WO2011087365A1 - Method for manufacturing pictures with depth and pictures manufactured with this method - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing pictures with depth and pictures manufactured with this method Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011087365A1 WO2011087365A1 PCT/NL2011/050026 NL2011050026W WO2011087365A1 WO 2011087365 A1 WO2011087365 A1 WO 2011087365A1 NL 2011050026 W NL2011050026 W NL 2011050026W WO 2011087365 A1 WO2011087365 A1 WO 2011087365A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography
- G03B35/18—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing
- G03B35/24—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing using apertured or refractive resolving means on screens or between screen and eye
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography
- G03B35/18—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing pictures with depth.
- the invention also relates to pictures produced with such a method.
- Another known technology for producing stereoscopic pictures is based on the way in which the human eye sees depth.
- the human eye sees depth because the left eye and the right eye observe an object from a slightly different angle. These two images of the same object are observed by the brain as an image with depth.
- a common technique for reproduction of pictures with depth from an object starts from two pictures of the object, each picture taken from a slightly different position, wherein the difference in position corresponds to the difference of the positions of a left and right eye of a human being.
- the left eye can only see the picture for the left eye and the right eye can only see the picture for the right eye. Because these pictures originally have been taken from the mutual positions that correspond with the mutual positions of the left and the right eye, the image generated in this way gives the same experience of depth as if the original image would have been observed.
- Another way of separating the two images for respectively the left eye and the right eye can take place by providing the pictures with different polarizing filters and then, when the pictures are being observed with a looking glass with differently polarized glasses, the left eye can only see the picture that is meant for the left eye and the right eye can only see the picture that is meant for the right eye, through which again the image is experienced as an image with depth. In both cases however, the observer can only observe the image if he uses a special glass or special tools, which is clearly a limitation.
- Another known way of generating pictures with depth that is based on the way the human eye sees depth, as has been described above, consists of gluing small strips of the picture for the left eye next to strips for the right eye and placing a grid in front of these small strips.
- This grid is opaque with above each strip a transparent gap, in such a way that this grid largely cover the picture strips lying below, but wherein from each of the strips one is visible through a gap, so that when the picture is observed at the right distance, the left eye only sees strips of the photo that be- longs to the position of the left eye and the right eye only sees strips of the photo that belongs to the position of the right eye, so that also here the picture is experienced as a picture with depth.
- a disadvantage of the last method is that with the present state of the art of printing it is very difficult to avoid that the strips of the picture that belong to the left eye are not overlapping with strips of the picture that belong to the right eye.
- a solution for this disadvantage would be to increase the resolution of the printing device in such a way,, that such an overlap will not occur, or only at such a limited scale, that this no longer visible for the human eye. With printing techniques the maximum sight resolution of the human eye of 300 dots/inch (dpi) is assumed.
- step c) of claim 1 Dividing up of the area of the image to be depicted in a predetermined number of equal first quadrangles, according to step c) of claim 1, takes place through simple arithmetic operations. Through this the position of each rectangle is exactly known, and so in principle with unlimited accuracy. Because the pixel representation of each photo is mapped by projection on the series of second rectangles that belong to this picture, wherein pixels and parts of pixels that fall outside the respective rectangles are being eliminated, this, in principle unlimited accuracy of the limits of each rectangle is maintained. Through this, undesired overlaps can be avoided in a reliable way and a printing unit with an excep- tionally high resolution is not necessary.
- the method can be executed in a very simple way when the third and fourth quadrangles are rectangles.
- the third quadrangles of the grid are opaque for light or only very little transparent, the amount of light that can fall on the picture of the first print, is limited. To remedy this it is possible to lead light from an extra light source to the picture on the first print. This illumination can take place from the side, but with a certain amount of transparency of the pictures, can also take place from the back side.
- the third quadrangles comprise identical areas in regular distances, that are being left transparent during step h)
- deviations are being created in regular distances, that because of their regularity will not be observed by the human eye, but admit more light to the print of the image and will therefore increase visibility.
- the illumination for the print of the image can also be increased, when the third quadrangles at the side, that after assembly according to step i) is facing the first print, are reflective. Light that otherwise would have been absorbed by the back side is then reflected to the first print of the image, through which its illumination and by that its visibility is being increased.
- This reflection screen may comprise reflective parts that are compliant with, or are equal to the covering quadrangles ⁇ third quadrangles) of the grid, but can also have a slightly smaller width. With a slightly smaller width the strictness of being in register is less stringent while it still produces an increased illumination.
- the picture is placed in part on the visible sight of the third quadrangles, being the opaque part of the grid.
- the seg ⁇ ments on the grid serve the purpose that the picture remains visible, albeit not with depth.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the principle of a picture with depth using a grid
- Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of an area of an image to be depicted divided up in first and second rec- tangles;
- Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the picture of the image to be depicted from the position of the right eye of an observer
- Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a picture of the image to be depicted from the position of the left eye of the observer of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 5 is a schematic representation similar to Fig.
- Fig. 6a-f are schematic representations of opaque quadrangles
- Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of a picture according to the invention with a reflection screen
- Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of a picture according to the invention with photo segments on the grid.
- Fig. 1 schematically the principle is shown of a picture with depth from an object that in itself is not further specified. From this object two photographs have been made from two different positions that approximately correspond to the positions of a left eye and a right eye of a person. From each of. these pictures small vertical consecutive strips are being cut in a regular distance and these strips are glued in sequence next to each other on a substrate, wherein always the strip of the picture that corresponds to the position of the right eye is glued on the left side of the strip of the picture that corresponds to the position of the left eye. In this way a photo is created of substantially the same format as each of the two original photos, wherein the original photos each are represented for approximately 50% in alternating strips. In Fig. 1 this composite photo is indicated with 1. In Fig.
- Grid 2 is divided in strips 3 that are opaque and gaps 4 that are transparent for light.
- the strips 3 that are opaque need to be largely non reflective at the side that is facing the observer, because if they would be, these reflections will draw to much of the attention of the observer and will take away the attention of the depth effect. It will be clear that relative phenomena are concerned here.
- the gaps 4 are placed in .front of corresponding strips. Thus there are as many gaps as there are strips per photo. So under each gap of the grid from each photo of the photo series there is one strip.
- Strips belonging to a gap of the grid are connected, but this need not to be the case with strips belonging to successive gaps of the grid. However, in practice this is likely to be the case so that the distance between two consecutive gaps of the grid can be kept as small as possible, what is good for as well the illumination as the resolution.
- the observer with his left eye only sees the image of the photo that corresponds tot the position of the left eye and the right eye sees the image of the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye the observer sees the object as if he sees the object in reality, so with depth.
- the widths of for example the strips 3 and the gaps 4 in dependency of the resolution of the printing unit. For instance with a grid of 40 gaps per inch and for each gap a subdivision of 10 photo strips the picture will only be done justice when both print 1 as print 2 are being printed with a printing unit with a resolution of 400 dpi, 800 dpi or 1200 dpi etc.
- length and width of the picture are the same as the length and width of the photos. This need not necessarily be the case of course.
- the invention does not change if there is a certain relation between the length and the width of the picture and the length and the width of the photos.
- the pixel representation of a photo is mapped on the corresponding rectangles by projecting the pixel representations on these rectangles. This projection can take place with an scaling factor such that the picture gets the desired format.
- Fig. 2 shows a representation of the area of the picture to be obtained divided in a pre determined first number of equal first rectangles, wherein each rectangle extends over the full height of the image to be depicted. Only the first two of these first rectangles a, b have been shown in Fig. 2. Subsequently each first rectangle is being divided in a second number of second rectangles, wherein each second rectangle extend the full height of the image to be depicted. This second number is equal to the number of photos in step a) and each second rectangle is being assigned in a pre determined way to a photo, so that to each photo in each first rectangle belongs a second rectangle.
- the pixel representation of each photo is being mapped on the set of second rectangles belonging to this photo by projection of the pixel representation on these second rectangles, wherein pixels and parts of pixels that fall outside the respective rectangles are being removed. From pixels of which the parts extending outside the rectangles have been removed, the pixel value, that represent a colour or a shade of gray, is being maintained for the remaining part. In such a way the sharply delimited colour or shade of gray is being obtained for each of the rectangles, when therein is no overlap between the rectangles.
- the determination of the boundaries of the rectangles is a purely mathematical affair and can be determined by calculation with in principle unlimited accuracy. Projection on the rectangles and the "cutting" along the boundaries also is a mathematical operation and can also take place with unlimited accuracy.
- Fig. 3 is a representation . of the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye and Fig. 4 is a representation of the photo that corresponds to the position of the left eye.
- the rectangles Rl and R2 have been indicated that are being projected on the surface of Fig. 1 as is being indicated there.
- the print of the grid is now obtained.
- This print is being made on a transparent substrate.
- opaque quadrangles that are non or hardly reflecting are being printed on the side that is facing the observer, and each of the quadrangles extends the full height of the picture, so that between these quadrangles transparent gaps are being obtained.
- the eyes of the observer observe the strips of the two photos that lie behind the gaps, in such a way that the left eye of the observer observes the strips that originate of the picture of which the position corresponds with the position of the left eye and the right eye of the observer observes the strips that originate from the photo the posi- tion of which corresponds to the position of the right eye.
- the opaque quadrangles are rectangles .
- the gaps in between will then also be rectangular in form.
- Fig. 5 shows a part of Fig. 1.
- a first print 1 with two photo strips Rl, LI, one of each photo, and a second print 2 with a transparent gap.4 are shown.
- Print 1 and print 2 are parallel to each other and spaced apart at a distance v.
- distance b of print 2 there is an observer whose left eye 6L and the right eye 6R have been represented.
- the width of gap 4 is dimensioned in such a way that for the left eye 6L through gap 4 only the strip LI, belonging to the photo that corresponds to the position of the left eye, and for the right eye 6R through gap 4 only the strip Rl, belong- ing to the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye, is visible.
- the contours of the opaque quadrangles are not accurate, the contours can at the print exhibit an irregular jump as a consequence of the limited resolution of the printing device.
- a jump occurs in an irregular pattern in the contour of a gap, then the attention of an observer is drawn to this jumping gap and is destructed from the photos lying behind, so that the effect of depth is destroyed. It is therefore of importance that these gaps do not show irregularities.
- this problem can be solved by making the opaque quadrangles not rectangular, but in a form of trapeziums or diamonds of which the angles of the corners differ slightly from 90°.
- FIG. 6a An example of a trapezium shaped quadrangle 3 is schematically shown in Fig. 6a. At both sides a regular jump occurs of the printed line. Through this regularity an observer will not notice this and consequently his attention remains focussed to the picture behind the gaps of the grid, through which the depth effect remains.
- the opaque part of the grid limits the amount of light that reaches the eye of the observer from the photos. It is possible to enhance the amount of light through making openings in the opaque part at regular distances.
- FIG. 6b and 6c two different embodiments of these openings 30, 31 have been shown.
- Fig. 6b it concerns rectangular recesses 30 from the boundary with the gap 4.
- Fig. 8 these recesses 30 of Fig. 6c have been further enhanced with smaller rectangular recesses 31.
- Figs. 6d-f show examples of regular small transparent openings that have been made in strips 3.
- FIG. 7 Another way of increasing the light from the picture of print 1 is shown in Fig. 7.
- a print 1 is shown with thereon (not indicated) strips of photos.
- Further print 2 is visible with opaque quadrangles 3 and between these transparent gaps 4.
- a screen 10 is placed with reflecting surfaces 11 facing print 1 and between the surfaces 11 transpar- ent surfaces 12.
- the reflecting surfaces 11 increase the amount of light because the light that otherwise would have been absorbed by the opaque quadrangle 3 of print 2, is now being reflected and eventually can exit through gaps 4 ⁇ .
- print 2 can also be printed with reflective material at the side that in mounted condition is facing print 1.
- composition of the picture by assembly of print 1 and print 2 and possibly reflective screen 10 in a fixed distance and in register with respect to each other can take place in a way that is known to the person skilled in the art .
- a clamping device can be positioned on the top side. At the bottom it is advisable not to use clamps but only use a weight attached to each sheet. This way a simple exchangeable assembly can be obtained so that pictures according to the invention can be' exchanged in in public display cases a simple way.
- first print and the second print are both printed on a sheet of transparent material, for instance polyester material of polyvinyl material.
- a sheet of transparent material for instance polyester material of polyvinyl material.
- De first print is then made on a surface of the sheet of transparent material and the second print is being printed on the opposite surface of the sheet of transparent material.
- the thickness of the sheet of trans ⁇ parent material determines then the distance v.
- This thick ⁇ ness is then related to the application of the picture with depth and with the number of strips 3 and gaps 4 of the grid. For instance for a large poster possibly a grid with 40 gaps per inch will be used and a thickness of the sheet of ap- proximately 3 mm.
- a grid of 60 gaps per inch possibly a grid of 60 gaps per inch will be used and a thickness of the sheet of approximately 1 mm.
- a thickness of the sheet possibly a grid of 120 gaps per inch is used and a thickness of the sheet of approximately 0,2-0,8 mm and for a picture of a stamp format possibly a grid of 200 gaps per inch and a thickness of the sheet of approximately 0,05-0,5 mm is used.
- FIG. 8 Another advantageous embodiment of the invention is schematically depicted in Fig. 8.
- Fig. 8 Another advantageous embodiment of the invention is schematically depicted in Fig. 8.
- insuffi- cient day light is available and there is no additional illumination from the side or from the back side, or when this illumination from the side and from the back side has broken down or is negligible with respect to the day light, it is possible to place strips 7 of a photo of the image on the visible side of the opaque strip of the grid.
- the photo segments 7 on the grid serve the purpose that the picture remains visible, albeit not with depth.
- the photo segment 7 on the grid 3 do not contribute to the depth effect of the picture, but they strengthen the image of the picture.
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing pictures with depth, wherein a set of photos of the image to be depicted is being divided in strips and a grid (2) has being printed and is being mounted before the print of the strips of the set of photos at a determined distance. The invention also relates to a picture manufactured with the method.
Description
Method for manufacturing pictures with depth and pictures manufactured with this method
The invention relates to a method for producing pictures with depth. The invention also relates to pictures produced with such a method.
Different systems are known for displaying pictures with depth. For instance holograms, wherein through laser equipment a three-dimensionional image can be projected in space. However, the technology for producing such special images with holograms is complicated and costly.
Another known technology for producing stereoscopic pictures is based on the way in which the human eye sees depth. The human eye sees depth because the left eye and the right eye observe an object from a slightly different angle. These two images of the same object are observed by the brain as an image with depth. A common technique for reproduction of pictures with depth from an object that is based on this, starts from two pictures of the object, each picture taken from a slightly different position, wherein the difference in position corresponds to the difference of the positions of a left and right eye of a human being. When these two pictures are presented separately to respectively the left and right eye, then this is experienced as a realistically observed image and not an image of a picture in a flat plane, such as the print of a photograph, and also the depth that is experienced usually by observing an image, is also seen by the observation of these two pictures. It then concerns pictures in a flat plane, that together give the experience of a really observed image. This separated presentation of the picture for the left eye to the left eye and the picture for the right eye to the right eye can take place in different ways . Since a long time these so-called stereoscopic binoculars have been known, wherein for each ocular a picture is being placed that has been taken from an angle that corresponds to the angle of the respective eye. By placing a wall between the two pictures, the left eye can only see the picture for the left eye and the right eye can only see the picture for the right eye. Because these pictures originally have been taken from the mutual positions that correspond
with the mutual positions of the left and the right eye, the image generated in this way gives the same experience of depth as if the original image would have been observed.
Another way of separating the two images for respectively the left eye and the right eye can take place by providing the pictures with different polarizing filters and then, when the pictures are being observed with a looking glass with differently polarized glasses, the left eye can only see the picture that is meant for the left eye and the right eye can only see the picture that is meant for the right eye, through which again the image is experienced as an image with depth. In both cases however, the observer can only observe the image if he uses a special glass or special tools, which is clearly a limitation.
Another known way of generating pictures with depth, that is based on the way the human eye sees depth, as has been described above, consists of gluing small strips of the picture for the left eye next to strips for the right eye and placing a grid in front of these small strips. This grid is opaque with above each strip a transparent gap, in such a way that this grid largely cover the picture strips lying below, but wherein from each of the strips one is visible through a gap, so that when the picture is observed at the right distance, the left eye only sees strips of the photo that be- longs to the position of the left eye and the right eye only sees strips of the photo that belongs to the position of the right eye, so that also here the picture is experienced as a picture with depth.
A disadvantage of the last method is that with the present state of the art of printing it is very difficult to avoid that the strips of the picture that belong to the left eye are not overlapping with strips of the picture that belong to the right eye. A solution for this disadvantage would be to increase the resolution of the printing device in such a way,, that such an overlap will not occur, or only at such a limited scale, that this no longer visible for the human eye. With printing techniques the maximum sight resolution of the human eye of 300 dots/inch (dpi) is assumed.
Although this is correcting itself, it still appears that in
observing differences, differences that are in order of magnitude smaller than the maximum sight are observable to the human eye. On a print made with a printing unit of 4000 dpi, a difference in line thickness of 1/4000 of an inch appears observable by the human eye. Through this sharp observation of differences, the attention is drawn to the overlaps in the pictures for the left and the right eye, and that destroys the depth in the observation. A solution for this would possibly lie in using printing units with a con- siderably larger . resolutio . However, these are not available at this moment and even printing units with a resolution of 4000 dpi are very costly.
It is an aim of the present invention to provide, a method for producing pictures with depth that can be produced with a printing unit with a resolution that not need to be exceptionally high.
This aim is reached by a method according to claim 1. Dividing up of the area of the image to be depicted in a predetermined number of equal first quadrangles, according to step c) of claim 1, takes place through simple arithmetic operations. Through this the position of each rectangle is exactly known, and so in principle with unlimited accuracy. Because the pixel representation of each photo is mapped by projection on the series of second rectangles that belong to this picture, wherein pixels and parts of pixels that fall outside the respective rectangles are being eliminated, this, in principle unlimited accuracy of the limits of each rectangle is maintained. Through this, undesired overlaps can be avoided in a reliable way and a printing unit with an excep- tionally high resolution is not necessary.
By the generation of more than two pictures in pixel representation of the image to be depicted, in which the mutual recording positions of each time two pictures with neighbouring recording positions correspond with the mutual positions of two eyes of an observer, with the method according to the invention a picture with depth can be obtained, wherein with a varying position of observation of the picture also the different visible parts of the object to be depicted in the picture become observable. Next to the depth effect
that occurs with each position of observation, this gives a three-dimensional display effect.
The method can be executed in a very simple way when the third and fourth quadrangles are rectangles.
However it can. happen that a straight line, that forms the boundary line between a third and a fourth rectangle jumps once during printing. In respect with the sensitivity of the human eye for deviations, that has been mentioned before, such a one-time jump of a straight line, that is the limitation between the transparent and opaque part of the grid, is observable to the human eye. By executing the third and fourth quadrangles as trapeziums or as diamonds with angles that deviate slightly from 90°, the boundary lines of the grid will jump many times in a print. Because this jump- ing does not occur once but several times and in a regular way, this is not experienced as deviating, and will, with a resolution of the printing unit that is situated above the maximum sight of the human eye, not be observed.
Because ' the third quadrangles of the grid are opaque for light or only very little transparent, the amount of light that can fall on the picture of the first print, is limited. To remedy this it is possible to lead light from an extra light source to the picture on the first print. This illumination can take place from the side, but with a certain amount of transparency of the pictures, can also take place from the back side.
When the third quadrangles comprise identical areas in regular distances, that are being left transparent during step h) , in the non-transparent areas deviations are being created in regular distances, that because of their regularity will not be observed by the human eye, but admit more light to the print of the image and will therefore increase visibility.
The illumination for the print of the image can also be increased, when the third quadrangles at the side, that after assembly according to step i) is facing the first print, are reflective. Light that otherwise would have been absorbed by the back side is then reflected to the first
print of the image, through which its illumination and by that its visibility is being increased.
An increase of the visibility can also be obtained by providing a separate reflection screen between the grid and the picture, as is being described in claim 7. This reflection screen may comprise reflective parts that are compliant with, or are equal to the covering quadrangles {third quadrangles) of the grid, but can also have a slightly smaller width. With a slightly smaller width the strictness of being in register is less stringent while it still produces an increased illumination.
With a method according to claim 8 it is possible to produce the whole picture with depth on one transparent sheet. The picture comprising photo segments is then printed on the rear side and the grid on the front side. This printing of both prints is then taking place in register. The thickness of the transparent sheet determines the mutual distance of both prints. This gives the advantage that the picture as a whole is easily transportable. With pictures on relatively thin transparent sheets these can be handled rather easily and can for instance be curled up. Examples of useful materials for these sheets can be polyvinyl and polyester.
It can happen that illumination of the photo seg- ments on the first print is insufficient. That can happen for instance when there is insufficient day light and there is no additional illumination from the side or from the back side, or when this illumination from the side or from the back side has broken down, or is negligible in relation to the day- light. With the method according to claim 11, the picture is placed in part on the visible sight of the third quadrangles, being the opaque part of the grid. In these cases the seg¬ ments on the grid serve the purpose that the picture remains visible, albeit not with depth. When there is sufficient light available for the segments of the first print, then the photo segments on the grid can contribute to the depth effect of the picture.
By basing the number of the first and third quadrangles on the resolution of the printing unit, for instance in
such a way that the width of the quadrangle always corresponds with a whole number of "dots" of the printing unit resolution, the number of undesired jumps may be minimised.
The invention will now be described with examples of embodiments, with reference to the drawings in which
Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the principle of a picture with depth using a grid;
Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of an area of an image to be depicted divided up in first and second rec- tangles;
Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the picture of the image to be depicted from the position of the right eye of an observer;
Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a picture of the image to be depicted from the position of the left eye of the observer of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a schematic representation similar to Fig.
1;
Fig. 6a-f are schematic representations of opaque quadrangles;
Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of a picture according to the invention with a reflection screen;
Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of a picture according to the invention with photo segments on the grid.
, First the principle of a picture with depth using a grid will be explained. Then follows a description of an embodiment of the invention with some variants.
In Fig. 1 schematically the principle is shown of a picture with depth from an object that in itself is not further specified. From this object two photographs have been made from two different positions that approximately correspond to the positions of a left eye and a right eye of a person. From each of. these pictures small vertical consecutive strips are being cut in a regular distance and these strips are glued in sequence next to each other on a substrate, wherein always the strip of the picture that corresponds to the position of the right eye is glued on the left side of the strip of the picture that corresponds to the position of the left eye. In this way a photo is created of
substantially the same format as each of the two original photos, wherein the original photos each are represented for approximately 50% in alternating strips. In Fig. 1 this composite photo is indicated with 1. In Fig. 1 only a part is shown of photo 1, being a part with two strips from each of the two original photos. From the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye the strips Rl, R2 have been shown, with on the right side thereof the strips LI, L2 that originate from the picture that corresponds to the position of the left eye, in which Rl and LI are strips of a similar position on their original photo and R2 and L2 are also strips of a similar position on their respective original photo.
At a distance v of photo 1 grid 2 has been mounted. Grid 2 is divided in strips 3 that are opaque and gaps 4 that are transparent for light. The strips 3 that are opaque need to be largely non reflective at the side that is facing the observer, because if they would be, these reflections will draw to much of the attention of the observer and will take away the attention of the depth effect. It will be clear that relative phenomena are concerned here. The gaps 4 are placed in .front of corresponding strips. Thus there are as many gaps as there are strips per photo. So under each gap of the grid from each photo of the photo series there is one strip.
Strips belonging to a gap of the grid are connected, but this need not to be the case with strips belonging to successive gaps of the grid. However, in practice this is likely to be the case so that the distance between two consecutive gaps of the grid can be kept as small as possible, what is good for as well the illumination as the resolution.
At a distance b of the grid there is an observer with left eye 6L and right eye 6R. What the observer sees of the picture is represented by two light beams that have been shown for each eye and indicated with 5. For the left eye 6L the light beams 5L and for the right eye 6R the light beams 5R. This clarifies that through the presence of the grid the left eye only sees the strips LI, L2 of the composite photo 1 that originate of the photo that corresponds to the position of the left eye, and the right eye only sees the strips Rl,
2 from the composite photo that originate from the photo that correspond to the position of the right eye. Because the observer with his left eye only sees the image of the photo that corresponds tot the position of the left eye and the right eye sees the image of the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye the observer sees the object as if he sees the object in reality, so with depth.
It will be clear that when in addition to the photo mentioned here, photos are taken from an other position, for instance somewhat moved to the left, and these photos are distributed in the same way as has been described above and the strips are being glued next to the strips that have been represented in Fig. 1, that the observer of Fig. 1, when he moves a little bit to the left, then sees the strips that originate from the second pair of photos. This observer then sees the same object with depth, but from a slightly different angle, through which a special effect is being obtained and this through a photo assembly in a substantially flat plane.
It is advantageous to choose the widths of for example the strips 3 and the gaps 4 in dependency of the resolution of the printing unit. For instance with a grid of 40 gaps per inch and for each gap a subdivision of 10 photo strips the picture will only be done justice when both print 1 as print 2 are being printed with a printing unit with a resolution of 400 dpi, 800 dpi or 1200 dpi etc.
The principle described above is the principle on which also the method according to the invention is being based. From this description it will also be clear that creation of the photos and certain the creation of the grid needs to take place with high accuracy. That is the main point of the invention. If there are irregularities, for instance in the width of the strips and in the borderlines of the strips and of the gaps of the grid, then the attention of the observer is determined more by these irregularities than by the images on the strips, through which the depth effect is- being partly are totally annihilated. An important source of these irregularities is that pixels of a photo seldom or
never fit to a whole number of lines of a printing unit, causing many jumps.
Let us start from a first pair of two photos in pixel representation from the image to be depicted in which the mutual recording positions of the photos correspond to the mutual recording positions of two eyes of an observer. When more photos are being used, these are being processed in a similar way as will be clear to a person skilled in the art. These photos are then being stored in a memory of a computer. Then a width and a height of the image to be depicted is being determined and the boundaries of the image to be depicted are being marked in the photos stored in the computer memory. Through this a length and a width of the picture is being determined and also of both pictures a length and a width is being determined of the part that will form the picture. For simplicity it is assumed here that length and width of the picture are the same as the length and width of the photos. This need not necessarily be the case of course. The invention does not change if there is a certain relation between the length and the width of the picture and the length and the width of the photos. In the next paragraph will be explained that the pixel representation of a photo is mapped on the corresponding rectangles by projecting the pixel representations on these rectangles. This projection can take place with an scaling factor such that the picture gets the desired format.
Fig. 2 shows a representation of the area of the picture to be obtained divided in a pre determined first number of equal first rectangles, wherein each rectangle extends over the full height of the image to be depicted. Only the first two of these first rectangles a, b have been shown in Fig. 2. Subsequently each first rectangle is being divided in a second number of second rectangles, wherein each second rectangle extend the full height of the image to be depicted. This second number is equal to the number of photos in step a) and each second rectangle is being assigned in a pre determined way to a photo, so that to each photo in each first rectangle belongs a second rectangle. Subsequently the pixel representation of each photo is being mapped on the set
of second rectangles belonging to this photo by projection of the pixel representation on these second rectangles, wherein pixels and parts of pixels that fall outside the respective rectangles are being removed. From pixels of which the parts extending outside the rectangles have been removed, the pixel value, that represent a colour or a shade of gray, is being maintained for the remaining part. In such a way the sharply delimited colour or shade of gray is being obtained for each of the rectangles, when therein is no overlap between the rectangles. The determination of the boundaries of the rectangles is a purely mathematical affair and can be determined by calculation with in principle unlimited accuracy. Projection on the rectangles and the "cutting" along the boundaries also is a mathematical operation and can also take place with unlimited accuracy.
Fig. 3 is a representation . of the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye and Fig. 4 is a representation of the photo that corresponds to the position of the left eye. In Fig. 3 the rectangles Rl and R2 have been indicated that are being projected on the surface of Fig. 1 as is being indicated there.
The generation of a printing command for the printing unit of the set off colour values and gray shade values obtained by this mapping is a standard operation for a person skilled in the art and is not further described here.
In a similar way the second print, the print of the grid, is now obtained. This print is being made on a transparent substrate. On this substrate opaque quadrangles that are non or hardly reflecting are being printed on the side that is facing the observer, and each of the quadrangles extends the full height of the picture, so that between these quadrangles transparent gaps are being obtained. Through these gaps the eyes of the observer observe the strips of the two photos that lie behind the gaps, in such a way that the left eye of the observer observes the strips that originate of the picture of which the position corresponds with the position of the left eye and the right eye of the observer observes the strips that originate from the photo the posi-
tion of which corresponds to the position of the right eye. In the simplest case the opaque quadrangles are rectangles .
The gaps in between will then also be rectangular in form.
Fig. 5 shows a part of Fig. 1. In Fig. 5 a first print 1, with two photo strips Rl, LI, one of each photo, and a second print 2 with a transparent gap.4 are shown. Print 1 and print 2 are parallel to each other and spaced apart at a distance v. At distance b of print 2 there is an observer whose left eye 6L and the right eye 6R have been represented. The width of gap 4 is dimensioned in such a way that for the left eye 6L through gap 4 only the strip LI, belonging to the photo that corresponds to the position of the left eye, and for the right eye 6R through gap 4 only the strip Rl, belong- ing to the photo that corresponds to the position of the right eye, is visible. This is being illustrated by the light bea s 5L and 5R, that delimit the field of view of respec— tively the left eye 6L and the right eye 6R through gap 4. By reducing the width of gap 4 a range of distances b is ob- tained within which the depth effect remains observable.
When the contours of the opaque quadrangles are not accurate, the contours can at the print exhibit an irregular jump as a consequence of the limited resolution of the printing device. When a jump occurs in an irregular pattern in the contour of a gap, then the attention of an observer is drawn to this jumping gap and is destructed from the photos lying behind, so that the effect of depth is destroyed. It is therefore of importance that these gaps do not show irregularities. When however this does occur or may be expected, this problem can be solved by making the opaque quadrangles not rectangular, but in a form of trapeziums or diamonds of which the angles of the corners differ slightly from 90°.
Through this jumping lines in the contour are generated, in which the jumping occurs regularly. An example of a trapezium shaped quadrangle 3 is schematically shown in Fig. 6a. At both sides a regular jump occurs of the printed line. Through this regularity an observer will not notice this and consequently his attention remains focussed to the picture behind the gaps of the grid, through which the depth effect remains.
The opaque part of the grid limits the amount of light that reaches the eye of the observer from the photos. It is possible to enhance the amount of light through making openings in the opaque part at regular distances. When these openings are sufficiently small, they will not in a drastic way influence the image forming, at least if the requirement is satisfied that these openings through their regularity are not drawing the attention of the observer and thus do not disturb the depth effect. In Fig. 6b and 6c two different embodiments of these openings 30, 31 have been shown. In Fig. 6b it concerns rectangular recesses 30 from the boundary with the gap 4. In Fig. 8 these recesses 30 of Fig. 6c have been further enhanced with smaller rectangular recesses 31.
Through these recesses 30, 31 the amount of light of the picture on the eye 6L, 6R is increased. Figs. 6d-f show examples of regular small transparent openings that have been made in strips 3.
Another way of increasing the light from the picture of print 1 is shown in Fig. 7. In Fig. 7 a print 1 is shown with thereon (not indicated) strips of photos. Further print 2 is visible with opaque quadrangles 3 and between these transparent gaps 4. Between print 1 and print 2, preferably close to print 2 a screen 10 is placed with reflecting surfaces 11 facing print 1 and between the surfaces 11 transpar- ent surfaces 12. The reflecting surfaces 11 increase the amount of light because the light that otherwise would have been absorbed by the opaque quadrangle 3 of print 2, is now being reflected and eventually can exit through gaps 4·.
Instead of reflecting screen 10 print 2 can also be printed with reflective material at the side that in mounted condition is facing print 1.
The composition of the picture by assembly of print 1 and print 2 and possibly reflective screen 10 in a fixed distance and in register with respect to each other can take place in a way that is known to the person skilled in the art .
There is a possibility to mount the picture in a fixed housing comprising suitable clamping devices for print 1 and 2 (and 10) , and an illumination.
With a series production of the picture according to the invention, grid and photo, respectively print 2 and print 1 are being molded between glass. This can take place superimposed and in register with an accuracy of until 0,01 mm. However, it is also possible to assemble the picture according to the invention somewhat autonomously, which can be advantageous for use. in display cases as they can be seen in many cities. On the prints 1 and 2, respectively the photo and the grid register marks are being printed. The photo is laid on a vacuum table and over it the sheet with the grid. With aid of the register marks both sheets are aligned precisely. With a magnifying glass it is possible to very accurately fit the register marks on top of each other.
By clamping a block over the middle the sheets cannot move anymore with respect to each other.. At the top side the grid sheet is folded away. On the top side of the photo a strip is being glued with the desired thickness. The grid sheet is folded back and glued on top of the strip. At the bottom side the same procedure. The clamp in the middle can be taken away and the sheets remain nicely parallel to each other at the desired distance.
In stead of gluing also a clamping device can be positioned on the top side. At the bottom it is advisable not to use clamps but only use a weight attached to each sheet. This way a simple exchangeable assembly can be obtained so that pictures according to the invention can be' exchanged in in public display cases a simple way.
In a very advantageous embodiment of the invention the first print and the second print are both printed on a sheet of transparent material, for instance polyester material of polyvinyl material. De first print is then made on a surface of the sheet of transparent material and the second print is being printed on the opposite surface of the sheet of transparent material. The thickness of the sheet of trans^ parent material determines then the distance v. This thick¬ ness is then related to the application of the picture with depth and with the number of strips 3 and gaps 4 of the grid. For instance for a large poster possibly a grid with 40 gaps per inch will be used and a thickness of the sheet of ap-
proximately 3 mm. For a picture of A4 format' possibly a grid of 60 gaps per inch will be used and a thickness of the sheet of approximately 1 mm. For a picture of a credit card format possibly a grid of 120 gaps per inch is used and a thickness of the sheet of approximately 0,2-0,8 mm and for a picture of a stamp format possibly a grid of 200 gaps per inch and a thickness of the sheet of approximately 0,05-0,5 mm is used.
Another advantageous embodiment of the invention is schematically depicted in Fig. 8. For example when insuffi- cient day light is available and there is no additional illumination from the side or from the back side, or when this illumination from the side and from the back side has broken down or is negligible with respect to the day light, it is possible to place strips 7 of a photo of the image on the visible side of the opaque strip of the grid. In these cases the photo segments 7 on the grid serve the purpose that the picture remains visible, albeit not with depth. When there is sufficient light available for the segments of the first print 1, then the photo segment 7 on the grid 3 do not contribute to the depth effect of the picture, but they strengthen the image of the picture.
Above the invention has been explained using some examples of embodiments of the invention. However, the invention is not limited to these examples of embodiments but is determined by the claims.
Claims
1. Method for manufacturing pictures with depth, the method comprising the following steps:.
a) generating at least two photos in pixel representation of the image to be depicted, wherein the mutual posi- tions of registration of each pair of photos with adjacent registration positions correspond to the mutual positions of the two eyes (6L, 6R) of an observer, and storing these at least two photos in a memory of a computer;
b) determining the width and height of an image to be depicted and marking of the boundaries of the image to be depicted in the photos that have been stored in the computer memory in step a) ;
c) dividing up of the area of the image to be depicted in a pre determined first number of equal first rec- tangles (a, b) , in which each rectangle extends the full height of the image to be depicted;
d) dividing up of each first rectangle (a, b) in a second number of second, rectangles (Rl, LI, R2, L2}, wherein second rectangle {Rl, LI, R2, L2) extends the full height of the image to be depicted and wherein the second number is equal to the number of photos in step a) and each second rectangle (Rl, LI, R2, L2) is assigned in a pre determined way to a photo, so that to each photo in each first rectangle (a, b) belongs a second rectangle (Rl, LI, R2, L2);
characterized in that the method further comprises the steps of:
e) mapping of the pixel representation of each photo on the set of second rectangles (Rl, LI, R2, L2) belonging to this photo by projecting the pixel representation on the second rectangles (Rl, LI, R2, L2) taking into account the boundaries marked in step b) , wherein pixels and parts of pixels that fall outside the respective rectangles (Rl, LI, R2, L2) are being removed;
f) generating of a print command to a printing unit and executing this printing command on this printing unit for making a first print (1) of the mapping that has been generated in step e) on a sheet of printing material;
g) dividing up of the area of the image to be depicted in connecting alternatively third (3) and fourth (4) quadrangles, wherein each third (3) and fourth (4) quadrangle extends the full height of the image to be depicted and has a pre determined width;
h) generating of a printing command to a printing unit and executing this printing command on the printing unit for making a second print (2) on a sheet of transparent printing material of the area with the division as generated in step g) , wherein each third quadrangle (3) is being printed so that it is opaque and each fourth (4) quadrangle is being left transparent, for forming of a grid;
i) assembling on top of each other with a pre determined distance of the first (1) and the second (2) print for obtaining a picture with depth.
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the third (3) and the fourth (4) quadrangles are rectan- gles.
3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the third (3) and the fourth (4) quadrangles are trapeziums or diamonds with corner angles lying between 88° and 92°.
4. Method according to one of the claims 1 tot 3, characterized in that the third quadrangles (3) comprise identical areas {30, 31) at mutually regular distances that are being left transparent during step h) .
5. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the third quadrangles (3) at the side that after assembly according step i) is facing the first print (1) are reflective.
6. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized in that according to steps g) and h) a third print (10) is being generated with third (11) and fourth (12) quadrangles, wherein this third print (10) at step i) is being mounted in register with a pre determined distance between the first and second print, wherein the third quadrangles (11) are reflective.
7. Method according to one of the claims 6, characterized in that the third print (10) the third quadrangles (11) have a smaller width and the fourth quadrangles (12) have a corresponding larger width than the corresponding third -(3) and fourth (4)' quadrangles of the second print (2).
8. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the first print according to step f) is being printed on the sheet of transparent material on which also the second print according to step h) is being printed wherein the first and second print each are being printed on a differing surface of two mutually opposite surfaces of the sheet, wherein the step of mounting in register according to step i) takes place by printing in register on the sheet of transparent material of both prints . and the mutual distance (v) is the thickness of the field of transparent material .
9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the sheet of material has a thickness that at maximum comprises 5 mm.
10. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the sheet of material comprises polyvinyl and polyester.
11. Method according to one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the method following step g) and prior to step h) comprises the following steps:
gl) determining within each third quadrangle a internal rectangle that has the same height as the third quadrangle,
g2) mapping of the pixel representation of one of the photos from step a) , or from a photo that follows the characteristics of one of the photos from step a) , on these internal rectangles by projecting the pixel representation on these internal rectangles taking into account the boundaries marked in step b) wherein pixels and parts of the pixels that fall outside the respective internal rectangles are being removed;
wherein the second print according to step h) also comprises the mappings on the internal rectangles that have · bee generated in step g2) .
12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the division in step c) and the divi- sion in step g) are based on a resolution of the printing unit .
13. Pictures manufactured with a method to one of the preceding claims.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2004100 | 2010-01-15 | ||
| NL2004100 | 2010-01-15 | ||
| NL2004263A NL2004263C2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2010-02-18 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IMAGES WITH DEPTH AND IMAGES MANUFACTURED WITH THIS METHOD. |
| NL2004263 | 2010-02-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011087365A1 true WO2011087365A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
Family
ID=43838909
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NL2011/050026 Ceased WO2011087365A1 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-01-17 | Method for manufacturing pictures with depth and pictures manufactured with this method |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NL (1) | NL2004263C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011087365A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5113213A (en) * | 1989-01-13 | 1992-05-12 | Sandor Ellen R | Computer-generated autostereography method and apparatus |
| US5594841A (en) * | 1993-12-27 | 1997-01-14 | Schutz; Stephen A. | Stereogram and method of constructing the same |
| RU2129725C1 (en) * | 1998-08-06 | 1999-04-27 | Илясов Леонид Владимирович | Method for production of stereo raster photos |
| US20090009592A1 (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2009-01-08 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Three-Dimensional Image Forming System |
-
2010
- 2010-02-18 NL NL2004263A patent/NL2004263C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2011
- 2011-01-17 WO PCT/NL2011/050026 patent/WO2011087365A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5113213A (en) * | 1989-01-13 | 1992-05-12 | Sandor Ellen R | Computer-generated autostereography method and apparatus |
| US5594841A (en) * | 1993-12-27 | 1997-01-14 | Schutz; Stephen A. | Stereogram and method of constructing the same |
| RU2129725C1 (en) * | 1998-08-06 | 1999-04-27 | Илясов Леонид Владимирович | Method for production of stereo raster photos |
| US20090009592A1 (en) * | 2004-10-01 | 2009-01-08 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Three-Dimensional Image Forming System |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL2004263C2 (en) | 2011-07-19 |
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