf1、Rf2は、それぞれ単結合または炭素数1~6の直鎖のペルフルオロアルキレン基(ただし、エーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい。)であり、qは、0または1である。
液状組成物は、水酸基を有する有機溶媒および水を含む分散媒に、電解質材料を分散させた分散液である。
固体高分子電解質膜15は、必要に応じて過酸化水素水で処理してもよい。
固体高分子電解質膜15は、乾燥を防ぐための保水剤として、シリカ、またはヘテロポリ酸(リン酸ジルコニウム、リンモリブデン酸、リンタングステン酸等)を含んでいてもよい。
膜電極接合体10は、たとえば、下記の方法にて製造される。
(i)固体高分子電解質膜15上に触媒層11を形成して膜触媒層接合体とし、該膜触媒層接合体をガス拡散層12で挟み込む方法。
(ii)ガス拡散層12上に触媒層11を形成して電極(アノード13、カソード14)とし、固体高分子電解質膜15を該電極で挟み込む方法。
(i)基材フィルム上に、カーボンおよび非イオン性含フッ素ポリマーを含む分散液を塗布し、乾燥させてカーボン層16を形成し、カーボン層16上に触媒層11を形成し、触媒層11と固体高分子電解質膜15とを貼り合わせ、基材フィルムを剥離して、カーボン層16を有する膜触媒層接合体とし、該膜触媒層接合体をガス拡散層12で挟み込む方法。
(ii)ガス拡散層12上に、カーボンおよび非イオン性含フッ素ポリマーを含む分散液を塗布し、乾燥させてカーボン層16を形成し、固体高分子電解質膜15上に触媒層11を形成した膜触媒層接合体を、カーボン層16を有するガス拡散層12で挟み込む方法。
本発明の膜電極接合体は、固体高分子形燃料電池に用いられる。固体高分子形燃料電池は、たとえば、2枚のセパレータの間に膜電極接合体を挟んでセルを形成し、複数のセルをスタックすることにより製造される。
固体高分子形燃料電池の種類としては、水素/酸素型燃料電池、直接メタノール型燃料電池(DMFC)等が挙げられる。DMFCの燃料に用いるメタノールまたはメタノール水溶液は、液フィードであってもよく、ガスフィードであってもよい。
ポリマー(F)の固有粘度は、「新実験化学講座19 高分子化学II」、丸善株式会社、p.607~611に記載の方法により求めた。
ヘキサフルオロベンゼンを溶媒にしてポリマー(F)を溶解し、溶液を得た。30℃に保持された恒温槽中で、ウベローデ型粘度計(柴田科学社製)を用い、溶媒、ポリマーが溶解した溶液の落下時間、溶液のポリマー濃度から固有粘度を算出した。
ポリマー(H)のイオン交換容量は、下記方法により求めた。
ポリマー(H)をグローブボックス中に入れ、乾燥窒素を流した雰囲気中に24時間以上放置し、乾燥させた。グローブボックス中でポリマー(H)の乾燥質量を測定した。
ポリマー(H)を2モル/Lの塩化ナトリウム水溶液に浸漬し、60℃で1時間放置した後、室温まで冷却した。ポリマー(H)を浸漬していた塩化ナトリウム水溶液を、0.5モル/Lの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液で滴定することにより、ポリマー(H)のイオン交換容量を求めた。
ポリマー(H)の含水率は、下記方法により求めた。
ポリマー(F)が流動する温度までポリマー(F)を加温した後、加圧プレス成形によって厚さ100~200μmのフィルムに加工した。ついで、該フィルムを、メタノールの20質量%および水酸化カリウムの15質量%を含む水溶液に40時間浸漬させることにより、該フィルム中のポリマー(F)の-SO2F基を加水分解し、-SO3K基に変換した。ついで、該フィルムを、3モル/Lの塩酸水溶液に2時間浸漬した。塩酸水溶液を交換し、同様の処理をさらに4回繰り返し、該フィルム中のポリマーの-SO3K基をスルホン酸基に変換した。該フィルムを超純水で充分に水洗し、ポリマー(H)のフィルムを得た。
含水率=(フィルムが含水時に吸収する水の質量/フィルムの乾燥質量)×100。
A:含水率が250%未満。
B:含水率が250%以上600%未満。
C:含水率が600%以上。
化合物(m11-1)の合成:
国際公開第2003/037885号パンフレットのp.37-42の実施例に記載の方法にしたがって、化合物(m11-1)を合成した。
特開2005-314388号公報の例4に記載の方法にしたがって、化合物(m11-2)を合成した。
特開2005-314388号公報の例5に記載の方法にしたがって、化合物(m11-3)を合成した。
化合物(m12-1)の合成:
特開2006-152249号公報の例1に記載の方法にしたがって、化合物(m12-1)を合成した。
特開2006-152249号公報の例2に記載の方法にしたがって、化合物(m12-2)を合成した。
化合物(m2-1):
化合物(m51-1):
化合物(m3-1):
化合物(m4-1)の合成:
国際公開第2007/013532号パンフレットのp.24に記載の方法にしたがって、化合物(m4-1)を合成した。
化合物(i-1):
(C3F7COO)2 ・・・(i-2)。
化合物(i-3):
((CH3)2CHOCOO)2 ・・・(i-3)。
化合物(s-1):
CClF2CF2CHClF ・・・(s-1)。
化合物(s-2):
CH3CCl2F ・・・(s-2)。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の5.97g、化合物(m2-1)の13.70g、化合物(s-1)の13.75gおよび化合物(i-1)の17.1mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気した。その後、65℃に昇温して、6時間保持した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止した。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過した。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-1)を得た。収量は3.7gであった。ポリマー(F-1)の固有粘度を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の11.17g、化合物(m2-1)の23.26g、化合物(s-1)の12.06gおよび化合物(i-1)の22.3mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気した。その後、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止した。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過した。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-2)を得た。収量は14.8gであった。ポリマー(F-2)の固有粘度を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-2)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-2)、液状組成物(D-2)を得た。ポリマー(H-2)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の6.20g、化合物(m2-1)の18.0g、化合物(s-1)の7.5gおよび化合物(i-1)の15.5mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-3)を得る。収量は8.0gである。ポリマー(F-3)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-3)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-3)、液状組成物(D-3)を得る。ポリマー(H-3)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-2)の12.07g、化合物(m2-1)の23.26g、化合物(s-1)の12.0gおよび化合物(i-1)の22.0mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-4)を得る。収量は14.0gである。ポリマー(F-4)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-4)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-4)、液状組成物(D-4)を得る。ポリマー(H-4)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-3)の5.23g、化合物(m2-1)の18.0g、化合物(s-1)の7.5g、化合物(i-1)の14.5mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-5)を得る。収量は9.2gである。ポリマー(F-5)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-5)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-5)、液状組成物(D-5)を得る。ポリマー(H-5)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m12-1)の15.29g、化合物(m2-1)の15.0g、化合物(s-1)の10.0gおよび化合物(i-1)の23mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-6)を得る。収量は12.0gである。ポリマー(F-6)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-6)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-6)、液状組成物(D-6)を得る。ポリマー(H-6)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m12-2)の20.07g、化合物(m2-1)の15.0g、化合物(s-1)の12.0gおよび化合物(i-1)の23mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-7)を得る。収量は14.0gである。ポリマー(F-7)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-7)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-7)、液状組成物(D-7)を得る。ポリマー(H-7)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の22.26g、化合物(m2-1)の15.25g、化合物(s-1)の11.0gおよび化合物(i-1)の24mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、TFEの3.0gを仕込んで、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-8)を得る。収量は15.0gである。共重合体を構成する繰り返し単位の組成を、19F-NMRにより分析したところ、TFEに基づく繰り返し単位は、14mol%である。ポリマー(F-8)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-8)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-8)、液状組成物(D-8)を得る。ポリマー(H-8)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の21.2g、化合物(m2-1)の21.96g、化合物(s-1)の13.0gおよび化合物(i-1)の25mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、TFEの4.25gを仕込んで、65℃に昇温して、18時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-9)を得る。収量は17.0gである。共重合体を構成する繰り返し単位の組成を、19F-NMRにより分析したところ、TFEに基づく繰り返し単位は、16mol%である。ポリマー(F-9)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-9)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-9)、液状組成物(D-9)を得る。ポリマー(H-9)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m3-1)の49.64g、化合物(s-1)の28.22gおよび化合物(s-1)に3.2質量%の濃度で溶解した化合物(i-2)の38.9mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気した。その後、30℃に昇温して、TFEを系内に導入し、圧力を0.37MPaGに保持した。4.8時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止した。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これに化合物(s-2)を添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過した。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、化合物(s-2)で再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-10)を得た。収量は15.0gであった。ポリマー(F-10)の固有粘度を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-10)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-10)を得た。ポリマー(H-10)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m4-1)の45.9g、化合物(s-1)の16.5gおよび化合物(i-3)の12.65mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気した。その後、40℃に昇温して、TFEを系内に導入し、圧力を0.55MPaGに保持した。40℃で4.3時間撹拌した後、系内のガスをパージし、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を終了させた。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これに化合物(s-2)を添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過した。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、化合物(s-2)で再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-11)を得た。収量は6.5gであった。ポリマー(F-11)の固有粘度を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-11)を用いて、例1と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-11)を得た。
ポリマー(H-11)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(H-11)に、エタノール、水および1-ブタノールの混合溶媒(エタノール/水/1-ブタノール=35/50/15質量比)を加え、固形分濃度を15質量%に調整し、オートクレーブを用い125℃で8時間、撹拌した。さらに水を加え、固形分濃度を9質量%に調整し、ポリマー(H-11)が分散媒に分散した液状組成物(D-11)を得た。分散媒の組成は、エタノール/水/1-ブタノール=20/70/10(質量比)であった。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の9.38g、化合物(m51-1)の11.36g、化合物(s-1)の28.59gおよび化合物(i-1)の80.2mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気した。その後、65℃に昇温して、5.6時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止した。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過した。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-12)を得た。収量は14.0gであった。ポリマー(F-12)の固有粘度を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-12)を用いて、例10と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-12)、液状組成物(D-12)を得た。ポリマー(H-12)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m3-1)の66.9g、化合物(m2-1)の11.47gおよび化合物(i-3)の23mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気する。その後、40℃に昇温して、24時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止する。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過する。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-13)を得る。収量は19.5gである。ポリマー(F-13)の固有粘度を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-13)を用いて、例10と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-13)、液状組成物(D-13)を得る。ポリマー(H-13)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定する。結果を表1に示す。
内容積125mLのステンレス製オートクレーブに、化合物(m11-1)の6.18g、化合物(m2-1)の14.23g、化合物(s-1)の29.61gおよび化合物(i-1)の100mgを仕込み、液体窒素による冷却下、充分脱気した。その後、65℃に昇温して、5時間撹拌した後、オートクレーブを冷却して反応を停止した。
生成物を化合物(s-1)で希釈した後、これにn-ヘキサンを添加し、ポリマーを凝集してろ過した。その後、化合物(s-1)中でポリマーを撹拌し、n-ヘキサンで再凝集し、80℃で一晩減圧乾燥し、ポリマー(F-14)を得た。収量は7.5gであった。ポリマー(F-14)の固有粘度を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
ポリマー(F-14)を用いて、例10と同様の方法で、ポリマー(H-14)、液状組成物D-14を得た。ポリマー(H-14)のイオン交換容量、含水率を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
カーボン粉末に白金を50質量%担持した担持触媒の10gに水の39gを加え、10分間超音波を照射し、触媒の分散液を得た。触媒の分散液に、液状組成物(D-1)の60gを加え、さらにエタノールの64gを加えて固形分濃度を8質量%とし、触媒層形成用液を得た。該液を別途用意したエチレンとTFEとの共重合体からなるシート(商品名:アフレックス100N、旭硝子社製、厚さ100μm)(以下、ETFEシートと記す。)上に塗布し、80℃で30分乾燥させ、さらに165℃で30分の熱処理を施し、白金量が0.35mg/cm2の触媒層を形成した。
固体高分子電解質膜からETFEシートを剥離した後、固体高分子電解質膜を2枚のETFEシート付き触媒層で挟み、プレス温度160℃、プレス時間5分、圧力3MPaの条件にて加熱プレスし、固体高分子電解質膜の両面に触媒層を接合し、触媒層からETFEシートを剥離して、電極面積25cm2の膜触媒層接合体を得た。
カーボン層と触媒層とが接するように、膜触媒層接合体をガス拡散層で挟み、膜電極接合体を得た。
膜電極接合体を発電用セルに組み込み、下記の2つの条件下で発電特性の評価を実施した。
膜電極接合体の温度を100℃に維持し、アノードに水素(利用率50%)、カソードに空気(利用率50%)を、それぞれ175kPa(絶対圧力)に加圧して供給した。水素および空気ともに加湿をせずに供給し、電流密度が1.0A/cm2のときのセル電圧を記録し、下記基準にて評価した。結果を表2に示す。
◎:セル電圧が0.6V以上。
○:セル電圧が0.55V以上、0.6V未満。
△:セル電圧が0.5V以上、0.55V未満。
×:セル電圧が0.4V以上、0.5V未満。
××:セル電圧が0.4V未満。
膜電極接合体の温度を80℃に維持し、アノードに水素(利用率50%)、カソードに空気(利用率50%)を、それぞれ175kPa(絶対圧力)に加圧して供給した。水素および空気ともに相対湿度100%RHで供給し、電流密度が1.5A/cm2のときのセル電圧を記録し、下記基準にて評価した。結果を表2に示す。
○:セル電圧が0.5V以上。
△:セル電圧が0.5V未満。
×:発電できなかった。
触媒層を形成するのに用いた液状組成物(D-1)を、それぞれ液状組成物(D-2)~(D-14)に変更した以外は、例15と同様の方法で膜電極接合体を製造し、発電特性の評価を実施した。評価結果を表2に示す。
なお、2009年7月31日に出願された日本特許出願2009-179065号の明細書、特許請求の範囲、図面及び要約書の全内容をここに引用し、本発明の明細書の開示として、取り入れるものである。
11 触媒層
12 ガス拡散層
13 アノード
14 カソード
15 固体高分子電解質膜
16 カーボン層
Claims (15)
- 下記ポリマー(F)の前駆体基をイオン交換基に変換したポリマー(H)からなる、電解質材料。
ポリマー(F):イオン交換基の前駆体基および該前駆体基が結合した5員環を有するペルフルオロモノマーに基づく繰り返し単位(A)と、下式(u2)で表される繰り返し単位(B)とを有し、固有粘度が、0.3dL/g以上であるポリマー。
ただし、sは、0または1であり、R1およびR2は、それぞれ独立にフッ素原子、炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルキル基、または互いに連結して形成されたスピロ環(ただし、sが0の場合)であり、R3およびR4は、それぞれ独立にフッ素原子または炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルキル基であり、R5は、フッ素原子、炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルキル基、または炭素数1~5のペルフルオロアルコキシ基である。 - 前記ポリマー(H)のイオン交換基が、下式(g1)で表される基である、請求項1に記載の電解質材料。
-(SO2X(SO2Rf)a)-M+ ・・・(g1)。
ただし、M+は、H+、一価の金属カチオン、または1以上の水素原子が炭化水素基と置換されていてもよいアンモニウムイオンであり、Rfは、エーテル結合性酸素原子を有してもよい直鎖または分岐のペルフルオロアルキル基であり、Xは、酸素原子、窒素原子または炭素原子であって、Xが酸素原子の場合a=0であり、Xが窒素原子の場合a=1であり、Xが炭素原子の場合a=2である。 - 前記R15およびR16が、フッ素原子である、請求項3に記載の電解質材料。
- 前記M+が、H+である、請求項2~4のいずれかに記載の電解質材料。
- 前記M+が、H+である、請求項7に記載の電解質材料。
- 前記R5が、フッ素原子である、請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の電解質材料。
- 前記ポリマー(F)が、テトラフルオロエチレンに基づく繰り返し単位をさらに有する、請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の電解質材料。
- 分散媒と、該分散媒に分散された請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の電解質材料とを含み、
前記分散媒が、水酸基を有する有機溶媒を含む、液状組成物。 - プロトン伝導性ポリマーを含む触媒層を有するアノードと、
プロトン伝導性ポリマーを含む触媒層を有するカソードと、
前記アノードと前記カソードとの間に配置される固体高分子電解質膜と
を備えた固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体において、
前記カソードおよび前記アノードの少なくとも一方の触媒層に含まれるプロトン伝導性ポリマーが、請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の電解質材料であることを特徴とする固体高分子形膜電極接合体。
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| JP2011524751A JPWO2011013577A1 (ja) | 2009-07-31 | 2010-07-22 | 電解質材料、液状組成物および固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体 |
| CN2010800344767A CN102473473A (zh) | 2009-07-31 | 2010-07-22 | 电解质材料、液状组合物及固体高分子型燃料电池用膜电极接合体 |
| EP10804323.3A EP2461333B1 (en) | 2009-07-31 | 2010-07-22 | Electrolyte material, liquid composition, and membrane electrode assembly for solid polymer fuel cells |
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| JPWO2016002889A1 (ja) * | 2014-07-04 | 2017-06-15 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 電解質材料、液状組成物、固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体および含フッ素分岐ポリマー |
| JP2019220456A (ja) * | 2018-06-15 | 2019-12-26 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 電気化学セル |
| WO2021132103A1 (ja) | 2019-12-24 | 2021-07-01 | Agc株式会社 | 触媒層、固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体、及び固体高分子形燃料電池 |
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| JP2021155735A (ja) * | 2020-03-26 | 2021-10-07 | 東ソー株式会社 | フッ素樹脂およびその製造方法 |
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| JP7631959B2 (ja) | 2020-03-26 | 2025-02-19 | 東ソー株式会社 | フッ素樹脂の製造方法 |
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| US12522679B2 (en) | 2020-03-26 | 2026-01-13 | Tosoh Corporation | Method for producing fluororesin |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2461333A4 (en) | 2015-06-17 |
| CN102473473A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
| EP2461333A1 (en) | 2012-06-06 |
| EP2461333B1 (en) | 2016-12-14 |
| US20110027687A1 (en) | 2011-02-03 |
| JPWO2011013577A1 (ja) | 2013-01-07 |
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