WO2011065391A1 - リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, particularly excellent in cycle characteristics, load characteristics, and safety.
- lithium cobaltate has been used as a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries.
- cobalt is a rare metal
- lithium nickel manganese cobalt-based composite oxides having a low cobalt content see, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3 have been developed.
- Lithium secondary batteries that use this lithium nickel manganese cobalt based composite oxide as the positive electrode active material can be manufactured at low cost by adjusting the atomic ratio of nickel, manganese, and cobalt contained in the composite oxide.
- Patent Documents 4 and 5 it is proposed to use a carbonated Li-excess layered lithium nickel composite oxide having a defined carbonate ion concentration as a positive electrode active material. There is no description or suggestion about using a lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide having a composition.
- the present inventors have obtained a lithium composite oxide containing a specific metal atom in a specific range in a lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide having a specific composition as a positive electrode active material.
- the lithium secondary battery shall be excellent in safety. Furthermore, it has been found that by adjusting the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface of the lithium composite oxide within a specific range, the capacity retention rate of lithium secondary batteries, particularly at high temperatures, can be dramatically improved. Completed the invention.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active for a lithium secondary battery using a lithium nickel manganese cobalt based composite oxide capable of imparting particularly excellent cycle characteristics, load characteristics, and safety to a lithium secondary battery.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics, load characteristics, and safety, using a positive electrode active material, and a material, a method for producing the positive electrode active material in an industrially advantageous manner.
- the first invention to be provided by the present invention is the following general formula (1): Li x Ni y Mn z Co 1-yz O 1 + x (1) (Wherein x represents 1.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.25, y represents 0.30 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.40, and z represents 0.30 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.40).
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery characterized in that the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface is 0.05 to 0.20% by weight.
- the second invention to be provided by the present invention is: (A) a lithium compound and (b) a general formula; Ni y Mn z Co 1-yz (OH) 2 (Wherein y represents 0.30 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.40, z represents 0.30 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.40), and (c) Mg, Al, Ti,
- One or more metal atom (Me) -containing compounds selected from Cu and Zr have an atomic ratio of Li / (Ni + Mn + Co + Me) of 1.02 to 1.25 and an atomic ratio of Me / (Ni + Mn + Co)
- a lithium secondary battery comprising: a first step of mixing at 0.001 to less than 0.05; and then a second step of firing the obtained mixture at 800 to 1000 ° C. to obtain a lithium composite oxide It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material.
- the third invention to be provided by the present invention is a lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery according to the first invention.
- security can be provided using the positive electrode active material which consists of lithium nickel manganese cobalt type complex oxide.
- the present invention can provide a lithium secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics even at high temperatures.
- this positive electrode active material can be manufactured by an industrially advantageous method.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite hydroxide sample A X-ray diffraction diagram of composite hydroxide sample B.
- FIG. FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the lithium composite oxide obtained in Example 3.
- the DSC chart of this lithium composite oxide sample when the lithium composite oxide sample of Example 3 is used as a positive electrode active material and safety is evaluated.
- the DSC chart of this lithium composite oxide sample when the lithium composite oxide sample of the comparative example 1 is used as a positive electrode active material and safety is evaluated.
- the DSC chart of this lithium composite oxide sample when the lithium composite oxide sample of the comparative example 3 is used as a positive electrode active material, and safety is evaluated.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention (hereinafter simply referred to as “positive electrode active material” unless otherwise specified) is represented by the following general formula (1): Li x Ni y Mn z Co 1-yz O 1 + x (1) (Wherein x represents 1.02 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.25, y represents 0.30 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.40, and z represents 0.30 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.40).
- Lithium in which a specific metal atom (Me) is contained in an amount of 0.1 mol% to less than 5 mol% in a cobalt-based composite oxide (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “lithium nickel manganese cobalt-based composite oxide”) It is a composite oxide (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “lithium composite oxide”).
- X in the formula of the lithium composite oxide represented by the general formula (1) is 1.02 or more and 1.25 or less, and particularly x in the formula is in the range of 1.05 or more and 1.20 or less. This is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the capacity retention rate of the lithium secondary battery.
- Y and Z in the formula are 0.30 or more and 0.40 or less, and when y and z in the formula are in the range of 0.33 or more and 0.34 or less, the target product can be produced at low cost. Moreover, it is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the safety of the lithium secondary battery.
- the metal atom (Me) contained in the lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide represented by the general formula (1) is one or more metal atoms selected from Mg, Al, Ti, Cu and Zr ( Me) (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “metal atom (Me)”), among which Mg, Ti, and Cu are particularly preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the safety of the lithium secondary battery. Further, the amount of metal atom (Me) contained in the lithium nickel manganese cobalt based composite oxide is 0.1 mol% or more and less than 5 mol%.
- the content of the metal atom (Me) is preferably 0.2 mol% or more and 1 mol% or less from the viewpoint of obtaining a lithium secondary battery having high discharge capacity and further improved safety.
- the reason why the content of the metal atom (Me) is within the above range is that when the content of the metal atom (Me) is smaller than 0.1 mol%, the safety improvement effect of the lithium secondary battery is improved.
- the content of the metal atom (Me) is 5 mol% or more, the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery is lowered.
- the metal atom (Me) may be contained as a solid solution in the lithium nickel manganese cobalt-based composite oxide. It may exist on the particle surface of the composite oxide.
- the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface of the lithium composite oxide is 0.05 to 0.20% by weight, preferably 0.07 to 0. 20% by weight.
- the reason for this is that when the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface of the lithium composite oxide is less than 0.05% by weight, the formation of a film by the decomposition of the electrolyte solution on the electrode surface is promoted, and the capacity retention rate is increased.
- it exceeds 0.20% by weight the amount of CO 2 gas generated during high-temperature storage increases and the safety of the lithium secondary battery decreases.
- the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface of the lithium composite oxide is 1.5 to 10 mg / m 2 , preferably the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface per unit area determined from the BET specific surface area. Is preferably from 2.5 to 7.0 mg / m 2 from the viewpoint of further improving the capacity retention rate at high temperatures of a lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium composite oxide according to the positive electrode active material of the present invention is such that the remaining LiOH is 0.15% by weight or less, preferably 0.11% by weight or less and substantially free of LiOH. Is preferable from the viewpoint of facilitating electrode preparation because the coating property is stable and coating properties are improved.
- the lithium composite oxide has an average particle size of 1 to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m, determined by a laser particle size distribution measurement method.
- the reason for this is that when the average particle size of the lithium composite oxide is smaller than 1 ⁇ m, the number of highly active fine particles tends to increase, and the effect of improving the safety of the lithium secondary battery tends to be difficult to obtain. This is because applicability to the electrodes tends to be a problem when the size is increased.
- the lithium composite oxide has a BET specific surface area of 0.1 to 1 m 2 / g, preferably 0.2 to 0.8 m 2 / g.
- the reason for this is that when the BET specific surface area of the lithium composite oxide is smaller than 0.1 m 2 / g, the load characteristics of the lithium secondary battery tend to deteriorate, whereas when the lithium composite oxide is larger than 1 m 2 / g, the lithium secondary battery This is because the discharge capacity tends to decrease.
- the lithium composite oxide has a tap density of 1.5 g / ml or more. This is because when the tap density of the lithium composite oxide is less than 1.5 g / ml, the electrode density tends to decrease and the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery tends to decrease. In particular, when the tap density of the lithium composite oxide is in the range of 1.7 to 2.8 g / ml, it is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention includes, for example, (a) a lithium compound, (b) a general formula; Ni y Mn z Co 1-yz (OH) 2 (wherein y is 0.30 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. 40, z represents 0.30 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.40), and (c) the metal atom (Me) -containing compound has an atomic ratio of Li / (Ni + Mn + Co + Me) of 1.
- Examples of the (a) lithium compound according to the first step include lithium oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, nitrate, and organic acid salt.
- lithium carbonate is easy to handle as a powder, It is particularly preferably used from the viewpoint of being inexpensive.
- this lithium compound has an average particle size determined by a laser light scattering method of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, and preferably 5 to 80 ⁇ m, because of good reactivity.
- composite hydroxide represented by the general formula (b) Ni y Mn z Co 1-yz (OH) 2 according to the first step.
- y and z correspond to y and z in the formula of the general formula (1), respectively, and y and Z are 0.30 or more and 0.40 or less, and particularly y and z in the formula are 0.
- the target lithium composite oxide can be produced at low cost, and the obtained lithium composite oxide further improves the safety of the lithium secondary battery. From the viewpoint of being able to do so.
- the composite hydroxide has an average particle size determined by a laser particle size distribution measurement method of 1 to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the reason for this is that when the average particle size of the composite hydroxide is smaller than 1 ⁇ m, in the lithium secondary battery using the obtained lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, the safety improvement effect tends to be small.
- the average particle size is larger than 30 ⁇ m, the reactivity is deteriorated, and in the lithium secondary battery using the obtained lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, the discharge capacity tends to decrease.
- the composite hydroxide has a BET specific surface area of 2 to 10 m 2 / g, preferably 2 to 8 m 2 / g.
- the reason for this is that when the BET specific surface area of the composite hydroxide is smaller than 2 m 2 / g, the reactivity becomes worse, and in the lithium secondary battery using the obtained lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, On the other hand, when the BET specific surface area is larger than 10 m 2 / g, in the lithium secondary battery using the obtained lithium composite oxide as the positive electrode active material, the safety improvement effect tends to be small. Because there is.
- the composite hydroxide has a tap density of 1 g / ml or more, preferably 1.5 to 2.5 g / ml.
- the reason for this is that if the tap density of the composite hydroxide is less than 1 g / ml, the tap density and electrode density of the obtained lithium composite oxide are reduced, and thus the obtained lithium composite oxide is used as a positive electrode active material. This is because the discharge capacity tends to decrease in the lithium secondary battery.
- the composite hydroxide having such various physical properties can be prepared, for example, by a coprecipitation method.
- the composite hydroxide can be coprecipitated by mixing an aqueous solution containing a predetermined amount of nickel atom, cobalt atom and manganese atom, an aqueous solution of a complexing agent, and an alkaline aqueous solution ( (See JP-A-10-81521, JP-A-10-81520, JP-A-10-29820, 2002-201028, etc.).
- the composite hydroxide may be a commercial product.
- metal atom (Me) containing compound chosen from Mg, Al, Ti, Cu, and Zr which concerns on 1st process is an oxide containing these metal atoms (Me), water Oxides, halides, carbonates, nitrates, organic acid salts and the like can be used.
- this metal atom (Me) -containing compound has an average particle size determined by a laser particle size distribution measuring method of 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, since it has good reactivity and is particularly preferable.
- the raw material (a) lithium compound, (b) composite hydroxide, and (c) metal atom (Me) -containing compound contain as much impurities as possible in order to produce a high-purity positive electrode active material. Those with less are preferred.
- the compounding ratio of (a) lithium compound, (b) composite hydroxide and (c) metal atom (Me) -containing compound is the atomic ratio of lithium atom to nickel atom, cobalt atom, manganese atom and metal atom (Me) ( Li / (Ni + Co + Mn + Me)) is 1.02 to 1.25, preferably 1.05 to 1.20, in order to obtain a positive electrode active material having excellent cycle characteristics, load characteristics and safety. An important requirement.
- the reason for this is that when the atomic ratio of lithium atoms to nickel atoms, cobalt atoms, manganese atoms, and metal atoms (Me) is smaller than 1.02, the amount of Li 2 CO 3 present on the particle surface of the resulting lithium composite oxide This is because it is difficult to enter the range of 0.05 to 0.20% by weight. On the other hand, when the atomic ratio of lithium atoms to nickel atoms, cobalt atoms, manganese atoms, and metal atoms (Me) is greater than 1.25, the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery is greatly reduced.
- the compounding ratio of (b) the composite hydroxide and (c) the metal atom (Me) -containing compound is the atomic ratio of the metal atom (Me) to the nickel atom, cobalt atom and manganese atom (Me / ⁇ Ni + Mn + Co ⁇ ). Viewpoint of obtaining a lithium secondary battery that has a high capacity retention rate and is excellent in safety, particularly when the capacity is 0.001 or more and less than 0.05, and particularly 0.002 or more and 0.01 or less. To preferred.
- the reason why the atomic ratio of the metal atom (Me) to the nickel atom, cobalt atom, and manganese atom is within the above range is that when the atomic ratio of Me / (Ni + Mn + Co) is smaller than 0.01, the safety of the lithium secondary battery is reduced. This is because the improvement effect is not observed, and on the other hand, when the atomic ratio of Me / (Ni + Mn + Co) is 0.05 or more, the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery decreases.
- the mixing may be either a dry method or a wet method, but a dry method is preferable because of easy production. In the case of dry mixing, it is preferable to use a blender or the like that uniformly mixes the raw materials.
- the mixture obtained by uniformly mixing the raw materials obtained in the first step is then subjected to a second step to obtain a positive electrode active material made of a lithium composite oxide.
- the second step according to the present invention is a step of obtaining a positive electrode active material made of a lithium composite oxide by firing the mixture obtained by uniformly mixing the raw materials obtained in the first step in a specific temperature range.
- the firing temperature in the second step is 800 to 1000 ° C., preferably 850 to 950 ° C. This is because when the firing temperature is lower than 800 ° C., the solid solution reaction between (a) the lithium compound, (b) the composite hydroxide, and (c) the metal atom (Me) -containing compound is not completed.
- Lithium secondary batteries having a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material have a low discharge capacity, and it is difficult to obtain a battery with excellent load characteristics and safety.
- the firing temperature is higher than 1000 ° C., the obtained lithium This is because it is difficult to obtain a lithium secondary battery using a composite oxide as a positive electrode active material with good load characteristics.
- the firing atmosphere may be an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere, and the firing time is 5 hours or longer, preferably 7 to 15 hours. Moreover, in this invention, you may perform baking as many times as desired. Alternatively, for the purpose of making the powder characteristics uniform, the fired material may be pulverized and then refired. After firing, the lithium composite oxide of the present invention is obtained by appropriately cooling and pulverizing as necessary.
- the pulverization is appropriately performed when the obtained lithium composite oxide is brittle and in a block shape, and the lithium composite oxide has specific powder characteristics. That is, the average particle size determined by the laser particle size distribution measurement method is 1 to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m, and the BET specific surface area is 0.1 to 1 m 2 / g, preferably 0.2 to 0.8 m 2 /. g, the tap density is 1.5 g / ml or more, preferably 1.7 to 2.8 g / ml.
- Li 2 CO 3 is present in an amount of 0.05 to 0.15 wt%
- LiOH is also present in an amount of 0.02 to 0.15 wt%.
- the lithium secondary battery using the positive electrode active material obtained by applying the third step further improves battery performance such as cycle characteristics, load characteristics and safety.
- the lithium composite oxide obtained in the second step is brought into contact with carbon dioxide.
- the contact between the lithium composite oxide and carbon dioxide is performed in an atmosphere containing a carbon dioxide concentration of 50% by volume or more, preferably 90 to 100% by volume. This is because if the carbon dioxide concentration is smaller than 50% by volume, the conversion to Li 2 CO 3 tends to be insufficient.
- the contact between the lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide and carbon dioxide can be efficiently converted to Li 2 CO 3 by performing stirring or moderate vibration.
- the contact temperature is 5 to 90 ° C., preferably 10 to 80 ° C., for 5 minutes or more, preferably 0.1 to 10 hours.
- the product After completion of the third step, the product is dried, crushed or crushed as necessary, and then classified to obtain a product.
- the drying treatment temperature is preferably from 100 to 300 ° C., preferably from 150 to 250 ° C., from the viewpoint that moisture can be quickly removed.
- the drying time is 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 to 2 hours.
- a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention uses the above-described positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, and includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt.
- the positive electrode is formed, for example, by applying and drying a positive electrode mixture on a positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode mixture includes a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and a filler added as necessary. Consists of.
- the positive electrode active material made of the lithium composite oxide of the present invention is uniformly applied to the positive electrode. For this reason, the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is particularly excellent in load characteristics, capacity retention at high temperatures, and safety.
- the content of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode mixture is 70 to 100% by weight, preferably 90 to 98% by weight.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is an electronic conductor that does not cause a chemical change in the constituted battery.
- the surface include carbon, nickel, titanium, and silver surface-treated. The surface of these materials may be oxidized and used, or the current collector surface may be provided with irregularities by surface treatment.
- the current collector include foils, films, sheets, nets, punched ones, lath bodies, porous bodies, foam bodies, fiber groups, nonwoven fabric molded bodies, and the like.
- the thickness of the current collector is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not cause a chemical change in a configured battery.
- graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, carbon black such as thermal black
- conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber
- Examples include metal powders such as carbon fluoride, aluminum and nickel powder, conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, and conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives.
- graphite include scaly graphite, scaly graphite, and earthy graphite. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the blending ratio of the conductive agent is 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 2 to 30% by weight in the positive electrode mixture.
- binder examples include starch, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, diacetylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer ( EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, fluorinated Vinylidene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene-tetraf Oroethylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- the compound containing a functional group which reacts with lithium like a polysaccharide it is preferable to add the compound like an isocyanate group and to deactivate the functional group, for example.
- the blending ratio of the binder is 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 15% by weight in the positive electrode mixture.
- the filler suppresses the volume expansion of the positive electrode in the positive electrode mixture, and is added if necessary.
- any fibrous material can be used as long as it does not cause a chemical change in the constructed battery.
- olefinic polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene, and fibers such as glass and carbon are used.
- the addition amount of the filler is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 to 30% by weight in the positive electrode mixture.
- the negative electrode is formed by applying and drying a negative electrode material on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is an electronic conductor that does not cause a chemical change in a configured battery.
- stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium, aluminum, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel examples include carbon, nickel, titanium, silver surface-treated, and an aluminum-cadmium alloy. Further, the surface of these materials may be used after being oxidized, or the surface of the current collector may be provided with irregularities by surface treatment.
- Examples of the current collector include foils, films, sheets, nets, punched ones, lath bodies, porous bodies, foam bodies, fiber groups, nonwoven fabric molded bodies, and the like.
- the thickness of the current collector is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include carbonaceous materials, metal composite oxides, lithium metals, lithium alloys, silicon-based alloys, tin-based alloys, metal oxides, conductive polymers, and chalcogen compounds. And Li—Co—Ni-based materials.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material include non-graphitizable carbon materials and graphite-based carbon materials.
- Examples of the metal composite oxide include Sn P (M 1 ) 1-p (M 2 ) q Or (wherein M 1 represents one or more elements selected from Mn, Fe, Pb and Ge, M 2 represents one or more elements selected from Al, B, P, Si, Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and a halogen element in the periodic table, and 0 ⁇ p ⁇ 1, 1 ⁇ q ⁇ 3 ,. showing a 1 ⁇ r ⁇ 8), Li x Fe 2 O 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Li x WO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), include compounds of lithium titanate.
- the metal oxide GeO, GeO 2, SnO, SnO 2, PbO, PbO 2, Pb 2 O 3, Pb 3 O 4, Sb 2 O 3, Sb 2 O 4, Sb 2 O 5, Bi 2 O 3 Bi 2 O 4 , Bi 2 O 5 and the like.
- the conductive polymer include polyacetylene and poly-p-phenylene.
- an insulating thin film having a large ion permeability and a predetermined mechanical strength is used.
- Sheets and non-woven fabrics made of olefin polymers such as polypropylene, glass fibers or polyethylene are used because of their organic solvent resistance and hydrophobicity.
- the pore diameter of the separator may be in a range generally useful for batteries, for example, 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the separator may be in a range for a general battery, for example, 5 to 300 ⁇ m.
- the solid electrolyte such as a polymer is used as the electrolyte described later, the solid electrolyte may also serve as a separator.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt is composed of a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium salt.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte a non-aqueous electrolyte, an organic solid electrolyte, or an inorganic solid electrolyte is used.
- Non-aqueous electrolytes include, for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydroxyfuran, 2-methyl Tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, phosphate triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane derivatives, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, 3-methyl -2-oxazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivative, tetrahydrofuran derivative, diethyl ether, 1,3- Ropansaruton, methyl propionate, and a solvent
- organic solid electrolyte examples include a polyethylene derivative, a polyethylene oxide derivative or a polymer containing the same, a polypropylene oxide derivative or a polymer containing the same, a phosphate ester polymer, polyphosphazene, polyaziridine, polyethylene sulfide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, Examples thereof include a polymer containing an ionic dissociation group such as polyhexafluoropropylene, and a mixture of a polymer containing an ionic dissociation group and the above non-aqueous electrolyte.
- Li nitride, halide, oxyacid salt, sulfide and the like can be used, for example, Li 3 N, LiI, Li 5 NI 2 , Li 3 N—LiI—LiOH, LiSiO 4.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte is amorphous (glass), lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ), phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5) ), Compounds containing oxygen such as lithium borate (Li 3 BO 3 ), Li 3 PO 4-x N 2x / 3 (x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4), Li 4 SiO 4-x N 2x / 3 (x is Nitrogen such as 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4), Li 4 GeO 4-x N 2x / 3 (x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4), Li 3 BO 3-x N 2x / 3 (x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3)
- the compound to be contained can be contained in the inorganic solid electrolyte.
- lithium salt those dissolved in the non-aqueous electrolyte are used.
- the following compounds can be added to the non-aqueous electrolyte for the purpose of improving discharge, charge characteristics, and flame retardancy.
- pyridine triethyl phosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylenediamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, quinoneimine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone and N, N-substituted imidazolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether , Ammonium salt, polyethylene glycol, pyrrole, 2-methoxyethanol, aluminum trichloride, conductive polymer electrode active material monomer, triethylenephosphonamide, trialkylphosphine, morpholine, aryl compound with carbonyl group, hexamethylphosphine
- Examples include hollic triamide and 4-alkylmorpholine, bicyclic tertiary amines, oils, phosphonium salts and
- a halogen-containing solvent such as carbon tetrachloride or ethylene trifluoride can be included in the electrolyte.
- carbon dioxide gas can be included in the electrolytic solution in order to make it suitable for high-temperature storage.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is a lithium secondary battery excellent in battery performance, particularly in cycle characteristics, and the shape of the battery may be any shape such as a button, a sheet, a cylinder, a corner, or a coin type.
- the use of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is not particularly limited.
- electronic devices such as memory cards and video movies, and consumer electronic devices such as automobiles, electric vehicles, and game machines.
- Tap density is based on the method of apparent density or apparent specific volume described in JIS-K-5101, 50 g of sample is put into a 50 ml measuring cylinder, made by Yuasa Ionics, DUAL It set to the AUTOTAP apparatus, tapped 500 times, the capacity was read, the apparent density was calculated, and it was set as the tap density.
- the average particle size was determined by a laser particle size distribution measurement method.
- Examples 1 to 5, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 The composite hydroxide sample A (Ni 0.334 Mn 0.333 Co 0.333 (OH) 2 ), lithium carbonate (average particle size 4.5 ⁇ m) and magnesium fluoride (average particle size 5.9 ⁇ m), Nickel atoms, manganese atoms, cobalt atoms, and magnesium atoms were weighed so as to have the blending ratios shown in Table 1, and sufficiently mixed with a mixer. This mixture was fired at 900 ° C. for 10 hours in the air, and the fired product obtained by cooling after firing was pulverized and classified to obtain a lithium composite oxide sample comprising a magnesium-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide. It was.
- Example 6 The composite hydroxide sample A (Ni 0.334 Mn 0.333 Co 0.333 (OH) 2 ), lithium carbonate (average particle size 4.5 ⁇ m) and magnesium oxide (average particle size 2.9 ⁇ m) were mixed with nickel. Atoms, manganese atoms, cobalt atoms, and magnesium atoms were weighed so as to have the blending ratios shown in Table 1, and sufficiently mixed with a mixer. This mixture was fired at 900 ° C. for 10 hours in the air, and the fired product obtained by cooling after firing was pulverized and classified to obtain a lithium composite oxide sample comprising a magnesium-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide. It was.
- Example 7 A lithium composite oxide sample comprising a magnesium-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt based composite oxide was obtained under the same conditions and operating method as in Example 3 except that the composite hydroxide sample B was used instead of the composite hydroxide sample A. It was.
- Example 8 The composite hydroxide sample A (Ni 0.334 Mn 0.333 Co 0.333 (OH) 2 ), lithium carbonate (average particle size 4.5 ⁇ m) and copper oxide (average particle size 5.3 ⁇ m) were mixed with nickel. Atoms, manganese atoms, cobalt atoms, and copper atoms were weighed so as to have a blending ratio shown in Table 1, and sufficiently mixed with a mixer. The mixture was fired at 900 ° C. for 10 hours in the air, and the fired product obtained by cooling after firing was pulverized and classified to obtain a lithium composite oxide sample comprising a copper-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide. It was.
- Example 9 The composite hydroxide sample A (Ni 0.334 Mn 0.333 Co 0.333 (OH) 2 ), lithium carbonate (average particle size 4.5 ⁇ m) and titanium dioxide (average particle size 0.4 ⁇ m) were mixed with nickel. Atoms, manganese atoms, cobalt atoms, and titanium atoms were weighed so as to have the blending ratio shown in Table 1, and sufficiently mixed with a mixer. The mixture was fired at 900 ° C. for 10 hours in the air, and the fired product obtained by cooling after firing was pulverized and classified to obtain a lithium composite oxide sample comprising a titanium-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide. It was.
- Example 4 A lithium composite oxide sample made of a magnesium-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide was obtained under the same conditions and operating method as in Example 3 except that the firing temperature was 750 ° C. for 10 hours.
- Example 5 A lithium composite oxide sample made of a magnesium-containing lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide was obtained under the same conditions and operating method as in Example 3 except that the firing temperature was 1050 ° C. for 10 hours.
- the molar ratio A is the molar ratio of ⁇ Li / (Ni + Mn + Co + Me) ⁇
- the molar B is the molar ratio of ⁇ Me / (Ni + Mn + Co) ⁇ .
- Example 10 100 g of each of the lithium composite oxide samples obtained in Example 3 were put into a 500 ml container that can be sealed, and CO 2 gas was sealed and sealed as an atmosphere having a carbon dioxide concentration of 95% by volume.
- the container was attached to a vibration device (paint shaker), and was vibrated at room temperature (25 ° C.) for the treatment times shown in Table 2.
- the lithium composite oxide treated with CO 2 gas was dried at 200 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a lithium composite oxide sample with an increased Li 2 CO 3 content.
- the amount of Li 2 CO 3 per unit area was obtained from the following calculation formula (2).
- a coin-type lithium secondary battery was manufactured using each member such as a negative electrode, a separator, a current collector plate, an electrolyte, a case for CR2032, a mounting bracket, an external terminal, and the like.
- a lithium metal foil was used for the negative electrode, and 1 mol of LiPF 6 was dissolved in 1 liter of a mixed solvent of 25:60:15 (v / v / v) of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in the electrolyte. We used what we did.
- the charging and discharging method of the coin-type lithium secondary battery is as follows. First, the battery is charged to 4.3 V at a current amount of 0.5 C (2 hour rate), and then held at 4.3 V for about 3 hours for a total constant current of 5 hours. Charging was performed by voltage (CCCV) charging, and subsequently, constant current (CC) discharging was performed to discharge to 2.7 V at a current amount of 0.2 C (5-hour rate). With these operations as one cycle, the capacity was measured every cycle. This cycle was repeated 20 times, and the capacity retention rate was calculated from the discharge capacity of the first cycle and the 20th cycle according to the following formula. The discharge capacity at the first cycle was defined as the initial discharge capacity. The results are shown in Table 5.
- the charging and discharging method of the coin-type lithium secondary battery is as follows. First, the battery is charged to 4.3 V at a current amount of 0.5 C (2 hour rate), and then held at 4.3 V for about 3 hours for a total constant current of 5 hours. Charging was performed by voltage (CCCV) charging, and then, constant current (CC) discharging was performed for 2 cycles at a current amount of 0.2 C (5 hour rate) to 2.7 V. In the subsequent cycles, only the current amount at the time of discharge is changed, the third cycle is 2C (1/2 hour rate), the fifth cycle is 1C (one hour rate), and the seventh cycle is 0.5C (two hour rate). Was discharged.
- CCCV voltage
- CC constant current
- Safety evaluation was performed by performing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on the lithium composite oxide samples of Example 3, Example 6, Example 8, Example 9, Example 11, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 3. evaluated.
- the coin battery prepared above was charged to 4.4 V, recovered from the measuring machine in a charged state, disassembled in the glove box, and the positive electrode was taken out.
- the positive electrode was cut out so that the amount of the active material was 5 mg, and placed in a pressure-resistant pan for DSC together with 10 mg of the electrolyte.
- the pressure pan was heated to 350 ° C. at a rate of 2 ° C./min to obtain a DSC chart. From this chart, the maximum value of the exothermic peak seen up to around 240 ° C.
- FIG. 4 is a DSC chart when the lithium composite oxide sample of Example 3 is used as a positive electrode active material
- FIG. 5 is a DSC chart when the lithium composite oxide sample of Comparative Example 1 is used as a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 6 shows a DSC chart when the lithium composite oxide sample of Comparative Example 3 is used as the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics, load characteristics, and safety is provided using a positive electrode active material made of a lithium nickel manganese cobalt based composite oxide. can do.
- the present invention can provide a lithium secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics even at high temperatures.
- this positive electrode active material can be manufactured by an industrially advantageous method.
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Abstract
Description
LixNiyMnzCo1-y-zO1+x (1)
(式中、xは1.02≦x≦1.25、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表されるリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物に、Mg、Al、Ti、Cu及びZrから選ばれる1種または2種以上の金属原子(Me)を0.1モル%以上5モル%未満含有させたリチウム複合酸化物であって、粒子表面に存在するLi2CO3量が0.05~0.20重量%であることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
(a)リチウム化合物と、(b)一般式;NiyMnzCo1-y-z(OH)2
(式中、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表される複合水酸化物と、(c)Mg、Al、Ti、Cu及びZrから選ばれる1種または2種以上の金属原子(Me)含有化合物とを、Li/(Ni+Mn+Co+Me)の原子比が1.02~1.25で、且つMe/(Ni+Mn+Co)の原子比で0.001以上0.05未満で混合する第1工程、次いで得られた混合物を800~1000℃で焼成してリチウム複合酸化物を得る第2工程を有することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法である。
また、該リチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法によれば、該正極活物質を工業的に有利な方法で製造することができる。
本発明に係るリチウム二次電池用正極活物質(以下、特に断らない限りは単に「正極活物質」と呼ぶ。)は、下記一般式(1):
LixNiyMnzCo1-y-zO1+x (1)
(式中、xは1.02≦x≦1.25、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表されるリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物(以下、単に「リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物」と呼ぶこともある。)に、特定の金属原子(Me)を0.1モル%以上5モル%未満含有させたリチウム複合酸化物(以下、単に「リチウム複合酸化物」と呼ぶこともある。)である。
本発明において、金属原子(Me)はリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物に固溶して含有されていてもよく、製造法に由来して、その一部が金属酸化物として、リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物の粒子表面に存在していてもよい。
(a)リチウム化合物と、(b)一般式;NiyMnzCo1-y-z(OH)2(式中、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表される複合水酸化物と、(c)金属原子(Me)含有化合物とを、Li/(Ni+Mn+Co+Me)の原子比が1.02~1.25で、且つMe/(Ni+Mn+Co)の原子比で0.001以上0.05未満で混合する第1工程、次いで得られた混合物を800~1000℃で焼成してリチウム複合酸化物を得る第2工程を有することにより、製造することができる。
また、本発明において、焼成は所望により何度行ってもよい。或いは、粉体特性を均一にする目的で、一度焼成したものを粉砕し、次いで再焼成を行ってもよい。
焼成後、適宜冷却し、必要に応じ粉砕すると、本発明のリチウム複合酸化物が得られる。
かくして得られるリチウム複合酸化物の粒子表面には、Li2CO3量が0.05~0.15重量%存在し、更にLiOHも0.02~0.15重量%存在する。
タップ密度は、JIS-K-5101に記載された見掛密度又は見掛比容の方法に基づいて、50mlのメスシリンダーにサンプル50gを入れ、ユアサアイオニクス社製、DUAL
AUTOTAP装置にセットし、500回タップし容量を読み取り見かけ密度を算出し、タップ密度とした。
平均粒径はレーザー法粒度分布測定法により求めた。
本発明の実施例においては、下記諸物性を有する市販のニッケル原子、コバルト原子及びマンガン原子を含む凝集状複合水酸化物(OMG社製)を用いた。なお、下記複合水酸化試料Aと複合水酸化物試料BのX線回折図を図1及び図2にそれぞれ示す。
複合水酸化物試料Aの物性
(1)複合水酸化物中のNi:Co:Mnのモル比
=0.334:0.333:0.333
(2)複合水酸化物の平均粒径;10.7μm
(3)BET比表面積;5.0m2/g
(4)タップ密度;2.3g/ml
(5)線源としてCuKα線を用いてX線回折分析したときの2θ=38°付近の回折ピーク(A1)と2θ=19°付近の回折ピーク(B1)との強度比(A1/B1);0.15
(1)複合水酸化物中のNi:Co:Mnのモル比
=0.334:0.333:0.333
(2)複合水酸化物の平均粒径;12.0μm
(3)BET比表面積;3.1m2/g
(4)タップ密度;2.2g/ml
(5)線源としてCuKα線を用いてX線回折分析したときの2θ=38°付近の回折ピーク(A1)と2θ=19°付近の回折ピーク(B1)との強度比(A1/B1);0.45
前記複合水酸化物試料A(Ni0.334Mn0.333Co0.333(OH)2)、炭酸リチウム(平均粒径4.5μm)及びフッ化マグネシウム(平均粒径5.9μm)を、ニッケル原子、マンガン原子、コバルト原子およびマグネシウム原子を表1に示す配合割合となるように秤量し、ミキサーで十分混合した。この混合物を900℃で10時間、大気中で焼成し、焼成後冷却して得られた焼成物を粉砕、分級してマグネシウム含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
前記複合水酸化物試料A(Ni0.334Mn0.333Co0.333(OH)2)、炭酸リチウム(平均粒径4.5μm)及び酸化マグネシウム(平均粒径2.9μm)を、ニッケル原子、マンガン原子、コバルト原子およびマグネシウム原子を表1に示す配合割合となるように秤量し、ミキサーで十分混合した。この混合物を900℃で10時間、大気中で焼成し、焼成後冷却して得られた焼成物を粉砕、分級してマグネシウム含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
複合水酸化試料Aの代わりに複合水酸化物試料Bを用いた以外は、実施例3と同様な条件及び操作方法でマグネシウム含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
前記複合水酸化物試料A(Ni0.334Mn0.333Co0.333(OH)2)、炭酸リチウム(平均粒径4.5μm)及び酸化銅(平均粒径5.3μm)を、ニッケル原子、マンガン原子、コバルト原子および銅原子を表1に示す配合割合となるように秤量し、ミキサーで十分混合した。この混合物を900℃で10時間、大気中で焼成し、焼成後冷却して得られた焼成物を粉砕、分級して銅含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
前記複合水酸化物試料A(Ni0.334Mn0.333Co0.333(OH)2)、炭酸リチウム(平均粒径4.5μm)及び二酸化チタン(平均粒径0.4μm)を、ニッケル原子、マンガン原子、コバルト原子およびチタン原子を表1に示す配合割合となるように秤量し、ミキサーで十分混合した。この混合物を900℃で10時間、大気中で焼成し、焼成後冷却して得られた焼成物を粉砕、分級してチタン含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
焼成温度を750℃で10時間とした以外は実施例3と同様な条件及び操作方法でマグネシウム含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
焼成温度を1050℃で10時間とした以外は実施例3と同様な条件及び操作方法でマグネシウム含有リチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物からなるリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
実施例3で得られたリチウム複合酸化物試料各100gを密閉できる500ml容器に投入し、CO2ガスを封入し二酸化炭素濃度が95容量%の雰囲気として密閉した。次いで、この容器を振動装置(ペイントシェーカー)に取り付け、表2に示す処理時間室温下(25℃)で振動させた。
次いで、CO2ガス処理されたリチウム複合酸化物を200℃で2時間乾燥して、Li2CO3含有量を増加させたリチウム複合酸化物試料を得た。
実施例1~11及び比較例1~5で得られたリチウム複合酸化物試料について、平均粒径、BET比表面積、タップ密度、粒子表面に存在するLi2CO3量及び単位体積当たりのLi2CO3含有量、LiOH含有量を測定した。
なお、実施例3で得られるリチウム複合酸化物のX線回折図を図3に示す。
粒子表面に存在するLi2CO3量は、得られたリチウム複合酸化物試料10gをはかりとり、マグネチックスターラーを用いて、純水100g中で5分間分散させる。次いで、分散スラリーを濾過し、ろ液を回収した後、ろ液50gをはかりとり、0.1N-HClを用い、自動滴定装置にて、中和滴定を行ってLi2CO3含有量を求めた。
第1終点(pH8付近)までの滴定量をa(ml)とし、第1終点から第2終点(pH4付近)までの滴定量をb(ml)とし、Li2CO3含有量は下記計算式(1)より求めた。
Li2CO3含有量の評価と同様に滴定法にて中和滴定をおこなった後、下記計算式(3)より求めた。
b;第1終点~第2終点(pH4付近)までの滴定量(ml)
(1)リチウム二次電池の作成
実施例1~11及び比較例1~5で得られたリチウム複合酸化物試料90重量%、アセチレンブラック5重量%、ポリフッ化ビニリデン5重量%を混合し、これをN-メチル-2-ピロリジノンに分散させて混練ペーストを調製した。該混練ペーストをアルミ箔に塗布したのち乾燥、プレスして直径15mmの円盤に打ち抜いて正極板を得た。この正極板に加え、負極、セパレーター、集電板、電解液、CR2032用ケース、取り付け金具、外部端子等の各部材を使用してコイン型リチウム二次電池を製作した。このうち、負極は金属リチウム箔を用い、電解液にはエチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートが25:60:15(v/v/v)の混合溶媒1リットルに対しLiPF61モルを溶解したものを使用した。
作製したコイン型リチウム二次電池を25℃、場合により60℃の環境下で作動させ、下記の電池性能を評価した。
作成したコイン型リチウム二次電池の充放電方法は、まず電流量0.5C(2時間率)で4.3Vまで充電した後、4.3Vで約3時間保持させる計5時間の定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電により充電をおこない、引き続いて、電流量0.2C(5時間率)で2.7Vまで放電させる定電流(CC)放電をおこなった。これらの操作を1サイクルとして1サイクル毎に容量を測定した。このサイクルを20サイクル繰り返し、1サイクル目と20サイクル目のそれぞれの放電容量から、下記式により容量維持率を算出した。なお、1サイクル目の放電容量を初期放電容量とした。結果を表5に示す。
作成したコイン型リチウム二次電池の充放電方法は、まず電流量0.5C(2時間率)で4.3Vまで充電した後、4.3Vで約3時間保持させる計5時間の定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電により充電をおこない、引き続いて、電流量0.2C(5時間率)で2.7Vまで放電させる定電流(CC)放電を2サイクルおこなった。それ以降のサイクルは放電時の電流量のみ変動させ、3サイクル目は2C(1/2時間率)、5サイクル目は1C(1時間率)、7サイクル目は0.5C(2時間率)で放電させた。その他のサイクル(4、6、8、9サイクル目)は0.2Cにて放電させ、9サイクル目の0.2Cでの放電容量に対する2C、1Cおよび0.5Cの放電容量比を計算した。結果を表6に示す。
安全性の評価は、実施例3、実施例6、実施例8、実施例9、実施例11、比較例1、比較例3のリチウム複合酸化物試料について示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行って評価した。
まず、前記で作成したコイン電池を4.4Vまで充電させ、充電状態で測定機から回収し、グローブボックス内で電池を分解し、正極を取り出した。次いで正極中の活物質量が5mgになるように切り出し、DSC用の耐圧パンに10mgの電解液と共に投入した。耐圧パンを、2℃/分の昇温速度にて、350℃まで昇温させ、DSCチャートを得た。このチャートから240℃付近までにみられる発熱ピークの最大値をP1、270℃付近以降にみられるピークの最大値をP2とし、その結果を表7に示した。
このP1と、P2の値が低い方が熱暴走を抑制する効果が高いことを示し、リチウム二次電池の安全性が優れていることを示す。
また、図4に実施例3のリチウム複合酸化物試料を正極活物質としてもちいたときのDSCチャートを、図5に比較例1のリチウム複合酸化物試料を正極活物質としてもちいたときのDSCチャートを、図6に比較例3のリチウム複合酸化物試料を正極活物質としてもちいたときのDSCチャートを示す。
また、該リチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法によれば、該正極活物質を工業的に有利な方法で製造することができる。
Claims (11)
- 下記一般式(1):
LixNiyMnzCo1-y-zO1+x (1)
(式中、xは1.02≦x≦1.25、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表されるリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト系複合酸化物に、Mg、Al、Ti、Cu及びZrから選ばれる1種または2種以上の金属原子(Me)を0.1モル%以上5モル%未満含有させたリチウム複合酸化物であって、粒子表面に存在するLi2CO3量が0.05~0.20重量%であることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム複合酸化物は平均粒径が1~30μm、BET比表面積が0.1~1m2/gで、且つタップ密度が1.5g/ml以上であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム複合酸化物は、粒子表面に存在する単位面積あたりのLi2CO3量が1.5~10mg/m2であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 残存するLiOHが0.15重量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- (a)リチウム化合物と、(b)一般式;NiyMnzCo1-y-z(OH)2
(式中、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表される複合水酸化物と、(c)金属原子(Me)含有化合物を混合し、得られる混合物を焼成して生成されるものであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記(b)の複合酸化物が、CuKα線によるX線回折分析において、2θ=38°付近の回折ピーク(A1)と2θ=19°付近の回折ピーク(B1)との強度比(A1/B1)が0.4以下のものを用いたものであることを特徴とする請求項5記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- (a)リチウム化合物と、(b)一般式;NiyMnzCo1-y-z(OH)2
(式中、yは0.30≦y≦0.40、zは0.30≦z≦0.40を示す。)で表される複合水酸化物と、(c)Mg、Al、Ti、Cu及びZrから選ばれる1種または2種以上の金属原子(Me)含有化合物とを、Li/(Ni+Mn+Co+Me)の原子比が1.02~1.25で、且つMe/(Ni+Mn+Co)の原子比で0.001以上0.05未満で混合する第1工程、次いで得られた混合物を800~1000℃で焼成してリチウム複合酸化物を得る第2工程を有することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 更に、得られたリチウム複合酸化物と二酸化炭素とを二酸化炭素濃度が50容量%以上の雰囲気中で接触させる第3工程を設けることを特徴とする請求項7記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記(b)複合水酸化物は、平均粒径が1~30μm、BET比表面積が2~10m2/g、タップ密度が1g/ml以上であるものを用いることを特徴とする請求項7又は8記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記(b)複合水酸化物がCuKα線によるX線回折分析において、2θ=38°付近の回折ピーク(A1)と2θ=19°付近の回折ピーク(B1)との強度比(A1/B1)が0.4以下のものを用いることを特徴とする請求項7乃至9記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1乃至6の何れか1項に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質を用いたことを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。
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| JP4080337B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-22 | 2008-04-23 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 正極活物質およびこれを含む非水電解質二次電池 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102668187A (zh) | 2012-09-12 |
| KR20120114232A (ko) | 2012-10-16 |
| JP2011113792A (ja) | 2011-06-09 |
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