WO2011052172A1 - 撮像装置およびそれを用いた測距装置 - Google Patents
撮像装置およびそれを用いた測距装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011052172A1 WO2011052172A1 PCT/JP2010/006266 JP2010006266W WO2011052172A1 WO 2011052172 A1 WO2011052172 A1 WO 2011052172A1 JP 2010006266 W JP2010006266 W JP 2010006266W WO 2011052172 A1 WO2011052172 A1 WO 2011052172A1
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- sharpness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0025—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
- G02B27/14—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by reflection only
- G02B27/144—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by reflection only using partially transparent surfaces without spectral selectivity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/95—Computational photography systems, e.g. light-field imaging systems
- H04N23/951—Computational photography systems, e.g. light-field imaging systems by using two or more images to influence resolution, frame rate or aspect ratio
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/60—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise
- H04N25/61—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise the noise originating only from the lens unit, e.g. flare, shading, vignetting or "cos4"
- H04N25/611—Correction of chromatic aberration
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an imaging apparatus such as a camera.
- the refractive index of light with respect to the material constituting the lens varies depending on the wavelength. Therefore, when light of various wavelengths is incident on the optical system of the imaging apparatus, axial chromatic aberration occurs, and images with different sharpness (sharpness of the image) are obtained depending on colors. When a color with low sharpness is included in the image, the color causes deterioration in image quality.
- an imaging apparatus such as a camera
- the imaging apparatus requires separate means for detecting the focus state and means for adjusting the focus.
- Patent Document 1 A technique for realizing depth extension and correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration has been proposed (Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 A technique for realizing depth extension and correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration has been proposed (Patent Document 1).
- the sharpness of the second color component can be increased by reflecting the sharpness of the first color component in the second color component.
- the depth of field can be increased, and subjects at various distances can be imaged relatively clearly without adjusting the focus.
- Patent Document 1 In the configuration of Patent Document 1, in order to reflect the sharpness of the first color component in the second color component, information on the sharpness of both the first color component and the second color component is necessary. . For this reason, the depth of focus is limited to a range in which information on the sharpness of all colors exists. As described above, in the configuration of Patent Document 1, there is a limit to the range in which the depth of focus can be expanded, and it has been difficult to sufficiently increase the depth of field.
- the image when imaging a single color (for example, blue) subject with a black background, the image does not include components of colors (green and red) other than the subject color. Therefore, when the image of the subject is blurred due to axial chromatic aberration, the sharpness of other colors on the image cannot be detected and reflected on the sharpness of the subject.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and a main object of the present invention is to provide an imaging apparatus that can obtain an image with high depth of focus and a large depth of field and high sharpness. is there. Another object of the present invention is to provide an imaging apparatus capable of photographing a single color (for example, blue) subject with a black background with high sharpness.
- a single color for example, blue
- An image pickup apparatus includes a first optical system having axial chromatic aberration at different imaging positions on the optical axes of the first color, the second color, and the third color, and light transmitted through the first optical system.
- a first imaging region for generating an image of at least one of the first, second, and third colors, and an axial chromatic aberration different from that of the first optical system.
- a second imaging system for generating an image including a component of the same color as the component of the at least one color using the second optical system and the light transmitted through the second optical system; and Of the image of the at least one color component generated in the imaging region and the image of the component of the at least one color generated in the second imaging region, the image of the component with the higher sharpness is used.
- an arithmetic processing unit for generating an output image.
- Another imaging apparatus includes a first optical system having axial chromatic aberration at different imaging positions on the optical axes of the first color, the second color, and the third color, and passing through the first optical system.
- a first imaging region that generates an image of at least one of the first color, second color, and third color using the light, and axial chromatic aberration different from that of the first optical system
- a second imaging system that generates an image including a component having the same color as the at least one color component using light transmitted through the second optical system, and Of the image of the at least one color component generated in one imaging region and the image of the component of the at least one color generated in the second imaging region, an image of a component having a larger contrast
- an arithmetic processing unit that generates an output image.
- the sharpness of the output image can be obtained by a simple method. Can be increased. In addition, since the depth of focus can be increased as compared with the prior art, a sufficiently large depth of field can be obtained.
- the sharpness of the subject color is greater than a predetermined value in any of the two or more imaging regions. It has become. Therefore, an image with high sharpness can be generated.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first embodiment of an imaging apparatus A according to the present invention.
- (A) through (3) are graphs showing the spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion in the first optical system 10, respectively.
- (B) (1) to (3) are graphs showing the spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion in the second optical system 20, respectively.
- FIG. 4A is a graph showing axial chromatic aberration in the first optical system 10.
- (B) is a graph showing axial chromatic aberration in the second optical system 20.
- 6 is a graph showing through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating through-focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10 and through-focus MTF characteristics of the second optical system 20 for each subject distance.
- A is a graph which shows the point image intensity distribution for every color which spreads on the 1st color image acquired from the 1st optical system 10 from the optical axis to the circumference
- B is a graph showing the point image intensity distribution for each color spreading from the optical axis to the periphery thereof on the second color image acquired from the second optical system 20.
- (C) is a graph showing a point image intensity distribution when a color with high sharpness is selected from each of the first color image and the second color image.
- (D) is a graph showing a point image intensity distribution when the first color image and the second color image are added for each color.
- (A) is a graph which shows the red point image intensity distribution of the 2nd optical system 20, the distribution which gave it once differentiation, and the distribution which gave twice differentiation.
- (B) is a graph showing the point image intensity distribution when the second derivative of the red point image intensity distribution in the second optical system 20 is subtracted from the blue point image intensity distribution in the first optical system 10.
- . 6 is a graph showing through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20. It is a graph which shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the 1st optical system 10a and the 2nd optical system 20a.
- FIG. 10 It is a graph which shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the 1st optical system 10b and the 2nd optical system 20b. It is a schematic diagram which shows 2nd Embodiment of the imaging device A by this invention.
- (A) through (3) are graphs showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion in the first optical system 30, respectively.
- (B) (1) to (3) are graphs showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion in the second optical system 40, respectively.
- (A), (b) is a graph which shows the axial chromatic aberration of the 1st optical system 30, and the axial chromatic aberration of the 2nd optical system 40, respectively. It is a figure for demonstrating the principle of the triangulation in a distance measuring device.
- 3 is a graph showing through focus MTF characteristics of a first optical system 30 and a second optical system 40;
- 5 is a graph showing axial chromatic aberration of each optical system in an imaging apparatus having three optical systems.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a first embodiment of an imaging apparatus A according to the present invention.
- the imaging apparatus A according to the present embodiment includes a first optical system 10, a first imaging area Na on which light transmitted through the first optical system 10 is incident, a second optical system 20, and a second optical system.
- a second imaging region Nb in which light transmitted through the system 20 is incident and an arithmetic processing unit C that acquires images from the first imaging region Na and the second imaging region Nb are provided.
- the first optical system 10 includes an aperture stop Sa, a lens L1a, and a lens L2a, and the lens L1a and the lens L2a have a common optical axis.
- the second optical system 20 includes a stop Sb, a lens L1b, and a lens L2b, and the lens L1b and the lens L2b have a common optical axis.
- the lenses L1b and L2b in the second optical system 20 have axial chromatic aberration different from those of the lenses L1a and L2a in the first optical system 10.
- the direction toward the image plane on the optical axis of the lenses L1b and L2b (the direction from the lenses L1b and L2b to the second imaging region Nb).
- light rays are imaged in the order of red, green, and blue.
- the sharpness of the color components of red, blue, and green in the image obtained by the first imaging region Na, and the second is different from the sharpness of the color components of red, blue and green in the image obtained by the imaging region Nb.
- the sharpness in each of red, blue, and green from the first color image obtained in the first imaging area Na and the second color image obtained in the second imaging area Nb.
- the light incident on the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 does not necessarily have to be three colors of blue (B), green (G), and red (R). Two of these three colors may be used, or one of these three colors may be used.
- B blue
- G green
- R red
- Two of these three colors may be used, or one of these three colors may be used.
- the absolute value of the difference between the luminance value of a predetermined minute area on the acquired image and the luminance value of the minute area adjacent to the predetermined minute area is used for evaluation of the level of sharpness.
- the spectroscopic member M is disposed between the lens L1a in the first optical system 10 and the lens L1b in the second optical system 20.
- the spectroscopic member M is, for example, a half mirror, and plays a role of dividing the light beam 1 from the subject into two and guiding it to the lens L1a of the first optical system 10 and the lens L1b of the second optical system 20.
- the optical axes of the lenses L1a and L1b are arranged so as to be orthogonal to each other.
- the lenses L1a and L1b are arranged so that the angle between each optical axis and the mirror surface of the spectroscopic member M is 45 °.
- the light reflected by the spectral member M is incident on the lens L ⁇ b> 1 a via the diaphragm Sa of the first optical system 10.
- the light that has passed through the spectral member M without being reflected by the spectral member M is incident on the lens L1b via the stop Sb of the second optical system 20.
- the light that has passed through the lenses L1a and L2a in the first optical system 10 enters the first imaging region Na.
- the light that has passed through the lenses L1b and L2b in the second optical system 20 enters the second imaging region Nb.
- the color components included in the images incident on the respective imaging regions Na and Nb are substantially equal. Are identical.
- the first and second imaging regions Na and Nb are connected to the arithmetic processing unit C, and the arithmetic processing unit C receives two color images (first images) acquired from the first imaging region Na and the second imaging region Nb.
- the color image and the second color image) are processed to generate one color image (output image).
- the axial chromatic aberrations of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 are different from each other.
- the order and position in which each light beam forms an image can be adjusted by the shape, material, and arrangement of each lens.
- Table 1 and Table 2 show design data of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 in the imaging apparatus A shown in FIG.
- ri is the paraxial radius of curvature (mm) of each surface
- di is the center distance (mm) of each surface
- nd is the refractive index of the d line of the lens or filter
- ⁇ d is the lens or filter. The Abbe number of d line is shown.
- (1), (2), and (3) in FIG. 2 (a) show the spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion of the first optical system 10, respectively.
- (1), (2), and (3) in FIG. 2B show the spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion of the second optical system 20, respectively.
- 3A and 3B show the axial chromatic aberration of the first optical system 10 and the axial chromatic aberration of the second optical system 20, respectively.
- the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength of light
- the vertical axis indicates the imaging position when the focal position of light having a wavelength of 0.55 ⁇ m (green) is used as a reference (0.00).
- a shift is indicated. From FIG. 3A, it can be seen that in the first optical system 10, the shorter the wavelength, the more concentrated on the subject side (that is, the lens L1a, L2a side).
- the first optical system 10 light rays are imaged in the order of blue, green, and red in the direction toward the image plane on the optical axis (the direction from the lenses L1a and L2a toward the first imaging region Na).
- the second optical system 20 light having a shorter wavelength gathers closer to the second imaging region Nb on the optical axis. That is, in the second optical system 20, light rays are imaged in the order of red, green, and blue in the direction from the lenses L1b and L2b on the optical axis toward the second imaging region Nb.
- the lens L1a is a convex lens
- the lens L2a is a concave lens
- the lens L1b is a convex lens
- the lens L2b is a concave lens.
- the first optical system 10 is designed so that the axial chromatic aberration is insufficiently corrected, and the second optical system.
- the axial chromatic aberration is overcorrected.
- the combination of the shapes of the lenses L1a and L2a (concave lens or convex lens) and the shapes of the lenses L1b and L2b according to the present embodiment is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG.
- the arithmetic processing unit C includes a first sharpness detection unit C1, a second sharpness detection unit C2, and an image generation unit C3 that generates an output image.
- the first sharpness detection unit C1 detects the sharpness of each color for each predetermined region in the image from the first imaging region Na.
- the second sharpness detection unit C2 detects the sharpness of each color for each predetermined region in the image from the second imaging region Nb.
- the image generation unit C3 generates an output image based on the sharpness calculated by the first sharpness detection unit C1 and the second sharpness detection unit C2.
- the arithmetic processing unit C may be a circuit that realizes arithmetic processing, or may be software.
- the sharpness of the images obtained in the first and second imaging areas Na and Nb varies depending on the distance to the subject. How the sharpness changes depending on the distance to the subject can be expressed by the MTFs of the first and second optical systems 10 and 20.
- MTF is a characteristic of a lens that represents how faithfully the contrast of a subject can be reproduced on the image plane. It can be determined that the higher the MTF value, the higher the sharpness.
- MTF is used for designing the first and second optical systems 10 and 20 in order to obtain a desired sharpness.
- the through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 that can obtain a desired sharpness will be described.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20.
- the upper graph in FIG. 4 shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the first optical system 10
- the lower graph in FIG. 4 shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the second optical system 20.
- the horizontal axis indicates the focus shift
- the vertical axis indicates the MTF when the spatial frequency is 30 Lp / mm.
- MBa, MGa, and MRa indicate blue, green, and red through focus MTF characteristics, respectively.
- PBa, PGa, and PRa indicate the peak positions.
- MRb, MGb, and MBb indicate red, green, and blue through focus MTF characteristics, respectively.
- PRb, PGb, and PBb indicate respective peak positions.
- the focus shift amounts of PBa and PRb are set to be substantially the same, and the focus shift amounts of PRa and PBb are set to be substantially the same.
- the positions of these peaks do not necessarily have to be designed to be substantially the same.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing the through focus MTF characteristic of the first optical system 10 and the through focus MTF characteristic of the second optical system 20 for each subject distance. The higher the MTF on the imaging surface, the higher the sharpness.
- the MTF values of the colors of the images obtained in the first and second imaging areas Na and Nb differ depending on the subject distance.
- the MTF value of blue 1Bn of the first optical system 10 is larger than the blue MTF value of the second optical system 20.
- the green 2TFn MTF value of the second optical system 20 is larger than the green MTF value of the first optical system 10.
- the MTF value of red 2Rn of the second optical system 20 is larger than the red MTF value of the first optical system 10.
- red 1Rm of the first optical system 10 and green 2Gm and blue 2Bm of the second optical system 20 are selected in the case of a medium distance.
- red 1Rf and green 1Gf of the first optical system 10 and blue 2Bf of the second optical system 20 are selected in the case of a long distance.
- the design is performed so as to have the through focus MTF characteristic shown in FIG. At that time, an MTF value that can obtain a desired sharpness is set as a boundary value.
- the range of the subject distance in which the higher MTF value is larger than the boundary value is generally the depth of field.
- the “boundary value” is a predetermined value K shown in FIG. 8 and the like, and the predetermined value K will be described later.
- the MTF represents how faithfully the contrast of the subject can be reproduced on the image plane
- the spatial frequency of the subject is required to calculate the MTF value. Therefore, the MTF value cannot be directly detected from an arbitrary image during actual imaging. Therefore, at the time of actual imaging, the luminance value is used to evaluate the level of sharpness. The higher the sharpness, the less blurring of the image. Usually, an image with higher sharpness has a larger difference in luminance value between adjacent minute regions.
- the first sharpness detection unit C1 determines the luminance value of a predetermined minute area on the image acquired in the first imaging area Na and the luminance of a minute area adjacent to the predetermined minute area. Value. Further, the absolute value of the difference between these luminance values is calculated. Similarly, the second sharpness detection unit C2 also calculates the absolute value of the difference in luminance value from the image acquired in the second imaging region Nb. Next, the image generation unit C3 compares the absolute value obtained from the image of the first imaging area Na with the absolute value obtained from the image of the second imaging area Nb. It can be determined that the greater the value of the absolute value obtained from the image of the first imaging area Na and the absolute value obtained from the image of the second imaging area Nb, the higher the sharpness. The above determination is performed for each color component (red, blue, green) for each predetermined minute area.
- the first and second optical systems 10 and 20 are designed by the above-described method, if the subject is located within the depth of field, the images of the first and second imaging regions Na and Nb Of these, the sharpness of the larger absolute value of the luminance value difference is within a desired value range. Therefore, an image with high sharpness can be selected for each color by comparing the absolute values of the luminance value differences without measuring the distance to the subject.
- the sharpness may be obtained based on a frequency spectrum obtained by Fourier-transforming the luminance value of an image block having a predetermined size.
- the response value at a predetermined spatial frequency can be obtained as the sharpness. That is, it is possible to evaluate the sharpness of an image by comparing response values at a predetermined spatial frequency. Since the image is two-dimensional, a method for obtaining the sharpness using a two-dimensional Fourier transform is desirable.
- the first and second sharpness detection units C1 and C2 in the arithmetic processing unit C actually calculate the sharpnesses of the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20, and the respective colors.
- the higher sharpness of the components may be selected.
- FIG. 6A is a graph showing the point image intensity distribution for each color spreading from the optical axis to the periphery thereof on the first color image acquired from the first optical system 10 at a predetermined distance.
- FIG. 6B is a graph showing a point image intensity distribution for each color spreading from the optical axis to the periphery thereof on the second color image acquired from the second optical system 20. 6 (a) and 6 (b), it can be seen that the first optical systems 10 and 20 have different point image intensity distributions.
- FIG. 6C is a graph showing the point image intensity distribution when a color with high sharpness is selected from the first color image and the second color image.
- Blue (B1) in FIG. 6 (a) shows higher sharpness than blue (B2) in FIG. 6 (b).
- each of red (R1) and green (G1) in FIG. 6A shows lower sharpness than each of red (R2) and green (B2) in FIG. 6B. Therefore, when the higher sharpness is selected for each color, an image is generated using red (R2), green (G2), and blue (B1) as shown in FIG.
- a synthesis method it is possible to obtain a sharpness higher than the sharpness that can be acquired by one optical system as shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 6D is a graph showing a point image intensity distribution when the first color image and the second color image are added for each color. Also by such a synthesis method, a sharpness higher than the sharpness that can be obtained by one optical system as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B can be obtained.
- Which of the methods shown in FIGS. 6C and 6D is selected as the synthesis method may be determined according to the subject. For example, in the case of a bright subject, a synthesis method as shown in FIG. 6C may be selected, and in the case of a dark subject, a synthesis method as shown in FIG. 6D may be selected.
- the blue sharpness is lower than the green and red sharpness even after the synthesis.
- the sharpness of red which has the highest sharpness, in the sharpness of blue
- the sharpness of blue can be increased to the same degree as the sharpness of other colors. The method will be specifically described below.
- FIG. 7A is a graph showing a red point image intensity distribution of the second optical system 20, a distribution obtained by differentiating it once, and a distribution obtained by applying a second derivative.
- differentiation is performed once, a gradient of distribution intensity before differentiation is obtained.
- the differentiation is performed twice, the change in the distribution intensity before the differentiation is emphasized, so that the distribution subjected to the differentiation twice becomes an edge detection filter. Accordingly, the blue sharpness can be increased by subtracting the second derivative of the red point image intensity distribution in the second optical system 20 from the blue point image intensity distribution in the first optical system 10.
- FIG. 7B a color image with good sharpness can be generated for all color components.
- the sharpness of blue can also be increased by subtracting the distribution obtained by differentiating the blue component twice from the blue point image intensity distribution.
- the edge cannot be detected satisfactorily even if the differentiation is performed twice, so that the sharpness cannot be increased sufficiently. Therefore, as described above, it is preferable to reduce the second derivative of other color components having high sharpness.
- the explanation for sharpening the point image intensity distribution is performed in one dimension, but since the image is in two dimensions, the sharpening process is actually performed in two dimensions.
- the second derivative is subtracted as it is, but it may be reduced by multiplying the second derivative by a predetermined coefficient.
- the upper graph in FIG. 8 shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the first optical system 10
- the lower graph in FIG. 8 is a graph showing the through focus MTF characteristic of the second optical system 20.
- the vertical axis indicates MTF values at predetermined spatial frequencies of red, green, and blue
- the horizontal axis indicates a position on the optical axis.
- curves MBa, MGa, and MRa indicate blue, green, and red MTF characteristics, respectively.
- the curves MBa, MGa, and MRa overlap each other.
- Curves MRb, MGb, and MBb indicate red, green, and blue MTF characteristics, respectively.
- the curves MRb, MGb, MBb overlap each other.
- the horizontal axis includes a first range W10, a second range W12, a third range W13, and a fourth range W23.
- the second range W12 is an imaging position when the subject distance is longer than the first range W10.
- the third range W13 is an imaging position when the subject distance is longer than the first range W10 and the second range W12
- the fourth range W23 is a subject distance longer than the first range W10 to the third range W13. This is the imaging position when the length is long.
- the red, green, and blue MTF values of the first optical system 10 are all equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the MTF values of all the colors of the second optical system 20 instead of the first optical system 10 may be a value equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the blue MTF value of the first optical system 10 is a value greater than or equal to the predetermined value K, and the green and red MTF values are values less than the predetermined value K.
- the red and green MTF values of the second optical system 20 are equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the blue and green MTF values of the first optical system 10 are values greater than or equal to the predetermined value K, and the red MTF values are less than the predetermined value K.
- the red MTF value of the second optical system 20 is not less than the predetermined value K.
- the green and red MTF values of the first optical system 10 are values greater than or equal to the predetermined value K, and the blue MTF values are less than the predetermined value K.
- the blue MTF value of the second optical system 20 is not less than the predetermined value K.
- the MTF values of all colors can be set to a predetermined value K or more in either the first optical system 10 or the second optical system 20.
- K a predetermined value
- the sharpness of the image can be increased in the range Ws.
- an imaging apparatus having only the first optical system 10 when an imaging apparatus having only the first optical system 10 is considered, an image with high sharpness can be acquired only in the third range W13 shown in FIG.
- the depth of focus can be greatly expanded as compared with an imaging apparatus having only a single optical system, and thus a sufficiently large depth of field is obtained. be able to.
- any one of the image data obtained from the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 is used. Compared with the case of having a single optical system, an image with high sharpness can be generated in a wide range.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10a and the second optical system 20a.
- first optical system 10a light gathers in the order of blue, green, and red in the direction toward the image plane (the direction from the lens toward the imaging region), and in the second optical system 20a, the direction toward the image plane.
- light gathers in the order of red, blue, and green that is, in the first optical system 10a and the second optical system 20a, the color that is most condensed on the lens side, the color that is most condensed on the image plane side, and the color that is condensed between these colors are: , All different.
- the green MTF value is less than the predetermined value K in the first optical system 10a and the second optical system 20a. Therefore, in the first range W10, the green sharpness cannot be increased.
- the blue and green MTF values of the first optical system 10a are values greater than or equal to the predetermined value K, and the red MTF values are less than the predetermined value K.
- the red MTF value of the second optical system 20a is not less than the predetermined value K.
- the red, green, and blue MTF values of the first optical system 10a are all equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the MTF values of all the colors of the second optical system 20a instead of the first optical system 10a may be a value equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the green and red MTF values of the first optical system 10a are values greater than or equal to the predetermined value K, and the blue MTF values are less than the predetermined value K.
- the blue MTF value of the second optical system 20a is not less than the predetermined value K.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 10b and the second optical system 20b.
- first optical system 10b light gathers in the order of blue, green, and red in the direction toward the image plane (the direction from the lens toward the imaging region), and in the second optical system 20b, the direction toward the image plane.
- light gathers in the order of green, blue, and red that is, in the first optical system 10b and the second optical system 20b, the color that is most condensed on the lens side is different from the color that is condensed on the center, but the color that is most condensed on the image plane side is different. The same.
- the red MTF values of the first optical system 10b and the second optical system 20b are less than the predetermined value K. Therefore, in the first range W10, the red sharpness cannot be increased.
- the red MTF values of the first optical system 10b and the second optical system 20b are less than the predetermined value K. Therefore, in the second range W12, the red sharpness cannot be increased.
- the red, green, and blue MTF values of the first optical system 10b are all equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the MTF values of all the colors of the second optical system 20b instead of the first optical system 10b may be a value equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the green and red MTF values of the first optical system 10b are values greater than or equal to the predetermined value K, and the blue MTF values are less than the predetermined value K.
- the blue MTF value is equal to or greater than the predetermined value K.
- the order in which the respective colors are collected in the first optical system 10 (10a, 10b) is the same (blue, green, red in the direction toward the image plane). ).
- the order in which the respective colors are collected in the first optical system 10 (10a, 10b) is not limited to this order.
- the first optical system 10 in the third range W13
- the MTF values of the first color to the third color of at least one of the system 10 and the second optical system 20 are both equal to or higher than a predetermined value.
- the MTF values of the first color and the second color are equal to or greater than a predetermined value in the first optical system 10
- the MTF value of the third color is less than the predetermined value in the first optical system 10
- the MTF values of the second color and the third color are equal to or greater than a predetermined value in the first optical system 10, and the MTF value of the first color is less than the predetermined value in the first optical system 10. In the second optical system 20, it becomes a predetermined value or more.
- the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 when the respective lights are collected from the lens side in the order of red, green, blue or blue, green, red (the form shown in FIG. 8). Compared with other forms, the peak positions of the light of the three colors are farthest from each other. Therefore, in such a form, the depth of focus can be maximized.
- the predetermined spatial frequency is set to, for example, about 1/3 to 1/2 of the Nyquist frequency in an image sensor with a Bayer array.
- the Nyquist frequency is 1 / (pixel pitch ⁇ 2).
- the predetermined value of the MTF is preferably set to a value of about 15% or more at the spatial frequency, for example.
- the sharpness of the output image can be increased by a simple method.
- the first and second imaging areas Na and Nb are arranged at any position between the second range W12 and the fourth range W23, three colors are provided. All the sharpnesses can be made larger than the predetermined value K. Therefore, since the depth of focus can be greatly increased as compared with the conventional case, a sufficiently large depth of field can be obtained. Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to photograph subjects with various subject distances without using a means for detecting a focus state or a means for performing adjustment.
- the sharpness of the subject color is a predetermined value K in either the first or second imaging region Na, Nb. Is bigger than. Therefore, an image with high sharpness can be generated.
- the image sharpness is evaluated by comparing the absolute value of the difference between the brightness values, that is, the sharpness itself, but in addition, for example, by comparing the contrast value. You may go.
- the contrast value can be obtained from, for example, a ratio (Lmax / Lmin) between the maximum luminance value Lmax and the minimum luminance value Lmin in a predetermined calculation block.
- the sharpness is a difference between luminance values, whereas the contrast value is a ratio of luminance values.
- the contrast value may be obtained from the ratio of one point that is the maximum luminance value and one point that is the minimum luminance value.
- the arithmetic processing unit C includes a first contrast detection unit that detects the contrast of each color for each predetermined region in the image from the first imaging region Na, and a predetermined region in the image from the second imaging region Nb.
- the second contrast detection unit detects the contrast of each color.
- the first optical system 10 and the second optical system 20 each have two lenses.
- each of the two optical systems may be constituted by a single lens, and a diffraction grating may be provided on the lens surface of one of the single lenses.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing a second embodiment of the imaging apparatus A according to the present invention.
- the imaging apparatus A of the present embodiment includes a first optical system 30, a first imaging area Na into which light from the first optical system 30 is incident, a second optical system 40, and a second optical system.
- the first optical system 30 includes a stop Sa, a single lens La, and a filter Fa.
- the second optical system 40 includes a stop Sb, a single lens Lb, and a filter Fb.
- the direction toward the image plane on the optical axis of the lens La (the direction from the lens La toward the first imaging region Na).
- light rays are imaged in the order of blue (B), green (G), and red (R).
- the lens Lb in the second optical system 40 has axial chromatic aberration different from that of the lens La in the first optical system 30.
- the lens Lb in the second optical system 40 when light enters the lens Lb in the second optical system 40, for example, red or green in the direction toward the image plane on the optical axis of the lens Lb (the direction from the lens Lb toward the second imaging region Nb).
- the light rays are imaged in the order of blue.
- the axial chromatic aberration of the second optical system 40 is reversed because the axial chromatic aberration is controlled by providing a diffraction grating on the image side lens surface of the single lens Lb.
- the arithmetic processing unit C processes two images acquired from the first imaging area Na and the second imaging area Nb to generate one image.
- Table 3 and Table 4 show design data of the first optical system 30 and the second optical system 40 in the imaging apparatus A shown in FIG.
- ri is the paraxial radius of curvature (mm) of each surface
- di is the surface center distance (mm) of each surface
- nd is the refractive index of the d line of the lens or filter
- ⁇ d is the lens or filter. The Abbe number of d line is shown.
- Equation 2 the unit is expressed in (Equation 2) with radians.
- (1), (2), and (3) in FIG. 12A show the spherical aberration, astigmatism, and distortion of the first optical system 30, respectively.
- (1), (2) and (3) in FIG. 12B show the spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion of the second optical system 40, respectively.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B show the axial chromatic aberration of the first optical system 30 and the axial chromatic aberration of the second optical system 40, respectively.
- the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength of light
- the vertical axis indicates the shift of the imaging position when the wavelength is 0.55 ⁇ m (green).
- this embodiment has an arrangement in which the optical axis of the first optical system 30 and the optical axis of the second optical system 40 are parallel to each other.
- parallax is generated between the first color image acquired by the first optical system 30 and the second color image acquired by the second optical system 40. The amount of parallax can be extracted by pattern matching.
- the arithmetic processing unit C of the present embodiment includes an image from the first optical system 30 and a second optical system in addition to the first sharpness detection unit C1, the second sharpness detection unit C2, and the image generation unit C3.
- 40 includes a parallax amount detection unit C4 that detects the amount of parallax between the image 40 and the image.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining the triangulation of the distance measuring device. As shown in FIG. 14, a point P on the object O is a measurement point. The image of the object O is formed on the first imaging region Na by the lens La of the first optical system 30, and is formed on the second imaging region Nb by the lens Lb of the second optical system 40.
- the point P When the point P is located on the optical axis Aa of the first optical system 30, the point P forms an image at a point where the first imaging region Na and the optical axis Aa of the first optical system 30 intersect.
- the second optical system 40 is arranged such that the optical axis Aa of the first optical system 30 and the optical axis Ab of the second optical system 40 are parallel to each other with a predetermined distance B.
- a line segment connecting the point where the second imaging region Nb and the optical axis Ab of the second optical system 40 intersect with the point where the first imaging region Na and the optical axis Aa of the first optical system intersect is A line segment serving as a reference for triangulation that does not change depending on the position of an object, and is called a base line.
- the baseline length, which is the length of this baseline, is equal to the interval B.
- the point P is imaged at a position separated from the optical axis Ab of the second optical system 40 by a distance ⁇ on the base line. This is called parallax, and its length is called parallax amount ⁇ .
- the parallax amount ⁇ is obtained by performing pattern matching using the first color image formed in the first imaging area Na and the second color image formed in the second imaging area Nb.
- the unit of the parallax amount ⁇ is a pixel, but can be calculated in units of 0.1 pixel (sub-pixel unit) by interpolation processing.
- the parallax amount detection unit C4 in the arithmetic processing unit C detects the parallax amount ⁇ for each minute region of the image obtained by the first and second imaging regions Na and Nb, and based on the detected parallax amount ⁇ , Perform alignment.
- the arithmetic processing unit C can generate an image based on the image having the higher sharpness for each color by the same method as in the first embodiment.
- the parallax cannot be accurately detected if the above-described pattern matching is performed with a color image. Comparing the spherical aberration diagrams of FIGS. 12A and 12B, the green component (550 nm) has similar characteristics to each other. Therefore, the parallax amount ⁇ can be detected with high accuracy by performing pattern matching using only the green color component.
- Equation 3 is obtained for Z, and the distance Z can be obtained by the principle of triangulation by substituting the parallax amount ⁇ , the base line length B and the focal length f into (Equation 3).
- the focus shift amounts of PBa and PRb are substantially the same in FIG. 4, and the focus shift amounts of PRa and PBb are substantially the same in FIG.
- the green focus shift amounts are aligned, and the red and blue focus shift amounts are just reversed. It is difficult to design the lens material in terms of the wavelength dispersion characteristics of the lens material. Therefore, in the first embodiment, a deviation occurs between PGa and PGb.
- the green focus shift amounts of the first optical system 30 and the second optical system 40 are made uniform.
- the axial chromatic aberration can be set so that the red and blue focus shift amounts are just reversed. Thereby, an image with higher sharpness can be generated.
- a diffraction grating is provided to correct the axial chromatic aberration of the optical system.
- the axial chromatic aberration of the second optical system 40 is overcorrected by the diffraction grating, and the first optical system is used. It is set so as to be reversed with 30 axial chromatic aberrations.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing through focus MTF characteristics of the first optical system 30 and the second optical system 40.
- the upper graph in FIG. 15 shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the first optical system 30, and the lower graph in FIG. 15 shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the second optical system 40.
- the horizontal axis indicates focus shift, and the vertical axis indicates MTF with a spatial frequency of 30 Lp / mm.
- MBa, MGa, and MRa indicate blue, green, and red through focus MTF characteristics, respectively.
- PBa, PGa, and PRa indicate the peak positions.
- MRb, MGb, and MBb indicate red, green, and blue through-focus MTF characteristics, respectively.
- PRb, PGb, and PBb indicate respective peak positions.
- the focus shift amounts of PGa and PGb are aligned with each other, the focus shift amounts of PBa and PRb are substantially the same, and the focus shift amounts of PRa and PBb are substantially the same. It is set.
- the first and second sharpness detection units C1 and C2 in the arithmetic processing unit C actually have the sharpness (absolute difference in luminance values) of the first optical system 30 and the second optical system 40. Value) is calculated, and a higher sharpness (absolute value of luminance value difference) may be selected for each color component.
- the color component having the higher MTF characteristic at the distance may be selected using the distance to the subject. In this case, the correlation between the subject distance and the MTF characteristic in each of the first optical system 30 and the second optical system 40 is recorded in the arithmetic processing unit C, and the distance to the subject is measured. Later, the color component having the higher MTF characteristic is selected.
- the axial chromatic aberration can be controlled by providing a diffraction grating on the lens surface of the single lens Lb, the focus shift amounts of the three colors can be made substantially the same. As a result, an output image with higher sharpness can be generated, and the amount of parallax can be calculated with high accuracy.
- the optical path is not divided by the half mirror as in the first embodiment, a brighter image can be acquired as compared with the first embodiment.
- each of the optical systems 30 and 40 is composed of a single lens, but each of the optical systems 30 and 40 may be composed of a plurality of lenses.
- each optical system of the present embodiment may be used and the optical path may be divided by a half mirror as in the first embodiment. In this case, as described above, it is not always necessary to make the green focus shift amounts uniform in the first optical system 30 and the second optical system 40.
- the imaging apparatus is configured by the two optical systems 30 and 40, but may be configured by three or more optical systems having different axial chromatic aberration characteristics.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the axial chromatic aberration of each optical system in an imaging apparatus having three optical systems.
- the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength of light
- the vertical axis indicates the shift (focus shift) of the imaging position when the focal position of light having a wavelength of 0.55 ⁇ m (green) is used as a reference (0.00).
- 0.00 0.55 ⁇ m
- the focus shift of light having wavelengths of 0.45 ⁇ m and 0.65 ⁇ m is 0, and the range from 0.45 ⁇ m to 0.65 ⁇ m is moderate with a peak at a wavelength of 0.55 ⁇ m.
- the focus is shifted to the subject side.
- the imaging apparatus of the present invention is useful as an imaging apparatus such as a digital still camera or a digital video camera. It can also be applied to applications such as distance measuring devices.
- a Image pickup device Sa First diaphragm of optical system Sb Second diaphragm of optical system L1a, L2a, La Lens constituting first optical system L2b, L2b, Lb Lens constituting second optical system Na First Imaging area Nb second imaging area 10, 10a, 10b first optical system 20, 20a, 20b second optical system 30 first optical system 40 second optical system
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明による撮像装置Aの第1の実施形態を示す模式図である。本実施形態の撮像装置Aは、第1の光学系10と、第1の光学系10を透過した光が入射する第1の撮像領域Naと、第2の光学系20と、第2の光学系20を透過した光が入射する第2の撮像領域Nbと、第1の撮像領域Naおよび第2の撮像領域Nbから画像を取得する演算処理部Cとを備える。第1の光学系10は、絞りSa、レンズL1aおよびレンズL2aから構成され、レンズL1aおよびレンズL2aは共通の光軸を有する。第2の光学系20は、絞りSb、レンズL1bおよびレンズL2bから構成され、レンズL1bおよびレンズL2bは共通の光軸を有する。
図11は、本発明による撮像装置Aの第2の実施形態を示す模式図である。本実施形態の撮像装置Aは、第1の光学系30と、第1の光学系30からの光が入射する第1の撮像領域Naと、第2の光学系40と、第2の光学系40からの光が入射する第2の撮像領域Nbと、第1の撮像領域Naおよび第2の撮像領域Nbから画像を取得する演算処理部Cとを備えている。第1の光学系30は、絞りSa、単レンズLaおよびフィルタFaから構成される。第2の光学系40は、絞りSb、単レンズLbおよびフィルタFbから構成される。
Sa 第1の光学系の絞り
Sb 第2の光学系の絞り
L1a、L2a、La 第1の光学系を構成するレンズ
L2b、L2b、Lb 第2の光学系を構成するレンズ
Na 第1の撮像領域
Nb 第2の撮像領域
10、10a、10b 第1の光学系
20、20a、20b 第2の光学系
30 第1の光学系
40 第2の光学系
Claims (18)
- 第1色、第2色、第3色の光軸上における結像位置が異なる軸上色収差を有する第1の光学系と、
前記第1の光学系を透過した光を用いて、前記第1色、第2色、第3色のうち少なくとも1つの色の成分の画像を生成する第1の撮像領域と、
前記第1の光学系とは異なる軸上色収差を有する第2の光学系と、
前記第2の光学系を透過した光を用いて、前記少なくとも1つの色の成分と同じ色の成分を含む画像を生成する第2の撮像領域と、
前記第1の撮像領域において生成された前記少なくとも1つの色の成分の画像、および前記第2の撮像領域において生成された前記少なくとも1つの色の成分の画像のうち、鮮鋭度の高い方の成分の画像を用いて、出力画像を生成する演算処理部とを備える、撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像領域および前記第2の撮像領域は、前記第1色、第2色、第3色のうち複数の色の成分の画像を生成し、
前記演算処理部は、前記複数の色のそれぞれにおいて鮮鋭度の高い方の成分の画像を用いて、前記出力画像を生成する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光学系においては、前記光軸上の像面に向かう方向に、前記第1色、第2色、第3色の順で光線の結像位置が配置し、
前記演算処理部は、前記第1の撮像領域からの画像および前記第2の撮像領域からの画像に前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色の成分が含まれる場合には、前記第1色、前記第2色、前記第3色それぞれにおける鮮鋭度の高い方の成分を用いて、前記第1色、前記第2色、前記第3色の成分を含む前記出力画像を生成する、請求項1または2に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光学系および前記第2の光学系は、
前記第1色および前記第2色の前記所定の空間周波数におけるMTF値が、前記第1の光学系において所定値以上となり、前記第3色の前記所定の空間周波数におけるMTF値が、前記第1の光学系において前記所定値未満となり、かつ前記第2の光学系において前記所定値以上となる光軸上の第1範囲と、
前記第1の光学系および前記第2の光学系のうちの少なくともいずれか一方において、前記第1色から前記第3色の前記所定の空間周波数におけるMTF値がいずれも所定値以上となる光軸上の第2範囲と、
前記第2色および前記第3色の前記所定の空間周波数におけるMTF値が、前記第1の光学系において前記所定値以上となり、前記第1色の前記所定の空間周波数におけるMTF値が、前記第1の光学系において前記所定値未満となり、かつ前記第2の光学系において前記所定値以上となる光軸上の第3範囲とを有するスルーフォーカスMTF特性を有する、請求項3に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第2の範囲は、前記第1の範囲よりも被写体距離が長い場合に前記第1の撮像領域および前記第2の撮像領域が配置される前記光軸上の位置であり、
前記第3の範囲は、前記第1の範囲および前記第2の範囲よりも被写体距離が長い場合に前記第1の撮像領域および前記第2の撮像領域が配置される前記光軸上の位置である、請求項3に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の光学系の光路と前記第2の光学系の光路を分割する分光部材をさらに備える、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光学系の光軸と前記第2の光学系の光軸が平行であって、
前記第1の撮像領域と前記第2の撮像領域とが同一平面状に配置される、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1色、第2色、第3色は、青色、緑色、赤色であり、
前記第1の光学系では、光軸上の像面に向う方向に青色、緑色、赤色の順で光線が結像し、
前記第2の光学系では、光軸上の像面に向う方向に赤色、緑色、青色の順で光線が結像する、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記演算処理部は、
前記第1の光学系からの画像における所定領域毎に各色の鮮鋭度を検出する第1鮮鋭度検出部と、
前記第2の光学系からの画像における所定領域毎に各色の鮮鋭度を検出する第2鮮鋭度検出部と、
前記第1の光学系からの画像の所定領域毎の各色の鮮鋭度と前記第2の光学系からの画像の所定領域毎の各色の鮮鋭度とに基づいて所定領域毎に前記出力画像を生成する画像生成部とを備えている、請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記演算処理部は、前記第1の光学系の緑色の成分と前記第2の光学系の緑色の成分との視差量を検出する視差量検出部をさらに備え、
前記画像生成部では、前記視差量に基づいて前記出力画像を生成する、請求項9に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記演算処理部は、前記第1の撮像領域からの画像および前記第2の撮像領域からの画像のうち、前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色のそれぞれにおける鮮鋭度の高い方の成分を、出力画像の前記第1色、前記第2色、前記第3色の成分として用いる、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記演算処理部は、前記第1の撮像領域からの画像における前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色の成分と、前記第2の撮像領域からの画像における前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色の成分とを色ごとに加算して前記出力画像を生成する、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記演算処理部は、前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色のうち最も高い鮮鋭度の成分に基づいて他の成分を鮮鋭化させる、請求項1から12のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の光学系および前記第2の光学系のうち少なくとも一方において、少なくとも1つのレンズ面が回折レンズ形状を有する、請求項1から13のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記視差量に基づいて被写体までの距離を測定する、請求項10に記載の撮像装置。
- 第1色、第2色、第3色の光軸上における結像位置が異なる軸上色収差を有する第1の光学系と、
前記第1の光学系を透過した光を用いて、前記第1色、第2色、第3色のうち少なくとも1つの色の成分の画像を生成する第1の撮像領域と、
前記第1の光学系とは異なる軸上色収差を有する第2の光学系と、
前記第2の光学系を透過した光を用いて、前記少なくとも1つの色の成分と同じ色の成分を含む画像を生成する第2の撮像領域と、
前記第1の撮像領域において生成された前記少なくとも1つの色の成分の画像、および前記第2の撮像領域において生成された前記少なくとも1つの色の成分の画像のうち、コントラストの大きい方の成分の画像を用いて、出力画像を生成する演算処理部とを備える、撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像領域および前記第2の撮像領域は、前記第1色、第2色、第3色のうち複数の色の成分の画像を生成し、
前記演算処理部は、前記複数の色のそれぞれにおいてコントラストの大きい方の成分の画像を用いて、前記出力画像を生成する、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記演算処理部は、
前記第1の光学系からの画像における所定領域毎に各色のコントラストを検出する第1コントラスト検出部と、
前記第2の光学系からの画像における所定領域毎に各色のコントラストを検出する第2コントラスト検出部と、
前記第1の光学系からの画像の所定領域毎の各色のコントラストと前記第2の光学系からの画像の所定領域の各色のコントラストとに基づいて所定領域毎に前記出力画像を生成する画像生成部とを備えている、請求項16または17に記載の撮像装置。
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| US13/146,714 US8520125B2 (en) | 2009-10-27 | 2010-10-22 | Imaging device and distance-measuring device using same |
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| PCT/JP2010/006266 Ceased WO2011052172A1 (ja) | 2009-10-27 | 2010-10-22 | 撮像装置およびそれを用いた測距装置 |
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| US (1) | US8520125B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP4796666B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN102257822B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011052172A1 (ja) |
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| WO2012176355A1 (ja) * | 2011-06-23 | 2012-12-27 | パナソニック株式会社 | 撮像装置 |
| CN103260039A (zh) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-08-21 | 索尼公司 | 图像处理设备、图像处理方法以及程序 |
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| JP6004371B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-16 | 2016-10-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 撮像装置 |
| WO2013156101A1 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2013-10-24 | Sony Corporation | Method and optical system for determining a depth map of an image |
| WO2015059346A1 (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2015-04-30 | Nokia Technologies Oy | An apparatus and a method for producing a depth-map |
| WO2019048492A1 (en) * | 2017-09-08 | 2019-03-14 | Sony Corporation | IMAGING DEVICE, METHOD AND PROGRAM FOR PRODUCING IMAGES OF A SCENE |
| US11402635B1 (en) * | 2018-05-24 | 2022-08-02 | Facebook Technologies, Llc | Systems and methods for measuring visual refractive error |
| JP2022516038A (ja) * | 2018-12-21 | 2022-02-24 | スコピオ ラブズ リミテッド | 顕微鏡画像の圧縮された入手 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8520125B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 |
| US20110286634A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
| CN102257822B (zh) | 2014-01-08 |
| JPWO2011052172A1 (ja) | 2013-03-14 |
| JP4796666B2 (ja) | 2011-10-19 |
| CN102257822A (zh) | 2011-11-23 |
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